第一版本，基本文件加入

Author: wklken

README.md

@@ -2,3 +2,183 @@ stackoverflow-py-top-qa
 =======================
 
 stackoverflow上Python相关回答整理翻译
+
+查看了下前面(vote前15页,挑了下,vote都是100+的样子,大概200个)的问题，[链接](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python?page=1&sort=votes&pagesize=15)
+
+第一页的前几个比较长，目测都有中文翻译版本，大家可以网上搜下
+
+目前进度 50% ，翻译完100个问题，还有100+的样子，后续逐步翻译加入
+
+相对来说都比较简单
+
+总结整理，复习印证(注意，合并了每个问题的多个答案，但是时间仓促，疏漏难免，感兴趣问题直接点链接看原文吧)
+
+如果有兴趣，可以提交你的翻译
+
+
+
+### 目录
+> 基础
+
+* 控制流
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  5425 Sep 21 11:48 qa-control-flow.md
+* 字符串
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  7987 Sep 21 11:06 qa-string.md
+* 文件
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  6385 Sep 21 11:09 qa-file.md
+* 数学相关
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  1310 Sep 21 11:48 qa-math.md
+
+
+> 基本数据结构
+
+* 列表
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  8035 Sep 21 11:06 qa-list.md
+* 元组
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff     0 Sep 15 17:13 qa-tuple.md
+* 字典
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  4480 Sep 15 17:36 qa-dict.md
+
+> 进阶
+
+* 函数
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  1849 Sep 21 11:43 qa-func.md
+* 内置函数
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  3091 Sep 21 11:48 qa-built-in.md
+* 异常
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  3485 Sep 21 11:43 qa-exception.md
+* 模块
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  4368 Sep 21 11:48 qa-std-modules.md
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff   660 Sep 21 11:13 qa-modules.md
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  1030 Sep 21 11:48 qa-datetime.md
+
+* oop
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  9772 Sep 21 11:13 qa-oop.md
+
+> 其他
+
+* pip/easy_install
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  1729 Sep 15 17:36 qa-pip-easy_install.md
+
+* 其他
+-rw-r--r--   1 ken  staff  3156 Sep 21 11:48 qa-others.md
+
+
+### 已翻译问题链接(去重)
+qa-built-in.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/230751/how-to-flush-output-of-python-print
+qa-built-in.md:重复问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/107705/python-output-buffering
+qa-built-in.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1835018/python-check-if-an-object-is-a-list-or-tuple-but-not-string
+qa-built-in.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/152580/whats-the-canonical-way-to-check-for-type-in-python
+qa-built-in.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/402504/how-to-determine-the-variable-type-in-python
+qa-built-in.md:另外一个相同的问题  - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2225038/python-determine-the-type-of-an-object
+qa-control-flow.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/73663/terminating-a-python-script
+qa-control-flow.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/26595/is-there-any-difference-between-foo-is-none-and-foo-none
+qa-control-flow.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/522563/accessing-the-index-in-python-for-loops
+qa-control-flow.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/53162/how-can-i-do-a-line-break-line-continuation-in-python
+qa-control-flow.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9284350/why-does-1-in-1-0-true-evaluate-to-false
+qa-control-flow.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/60208/replacements-for-switch-statement-in-python
+qa-control-flow.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2710940/python-if-x-is-not-none-or-if-not-x-is-none
+qa-control-flow.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/423379/using-global-variables-in-a-function-other-than-the-one-that-created-them
+qa-datetime.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1697815/how-do-you-convert-a-python-time-struct-time-object-into-a-datetime-object
+qa-datetime.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/415511/how-to-get-current-time-in-python
+qa-dict.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1747817/python-create-a-dictionary-with-list-comprehension
+qa-dict.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1323410/has-key-or-in
+qa-dict.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1602934/check-if-a-given-key-already-exists-in-a-dictionary
+qa-dict.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1024847/add-to-a-dictionary-in-python
+qa-dict.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1305532/convert-python-dict-to-object
+qa-dict.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/38987/how-can-i-merge-union-two-python-dictionaries-in-a-single-expression
+qa-dict.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/209840/map-two-lists-into-a-dictionary-in-python
+qa-dict.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/72899/in-python-how-do-i-sort-a-list-of-dictionaries-by-values-of-the-dictionary
+qa-exception.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1319615/proper-way-to-declare-custom-exceptions-in-modern-python
+qa-exception.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2052390/how-do-i-manually-throw-raise-an-exception-in-python
+qa-exception.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6470428/catch-multiple-exceptions-in-one-line-except-block
+qa-exception.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/944592/best-practice-for-python-assert
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/273192/python-best-way-to-create-directory-if-it-doesnt-exist-for-file-write
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/123198/how-do-i-copy-a-file-in-python
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/275018/how-can-i-remove-chomp-a-newline-in-python
+qa-file.md:类似问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/761804/trimming-a-string-in-python
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/237079/how-to-get-file-creation-modification-date-times-in-python
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/466345/converting-string-into-datetime
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5137497/find-current-directory-and-files-directory
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3964681/find-all-files-in-directory-with-extension-txt-with-python
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3277503/python-read-file-line-by-line-into-array
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4706499/how-do-you-append-to-file-in-python
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/541390/extracting-extension-from-filename-in-python
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3207219/how-to-list-all-files-of-a-directory-in-python
+qa-file.md:重复问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/120656/directory-listing-in-python
+qa-file.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1450393/how-do-you-read-from-stdin-in-python
