From 59056dfaf0c13453278730b98f769bec69e599b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2017 09:25:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 01/52] fix error --- 4/break.md | 10 +++++++++- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/4/break.md b/4/break.md index 5bfc256..47ec5b8 100644 --- a/4/break.md +++ b/4/break.md @@ -19,7 +19,15 @@ typedef struct _zend_brk_cont_element { ``` cont记录的是当前循环判断条件opcode起始位置，brk记录的是当前循环结束的位置，parent记录的是父层循环`zend_brk_cont_element`结构的存储位置，也就是说多层嵌套循环会生成一个`zend_brk_cont_element`的链表，每层循环编译结束时更新自己的`zend_brk_cont_element`结构，所以break、continue的处理过程实际就是根据跳出的层级索引到那一层的`zend_brk_cont_element`结构，然后得到它的cont、brk进行相应的opcode跳转。 -各循环的`zend_brk_cont_element`结构保存在`zend_op_array->brk_cont_array`数组中，实际这个数组在编译前就已经分配好了，编译各循环时依次申请一个`zend_brk_cont_element`，`zend_op_array->last_brk_cont`记录此数组第一个可用位置，每申请一个元素last_brk_cont就相应的增加1，parent记录的就是父层循环在`zend_op_array->brk_cont_array`中的位置。 +各循环的`zend_brk_cont_element`结构保存在`zend_op_array->brk_cont_array`数组中，编译各循环时依次申请一个`zend_brk_cont_element`，`zend_op_array->last_brk_cont`记录此数组第一个可用位置，每申请一个元素last_brk_cont就相应的增加1，然后将数组扩容，parent记录的就是父层循环结构在该数组中的存储位置。 +```c +zend_brk_cont_element *get_next_brk_cont_element(zend_op_array *op_array) +{ + op_array->last_brk_cont++; + op_array->brk_cont_array = erealloc(op_array->brk_cont_array, sizeof(zend_brk_cont_element)*op_array->last_brk_cont); + return &op_array->brk_cont_array[op_array->last_brk_cont-1]; +} +``` 示例： ```php From 70108cd0868d0e44c20455e73fd58f349d4436b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2017 16:10:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 02/52] fix error --- 7/func.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/7/func.md b/7/func.md index 0807f69..e04228a 100644 --- a/7/func.md +++ b/7/func.md @@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ callable指函数或成员方法，如果参数是函数名称字符串、array( zend_fcall_info callable; //注意，这两个结构不能是指针 zend_fcall_info_cache call_cache; -if(zend_parse_parameters( +if(zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS(), "f", &callable, &call_cache) == FAILURE){ RETURN_FALSE; } ``` From c6983b641bc2285c5c0e0014affa7b47591697f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2017 18:36:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 03/52] add defer --- img/defer.png | Bin 0 -> 20196 bytes try/break.md | 2 +- try/defer.md | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 img/defer.png create mode 100644 try/defer.md diff --git a/img/defer.png b/img/defer.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08c48e5a9c3be0704bdb22734f3e075fcc779964 GIT binary patch literal 20196 zcmd6P2RN1g|MxM{A>&ZlTOlbkd*slOy|?U;k-cZxSxFK?va^Mh>>ZM9$;b{NBir*n z-{=3op67b5XZ)UdJ?DGnTgP$E?Y=*s_xrWpca*xSJP8pk5dwiAQMfCoi9q0l!XE)7 zE}H47j7_9ZfP|+z;uY-s!`M%jzC$g(lR#OH4;Ct{b2flCQhqFUR-9&(Bx{2V!{g=O1UQNDv z?`>(Rkf}W9CBsgdw3m1Y3KW}>>(25(OAA`yGNXj|)0C74w}MdUl#~=QMv3ygJBTLY 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b/try/defer.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# 附录2：defer推迟执行语法的实现 + +使用过Go语言的应该都知道defer这个语法，它用来推迟一个函数的执行，在函数执行返回前首先检查当前函数内是否有推迟执行的函数，如果有则执行，然后再返回。defer是一个非常有用的语法，这个功能可以很方便的在函数结束前执行一些清理工作，比如关闭打开的文件、关闭连接、释放资源、解锁等等。这样延迟一个函数有以下两个好处： + + * (1) 靠近使用位置，避免漏掉清理工作，同时比放在函数结尾要清晰 + * (2) 如果有多处返回的地方可以避免代码重复，比如函数中有很多处return + +在一个函数中可以使用多个defer，其执行顺序与栈类似：后进先出，先定义的defer后执行。另外，在返回之后定义的defer将不会被执行，只有返回前定义的才会执行，通过exit退出程序的情况也不会执行任何defer。 + +在PHP中并没有实现类似的语法，接下来我们介绍下如何在PHP中实现类似Go语言中defer的功能。此功能的实现需要对PHP的语法解析、抽象语法树/opcode的编译、opcode指令的执行等环节进行改造，涉及的地方比较多，但是改动点比较简单，可以很好的帮助大家完整的理解PHP编译、执行两个核心阶段的实现。整体实现思路： + + * (1) 语法解析：defer本质上还是函数调用，只是将调用时机移到了函数的最后，所以编译时可以复用调用函数的规则，但是需要与普通的调用区分开，所以我们新增一个AST节点类型，其子节点为为正常函数调用编译的AST，语法我们定义为：`defer function_name()`; + * (2) AST编译为opcode：编译opcode时也复用调用函数的编译逻辑，不同的地方在于把defer放在最后编译，另外需要在编译return前新增一条opcode，用于执行return前跳转到defer开始的位置，在defer的最后也需要新增一条opcode，用于执行完defer后跳回return的位置； + * (3) 执行阶段：执行时如果发现是return前新增的opcode则跳转到defer开始的位置，同时把return的位置记录下来，执行完defer后再跳回return。 + +编译后的opcode指令如下图所示： + +![](../img/defer.png) + +1、修改词法解析文件，将defer解析为token：T_DEFER +2、修改语法解析文件，支持语法：T_DEFER function_call，解析为AST：ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL +3、编译ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL时加入defer栈 +4、编译结束时继续编译defer栈中的function_call，最后编译一条ZEND_JMP，用于跳回return/exit/die的位置 From 1a059c238eb688f21bfe6fc99e7e97aed67d9fc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2017 18:39:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 04/52] update --- try/defer.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/try/defer.md b/try/defer.md index 66e35ee..7f61355 100644 --- a/try/defer.md +++ b/try/defer.md @@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ 使用过Go语言的应该都知道defer这个语法，它用来推迟一个函数的执行，在函数执行返回前首先检查当前函数内是否有推迟执行的函数，如果有则执行，然后再返回。defer是一个非常有用的语法，这个功能可以很方便的在函数结束前执行一些清理工作，比如关闭打开的文件、关闭连接、释放资源、解锁等等。这样延迟一个函数有以下两个好处： - * (1) 靠近使用位置，避免漏掉清理工作，同时比放在函数结尾要清晰 - * (2) 如果有多处返回的地方可以避免代码重复，比如函数中有很多处return +* (1) 靠近使用位置，避免漏掉清理工作，同时比放在函数结尾要清晰 +* (2) 如果有多处返回的地方可以避免代码重复，比如函数中有很多处return 在一个函数中可以使用多个defer，其执行顺序与栈类似：后进先出，先定义的defer后执行。另外，在返回之后定义的defer将不会被执行，只有返回前定义的才会执行，通过exit退出程序的情况也不会执行任何defer。 在PHP中并没有实现类似的语法，接下来我们介绍下如何在PHP中实现类似Go语言中defer的功能。此功能的实现需要对PHP的语法解析、抽象语法树/opcode的编译、opcode指令的执行等环节进行改造，涉及的地方比较多，但是改动点比较简单，可以很好的帮助大家完整的理解PHP编译、执行两个核心阶段的实现。整体实现思路： - * (1) 语法解析：defer本质上还是函数调用，只是将调用时机移到了函数的最后，所以编译时可以复用调用函数的规则，但是需要与普通的调用区分开，所以我们新增一个AST节点类型，其子节点为为正常函数调用编译的AST，语法我们定义为：`defer function_name()`; - * (2) AST编译为opcode：编译opcode时也复用调用函数的编译逻辑，不同的地方在于把defer放在最后编译，另外需要在编译return前新增一条opcode，用于执行return前跳转到defer开始的位置，在defer的最后也需要新增一条opcode，用于执行完defer后跳回return的位置； - * (3) 执行阶段：执行时如果发现是return前新增的opcode则跳转到defer开始的位置，同时把return的位置记录下来，执行完defer后再跳回return。 +* (1) 语法解析：defer本质上还是函数调用，只是将调用时机移到了函数的最后，所以编译时可以复用调用函数的规则，但是需要与普通的调用区分开，所以我们新增一个AST节点类型，其子节点为为正常函数调用编译的AST，语法我们定义为：`defer function_name()`; +* (2) AST编译为opcode：编译opcode时也复用调用函数的编译逻辑，不同的地方在于把defer放在最后编译，另外需要在编译return前新增一条opcode，用于执行return前跳转到defer开始的位置，在defer的最后也需要新增一条opcode，用于执行完defer后跳回return的位置； +* (3) 执行阶段：执行时如果发现是return前新增的opcode则跳转到defer开始的位置，同时把return的位置记录下来，执行完defer后再跳回return。 编译后的opcode指令如下图所示： From 8552cec11643625189b02e144f4feaed66e876ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2017 19:55:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 05/52] add ast --- img/defer_ast.png | Bin 0 -> 14606 bytes try/defer.md | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------- 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) create mode 100644 img/defer_ast.png diff --git a/img/defer_ast.png b/img/defer_ast.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db1da709f4a931e719031c1fb100409571a85b60 GIT binary patch literal 14606 zcmbWebzD_n^esy2A*7|GyFoytO9Z4u1f)Sg3F($D1w@c;M5LspK^o}}Dd}zy5TtpN z@9*CG@4N49KORo(v-etS&Nb&4W6l$zsv>s>lN=KX3F*!gc^Ne%BxD}={}_P+?<~78 zjlrK=#)@(>NY^+2zSQSL!#fyu^4g9_NI0!G|B++aaqb}@(I7pMky3X{*-7Uc-^_(3icVxa?wENLJ^yhk5)C`^08*H>;GKn&S!OK@AQ+zqhxYBOR45waK!e(h@ z|E^Ly{%zO$oZE|jl%+>O@}+VU{tY9%!axupnWO#xeHbq6>g`?Lcf)+=kHE)#C!HQK 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+完成词法解析规则的修改后接着需要定义语法解析规则，这是非常关键的一步，语法解析器会根据配置的语法规则将PHP代码解析为抽象语法树(AST)。普通函数调用会被解析为ZEND_AST_CALL类型的AST节点，我们新增一种节点类型：ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL，抽象语法树的节点类型为enum，定义在zend_ast.h中，同时此节点只需要一个子节点，这个子节点用于保存ZEND_AST_CALL节点，因此zend_ast.h的修改如下： +```c +enum _zend_ast_kind { + ... + /* 1 child node */ + ... + ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL + .... +} +``` +定义完AST节点后就可以在配置语法解析规则了，把defer语法解析为ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL节点，我们把这条语法规则定义在"statement:"节点下，if、echo、for等语法都定义在此节点下，语法解析规则文件为zend_language_parser.y： +```c +statement: + '{' inner_statement_list '}' { $$ = $2; } + ... + | T_DEFER function_call ';' { $$ = zend_ast_create(ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL, $2); } +; +``` +修改完这两个文件后需要分别调用re2c、yacc生成对应的C文件，具体的生成命令可以在Makefile.frag中看到： +```c +$ re2c --no-generation-date --case-inverted -cbdFt Zend/zend_language_scanner_defs.h -oZend/zend_language_scanner.c Zend/zend_language_scanner.l +$ yacc -p ini_ -v -d Zend/zend_language_parser.y -oZend/zend_language_parser.c +``` +执行完以后将在Zend目录下重新生成zend_language_scanner.c、zend_language_parser.c两个文件。