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20181217
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‎.ipynb_checkpoints/Python_Learning_08-checkpoint.ipynb‎

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{
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"cells": [],
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"metadata": {},
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"cells": [
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"# OO python 面向对象\n",
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"\n",
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"- 面向对象编程\n",
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" - 基础\n",
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" - 共有私有\n",
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" - 继承\n",
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" - 组合， Minxi\n",
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"- 魔法函数\n",
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" - 魔法函数的概述\n",
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" - 构造类魔法函数\n",
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" - 运算类魔法函数\n",
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"## 1.面向对象的概述 （ObjectOriented，OO）\n",
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"- OOP思想\n",
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"- 完成事物首先想到是由模型构成的\n",
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"- 名词的概念\n",
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" - OO：面向对象\n",
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" - OOA：面对对象的分析\n",
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" - OOD：面向对象的设计\n",
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" - OOI：xxx的实现\n",
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" - OOP：xxx的编程\n",
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" - OOA > OOD > OOI 面向对象的实现过程\n",
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"## 2.类和对象的概念\n",
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"- 类： 抽象名词，代表一个类集合，有共性的事物\n",
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"- 对象： 具体的的事物，单个个体\n",
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"- 类 vS 对象\n",
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" - 类是抽象的，代表一大类事物\n",
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" - 对象是具体的额，代表一个类的单个个体\n",
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"- 类的内容：\n",
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" - 表明事物的特征，叫做属性（变量）\n",
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" - 表明事物的动作，称为成员的方法（函数）\n",
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"## 3.类的基本实现\n",
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"- 遵守变量的命名的规范\n",
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"- 大驼峰（有一个或者多个单词构成首字母大写，单词都相连）\n",
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"- 尽量跟系统命名相似的命名避开\n",
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"- 声明一个类：\n",
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" - 必须用赢class关键字\n",
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" - 类由属性和方法构成，其他不允许\n",
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" - 成员属性定义可以直接用变量赋值，如果没有值，可以用None"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 17,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"18\n",
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"None\n",
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"I 在做作业\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"'''\n",
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"定义一个学生类\n",
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"'''\n",
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"#定义一个空类\n",
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"class Student():\n",
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" #pass 跳过\n",
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" pass\n",
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"yumi = Student()\n",
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"# print(yumi)\n",
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"class GoodStudent():\n",
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" name = None\n",
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" age = 18\n",
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" course = \"python\"\n",
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" def dohomework(self):\n",
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" print(\"I 在做作业\")\n",
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" return None\n",
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"\n",
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"yumi = GoodStudent()\n",
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"print(yumi.age)\n",
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"print(yumi.name)\n",
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"yumi.dohomework()"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"### 3.1 类的实例化\n",
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" 变量 = 类名（）#实例化一个对象\n",
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"- 访问对象成员\n",
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" \n",
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" obj.成员属性名称\n",
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" obj.成员方法\n",
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"- 对象所有成员检查\n",
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" \n",
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" obj.__dict__ \n",
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"- 类的多有成员检测\n",
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"\n",
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" class_name.__dict__"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 15,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"text/plain": [
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"{}"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 15,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"yumi.__dict__\n",
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"# GoodStudent.__dict__"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 18,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"text/plain": [
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"mappingproxy({'__module__': '__main__',\n",
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" 'name': 'yumi',\n",
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" 'age': 25,\n",
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" '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'A' objects>,\n",
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" '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'A' objects>,\n",
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" '__doc__': None})"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 18,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"class A():\n",
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" name = \"yumi\"\n",
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" age = 25\n",
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"A.__dict__"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## 4.类和对象的成员分析\n",
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"- 类和对象可以存储对象，可以归类所有，也可以归对象所有\n",
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"- 类存储成员时使用的是与类关联的一个对象\n",
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"- 独享存储成员是存储在当前对象中\n",
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"- 对象访问一个成员，如果对象中没有该成员，访问类的同名类的成员，如果对象中有成员，则访问的是对象的中的成员（不一样的赋值）\n",
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"- 创建对象的时候，类中的成员不会放入对象中，而得到一个空对成员\n",
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"- 对对象中成员赋值或者添加成员时，成员保存在对象中，而不会修改类成员\n",
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"\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 21,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"140479857546968\n",
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"140479857546968\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"class A():\n",
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" name = \"yumi\"\n",
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" age = \"25\"\n",
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"a = A()\n",
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"print(id(a))\n",