+qa-func.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/251464/how-to-get-the-function-name-as-string-in-python
+qa-func.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3061/calling-a-function-from-a-string-with-the-functions-name-in-python
+qa-func.md:问题  - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/36901/what-does-double-star-and-star-do-for-python-parameters
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/509211/the-python-slice-notation
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/53513/python-what-is-the-best-way-to-check-if-a-list-is-empty
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1720421/merge-two-lists-in-python
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/518021/getting-the-length-of-an-array-in-python
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2612802/how-to-clone-a-list-in-python
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/252703/python-append-vs-extend
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/306400/how-do-i-randomly-select-an-item-from-a-list-using-python
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/627435/how-to-remove-an-element-from-a-list-by-index-in-python
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/930397/how-to-get-the-last-element-of-a-list
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/312443/how-do-you-split-a-list-into-evenly-sized-chunks-in-python
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/480214/how-do-you-remove-duplicates-from-a-list-in-python-whilst-preserving-order
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1207406/remove-items-from-a-list-while-iterating-in-python
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/176918/in-python-how-do-i-find-the-index-of-an-item-given-a-list-containing-it
+qa-list.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/952914/making-a-flat-list-out-of-list-of-lists-in-python
+qa-math.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1476/how-do-you-express-binary-literals-in-python
+qa-math.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/209513/convert-hex-string-to-int-in-python
+qa-math.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1267869/how-can-i-force-division-to-be-floating-point-in-python
+qa-modules.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/448271/what-is-init-py-for
+qa-modules.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/67631/how-to-import-a-module-given-the-full-path
+qa-oop.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2709821/python-self-explained
+qa-oop.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/70528/why-are-pythons-private-methods-not-actually-private
+qa-oop.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/38238/what-are-class-methods-in-python-for
+qa-oop.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/674304/pythons-use-of-new-and-init
+qa-oop.md:来自 - http://mail.python.org/pipermail/tutor/2008-April/061426.html
+qa-oop.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/510972/getting-the-class-name-of-an-instance-in-python
+qa-oop.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/136097/what-is-the-difference-between-staticmethod-and-classmethod-in-python
+qa-oop.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/735975/static-methods-in-python
+qa-oop.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/68645/static-class-variables-in-python
+qa-oop.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/610883/how-to-know-if-an-object-has-an-attribute-in-python
+qa-oop.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/31875/is-there-a-simple-elegant-way-to-define-singletons-in-python
+qa-others.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/170921/should-i-learn-python-2-before-3-or-start-directly-from-python-3
+qa-others.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1534210/use-different-python-version-with-virtualenv
+qa-others.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/990754/how-to-leave-a-python-virtualenv
+qa-others.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/193161/what-is-the-best-project-structure-for-a-python-application
+qa-others.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13311094/counter-in-collections-module-python
+qa-pip-easy_install.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2720014/upgrading-all-packages-with-pip
+qa-pip-easy_install.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1231688/how-do-i-remove-packages-installed-with-pythons-easy-install
+qa-pip-easy_install.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/122327/how-do-i-find-the-location-of-my-python-site-packages-directory
+qa-pip-easy_install.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1550226/python-setup-py-uninstall
+qa-pip-easy_install.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/739993/get-a-list-of-installed-python-modules
+qa-std-modules.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/712791/json-and-simplejson-module-differences-in-python
+qa-std-modules.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/22676/how-do-i-download-a-file-over-http-using-python
+qa-std-modules.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4480075/argparse-optional-positional-arguments
+qa-std-modules.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/842059/is-there-a-portable-way-to-get-the-current-username-in-python
+qa-std-modules.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1912434/how-do-i-parse-xml-in-python
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/493819/python-join-why-is-it-string-joinlist-instead-of-list-joinstring
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6797984/how-to-convert-string-to-lowercase-in-python
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/931092/reverse-a-string-in-python
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3437059/does-python-have-a-string-contains-method
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/354038/how-do-i-check-if-a-string-is-a-number-in-python
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5082452/python-string-formatting-vs-format
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/988228/converting-a-string-to-dictionary
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/227459/ascii-value-of-a-character-in-python
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1059559/python-strings-split-with-multiple-separators
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1185524/how-to-trim-whitespace-including-tabs
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/663171/is-there-a-way-to-substring-a-string-in-python
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1504717/python-vs-is-comparing-strings-is-fails-sometimes-why
+qa-string.md:问题 - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/339007/python-nicest-way-to-pad-zeroes-to-string
+
+
+------
+
+
+To Be Continue ...
+
+wklken
+
+Email: [email protected]
+
+Blog: http://wklken.me
+
+2013-09-21 于深圳