到这一步已经完成生成抽象语法树的工作了，重新编译PHP后已经能够解析defer语法了，将会生成以下节点： + +![](../img/defer_ast.png) + + From e09183e09b877548f593da43ebd49d9202040edb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2017 21:16:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 06/52] update --- img/defer_call.png | Bin 0 -> 26242 bytes try/defer.md | 147 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 147 insertions(+) create mode 100644 img/defer_call.png diff --git a/img/defer_call.png b/img/defer_call.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37c76328f39501a1308c158dde4504b4b27a7efd GIT binary patch literal 26242 zcmbsRcRZHwA3qMCw(Ml@P$b!VC&>z-va+&wHrYaU60#GL?5t!Hl1(-t*?Vt(uj~E! zegC@uxbMgJzTS`C_29bB>pYM1I9{*kI?gb4)dz%lGEq^_lT>i-`4 z(@xw{&{cwu@#$YPfowL(N7fHBq{(;z?~?!EXmxp){C*pe=b}8w>f= z&~J&L2gsa}2UZZuFp*T^zQx8wH%3?qaWR__1sW3ES7>hpm`HFjn5^K}*fInDGE4;i 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zt^g!0+?V#O-wgvoDnOpcodes。编译ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL节点时不能立即进行编译，需要等到当前脚本或函数全部编译完以后再进行编译，所以在编译过程需要把ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL节点先缓存下来，参考循环结构编译时生成的zend_brk_cont_element的存储位置，我们也把ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL节点保存在zend_op_array中，通过数组进行存储，将ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL节点依次存入该数组，zend_op_array中加入以下几个成员： + +* __last_defer:__ 整形，记录当前编译的defer数 +* __defer_start_op:__ 整形，用于记录defer编译生成opcode指令的起始位置 +* __defer_call_array:__ 保存ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL节点的数组，用于保存ast节点的地址 + +```c +struct _zend_op_array { + ... + int last_defer; + uint32_t defer_start_op; + zend_ast **defer_call_array; +} +``` +修改完数据结构后接着对应修改zend_op_array初始化的过程： +```c +//zend_opcode.c +void init_op_array(zend_op_array *op_array, zend_uchar type, int initial_ops_size) +{ + ... + op_array->last_defer = 0; + op_array->defer_start_op = 0; + op_array->defer_call_array = NULL; + ... +} +``` +完成依赖的这些数据结构的改造后接下来开始编写具体的编译逻辑，也就是编译ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL的处理。抽象语法树的编译入口函数为zend_compile_top_stmt()，然后根据不同节点的类型进行相应的编译，我们在zend_compile_stmt()函数中对ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL节点进行编译： +```c +void zend_compile_stmt(zend_ast *ast) +{ + ... + switch (ast->kind) { + ... + case ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL: + zend_compile_defer_call(ast); + break + ... + } +} +``` +编译过程只是将ZEND_AST_DEFER_CALL的子节点(即：ZEND_AST_CALL)保存到zend_op_array->defer_call_array数组中，注意这里defer_call_array数组还没有分配内存，参考循环结构的实现，这里我们定义了一个函数用于数组的分配： +```c +//zend_compile.c +void zend_compile_defer_call(zend_ast *ast) +{ + if(!ast){ + return; + } + + zend_ast **call_ast = NULL; + //将普通函数调用的ast节点保存到defer_call_array数组中 + call_ast = get_next_defer_call(CG(active_op_array)); + *call_ast = ast->child[0]; +} + +//zend_opcode.c +zend_ast **get_next_defer_call(zend_op_array *op_array) +{ + op_array->last_defer++; + op_array->defer_call_array = erealloc(op_array->defer_call_array, sizeof(zend_ast*)*op_array->last_defer); + return &op_array->defer_call_array[op_array->last_defer-1]; +} +``` +既然分配了defer_call_array数组的内存就需要在zend_op_array销毁时释放： +```c +//zend_opcode.c +ZEND_API void destroy_op_array(zend_op_array *op_array) +{ + ... + if (op_array->defer_call_array) { + efree(op_array->defer_call_array); + } + ... +} +``` +编译完整个脚本或函数后，最后还会编译一条ZEND_RETURN，也就是返回指令，相当于ret指令，注意：这条opcode并不是我们在脚本中定义的return语句的，而是PHP内核为我们加的一条指令，这就是为什么有些函数我们没有写return也能返回的原因，任何函数或脚本都会生成这样一条指令。我们缓存在zend_op_array->defer_call_array数组中defer就是要在这时进行编译，也就是把defer的指令编译在最后。内核最后编译返回的这条指令由zend_emit_final_return()方法完成，我们把defer的编译放在此方法的末尾： +```c +//zend_compile.c +void zend_emit_final_return(zval *zv) +{ + ... + ret = zend_emit_op(NULL, returns_reference ? ZEND_RETURN_BY_REF : ZEND_RETURN, &zn, NULL); + ret->extended_value = -1; + + //编译defer call + zend_emit_defer_call(); +} +``` +前面已经说过，defer本质上就是函数调用，所以编译的过程直接复用普通函数调用的即可。另外，在编译时把起始位置记录到zend_op_array->defer_start_op中，因为在执行return前需要知道跳转到什么位置，这个值就是在那时使用的，具体的用法稍后再作说明。编译时按照倒序的顺序进行编译： +```c +//zend_compile.c +void zend_emit_defer_call() +{ + if (!CG(active_op_array)->defer_call_array) { + return; + } + + zend_ast *call_ast; + zend_op *nop; + znode result; + uint32_t opnum = get_next_op_number(CG(active_op_array)); + int defer_num = CG(active_op_array)->last_defer; + + //记录推迟的函数调用指令开始位置 + CG(active_op_array)->defer_start_op = opnum; + + while(--defer_num >= 0){ + call_ast = CG(active_op_array)->defer_call_array[defer_num]; + if (call_ast == NULL) { + continue; + } + nop = zend_emit_op(NULL, ZEND_NOP, NULL, NULL); + nop->op1.var = -2; + //编译函数调用 + zend_compile_call(&result, call_ast, BP_VAR_R); + } + //compile ZEND_DEFER_CALL + zend_emit_op(NULL, ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END, NULL, NULL); +} +``` +编译完推迟的函数调用之后，编译一条ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END指令，该指令用于执行完推迟的函数后跳回return的位置进行返回，opcode定义在zend_vm_opcodes.h中： +```c +//zend_vm_opcodes.h +#define ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END 174 +``` +还有一个地方你可能已经注意到，在逐个编译defer的函数调用前都生成了一条ZEND_NOP的指令，这个的目的是什么呢？开始的时候已经介绍过defer语法的特点，函数中定义的defer并不是全部执行，在return之后定义的defer是不会执行的，比如： +```go +func main(){ + defer fmt.Println("A") + + if 1 == 1{ + return + } + + defer fmt.Println("B") +} +``` +这种情况下第2个defer就不会生效，因此在return前跳转的位置就不一定是zend_op_array->defer_start_op，有可能会跳过几个函数的调用，所以这里我们通过ZEND_NOP这条空指令对多个defer call进行隔离，同时为避免与其它ZEND_NOP指令混淆，增加一个判断条件：op1.var=-2。这样在return前跳转时就根据此前定义的defer数跳过部分函数的调用，如下图所示。 + +![](../img/defer_call.png) + +到这一步我们已经完成defer函数调用的编译，此时重新编译PHP后可以看到通过defer推迟的函数调用已经被编译在最后了，只不过这个时候它们不能被执行。 + +__(3)编译return__ + From 5acabed4f5818e7c598073889762cfc264c3eb9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Sat, 8 Jul 2017 00:10:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 07/52] add defer --- try/defer.md | 99 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 96 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/try/defer.md b/try/defer.md index 467ff8b..e496056 100644 --- a/try/defer.md +++ b/try/defer.md @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ statement: 修改完这两个文件后需要分别调用re2c、yacc生成对应的C文件，具体的生成命令可以在Makefile.frag中看到： ```c $ re2c --no-generation-date --case-inverted -cbdFt Zend/zend_language_scanner_defs.h -oZend/zend_language_scanner.c Zend/zend_language_scanner.l -$ yacc -p ini_ -v -d Zend/zend_language_parser.y -oZend/zend_language_parser.c +$ yacc -p zend -v -d Zend/zend_language_parser.y -oZend/zend_language_parser.c ``` 执行完以后将在Zend目录下重新生成zend_language_scanner.c、zend_language_parser.c两个文件。到这一步已经完成生成抽象语法树的工作了，重新编译PHP后已经能够解析defer语法了，将会生成以下节点： @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ void zend_emit_final_return(zval *zv) ret = zend_emit_op(NULL, returns_reference ? ZEND_RETURN_BY_REF : ZEND_RETURN, &zn, NULL); ret->extended_value = -1; - //编译defer call + //编译推迟执行的函数调用 zend_emit_defer_call(); } ``` @@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ void zend_emit_defer_call() //编译函数调用 zend_compile_call(&result, call_ast, BP_VAR_R); } - //compile ZEND_DEFER_CALL + //compile ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END zend_emit_op(NULL, ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END, NULL, NULL); } ``` @@ -201,4 +201,97 @@ func main(){ __(3)编译return__ +编译return时需要插入一条指令用于跳转到推迟执行的函数调用指令处，因此这里需要再定义一条opcode：ZEND_DEFER_CALL，在编译过程中defer call还未编译，因此此时还无法知道具体的跳转值。 +```c +//zend_vm_opcodes.h +#define ZEND_DEFER_CALL 173 +#define ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END 174 +``` +PHP脚本中声明的return语句由zend_compile_return()方法完成编译，在编译生成ZEND_DEFER_CALL指令时还需要将当前已定义的defer数(即在return前声明的defer)记录下来，用于计算具体的跳转值。 +```c +void zend_compile_return(zend_ast *ast) +{ + ... + //在return前编译ZEND_DEFER_CALL：用于在执行retur前跳转到defer call + if (CG(active_op_array)->defer_call_array) { + defer_zn.op_type = IS_UNUSED; + defer_zn.u.op.num = CG(active_op_array)->last_defer; + zend_emit_op(NULL, ZEND_DEFER_CALL, NULL, &defer_zn); + } + + //编译正常返回的指令 + opline = zend_emit_op(NULL, by_ref ? ZEND_RETURN_BY_REF : ZEND_RETURN, + &expr_node, NULL); + ... +} +``` +除了这种return外还有一种我们上面已经提过的return，即PHP内核编译的return指令，当PHP脚本中没有声明return语句时将执行内核添加的那条指令，因此也需要在zend_emit_final_return()加上上面的逻辑。 +```c +void zend_emit_final_return(zval *zv) +{ + ... + //在return前编译ZEND_DEFER_CALL：用于在执行retur前跳转到defer call + if (CG(active_op_array)->defer_call_array) { + //当前return之前定义的defer数 + defer_zn.op_type = IS_UNUSED; + defer_zn.u.op.num = CG(active_op_array)->last_defer; + zend_emit_op(NULL, ZEND_DEFER_CALL, NULL, &defer_zn); + } + + //编译返回指令 + ret = zend_emit_op(NULL, returns_reference ? ZEND_RETURN_BY_REF : ZEND_RETURN, &zn, NULL); + ret->extended_value = -1; + + //编译推迟执行的函数调用 + zend_emit_defer_call(); +} +``` +__(4)计算ZEND_DEFER_CALL指令的跳转位置__ + +前面我们已经完成了推迟调用函数以及return编译过程的改造，在编译完成后ZEND_DEFER_CALL指令已经能够知道具体的跳转位置了，因为推迟调用的函数已经编译完成了，所以下一步就是为全部的ZEND_DEFER_CALL指令计算跳转值。