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"a.name = \"yumi\"\n",
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"print(id(a))\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## 5.关于self\n",
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"- self在对象的方法中表示当前对象本身，如果通过对象调用该方法，那么该对象会自动传入当前方法的第一个参数中\n",
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"- self不是关键字，只是接受对象的普通参数\n",
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"- 方法使用了self，为非绑定类的方法，可以通过对象访问，没有self的时绑定对类访问的\n",
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"- 使用类访问绑定类的方法时，如果类方法中需要访问当前类的成员，可以用__class__来访问\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 19,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"my name is delphi\n",
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"my age is 29\n",
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"my name is delphi\n",
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"my age is 29\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"class StudentVol():\n",
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" name = \"yumi\"\n",
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" age = 25\n",
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" def say(self):\n",
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" self.name = \"delphi\"\n",
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" self.age = 29\n",
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" print(\"my name is {0}\".format(self.name))\n",
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" print(\"my age is {0}\".format(self.age))\n",
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" def sayAgain(s):\n",
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" print(\"my name is {0}\".format(s.name))\n",
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" print(\"my age is {0}\".format(s.age))\n",
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" return None\n",
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"a = StudentVol() \n",
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"a.say()\n",
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"a.sayAgain()"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 30,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"delphi\n",
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"36\n",
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"delphi\n",
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"36\n",
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"yumi\n",
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"18\n",
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"aaaa\n",
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"20\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"class A():\n",
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" name = \"yumi\"\n",
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" age = 18\n",
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" \n",
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" def __init__(self):\n",
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" self.name = \"delphi\"\n",
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" self.age = 36\n",
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" def say(self):\n",
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" print(self.name)\n",
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" print(self.age)\n",
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"class B():\n",
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" name = \"aaaa\"\n",
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" age =20\n",
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"\n",
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" \n",
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"a = A()\n",
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"a.say()\n",
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"\n",
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"A.say(a)\n",
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"A.say(A)\n",
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"A.say(B)\n",
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"#鸭子模型，只有有呱呱叫，有翅膀，不游泳的就是鸭子"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## 6.面向对象的三大特征\n",
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"- 封装\n",
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"- 继承\n",
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"- 多态\n",
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"### 6.1 封装\n",
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"- 封装就是对对象的成员进行访问限制\n",
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" - 公开 public\n",
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" - 受保护的 protected\n",
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" - 私有的 private\n",
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" public.protected.pribate都不是关键字\n",
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"- 判断对象位置\n",
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" - 对象内部\n",
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" - 对象外部\n",
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" - 子类中\n",
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"- 私有\n",
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" - 私有成员时最高级别的封装，只能在当前类或对象中访问\n",
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" - 在成员前面加两个__\n",
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" - "
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 39,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"{'__module__': '__main__', 'name': 'aaaa', '_Cc__age': 20, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Cc' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Cc' objects>, '__doc__': None}\n",
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"aaaa\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"ename": "AttributeError",
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"evalue": "'Cc' object has no attribute '__age'",
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"output_type": "error",
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"traceback": [
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"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
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"\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
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"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-39-32393da89076>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 7\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mCc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__dict__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 8\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 9\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__age\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
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"\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'Cc' object has no attribute '__age'"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"\n",
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"class Cc():\n",
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" name = \"aaaa\"\n",
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" __age =20\n",
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"\n",
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"b = Cc()\n",
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"print(Cc.__dict__)\n",
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"print(b.name)\n",
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"print(b.__age)\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"metadata": {
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"kernelspec": {
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"display_name": "Python 3",
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"language": "python",
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"name": "python3"
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}
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},
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"nbformat": 4,
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"nbformat_minor": 2
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}

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