contents/qa-built-in.md

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+
+
+### 如何flush Python的print输出
+
+问题 [链接](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/230751/how-to-flush-output-of-python-print)
+重复问题 [链接](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/107705/python-output-buffering)
+
+默认print输出到sys.stdout
+
+    import sys
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+
+参考
+[http://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-print-statement](http://docs.python.org/2/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-print-statement)
+[http://docs.python.org/library/sys.html](http://docs.python.org/2/library/sys.html)
+[http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#file-objects](http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#file-objects)
+
+### Python如何检查一个对象是list或者tuple，但是不是一个字符串
+
+问题 [链接](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1835018/python-check-if-an-object-is-a-list-or-tuple-but-not-string)
+
+原来的做法是
+
+    assert isinstance(lst, (list, tuple))
+
+有没有更好的做法
+
+我认为下面的方式是你需要的
+
+    assert not isinstance(lst, basestring)
+
+原来的方式，你可能会漏过很多像列表，但并非list/tuple的
+
+### Python中检查类型的权威方法
+
+问题 [链接](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/152580/whats-the-canonical-way-to-check-for-type-in-python)
+
+检查一个对象是否是给定类型或者对象是否继承于给定类型？
+
+比如给定一个对象o,如何判断是不是一个str
+
+检查是否是str
+
+    type(o) is str
+
+检查是否是str或者str的子类
+
+    isinstance(o, str)
+
+下面的方法在某些情况下有用
+
+    issubclass(type(o), str)
+    type(o) in ([str] + str.__subclasses__())
+
+注意，你或许想要的是
+
+    isinstance(o, basestring)
+
+因为unicode字符串可以满足判定(unicode 不是str的子类，但是str和unicode都是basestring的子类)
+
+可选的，isinstance可以接收多个类型参数，只要满足其中一个即True
+
+    isinstance(o, (str, unicode))
+
+### 如何判断一个变量的类型
+
+问题 [链接](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/402504/how-to-determine-the-variable-type-in-python)
+
+使用type
+
+    >>> i = 123
+    >>> type(i)
+    <type 'int'>
+    >>> type(i) is int
+    True
+    >>> i = 123456789L
+    >>> type(i)
+    <type 'long'>
+    >>> type(i) is long
+    True
+    >>> i = 123.456
+    >>> type(i)
+    <type 'float'>
+    >>> type(i) is float
+    True
+
+另外一个相同的问题  [链接](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2225038/python-determine-the-type-of-an-object)
+
+    >>> type( [] ) == list
+    True
+    >>> type( {} ) == dict
+    True
+    >>> type( "" ) == str
+    True
+    >>> type( 0 ) == int
+    True
+
+    >>> class Test1 ( object ):
+        pass
+    >>> class Test2 ( Test1 ):
+        pass
+    >>> a = Test1()
+    >>> b = Test2()
+    >>> type( a ) == Test1
+    True
+    >>> type( b ) == Test2
+    True
+    >>> type( b ) == Test1
+    False
+    >>> isinstance( b, Test1 )
+    True
+    >>> isinstance( b, Test2 )
+    True
+    >>> isinstance( a, Test1 )
+    True
+    >>> isinstance( a, Test2 )
+    False
+    >>> isinstance( [], list )
+    True
+    >>> isinstance( {}, dict )
+    True