add python basic

Author: MatNoble

189.py

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+#==================================================
+#==>      Title:                                     
+#==>     Author: Zhang zhen                   
+#==>      Email: hustmatnoble.gmail.com
+#==>     GitHub: https://github.com/MatNoble
+#==>       Date: 
+#==================================================
+
+
+nums = list(range(1, 8))
+k = 3 + len(nums)
+
+# nums = [-1,-100,3,99]
+# k = 2
+k %= len(nums)
+print(k)
+
+print(nums[-k:] + nums[:-k])

python basic/type_of_data.md

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+# 数据类型
+## 变量 Variable
+- 不可变：Number, String, Tuple
+- 可变：Bool, List, Set, Dictionary
+
+### 布尔 Bool
+True or False
+
+|   and   | True | False |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+|True | True | False |
+|False | False | False |
+
+|   or   | True | False |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+|True | True | True |
+|False | True | False |
+
+|   not   | True | False |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| | False | True |
+
+### 数字 Number
+> int, long, float, complex
+
+- `//` **向下取整**：返回商的整数部分
+```
+365 // 10 # 36
+5 // 3 # 1
+-5 // 3 # -2
+```
+
+- 负数零取整 int()
+```
+int(-5//3) # -1
+```
+
+- `%` 取模 - 返回除法的余数
+```
+365 % 10 # 5  --> (365 - (365//10)*10 = 5)
+5 % 3    # 2  --> (5 - (5//3)*3 = 2)
+-5 % 3   # 1  --> (-5 - (-5//3)*3 = 1)
+5 % -3   # -1 --> (5 - (5//-3)*(-3) = -1)
+# 奇数
+num % 2 != 0
+# 偶数
+num % 2 == 0
+
+# 移位操作
+nums % 2^n = nums & (2^n - 1)
+nums % 2 = nums & 1
+```
+
+### 字符串 String
+
+- f -> format
+```
+first_name = "Ross"
+last_name = "MatNoble"
+full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}" # Ross MatNoble
+```
+- 特殊符号
+
+|操作|说明|
+|-|-|
+| \ | 转义符|
+|\n| 换行符|
+|\t|制表符|
+
+`r` 避免转义
+`print(r"\\\t\\") # \\\t\\`
+
+|操作|说明|
+|-|-|
+|.title()|首字母大写|
+|.upper()|大写|
+|.lower()|小写|
+|.strip()|消除空格|
+
+### 列表 List[]
+|操作|说明|
+|-|-|
+|.insert(index, value)|增|
+|.append(value)|增|
+|.remove(value)|删|
+|del list[index]|删|
+|.pop()|删|
+
+#### 直接赋值 & 浅拷贝(copy) & 深拷贝(deepcopy)
+
+- **直接赋值**：其实就是对象的引用（别名）。
+- **浅拷贝(copy)**：拷贝父对象，不会拷贝对象的内部的子对象。
+- **深拷贝(deepcopy)**： copy 模块的 deepcopy 方法，完全拷贝了父对象及其子对象。
+
+<img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/MatNoble/Images/copy.png" width="600"/>
+
+```
+import copy
+a = [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b']] #原始对象
+ 
+b = a                #赋值，传对象的引用
+c = copy.copy(a)        #对象拷贝，浅拷贝
+d = copy.deepcopy(a)    #对象拷贝，深拷贝
+ 
+a.append(5)               #修改对象a
+a[4].append('c')          #修改对象a中的['a', 'b']数组对象
+ 
+print( 'a = ', a )
+print( 'b = ', b )
+print( 'c = ', c )
+print( 'd = ', d )
+
+>>> ('a = ', [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 5])
+>>> ('b = ', [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 5])
+>>> ('c = ', [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c']])
+>>> ('d = ', [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b']])
+```
+
+#### 其他函数
+
+|操作|说明|
+|-|-|
+|.sort()|排序|
+|.reverse()|逆序|
+
+### 元组 Tuple()
+
+**不可修改**
+
+### 字典 Dictionary{:}
+`dict = {key1:value1, key2:value2, key3:value3}`
+
+- 增
+`dict['key'] = value`
+- 删 
+`del dict['key']`
+
+[![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1TUA3v4K_zdZzSUjCtoO-0tbA_9sAvFQe?usp=sharing)
+
+### 集合 Set{}
+
+**唯一性**
+
+|操作|说明|
+|-|-|
+|.add(value)|增|
+|.update(value)|增, 列表、元组、字典|
+|.remove(value)|删|
+|.discard(value)|删，不报错|