// Copyright (C) 2023 The Qt Company Ltd. // SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-only /*! \page android.html \title Qt for Android \brief Provides information about Android support in Qt. \ingroup supportedplatform \nextpage android-getting-started.html Qt for \tm Android enables you to develop Qt applications for Android devices, and supports a wide range of features and use-cases. To start your Qt for Android application, download and install Qt for Android and use the \QC IDE, follow the instructions on the \l{Getting Started with Qt for Android} page. If you have an existing Android application, try \l{Qt Quick for Android}. It includes \l{\QtTAS}{plugin} for Google's Android Studio. Find it on the IntelliJ marketplace. This enables you to add Qt Quick content to your Android app as a \l {Android: View}{View}. To build Qt from source, see \l{Qt for Android - Building from Source}{Building from Source}. \target android-supported-configurations \section1 Supported Configurations \include supported-platforms.qdocinc android \section1 Explore Qt for Android To learn about developing with Qt for Android, here are the main topics to check: \list \li \l {Getting Started with Qt for Android} \li \l {Deploying an Application on Android} \li \l {How Qt for Android Works} \li \l {Qt for Android - Building from Source}{Building Qt for Android from Source} \li \l {Building Qt for Android Projects from Command Line} \li \l {The androiddeployqt Tool} \li \l {Qt for Android Manifest File Configuration} \li \l{Qt Jenny: Java Code Generator} \endlist The following topics also provide more details about Qt for Android: \annotatedlist android-platform-extra-topics \section1 Android Fragments You cannot use \l{Android: Fragments}{Android Fragments} in a Qt for Android application. However, Qt does offer its own modular components and views with QML. You can combine multiple components in one QML view. For more information, see \l{Qt Qml}. If you are integrating \l{Qt Quick for Android} into an Android application, the \l QtQuickView API can be used inside fragments. Qt's vibrant and active \l{https://www.qt.io/developers}{community site} houses a wiki, a forum, and additional learning guides and presentations. For information about licensing, check \l {Android GNU C++ Run-time Licensing}. \section1 Where to Go from Here We invite you to explore the rest of Qt. We prepared overviews which help you decide which APIs to use and our examples demonstrate how to use our APIs. \list \li \l{Qt Overviews} - list of topics about application development \li \l{Qt Examples and Tutorials}{Examples and Tutorials} - code samples and tutorials \li \l{Qt Reference Pages} - a listing of C++ and QML APIs \li \l{\QC: Tutorial: Mobile application} \li \l{\QC: Set up Android development environment} \endlist */ /*! \page android-getting-started.html \title Getting Started with Qt for Android \brief Provides instructions to install and configure your development environment. \previouspage android.html \nextpage android-how-it-works.html The video below is a beginner's guide to using the Qt for Android toolchain, including the \QC IDE, to get you started developing Qt for Android apps. \youtube 5OiIqFTjUZI To learn the basics of getting started with Qt for Android, take the \l {https://www.qt.io/academy/course-catalog#getting-started-with-qt-for-android-} {Getting Started with Qt for Android} course in Qt Academy. The rest of this page has more detailed getting started information. To download and install Qt for Android, follow the instructions on the \l{Getting Started with Qt} page. \section1 Android Development Prerequisites In order to develop with \l{Qt for Android}, you will need the following prerequisites: \list \li \l {Java Development Kit (JDK)} \li \l {Android: Android command line tools}{Android Command Line Tools} which includes: \list \li \l{Android: The Android NDK}{Android NDK}: for building C++ code. \li \l{Android: Android SDK Platforms}{Android SDK Platform} and \l{Android: Android SDK Build Tools}{Android SDK Build Tools}: for building Android apps for specific API versions. \li \l{Android: Android SDK Platform Tools}{Android SDK Platform Tools}: for deploying and managing Android dependencies. \endlist \endlist The easiest way to manage the dependencies is by using \QC's built-in Android development setup. When you first open \QC after installing Qt for Android, you are asked if you want to run the Android setup wizard. This also sets up OpenSSL for Android. \section2 Using an existing SDK location If you already have an Android SDK setup, you don't need to run this wizard. Instead, in \QC go to \uicontrol{Preferences > Devices > Android} and browse to your existing JDK and SDK paths. See common \l{Android SDK paths}. For more information, see \l{\QC: Set up Android development environment}. \section2 Manually Installing the Prerequisites If you prefer to manually install the prerequisites please follow these next steps. \section3 Java Development Kit (JDK) Qt for Android development requires JDK \JdkVer or above, provided by any of the following supported distributions: \list \li \l{Adoptium} \li \l{OpenJDK} \li \l{Java SE Development Kit} \endlist Install your preferred JDK. If your installer doesn't set the \c JAVA_HOME environment variable that points to the location of the installed JDK, you can set it manually. For example on Linux: \badcode \JdkVer sudo apt-get install openjdk-\1-jdk export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-\1-openjdk-amd64 \endcode Or on \macOS: \badcode \JdkVer brew install openjdk@\1 sudo ln -sfn "$(brew --prefix openjdk@\1)/libexec/openjdk.jdk" \ "/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/openjdk-\1.jdk" export JAVA_HOME="$(/usr/libexec/java_home -v \1)" \endcode \section3 Android SDK Command Line Tools Download the latest version of the \l{Android: Android command line tools}{Android SDK Command Line Tools} for your operating system and extract it to the appropriate path as stated below. \section4 Android SDK paths //! [Android SDK Paths] The Android SDK is commonly installed by \QC or Android Studio in the following locations: \list \li Linux: ~/Android/Sdk/ \li \macos: ~/Library/Android/sdk/ \li Windows: C:\\Users\\\\AppData\\Local\\Android\\Sdk\\ \endlist //! [Android SDK Paths] Or use your OS's package manager, for example for \macOS: \badcode brew install android-commandlinetools \endcode \section3 Android SDK