前面曾介绍过，在编译完成有一个pass_two()的环节，我们就在这里完成具体跳转位置的计算，并把跳转位置保存到ZEND_DEFER_CALL指令的操作数中，在执行阶段直接跳转到对应位置。 + +```c +ZEND_API int pass_two(zend_op_array *op_array) +{ + zend_op *opline, *end; + ... + //遍历opcode + opline = op_array->opcodes; + end = opline + op_array->last; + while (opline < end) { + switch (opline->opcode) { + ... + case ZEND_DEFER_CALL: //设置jmp + { + uint32_t defer_start = op_array->defer_start_op; + //skip_defer为当前return之后声明的defer数，也就是不需要执行的defer + uint32_t skip_defer = op_array->last_defer - opline->op2.num; + //defer_opline为推迟的函数调用起始位置 + zend_op *defer_opline = op_array->opcodes + defer_start; + uint32_t n = 0; + + while(n <= skip_defer){ + if (defer_opline->opcode == ZEND_NOP && defer_opline->op1.var == -2) { + n++; + } + defer_opline++; + defer_start++; + } + + //defer_start为opcode在op_array->opcodes数组中的位置 + opline->op1.opline_num = defer_start; + //将跳转位置保存到操作数op1中 + ZEND_PASS_TWO_UPDATE_JMP_TARGET(op_array, opline, opline->op1); + } + break; + } + ... + } + ... +} +``` +这里我们并没有直接编译为ZEND_JMP跳转指令，虽然ZEND_JMP可以跳转到后面的指令位置，但是最后的那条跳回return位置的指令(即：ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END)由于可能存在多个return的原因无法在编译期间确定具体的跳转值，只能在运行期间执行ZEND_DEFER_CALL时才能确定，所以需要在ZEND_DEFER_CALL指令的handler中将return的位置记录下来，执行ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END时根据这个值跳回。 + +__(5)定义ZEND_DEFER_CALL、ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END指令的handler__ + From a5b413ba145a80ef02ba48dd5200ce16021b25b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Sat, 8 Jul 2017 11:57:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 08/52] finish defer --- try/defer.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 59 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/try/defer.md b/try/defer.md index e496056..0a3230e 100644 --- a/try/defer.md +++ b/try/defer.md @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ statement: ; ``` 修改完这两个文件后需要分别调用re2c、yacc生成对应的C文件，具体的生成命令可以在Makefile.frag中看到： -```c +```sh $ re2c --no-generation-date --case-inverted -cbdFt Zend/zend_language_scanner_defs.h -oZend/zend_language_scanner.c Zend/zend_language_scanner.l $ yacc -p zend -v -d Zend/zend_language_parser.y -oZend/zend_language_parser.c ``` @@ -294,4 +294,62 @@ ZEND_API int pass_two(zend_op_array *op_array) __(5)定义ZEND_DEFER_CALL、ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END指令的handler__ +ZEND_DEFER_CALL指令执行时需要将return的位置保存下来，我们把这个值保存到zend_execute_data结构中： +```c +//zend_compile.h +struct _zend_execute_data { + ... + const zend_op *return_opline; + ... +} +``` +opcode的handler定义在zend_vm_def.h文件中，定义完成后需要执行`php zend_vm_gen.php`脚本生成具体的handler函数。 +```c +ZEND_VM_HANDLER(173, ZEND_DEFER_CALL, ANY, ANY) +{ + USE_OPLINE + + //1) 将return指令的位置保存到EX(return_opline) + EX(return_opline) = opline + 1; + + //2) 跳转 + ZEND_VM_SET_OPCODE(OP_JMP_ADDR(opline, opline->op1)); + ZEND_VM_CONTINUE(); +} + +ZEND_VM_HANDLER(174, ZEND_DEFER_CALL_END, ANY, ANY) +{ + USE_OPLINE + + ZEND_VM_SET_OPCODE(EX(return_opline)); + ZEND_VM_CONTINUE(); +} +``` +到目前为止我们已经完成了全部的修改，重新编译PHP后就可以使用defer语法了： +```php +function shutdown($a){ + echo $a."\n"; +} +function test(){ + $a = 1234; + defer shutdown($a); + + $a = 8888; + + if(1){ + return "mid end\n"; + } + defer shutdown("9999"); + return "last end\n"; +} + +echo test(); +``` +执行后将显示： +```sh +8888 +mid end +``` +这里我们只实现了普通函数调用的方式，关于成员方法、静态方法、匿名函数等调用方式并未实现，留给有兴趣的读者自己去实现。 +完整代码：[https://github.com/pangudashu/php-7.0.12](https://github.com/pangudashu/php-7.0.12) From 8418b469b9c6dbf5d82a9ee17d5b094b1b590d62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Sat, 8 Jul 2017 11:59:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 09/52] finish defer --- README.md | 1 + try/defer.md | 2 +- 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 0fcbe4d..0192d2d 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -106,4 +106,5 @@ ## 附录 * [附录1：break/continue按标签中断语法实现](try/break.md) + * [附录2：defer推迟函数调用语法的实现](try/defer.md) diff --git a/try/defer.md b/try/defer.md index 0a3230e..761d149 100644 --- a/try/defer.md +++ b/try/defer.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# 附录2：defer推迟执行语法的实现 +# 附录2：defer推迟函数调用语法的实现 使用过Go语言的应该都知道defer这个语法，它用来推迟一个函数的执行，在函数执行返回前首先检查当前函数内是否有推迟执行的函数，如果有则执行，然后再返回。defer是一个非常有用的语法，这个功能可以很方便的在函数结束前执行一些清理工作，比如关闭打开的文件、关闭连接、释放资源、解锁等等。这样延迟一个函数有以下两个好处： From 06499a611175fa4b075cbfa0db3ef0ab15c88d25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 14 Jul 2017 12:45:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 10/52] change dir --- README.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 0192d2d..06bca77 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -85,11 +85,11 @@ * [7.7.6 数组操作](7/var.md) * [7.8 常量](7/constant.md) * 7.9 面向对象 - 7.9.1 内部类注册 - 7.9.2 定义成员属性 - 7.9.3 定义成员方法 - 7.9.4 定义常量 - 7.9.5 类的实例化 + * 7.9.1 内部类注册 + * 7.9.2 定义成员属性 + * 7.9.3 定义成员方法 + * 7.9.4 定义常量 + * 7.9.5 类的实例化 * 7.10 资源类型 * 7.11 经典扩展解析 * 7.8.1 Yaf @@ -106,5 +106,5 @@ ## 附录 * [附录1：break/continue按标签中断语法实现](try/break.md) - * [附录2：defer推迟函数调用语法的实现](try/defer.md) + * 附录2：defer推迟函数调用语法的实现 From 9a4d814fe5f5e69dae9f1a6b24cc91c13ed189b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "byter.hu" Date: Sat, 15 Jul 2017 05:27:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 11/52] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E5=A4=8D=E9=94=99=E5=AD=97?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 修复错字 --- 3/function_implement.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/3/function_implement.md b/3/function_implement.md index d3c0fe6..ef4bcb5 100644 --- a/3/function_implement.md +++ b/3/function_implement.md @@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ $greet = function($name) $greet('World'); $greet('PHP'); ``` -这里提函数函数只是想说明编译函数时那个use的用法: +这里提匿名函数只是想说明编译函数时那个use的用法: __匿名函数可以从父作用域中继承变量。 任何此类变量都应该用 use 语言结构传递进去。__ From 6e5b9f43b587b57993e4c1fd6982bdec27166303 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Mon, 17 Jul 2017 14:42:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 12/52] update --- 7/func.md | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/7/func.md b/7/func.md index e04228a..5c1101a 100644 --- a/7/func.md +++ b/7/func.md @@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ echo $a; ### 7.6.4 函数返回值 调用内部函数时其返回值指针作为参数传入，这个参数为`zval *return_value`，如果函数有返回值直接设置此指针即可，需要特别注意的是设置返回值时需要增加其引用计数，举个例子来看： - ```c +```c PHP_FUNCTION(my_func_1) { zval *arr; @@ -510,8 +510,6 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(my_func_1) Z_ADDREF_P(arr); //设置返回值为数组： - //return_value->u1.type = IS_ARRAY; - //return_value->value->arr = arr->value->arr; ZVAL_ARR(return_value, Z_ARR_P(arr)); } ``` From db02aafbbd43d58f29c406b07a7334eb49608bc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Mon, 17 Jul 2017 16:52:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 13/52] fix error --- 7/func.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/7/func.md b/7/func.md index 5c1101a..1ce3f35 100644 --- a/7/func.md +++ b/7/func.md @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ PHP_FUNCTION(my_func_1) ![](../img/internal_func_param.png) -注意：解析时除了整形、浮点型、布尔型是直接硬拷贝value外，其它解析到的变量只能是指针，arr为zend_execute_data上param_1的地址，即：`zval *arr = ¶m_1`，所以图中arr、param_1之间用的不是箭头指向，也就是说参数始终存储在zend_execute_data上，解析获取的是这些参数的地址。`zend_parse_parameters()`调用了`zend_parse_va_args()`进行处理，简单看下解析过程： +注意：解析时除了整形、浮点型、布尔型是直接硬拷贝value外，其它解析到的变量只能是指针，arr为zend_execute_data上param_1的地址，即：`zval *arr = ¶m_1`，也就是说参数始终存储在zend_execute_data上，解析获取的是这些参数的地址。`zend_parse_parameters()`调用了`zend_parse_va_args()`进行处理，简单看下解析过程： ```c //va就是定义的要解析到的各个变量的地址 static int zend_parse_va_args(int num_args, const char *type_spec, va_list *va, int flags) From 95ec461b4eaa0bbcb6992c62d9d5f7eca3498f20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Mon, 17 Jul 2017 17:57:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 14/52] fix error --- 7/func.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/7/func.md b/7/func.md index 1ce3f35..e492812 100644 --- a/7/func.md +++ b/7/func.md @@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ static zend_always_inline int zend_parse_arg_long(zval *arg, zend_long *dest, ze return 1; } ``` -> __Note:__ "l"与"L"的区别在于，当传参不是整形且转为整形后超过了整形的大小范围时，"L"将值调整为整形的最大或最小值，而"l"将报错，比如传的参数是字符串"9223372036854775808"，转整形后超过了unsigned int64的最大值：0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF，"L"将解析为0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF。 +> __Note:__ "l"与"L"的区别在于，当传参不是整形且转为整形后超过了整形的大小范围时，"L"将值调整为整形的最大或最小值，而"l"将报错，比如传的参数是字符串"9223372036854775808"(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF + 1)，转整形后超过了有符号int64的最大值：0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF，所以如果是"L"将解析为0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF。 #### 7.6.2.2 布尔型：b 通过"b"标识符表示将传入的参数解析为布尔型，解析到的变量必须是zend_bool： From 56163b40731c1735f6b75c9a8bcd904c4e21fe2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Wed, 19 Jul 2017 13:18:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 15/52] add global register variables --- 3/zend_global_register.md | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ img/executor.png | Bin 0 -> 13778 bytes 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+) create mode 100644 3/zend_global_register.md create mode 100644 img/executor.png diff --git a/3/zend_global_register.md b/3/zend_global_register.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44f5c9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3/zend_global_register.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +### 3.3.4 全局execute_data和opline +Zend执行器在opcode的执行过程中，会频繁的用到execute_data和opline两个变量，execute_data为zend_execute_data结构，opline为当前执行的指令。普通的处理方式在执行每条opcode指令的handler时，会把execute_data地址作为参数传给handler使用，使用时先从当前栈上获取execute_data地址，然后再从堆上获取变量的数据，这种方式下Zend执行器展开后是下面这样： +```c +ZEND_API void execute_ex(zend_execute_data *ex) +{ + zend_execute_data *execute_data = ex; + + while (1) { + int ret; + + if (UNEXPECTED((ret = ((opcode_handler_t)execute_data->opline->handler)(execute_data)) != 0)) { + if (EXPECTED(ret > 0)) { + execute_data = EG(current_execute_data); + } else { + return; + } + } + } +} +``` +执行器实际是一个大循环，从第一条opcode开始执行，execute_data->opline指向当前执行的指令，执行完以后指向下一条指令，opline类似eip(或rip)寄存器的作用。通过这个循环，ZendVM完成opcode指令的执行，如下图。 + +![](../img/executor.png) + + + + +全局寄存器变量(Global Register Variables)是数据保存在寄存器中的一种变量类型，与存储在内存中的变量相比，寄存器变量具有更快的访问速度，在计算机的存储层次中，寄存器的速度最快，其次是内存，最慢的是内存。 diff --git a/img/executor.png b/img/executor.png new file mode 100644 index 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b/3/zend_global_register.md index 44f5c9a..898ad6c 100644 --- a/3/zend_global_register.md +++ b/3/zend_global_register.md @@ -18,11 +18,44 @@ ZEND_API void execute_ex(zend_execute_data *ex) } } ``` -执行器实际是一个大循环，从第一条opcode开始执行，execute_data->opline指向当前执行的指令，执行完以后指向下一条指令，opline类似eip(或rip)寄存器的作用。通过这个循环，ZendVM完成opcode指令的执行，如下图。 +执行器实际是一个大循环，从第一条opcode开始执行，execute_data->opline指向当前执行的指令，执行完以后指向下一条指令，opline类似eip(或rip)寄存器的作用。通过这个循环，ZendVM完成opcode指令的执行。opcode执行完后以后指向下一条指令的操作是在当前handler中完成，也就是说每条执行执行完以后会主动更新opline，这里会有下面几个不同的动作： +```c +ZEND_VM_CONTINUE() +ZEND_VM_ENTER() +ZEND_VM_LEAVE() +ZEND_VM_RETURN() +``` +ZEND_VM_CONTINUE()表示继续执行下一条opcode；ZEND_VM_ENTER()/ZEND_VM_LEAVE()是调用函数时的动作，普通模式下ZEND_VM_ENTER()实际就是return 1，然后execute_ex()中会将execute_data切换到被调函数的结构上，对应的，在函数调用完成后ZEND_VM_LEAVE()会return 2，再将execute_data切换至原来的结构；ZEND_VM_RETURN()表示执行完成，比如exit，这时候execute_ex()将退出执行。下面看一个具体的例子： +```php +$a = "hi~"; +echo $a; +``` +执行过程如下图所示： ![](../img/executor.png) +以ZEND_ASSIGN这条赋值指令为例，其handler展开前如下： +```c +static ZEND_OPCODE_HANDLER_RET ZEND_FASTCALL ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(ZEND_OPCODE_HANDLER_ARGS) +{ + USE_OPLINE + ... + ZEND_VM_NEXT_OPCODE_CHECK_EXCEPTION(); +} +``` +所有opcode的handler定义格式都是相同的，其参数列表通过ZEND_OPCODE_HANDLER_ARGS宏定义，展开后实际只有一个execute_data；ZEND_FASTCALL这个宏是用于指定C语言函数调用方式的，这里指定的是fastcall方式，GNU C下就是__attribute__((fastcall))。去掉一些非关键操作展开后： +```c +static int __attribute__((fastcall)) ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(zend_execute_data *execute_data) +{ + //USE_OPLINE + const zend_op *opline = execute_data->opline; + ... + //ZEND_VM_NEXT_OPCODE_CHECK_EXCEPTION() + execute_data->opline = execute_data->opline + 1; + return 0; +} +``` +从这个例子可以很清楚的看到，执行完以后会将execute_data->opline加1，也就是指向下一条opcode，然后返回0给execute_ex()，接着执行器在下一次循环时执行下一条opcode，依次类推，直至所有的opcode执行完成。 - -全局寄存器变量(Global Register Variables)是数据保存在寄存器中的一种变量类型，与存储在内存中的变量相比，寄存器变量具有更快的访问速度，在计算机的存储层次中，寄存器的速度最快，其次是内存，最慢的是内存。 +全局寄存器变量(Global Register Variables)是数据保存在寄存器中的一种变量，与存储在内存中的变量相比，寄存器变量具有更快的访问速度，在计算机的存储层次中，寄存器的速度最快，其次是内存，最慢的是内存。寄存器变量 From 34a9e6fbe17c5aa9d400e78247f888723cadaf69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Wed, 19 Jul 2017 14:26:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 17/52] update --- img/executor.png | Bin 13778 -> 23846 bytes 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) diff --git a/img/executor.png b/img/executor.png index f2cdbe77ec115b8d3b226118461723c45a9d91c7..dfbb4618cf57977f68391c9919fc5d7f01f13a4c 100644 GIT binary patch literal 23846 zcmaI8Wl$Vl)GZtw0tA-?cL)|BKyVN41lPeGf_sqQ?he7--JReexLeS{VQ`q+Jn#MF z{<&2Y)iv~VAK7Q0wbxpQFeL>^^tT`0zIpQoU0O<9<;@#dHQ>4v84>vHBDW*+<_-B9 zX>k!X_so+ulqVnKRw%S`%UOoQg?JhZJy=O)Xq%cE7hSxR%2Wmii$PU9{ui-WUtBCE zdXXIZZ(L<53OYxbcx?3e?)_&k-A6yadAGCYr5wkz=V$%uVPhe|oX#8V+qQ*e>*~kO zDsWr1b(bVreiF5GJn$ozK8)T5_unOTzQWtG|M`?5KH%ejpP7UgN1aB=Q1ah} zbdl8md0T5VclZ6oF7QBh9e$%fBvQc5cD}dm8|ZDQ((&WQ1wa4aXT4rATx>v}H!6i* zE@CRp`FGwAPTZV9U(QaZy6z|Jo04_EkIc_x-!#lGbiY9A*2~JPmbINGIENc9*3NvJ 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z2WAD1#ksiu9BQo~z7C+r3s48J9GLSU`C1ZZ2vs zpO>n^rCOhLSIL`@_4Tln)-B%{I}Zwzt|?wRY_ER8+f`81zF;yFy**OIj`pKd}0P>KF+dz1Pezu>;#W#Ioil+V(wx7Ds{frjuDa zz)G#k`Jq0-;ZtC^pw$q(0{1^J4`0Ynr65^ep21>PS z7-I~?>;_OxzX>(~9yJIM+P3yF;45{}7oEZwR<}rLcse`qB?h2j=B7}o(7O?TeSFFE zXKF+au0(DUfD{vMbaY9L>{rE@WSS}cXUkYXk@C{`F;K%NbFCuBZ2dj13o&@Ko6V@X zyu&SU{^J&TtiE!M4lo1+44XQ&bgzZa`akcVIqbxi165~1<1^qTzQ6$Am8fF1(N)dXifqPg|^B|ik97iSiCjm`BS$&<5oo)gPjR6$(ourD(_Hxv# zj#9xmA{;625qNU#N;`pDaWoOu<@kj80}hlt!K~5|;l$XPIC!-(599^gdEdVhJ^PIHBqGS+ zXjz3s9zX@;3YC@#y}&T_*K&_)Fn8OJR&z$jm9Iy!m|$F^>r#uoKf%l(M}i*sjzb{_ z3#`bmRg3e#Z&Ls=xc}ds4TE3eNiBUokh*|RN?Rc9w>+ z5xX>DYA^Q44?L}GKaC@1phK7hgEk_${@XO6qZ9qV-n8ohm4|}mZNr$$6|h$e<)xB_ KVyXOx!2bhw6w<%| From ddfbddd0dd901d3ce0e233cb3ba7dbd365e09ac2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Wed, 19 Jul 2017 15:25:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 18/52] update --- 3/zend_global_register.md | 57 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/3/zend_global_register.md b/3/zend_global_register.md index 898ad6c..6d9b24e 100644 --- a/3/zend_global_register.md +++ b/3/zend_global_register.md @@ -56,6 +56,59 @@ static int __attribute__((fastcall)) ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(zend_exe return 0; } ``` -从这个例子可以很清楚的看到，执行完以后会将execute_data->opline加1，也就是指向下一条opcode，然后返回0给execute_ex()，接着执行器在下一次循环时执行下一条opcode，依次类推，直至所有的opcode执行完成。 +从这个例子可以很清楚的看到，执行完以后会将execute_data->opline加1，也就是指向下一条opcode，然后返回0给execute_ex()，接着执行器在下一次循环时执行下一条opcode，依次类推，直至所有的opcode执行完成。这个处理过程比较简单，并没有不好理解的地方，而且整个过程看起来也都那么顺理成章。PHP7针对execute_data、opline两个变量的存储位置进行了优化，那就是使用全局寄存器保存这两个变量的地址，以实现更高效率的读取。这种方式下execute_data、opline直接从寄存器读取地址，在性能上大概有5%的提升(官方说法)。在分析PHP7的优化之前，我们先简单介绍下什么是寄存器变量。 + +寄存器变量存放在CPU的寄存器中，使用时，不需要访问内存直接从寄存器中读写，与存储在内存中的变量相比，寄存器变量具有更快的访问速度，在计算机的存储层次中，寄存器的速度最快，其>次是内存，最慢的是内存。C语言中使用关键字register来声明局部变量为寄存器变量，需要注意的是，只有局部自动变量和形式参数才能够被定义为寄存器变量，全局变量和局部静态变量都不能被定义为寄存器变量。而且，一个计算机中寄存器数量是有限的，一般为2到3个，因此寄存器变量的数量不能太多。对于在一个函数中说明的多于2到3个的寄存器变量，Ｃ编译程序会自动地将寄存器变量变为自动变量。 受硬件寄存器长度的限制，寄存器变量只能是char、int或指针型，而不能使其他复杂数据类型。由于register变量使用的是硬件CPU中的寄存器，寄存器变量无地址，所以不能使用取地址运算符"&"求寄存器变量的地址。 + +GCC从4.8.0版本开始支持了另外一项特性：全局寄存器变量，也就是可以把全局变量定义为寄存器变量，从而可以实现函数间共享数据。可以通过下面的语法告诉编译器使用寄存器来保存数据： +```c +register int *foo asm ("r12"); //r12、%r12 +``` +或者： +```c +register int *foo __asm__ ("r12"); //r12、%r12 +``` +这里r12就是指定使用的寄存器，它必须是运行平台上有效的寄存器，这样就可以像使用普通的变量一样使用foo，但是foo同样没有地址，也就是无法通过&获取它的地址，在gdb调试时也无法使用foo符号，只能使用对应的寄存器获取数据。举个例子来看： +```c +//main.c +#include + +typedef struct _execute_data { + int ip; +}zend_execute_data; + + +register zend_execute_data* execute_data __asm__ ("%r14"); + +int main(void) +{ + execute_data = (zend_execute_data *)malloc(sizeof(zend_execute_data)); + execute_data->ip = 9999; + + return 0; +} +``` +编译：`$ gcc -o main -g main.c`，然后通过gdb看下： +```sh +$ gdb main +(gdb) break main +(gdb) r +Starting program: /home/qinpeng/c/php/main + +Breakpoint 1, main () at main.c:12 +12 execute_data = (zend_execute_data *)malloc(sizeof(zend_execute_data)); +(gdb) n +13 execute_data->ip = 9999; +(gdb) n +15 return 0; +``` +这时我们就无法再像普通变量那样直接使用execute_data访问数据，只能通过r14寄存器读取： +```sh +(gdb) p execute_data +Missing ELF symbol "execute_data". +(gdb) info register r14 +r14 0x601010 6295568 +(gdb) p ((zend_execute_data *)$r14)->ip +$3 = 9999 +``` -全局寄存器变量(Global Register Variables)是数据保存在寄存器中的一种变量，与存储在内存中的变量相比，寄存器变量具有更快的访问速度，在计算机的存储层次中，寄存器的速度最快，其次是内存，最慢的是内存。