Mandatory Packages Make sure to install the SDK Platform, Platform Tools, and Build Tools. For Qt \QtVer, use: \badcode \AndroidPlatformVer \AndroidBuildToolsVer sdkmanager "platform-tools" "platforms;android-\1" "build-tools;\2" \endcode \section3 Android NDK Qt \QtVer uses NDK \NdkFullVer, you can install it by running: \badcode \NdkFullVer sdkmanager "ndk;\1" \endcode For example for \macOS: \section3 Emulator If you wish to use the \l{Android: Android Emulator}{Android Emulator}, you can install it by running: \badcode sdkmanager "emulator" \endcode \section3 Platform Specific Configurations \section4 Windows The default USB driver on Windows does not allow debugging using Android Debug Bridge (ADB) tool. You must install the additional USB driver provided by the \e extras Android SDK package. Install it by running the following: \badcode sdkmanager.bat "extras;google;usb_driver" \endcode \section4 Linux The following dependencies are needed for using tools such as \c adb or \c gdb which can be used by \QC: \badcode sudo apt-get install libstdc++6 libncurses5 \endcode \target emulator dependencies To run the Android emulator, the following dependencies are also necessary: \section3 Testing the Setup Now you can test your development setup by running the examples shipped with the Qt installation. For more information, see \l{Qt Examples And Tutorials#Mobile}{Mobile Examples}. To develop a simple application from scratch, see \l {\QC: Tutorial: Mobile application}. */ /*! \page android-supported-versions-selection-guidelines.html \title Qt for Android Supported Versions Selection Guidelines \brief Provides information about supported Android versions under a Qt release. To keep the supported versions to a level that’s maintainable by Qt, especially for LTS releases which are expected to live for a period of 3 years, Qt for Android has guidelines for selecting the supported versions for a given Qt release. This makes the selection clear and transparent, and help shape proper expectations of support for each Qt for Android release. \section1 Minimum Supported Version The guidelines for selecting the minimum supported version are: \list \li Evaluate the minimum version once a year for the fall release of Qt, which would also cover LTS releases. \li Target at least 90% of the cumulative usage in the market as listed on \l {https://apilevels.com}{apilevels.com} at the time of the platform freeze deadline of a given fall release. \li The selection is done 1 month before the platform freeze, at which time we check what versions would fit the 90% range, and decide whether to select a more recent minimum version or not and to what new minimum version. \li The changes are communicated to the Qt development mailing list, and reflected in the release change log and Qt for Android documentation. \li In exceptional cases where a change is needed to a version that doesn’t respect the criteria above, it will be announced at the time of the platform freeze deadline along with reasons for the decision. \endlist The minimum version changes will be reflected in our CI test runs, and in the build system (i.e. CMake and androiddeployqt), thus the released libraries would require said minimum version to run. To target older versions a Qt rebuild with appropriate build system changes would be needed. Even if such builds might work for older versions, note that they would fall outside of Qt official support scope. Although, the official Qt for Android libraries might or might not work for builds targeting older versions than the minimum for the release. \section1 Maximum Supported Version In a spring Qt release, we aim to support an Android version which was released by Google in the fall of the year before. This becomes the new maximum supported version by Qt. Qt LTS releases would also support new Android versions coming out to market for up to two years after the initial Qt LTS patch release. This allows users to target newer Android versions to comply with Google Play Store target SDK publishing policies. In effect, new Android versions released in this two year period will become the maximum versions supported for the LTS release in the following patch release of the Qt LTS version. \section1 Target Devices used in Automated Testing \target target-android-devices-in-rta Below is a list of Android devices in automated testing of Qt for Android releases, it is inclusive of \b {but not limited to} these devices: \table 50% \header \li Device \li OS Version \li Architecture \li Form Factor \row \li \l{Pixel 2} \li Android 11 (API 30) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Pixel 2 XL} \li Android 11 (API 30) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Pixel 4A} \li Android 12 (API 31) \li armv7, arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Pixel 6} \li Android 13 (API 33) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Pixel 6 Pro} \li Android 12 (API 31) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Pixel 6a} \li Android 14 (API 34) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Pixel 7} \li Android 13 (API 33) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Pixel 7 Pro} \li Android 13 (API 33) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Pixel 7a} \li Android 14 (API 34) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Samsung Galaxy S10} \li Android 9 (API 28) \li armv7, arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Samsung Galaxy S21} \li Android 12 (API 31) \li armv7, arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Samsung Galaxy Tab S4} \li Android 10 (API 29) \li armv7, arm64_v8a \li Tablet \row \li \l{Nothing Phone 1} \li Android 14 [UP1A.231005.007] (API 34) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Motorola Moto G5 Plus} \li Android 8 [UP1A.230519.001] (API 27) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Samsung Galaxy Tab A9+} \li Android 14 [UP1A.231005.007] (API 34) \li arm64_v8a \li Tablet \row \li \l{Pixel 6a} \li Android 15 [AP3A.241105.007] (API 35) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Pixel 8} \li Android 15 [AP3A.241105.007] (API 35) \li arm64_v8a \li Mobile \row \li \l{Pixel Tablet} \li Android 15 [AP3A.241105.007] (API 35) \li arm64_v8a \li Tablet \endtable \note The above table is accurate at the time of this Qt patch release only. It may change during the patch release cycle and should only be used as a reference for what the Qt Company can rapidly reproduce bugs on. */