寄存器变量 From 8b3d976818c26364056596c23e77484769e2ab9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Wed, 19 Jul 2017 17:43:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 19/52] update --- 3/zend_global_register.md | 67 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 62 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/3/zend_global_register.md b/3/zend_global_register.md index 6d9b24e..18e15d8 100644 --- a/3/zend_global_register.md +++ b/3/zend_global_register.md @@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ ZEND_API void execute_ex(zend_execute_data *ex) ``` 执行器实际是一个大循环，从第一条opcode开始执行，execute_data->opline指向当前执行的指令，执行完以后指向下一条指令，opline类似eip(或rip)寄存器的作用。通过这个循环，ZendVM完成opcode指令的执行。opcode执行完后以后指向下一条指令的操作是在当前handler中完成，也就是说每条执行执行完以后会主动更新opline，这里会有下面几个不同的动作： ```c -ZEND_VM_CONTINUE() -ZEND_VM_ENTER() -ZEND_VM_LEAVE() -ZEND_VM_RETURN() +#define ZEND_VM_CONTINUE() return 0 +#define ZEND_VM_ENTER() return 1 +#define ZEND_VM_LEAVE() return 2 +#define ZEND_VM_RETURN() return -1 ``` -ZEND_VM_CONTINUE()表示继续执行下一条opcode；ZEND_VM_ENTER()/ZEND_VM_LEAVE()是调用函数时的动作，普通模式下ZEND_VM_ENTER()实际就是return 1，然后execute_ex()中会将execute_data切换到被调函数的结构上，对应的，在函数调用完成后ZEND_VM_LEAVE()会return 2，再将execute_data切换至原来的结构；ZEND_VM_RETURN()表示执行完成，比如exit，这时候execute_ex()将退出执行。下面看一个具体的例子： +ZEND_VM_CONTINUE()表示继续执行下一条opcode；ZEND_VM_ENTER()/ZEND_VM_LEAVE()是调用函数时的动作，普通模式下ZEND_VM_ENTER()实际就是return 1，然后execute_ex()中会将execute_data切换到被调函数的结构上，对应的，在函数调用完成后ZEND_VM_LEAVE()会return 2，再将execute_data切换至原来的结构；ZEND_VM_RETURN()表示执行完成，返回-1给execute_ex()，比如exit，这时候execute_ex()将退出执行。下面看一个具体的例子： ```php $a = "hi~"; echo $a; @@ -111,4 +111,61 @@ r14 0x601010 6295568 (gdb) p ((zend_execute_data *)$r14)->ip $3 = 9999 ``` +了解完全局寄存器变量，接下来我们再回头看下PHP7中的用法，处理也比较简单，就是在execute_ex()执行各opcode指令的过程中，不再将execute_data作为参数传给handler，而是通过寄存器保存execute_data及opline的地址，handler使用时直接从全局变量(寄存器)读取，执行完再把下一条指令更新到全局变量。 +该功能需要GCC 4.8+支持，默认开启，可以通过 --disable-gcc-global-regs 编译参数关闭。以x86_64为例，execute_data使用r14寄存器，opline使用r15寄存器： +```c +//file: zend_execute.c line: 2631 +# define ZEND_VM_FP_GLOBAL_REG "%r14" +# define ZEND_VM_IP_GLOBAL_REG "%r15" + +//file: zend_vm_execute.h line: 315 +register zend_execute_data* volatile execute_data __asm__(ZEND_VM_FP_GLOBAL_REG); +register const zend_op* volatile opline __asm__(ZEND_VM_IP_GLOBAL_REG); +``` +execute_data、opline定义为全局变量，下面看下execute_ex()的变化，展开后： +```c +ZEND_API void execute_ex(zend_execute_data *ex) +{ + const zend_op *orig_opline = opline; + zend_execute_data *orig_execute_data = execute_data; + + //将当前execute_data、opline保存到全局变量 + execute_data = ex; + opline = execute_data->opline + + while (1) { + ((opcode_handler_t)opline->handler)(); + + if (UNEXPECTED(!opline)) { + execute_data = orig_execute_data; + opline = orig_opline; + + return; + } + } +} +``` +这个时候调用各opcode指令的handler时就不再传入execute_data的参数了，handler使用时直接从全局变量读取，仍以上面的赋值ZEND_ASSIGN指令为例，handler展开后： +```c +static int __attribute__((fastcall)) ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(void) +{ + ... + + //ZEND_VM_NEXT_OPCODE_CHECK_EXCEPTION() + opline = execute_data->opline + 1; + return; +} +``` +当调用函数时，会把execute_data、opline更新为被调函数的，然后回到execute_ex()开始执行被调函数的指令： +```c +# define ZEND_VM_ENTER() execute_data = EG(current_execute_data); LOAD_OPLINE(); ZEND_VM_CONTINUE() +``` +展开后： +```c +//ZEND_VM_ENTER() +execute_data = execute_data->current_execute_data; +opline = execute_data->opline; +return; +``` +这两种处理方式并没有本质上的差异，只是通过全局寄存器变量提升了一些性能。 From ac29cb0d9821778a692c18d63407699500526a3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Wed, 19 Jul 2017 17:48:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 20/52] update dir --- README.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 06bca77..ccdf4aa 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ * 3.3.1 基本结构 * 3.3.2 执行流程 * 3.3.3 函数的执行流程 + * [3.3.4 全局execute_data和opline](3/zend_global_register.md) * 3.4 面向对象实现 * [3.4.1 类](3/zend_class.md) * [3.4.2 对象](3/zend_object.md) From ac38e217dea0823f5502c783464a6dd8bb0ef3f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Wed, 19 Jul 2017 17:57:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 21/52] update --- 3/zend_global_register.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/3/zend_global_register.md b/3/zend_global_register.md index 18e15d8..66d7c41 100644 --- a/3/zend_global_register.md +++ b/3/zend_global_register.md @@ -169,3 +169,5 @@ opline = execute_data->opline; return; ``` 这两种处理方式并没有本质上的差异，只是通过全局寄存器变量提升了一些性能。 + +> __Note:__ automake编译时的命令是cc，而不是gcc，如果更新gcc后发现PHP仍然没有支持这个特性，请检查下cc是否指向了新的gcc From 5461dedcc55da125508199a97104e7dbc74f3e71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Wed, 19 Jul 2017 18:02:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 22/52] update --- 3/zend_global_register.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/3/zend_global_register.md b/3/zend_global_register.md index 66d7c41..f091eda 100644 --- a/3/zend_global_register.md +++ b/3/zend_global_register.md @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ static int __attribute__((fastcall)) ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(zend_exe 寄存器变量存放在CPU的寄存器中，使用时，不需要访问内存直接从寄存器中读写，与存储在内存中的变量相比，寄存器变量具有更快的访问速度，在计算机的存储层次中，寄存器的速度最快，其>次是内存，最慢的是内存。C语言中使用关键字register来声明局部变量为寄存器变量，需要注意的是，只有局部自动变量和形式参数才能够被定义为寄存器变量，全局变量和局部静态变量都不能被定义为寄存器变量。而且，一个计算机中寄存器数量是有限的，一般为2到3个，因此寄存器变量的数量不能太多。对于在一个函数中说明的多于2到3个的寄存器变量，Ｃ编译程序会自动地将寄存器变量变为自动变量。 受硬件寄存器长度的限制，寄存器变量只能是char、int或指针型，而不能使其他复杂数据类型。由于register变量使用的是硬件CPU中的寄存器，寄存器变量无地址，所以不能使用取地址运算符"&"求寄存器变量的地址。 -GCC从4.8.0版本开始支持了另外一项特性：全局寄存器变量，也就是可以把全局变量定义为寄存器变量，从而可以实现函数间共享数据。可以通过下面的语法告诉编译器使用寄存器来保存数据： +GCC从4.8.0版本开始支持了另外一项特性：全局寄存器变量(Global Register Variables，参考：https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-6.1.0/gcc/Global-Register-Variables.html)，也就是可以把全局变量定义为寄存器变量，从而可以实现函数间共享数据。可以通过下面的语法告诉编译器使用寄存器来保存数据： ```c register int *foo asm ("r12"); //r12、%r12 ``` From c0de5f804b3184582e8e3d7af1dc13f1e585e921 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Wed, 19 Jul 2017 18:03:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 23/52] update --- 3/zend_global_register.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/3/zend_global_register.md b/3/zend_global_register.md index f091eda..93a52ea 100644 --- a/3/zend_global_register.md +++ b/3/zend_global_register.md @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ static int __attribute__((fastcall)) ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(zend_exe 寄存器变量存放在CPU的寄存器中，使用时，不需要访问内存直接从寄存器中读写，与存储在内存中的变量相比，寄存器变量具有更快的访问速度，在计算机的存储层次中，寄存器的速度最快，其>次是内存，最慢的是内存。C语言中使用关键字register来声明局部变量为寄存器变量，需要注意的是，只有局部自动变量和形式参数才能够被定义为寄存器变量，全局变量和局部静态变量都不能被定义为寄存器变量。而且，一个计算机中寄存器数量是有限的，一般为2到3个，因此寄存器变量的数量不能太多。对于在一个函数中说明的多于2到3个的寄存器变量，Ｃ编译程序会自动地将寄存器变量变为自动变量。 受硬件寄存器长度的限制，寄存器变量只能是char、int或指针型，而不能使其他复杂数据类型。由于register变量使用的是硬件CPU中的寄存器，寄存器变量无地址，所以不能使用取地址运算符"&"求寄存器变量的地址。 -GCC从4.8.0版本开始支持了另外一项特性：全局寄存器变量(Global Register Variables，参考：https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-6.1.0/gcc/Global-Register-Variables.html)，也就是可以把全局变量定义为寄存器变量，从而可以实现函数间共享数据。可以通过下面的语法告诉编译器使用寄存器来保存数据： +GCC从4.8.0版本开始支持了另外一项特性：全局寄存器变量(Global Register Variables，[详细介绍](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-6.1.0/gcc/Global-Register-Variables.html))，也就是可以把全局变量定义为寄存器变量，从而可以实现函数间共享数据。可以通过下面的语法告诉编译器使用寄存器来保存数据： ```c register int *foo asm ("r12"); //r12、%r12 ``` From ed96756cb3cf3bed4c07591665dac3efee2764ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Thu, 20 Jul 2017 10:12:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 24/52] update --- 3/zend_global_register.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/3/zend_global_register.md b/3/zend_global_register.md index 93a52ea..51cd81f 100644 --- a/3/zend_global_register.md +++ b/3/zend_global_register.md @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ static int __attribute__((fastcall)) ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(zend_exe ``` 从这个例子可以很清楚的看到，执行完以后会将execute_data->opline加1，也就是指向下一条opcode，然后返回0给execute_ex()，接着执行器在下一次循环时执行下一条opcode，依次类推，直至所有的opcode执行完成。这个处理过程比较简单，并没有不好理解的地方，而且整个过程看起来也都那么顺理成章。PHP7针对execute_data、opline两个变量的存储位置进行了优化，那就是使用全局寄存器保存这两个变量的地址，以实现更高效率的读取。这种方式下execute_data、opline直接从寄存器读取地址，在性能上大概有5%的提升(官方说法)。在分析PHP7的优化之前，我们先简单介绍下什么是寄存器变量。 -寄存器变量存放在CPU的寄存器中，使用时，不需要访问内存直接从寄存器中读写，与存储在内存中的变量相比，寄存器变量具有更快的访问速度，在计算机的存储层次中，寄存器的速度最快，其>次是内存，最慢的是内存。C语言中使用关键字register来声明局部变量为寄存器变量，需要注意的是，只有局部自动变量和形式参数才能够被定义为寄存器变量，全局变量和局部静态变量都不能被定义为寄存器变量。而且，一个计算机中寄存器数量是有限的，一般为2到3个，因此寄存器变量的数量不能太多。对于在一个函数中说明的多于2到3个的寄存器变量，Ｃ编译程序会自动地将寄存器变量变为自动变量。 受硬件寄存器长度的限制，寄存器变量只能是char、int或指针型，而不能使其他复杂数据类型。由于register变量使用的是硬件CPU中的寄存器，寄存器变量无地址，所以不能使用取地址运算符"&"求寄存器变量的地址。 +寄存器变量存放在CPU的寄存器中，使用时，不需要访问内存直接从寄存器中读写，与存储在内存中的变量相比，寄存器变量具有更快的访问速度，在计算机的存储层次中，寄存器的速度最快，其次是内存，最慢的是硬盘。C语言中使用关键字register来声明局部变量为寄存器变量，需要注意的是，只有局部自动变量和形式参数才能够被定义为寄存器变量，全局变量和局部静态变量都不能被定义为寄存器变量。而且，一个计算机中寄存器数量是有限的，一般为2到3个，因此寄存器变量的数量不能太多。对于在一个函数中说明的多于2到3个的寄存器变量，Ｃ编译程序会自动地将寄存器变量变为自动变量。 受硬件寄存器长度的限制，寄存器变量只能是char、int或指针型，而不能使其他复杂数据类型。由于register变量使用的是硬件CPU中的寄存器，寄存器变量无地址，所以不能使用取地址运算符"&"求寄存器变量的地址。 GCC从4.8.0版本开始支持了另外一项特性：全局寄存器变量(Global Register Variables，[详细介绍](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-6.1.0/gcc/Global-Register-Variables.html))，也就是可以把全局变量定义为寄存器变量，从而可以实现函数间共享数据。可以通过下面的语法告诉编译器使用寄存器来保存数据： ```c From ee2e98fb01d7b734dad19f33bb2054ce7b78c111 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "byter.hu" Date: Sat, 22 Jul 2017 02:13:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 25/52] Update func.md fix error --- 7/func.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/7/func.md b/7/func.md index e04228a..a1fd5e9 100644 --- a/7/func.md +++ b/7/func.md @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ const zend_function_entry mytest_functions[] = { #define ZEND_FENTRY(zend_name, name, arg_info, flags) { #zend_name, name, arg_info, (uint32_t) (sizeof(arg_info)/sizeof(struct _zend_internal_arg_info)-1), flags }, #define ZEND_FN(name) zif_##name ``` -最后将`zend_module_entry->functions`设置为`timeout_functions`即可： +最后将`zend_module_entry->functions`设置为`mytest_functions`即可： ```c zend_module_entry mytest_module_entry = { STANDARD_MODULE_HEADER, From 3e09906791e3f375bb9a85bbfd5c3533a125ebe3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Mon, 24 Jul 2017 17:17:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 26/52] fix error --- 3/zend_global_register.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/3/zend_global_register.md b/3/zend_global_register.md index 51cd81f..9c9462e 100644 --- a/3/zend_global_register.md +++ b/3/zend_global_register.md @@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ static ZEND_OPCODE_HANDLER_RET ZEND_FASTCALL ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(Z ZEND_VM_NEXT_OPCODE_CHECK_EXCEPTION(); } ``` -所有opcode的handler定义格式都是相同的，其参数列表通过ZEND_OPCODE_HANDLER_ARGS宏定义，展开后实际只有一个execute_data；ZEND_FASTCALL这个宏是用于指定C语言函数调用方式的，这里指定的是fastcall方式，GNU C下就是__attribute__((fastcall))。去掉一些非关键操作展开后： +所有opcode的handler定义格式都是相同的，其参数列表通过ZEND_OPCODE_HANDLER_ARGS宏定义，展开后实际只有一个execute_data，展开后： ```c -static int __attribute__((fastcall)) ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(zend_execute_data *execute_data) +static int ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(zend_execute_data *execute_data) { //USE_OPLINE const zend_op *opline = execute_data->opline; @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ ZEND_API void execute_ex(zend_execute_data *ex) ``` 这个时候调用各opcode指令的handler时就不再传入execute_data的参数了，handler使用时直接从全局变量读取，仍以上面的赋值ZEND_ASSIGN指令为例，handler展开后： ```c -static int __attribute__((fastcall)) ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(void) +static int ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER(void) { ... From bfdd8fd5bfb4a3a5b7a3ec68e2fa4b9b4b525ae8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Tue, 25 Jul 2017 11:08:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 27/52] update --- README.md | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index ccdf4aa..dbec699 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -46,6 +46,10 @@ * [3.4.5 魔术方法](3/zend_magic_method.md) * [3.4.6 类的自动加载](3/zend_autoload.md) * [3.5 运行时缓存](3/zend_runtime_cache.md) + * 3.6 Opcache + * 3.6.1 opcode缓存 + * 3.6.2 opcode优化 + * 3.6.3 JIT * 第4章 PHP基础语法实现 * [4.1 类型转换](4/type.md) * [4.2 选择结构](4/if.md) From 163db8b5856f3f9f5ad76344fbb63fa2713c744d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Tue, 25 Jul 2017 15:03:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 28/52] fix error --- 2/zend_constant.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/2/zend_constant.md b/2/zend_constant.md index fad305c..eca3f65 100644 --- a/2/zend_constant.md +++ b/2/zend_constant.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ PHP中的常量通过`define()`函数定义： define('CONST_VAR_1', 1234); ``` ### 2.5.1 常量的存储 -在内核中常量存储在`EG(zend_constant)`哈希表中，访问时也是根据常量名直接到哈希表中查找，其实现比较简单。 +在内核中常量存储在`EG(zend_constants)`哈希表中，访问时也是根据常量名直接到哈希表中查找，其实现比较简单。 常量的数据结构： ```c From 337ab9c385d669d64a2554ea60867c5297c52170 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Tue, 25 Jul 2017 21:13:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 29/52] update --- 2/global_var.md | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/2/global_var.md b/2/global_var.md index a6e90fc..5537b51 100644 --- a/2/global_var.md +++ b/2/global_var.md @@ -1,7 +1,5 @@ ## 2.4 全局变量 -PHP中在函数、类之外直接定义的变量可以在函数、类成员方法中通过global关键词引入使用，这些变量称为：全局变量。 - -这些直接在PHP中定义的变量(包括include、require文件中的)相对于函数、类方法而言它们是全局变量，但是对自身执行域zend_execute_data而言它们是普通的局部变量，自身执行时它们与普通变量的读写方式完全相同。 +PHP中把定义在函数、类之外的变量称之为全局变量，也就是定义在主脚本中的变量，这些变量可以在函数、成员方法中通过global关键字引入使用。 ```php function test() { From cec1807fe0c946e146565ebfa1cbdef5311ba47c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Wed, 26 Jul 2017 16:38:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 30/52] update --- 2/global_var.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/2/global_var.md b/2/global_var.md index 5537b51..e9515d4 100644 --- a/2/global_var.md +++ b/2/global_var.md @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ global $id; // 相当于：$id = & EG(symbol_table)["id"]; ![](../img/zend_global_ref.png) ### 2.4.3 超全局变量 -全部变量除了通过global引入外还有一类特殊的类型，它们不需要使用global引入而可以直接使用，这些全局变量称为：超全局变量。 +全局变量除了通过global引入外还有一类特殊的类型，它们不需要使用global引入而可以直接使用，这些全局变量称为：超全局变量。 超全局变量实际是PHP内核定义的一些全局变量：$GLOBALS、$_SERVER、$_REQUEST、$_POST、$_GET、$_FILES、$_ENV、$_COOKIE、$_SESSION、argv、argc。 From a6eec9f8121a4bf35664e57524bd39b4fa96f8ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Thu, 27 Jul 2017 20:38:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 31/52] fix error --- 8/namespace.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/8/namespace.md b/8/namespace.md index b9b7c6d..d59d086 100644 --- a/8/namespace.md +++ b/8/namespace.md @@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ typedef struct _zend_file_context { ``` 简单总结下use的几种不同用法： * __a.导入命名空间:__ 导入的名称保存在FC(imports)中，编译使用的语句时搜索此符号表进行补全 -* __b.导入类:__ 导入的名称保存在FC(imports)中，与a不同的时如果不会根据"\"切割后的最后一节检索，而是直接使用类名查找 +* __b.导入类:__ 导入的名称保存在FC(imports)中，与a不同的是不会根据"\"切割后的最后一节检索，而是直接使用类名查找 * __c.导入函数:__ 通过`use function`导入到FC(imports_function)，补全时先查找FC(imports_function)，如果没有找到则继续按照a的情况处理 * __d.导入常量:__ 通过`use const`导入到FC(imports_const)，不全是先查找FC(imports_const)，如果没有找到则继续按照a的情况处理 From fb2385c368209a0d48f3e050bccce499f118102e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Thu, 27 Jul 2017 20:40:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 32/52] fix error --- 8/namespace.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/8/namespace.md b/8/namespace.md index d59d086..dc5ac2b 100644 --- a/8/namespace.md +++ b/8/namespace.md @@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ typedef struct _zend_file_context { * __a.导入命名空间:__ 导入的名称保存在FC(imports)中，编译使用的语句时搜索此符号表进行补全 * __b.导入类:__ 导入的名称保存在FC(imports)中，与a不同的是不会根据"\"切割后的最后一节检索，而是直接使用类名查找 * __c.导入函数:__ 通过`use function`导入到FC(imports_function)，补全时先查找FC(imports_function)，如果没有找到则继续按照a的情况处理 -* __d.导入常量:__ 通过`use const`导入到FC(imports_const)，不全是先查找FC(imports_const)，如果没有找到则继续按照a的情况处理 +* __d.导入常量:__ 通过`use const`导入到FC(imports_const)，补全时先查找FC(imports_const)，如果没有找到则继续按照a的情况处理 ```php use aa\bb; //导入namespace From 3edb26dc0af49be9adead33e9045678493508e7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 28 Jul 2017 14:25:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 33/52] fix error --- 8/namespace.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/8/namespace.md b/8/namespace.md index dc5ac2b..58ac9fe 100644 --- a/8/namespace.md +++ b/8/namespace.md @@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ zend_string *zend_resolve_non_class_name( return zend_prefix_with_ns(name); } ``` -可以看到，函数与常量的的补全逻辑只是优先用原始名称去FC(imports_function)或FC(imports_const)查找，如果没有找到再去FC(imports)中匹配。如果我们这样导入了一个函数：`use aa\bb\my_func;`，编译`my_func()`会在FC(imports_function)中根据"my_func"找到"aa\bb\my_func"，从而使用完整的这个名称。 +可以看到，函数与常量的的补全逻辑只是优先用原始名称去FC(imports_function)或FC(imports_const)查找，如果没有找到再去FC(imports)中匹配。如果我们这样导入了一个函数：`use function aa\bb\my_func;`，编译`my_func()`会在FC(imports_function)中根据"my_func"找到"aa\bb\my_func"，从而使用完整的这个名称。 ### 8.3.3 动态用法 前面介绍的这些命名空间的使用都是名称为CONST类型的情况，所有的处理都是在编译环节完成的，PHP是动态语言，能否动态使用命名空间呢？举个例子： From c84843bd92c33080dd344b1582d193c29aaa13e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 17:53:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 34/52] fix error --- 4/loop.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/4/loop.md b/4/loop.md index 19ce394..f698d0e 100644 --- a/4/loop.md +++ b/4/loop.md @@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ foreach($arr as $k=>$v){ 了解了foreach的实现、运行机制我们再回头看下其编译过程： -* __(1)__ 编译"拷贝"数组/对象操作的opcode：`ZEND_FE_RESET_R`，如果value是引用则是`ZEND_FE_RESET_RW`，执行时如果发现数组或对象属性为空则直接跳出遍历，所以这条opcode还需要知道跳出的位置，这个位置需要编译完foreach以后才能确定； +* __(1)__ 编译拷贝数组、对象操作的指令：ZEND_FE_RESET_R，如果value是引用则是ZEND_FE_RESET_RW。执行时如果发现遍历的变量不是数组、对象，则抛出一个warning，然后跳出循环，所以这条指令还需要知道跳出的位置，这个位置需要编译完foreach以后才能确定； * __(2)__ 编译fetch数组/对象当前单元key、value的opcode：`ZEND_FE_FETCH_R`，如果是引用则是`ZEND_FE_FETCH_RW`，此opcode还需要知道当遍历已经到达数组末尾时跳出遍历的位置，与步骤(1)的opcode相同,另外还有一个关键操作，前面已经说过遍历的key、value实际就是普通的局部变量，它们的内存存储位置正是在这一步分配确定的，分配过程与普通局部变量的过程完全相同，如果value不是一个CV变量(比如：foreach($arr as $v["xx"]){...})则还会编译其它操作的opcode； * __(3)__ 如果foreach定义了key则编译一条赋值opcode，此操作是对key进行赋值； * __(4)__ 编译循环体statement； From c9275007b354068318fc35322cc197481faec8c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 14:35:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 35/52] fix error --- 3/zend_class.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/3/zend_class.md b/3/zend_class.md index e0bc8f5..b7099af 100644 --- a/3/zend_class.md +++ b/3/zend_class.md @@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ void zend_compile_class_const_decl(zend_ast *ast) zend_class_entry *ce = CG(active_class_entry); uint32_t i; - for (i = 0; i < list->children; ++i) { //不清楚这个地方为什么要用list，试了几个例子这个节点都只有一个child，即for只循环一次 + for (i = 0; i < list->children; ++i) { //const声明了多个常量，遍历编译每个子节点 zend_ast *const_ast = list->child[i]; zend_ast *name_ast = const_ast->child[0]; //常量名节点 zend_ast *value_ast = const_ast->child[1];//常量值节点 From 42c82f65cedbf7a08d0d4d67476a9a60b28a2da3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 14:46:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 36/52] fix error --- 3/zend_class.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/3/zend_class.md b/3/zend_class.md index b7099af..f67783b 100644 --- a/3/zend_class.md +++ b/3/zend_class.md @@ -446,7 +446,6 @@ void zend_compile_prop_decl(zend_ast *ast) zend_class_entry *ce = CG(active_class_entry); uint32_t i, children = list->children; - //也不清楚这里为啥用循环，测试的情况child只有一个 for (i = 0; i < children; ++i) { zend_ast *prop_ast = list->child[i]; //这个节点类型为：ZEND_AST_PROP_ELEM zend_ast *name_ast = prop_ast->child[0]; //属性名节点 From eb2f96fc2aa72515a3d1fb4f87e387b650775ac3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Mon, 7 Aug 2017 17:26:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 37/52] fix error --- 7/func.md | 21 +++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/7/func.md b/7/func.md index 74ae72a..4c4a47c 100644 --- a/7/func.md +++ b/7/func.md @@ -376,8 +376,25 @@ my_func_1(array($object, 'method')); #### 7.6.2.11 其它标识符 除了上面介绍的这些解析符号以外，还有几个有特殊用法的标识符："|"、"+"、"*"，它们并不是用来表示某种数据类型的。 -* __|：__ 表示此后的参数为可选参数，可以不传，比如解析规则为："al|b"，则可以传2个或3个参数，如果是："alb"，则必须传3个，否则将报错； -* __+/*：__ 用于可变参数，注意这里与PHP函数...的用法不太一样，PHP中可以把函数最后一个参数前加...，表示调用时可以传多个参数，这些参数都会插入...参数的数组中，"*/+"也表示这个参数是可变的，但内核中只能接收一个值，即使传了多个后面那些也解析不到，"*"、"+"的区别在于"*"表示可以不传可变参数，而"+"表示可变参数至少有一个。 +* __|：__ 表示此后的参数为可选参数，可以不传，比如解析规则为："al|b"，则可以传2个或3个参数，如果是："alb"，则必须传3个，否则将报错 +* __+、* ：__ 用于可变参数，`+、*`的区别在于 * 表示可以不传可变参数，而 + 表示可变参数至少有一个。可变参数将被解析到zval数组，可以通过一个整形参数，用于获取具体的数量，例如： +```c +PHP_FUNCTION(my_func_1) +{ + zval *args; + int argc; + + if (zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS(), "+", &args, &argc) == FAILURE) { + return; + } + //... +} +``` +argc获取的就是可变参数的数量，args为参数数组，指向第一个参数，可以通过args[i]获取其它参数，比如这样传参： +```php +my_func_1(array(), 1, false, "ddd"); +``` +那么传入的4个参数就可以在解析后通过args[0]、args[1]、args[2]、args[3]获取。 ### 7.6.3 引用传参 上一节介绍了如何在内部函数中解析参数，这里还有一种情况没有讲到，那就是引用传参： From b7dbd3deebd3fff05fde871ec0e4331361dfe89e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jianzhiyao <739319867@qq.com> Date: Tue, 29 Aug 2017 16:58:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 38/52] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8B=BC=E5=86=99=E5=8F=AF=E8=83=BD?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=94=99=E4=BA=86?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- 7/implement.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/7/implement.md b/7/implement.md index bebf3d4..7c84d1c 100644 --- a/7/implement.md +++ b/7/implement.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ ## 7.2 扩展的实现原理 -PHP中扩展通过`zend_module_entry`这个结构来表示，此结构定义了扩展的全部信息：扩展名、扩展版本、扩展提供的函数列表以及PHP四个执行阶段的hook函数等，每一个扩展都需要定义一个此结构的变量，而且这个变量的名称格式必须是：`{mudule_name}_module_entry`，内核正是通过这个结构获取到扩展提供的功能的。 +PHP中扩展通过`zend_module_entry`这个结构来表示，此结构定义了扩展的全部信息：扩展名、扩展版本、扩展提供的函数列表以及PHP四个执行阶段的hook函数等，每一个扩展都需要定义一个此结构的变量，而且这个变量的名称格式必须是：`{module_name}_module_entry`，内核正是通过这个结构获取到扩展提供的功能的。 扩展可以在编译PHP时一起编译(静态编译)，也可以单独编译为动态库，动态库需要加入到php.ini配置中去，然后在`php_module_startup()`阶段把这些动态库加载到PHP中： ```c From 386016c4e23bd83003039bef2d5e2855b9d2281b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2017 19:49:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 39/52] update --- README.md | 5 ++++- img/book.jpg | Bin 0 -> 75288 bytes 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 img/book.jpg diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index dbec699..5dddd92 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ ## 反馈 [交流&吐槽](https://github.com/pangudashu/php7-internal/issues/3) [错误反馈](https://github.com/pangudashu/php7-internal/issues/2) -![](img/my_wx2.png) +## 纸质版 +

+ +
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zt|^M1-J#8&ckUJ*%m`e@?oS#tQBPZZ^K%tKqNO68w+YM7GpQj#wIMvxL^e)<5#kM( zSn5M&PkkLw^DfiyyXq0laFK5zD|(Ko-y1cji~yS?kYa$!JMz*{)N%?pieLF(rXZxK zgIRIG?s&KuaJP`nS*$V^ZsV4U0pCzP7XJe#Y#d*eA8WM+QYGw&nyl`E=KTBWK?%Vj zO@5SVnMg Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2017 19:52:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 40/52] update --- README.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 5dddd92..57dfd71 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ ## 纸质版
+ + (coming soon)
## 目录： From d5ec26aab7785a00065893226fb4bb36af26878f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: glowdan Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2017 21:12:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 41/52] add gitbook support --- SUMMARY.md | 108 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ book.json | 7 ++++ 2 files changed, 115 insertions(+) create mode 100644 SUMMARY.md create mode 100644 book.json diff --git a/SUMMARY.md b/SUMMARY.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d26efd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/SUMMARY.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +# PHP7-internal + +## 目录 + +* 第1章 PHP基本架构 + * 1.1 PHP简介 + * 1.2 PHP7的改进 + * [1.3 FPM](1/fpm.md) + * [1.3.1 概述](1/fpm.md) + * [1.3.2 基本实现](1/fpm.md) + * [1.3.3 FPM的初始化](1/fpm.md) + * [1.3.4 请求处理](1/fpm.md) + * [1.3.5 进程管理](1/fpm.md) + * [1.4 PHP执行的几个阶段](1/base_process.md) +* 第2章 变量 + * [2.1 变量的内部实现](2/zval.md) + * [2.2 数组](2/zend_ht.md) + * [2.3 静态变量](2/static_var.md) + * [2.4 全局变量](2/global_var.md) + * [2.5 常量](2/zend_constant.md) +* 第3章 Zend虚拟机 + * [3.1 PHP代码的编译](3/zend_compile.md) + * [3.1.1 词法解析、语法解析](3/zend_compile_parse.md) + * [3.1.2 抽象语法树编译流程](3/zend_compile_opcode.md) + * [3.2 函数实现](3/function_implement.md) + * [3.2.1 内部函数](3/function_implement.md) + * 3.2.2 用户函数的实现 + * [3.3 Zend引擎执行流程](3/zend_executor.md) + * 3.3.1 基本结构 + * 3.3.2 执行流程 + * 3.3.3 函数的执行流程 + * [3.3.4 全局execute_data和opline](3/zend_global_register.md) + * 3.4 面向对象实现 + * [3.4.1 类](3/zend_class.md) + * [3.4.2 对象](3/zend_object.md) + * [3.4.3 继承](3/zend_extends.md) + * [3.4.4 动态属性](3/zend_prop.md) + * [3.4.5 魔术方法](3/zend_magic_method.md) + * [3.4.6 类的自动加载](3/zend_autoload.md) + * [3.5 运行时缓存](3/zend_runtime_cache.md) + * 3.6 Opcache + * 3.6.1 opcode缓存 + * 3.6.2 opcode优化 + * 3.6.3 JIT +* 第4章 PHP基础语法实现 + * [4.1 类型转换](4/type.md) + * [4.2 选择结构](4/if.md) + * [4.3 循环结构](4/loop.md) + * [4.4 中断及跳转](4/break.md) + * [4.5 include/require](4/include.md) + * [4.6 异常处理](4/exception.md) +* 第5章 内存管理 + * [5.1 Zend内存池](5/zend_alloc.md) + * [5.2 垃圾回收](5/gc.md) +* 第6章 线程安全 + * [6.1 什么是线程安全](6/ts.md) + * [6.2 线程安全资源管理器](6/ts.md) +* 第7章 扩展开发 + * [7.1 概述](7/intro.md) + * [7.2 扩展的实现原理](7/implement.md) + * [7.3 扩展的构成及编译](7/extension_intro.md) + * [7.3.1 扩展的构成](7/extension_intro.md) + * [7.3.2 编译工具](7/extension_intro.md) + * [7.3.3 编写扩展的基本步骤](7/extension_intro.md) + * [7.3.4 config.m4](7/extension_intro.md) + * [7.4 钩子函数](7/hook.md) + * [7.5 运行时配置](7/conf.md) + * [7.5.1 全局变量](7/conf.md) + * [7.5.2 ini配置](7/conf.md) + * [7.6 函数](7/func.md) + * 7.6.1 内部函数注册 + * 7.6.2 函数参数解析 + * 7.6.3 引用传参 + * 7.6.4 函数返回值 + * 7.6.5 函数调用 + * [7.7 zval的操作](7/var.md) + * [7.7.1 新生成各类型zval](7/var.md) + * [7.7.2 获取zval的值及类型](7/var.md) + * [7.7.3 类型转换](7/var.md) + * [7.7.4 引用计数](7/var.md) + * [7.7.5 字符串操作](7/var.md) + * [7.7.6 数组操作](7/var.md) + * [7.8 常量](7/constant.md) + * 7.9 面向对象 + * 7.9.1 内部类注册 + * 7.9.2 定义成员属性 + * 7.9.3 定义成员方法 + * 7.9.4 定义常量 + * 7.9.5 类的实例化 + * 7.10 资源类型 + * 7.11 经典扩展解析 + * 7.8.1 Yaf + * 7.8.2 Redis +* 第8章 命名空间 + * [8.1 概述](8/namespace.md) + * [8.2 命名空间的定义](8/namespace.md) + * [8.2.1 定义语法](8/namespace.md) + * [8.2.2 内部实现](8/namespace.md) + * [8.3 命名空间的使用](8/namespace.md) + * [8.3.1 基本用法](8/namespace.md) + * [8.3.2 use导入](8/namespace.md) + * [8.3.3 动态用法](8/namespace.md) + +---- + +## 附录 + * [附录1：break/continue按标签中断语法实现](try/break.md) + * 附录2：defer推迟函数调用语法的实现 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/book.json b/book.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d167834 --- /dev/null +++ b/book.json @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +{ + "title" : "PHP7内核剖析", + "author" : "pangudashu", + "description" : "PHP7", + "language" : "zh-hans", + "gitbook" : ">=3.0.0" +} \ No newline at end of file From 3c0ba793950105f929a2d9f597a2ccc8137d2df8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: glowdan Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2017 21:17:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 42/52] edit description --- book.json | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/book.json b/book.json index d167834..26f051e 100644 --- a/book.json +++ b/book.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "title" : "PHP7内核剖析", "author" : "pangudashu", - "description" : "PHP7", + "description" : "PHP7内核剖析，基于PHP版本：php-7.0.12", "language" : "zh-hans", "gitbook" : ">=3.0.0" } \ No newline at end of file From bf67ee7d1cc994f2282e06ae1dafbd088ed4f9cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2017 10:13:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 43/52] update --- README.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 57dfd71..7458bfa 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ ## 纸质版
- - (coming soon) + [京东](https://item.jd.com/12267210.html) + [当当](http://product.dangdang.com/25185400.html)
## 目录： From f89a9abc25b94fd0d7aa950dcc6a47a49f701a4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2017 10:16:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 44/52] add url --- README.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 7458bfa..6ae92fe 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ ## 纸质版
+ [京东](https://item.jd.com/12267210.html) + [当当](http://product.dangdang.com/25185400.html)
From 254c7b87aa865b50535e9d09354fcd014a19c70d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2017 10:18:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 45/52] add url --- README.md | 5 ++--- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 6ae92fe..dacb5fc 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -11,9 +11,8 @@
- [京东](https://item.jd.com/12267210.html) - - [当当](http://product.dangdang.com/25185400.html) + [京东] + [当当]
## 目录： From 9e273d42af08960642989a32bc605d3122cde55b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2017 10:18:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 46/52] add url --- README.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index dacb5fc..90ebdf2 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ ## 纸质版
+
[京东] [当当] - ## 目录： * 第1章 PHP基本架构 From 6c469f14f222c0a922aa194b56c972747697f331 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2017 10:19:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 47/52] add url --- README.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 90ebdf2..95dcbb4 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
- - [京东] - [当当] + +[京东](https://item.jd.com/12267210.html) +[当当](http://product.dangdang.com/25185400.html) ## 目录： * 第1章 PHP基本架构 From 6c34d2e2036c4d06be089283e3e6b4b3e7cc5b1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: xmc Date: Mon, 19 Mar 2018 17:01:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 48/52] =?UTF-8?q?fix=20=E8=AF=8D=E8=AF=AD=E9=94=99?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=AF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- 2/zval.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/2/zval.md b/2/zval.md index 6f96b7e..dd82bc0 100644 --- a/2/zval.md +++ b/2/zval.md @@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ $b[] = 3; ![zval_sep](../img/zval_sep.png) -不是所有类型都可以copy的，比如对象、资源，实时上只有string、array两种支持，与引用计数相同，也是通过`zval.u1.type_flag`标识value是否可复制的： +不是所有类型都可以copy的，比如对象、资源，事实上只有string、array两种支持，与引用计数相同，也是通过`zval.u1.type_flag`标识value是否可复制的： ```c #define IS_TYPE_COPYABLE (1<<4) ``` From 66505547ac5a3ff13c0399d62e64dd51750682fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?mc=C2=B2?= Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2018 17:53:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 49/52] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E5=A4=8D?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 修复 严格的将 => 严格的说 --- 2/static_var.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/2/static_var.md b/2/static_var.md index d382cb4..c134cf2 100644 --- a/2/static_var.md +++ b/2/static_var.md @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ if (by_ref) { * __ZEND_FETCH_W:__ 这条opcode对应的操作是创建一个IS_INDIRECT类型的zval，指向static_variables中对应静态变量的zval * __ZEND_ASSIGN_REF:__ 它的操作是引用赋值，即将一个引用赋值给CV变量 -通过上面两条opcode可以确定静态变量的读写过程：首先根据变量名在static_variables中取出对应的zval，然后将它修改为引用类型并赋值给局部变量，也就是说`static $count = 4;`包含了两个操作，严格的将`$count`并不是真正的静态变量，它只是一个指向静态变量的局部变量，执行时实际操作是：`$count = & static_variables["count"];`。上面例子$count与static_variables["count"]间的关系如图所示。 +通过上面两条opcode可以确定静态变量的读写过程：首先根据变量名在static_variables中取出对应的zval，然后将它修改为引用类型并赋值给局部变量，也就是说`static $count = 4;`包含了两个操作，严格的说`$count`并不是真正的静态变量，它只是一个指向静态变量的局部变量，执行时实际操作是：`$count = & static_variables["count"];`。上面例子$count与static_variables["count"]间的关系如图所示。 ![](../img/zend_static_ref.png) From 217ea91e703df8cbfacb872ad7a6259e07d4aa89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: smalleyes Date: Wed, 25 Apr 2018 18:04:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 50/52] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- 3/zend_class.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/3/zend_class.md b/3/zend_class.md index f67783b..62eea77 100644 --- a/3/zend_class.md +++ b/3/zend_class.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ ### 3.4.1 类 类是现实世界或思维世界中的实体在计算机中的反映，它将某些具有关联关系的数据以及这些数据上的操作封装在一起。在面向对象中类是对象的抽象，对象是类的具体实例。 -在PHP中类编译阶段的产物，而对象是运行时产生的，它们归属于不同阶段。 +在PHP中类是编译阶段的产物，而对象是运行时产生的，它们归属于不同阶段。 PHP中我们这样定义一个类： ```php From 124d6bc9bbf5abc5a3671bfc005b46bcec099252 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qinpeng Date: Tue, 10 Jul 2018 17:34:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 51/52] update doc --- README.md | 9 ++++++--- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 95dcbb4..566fac0 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -115,7 +115,10 @@ * [8.3.2 use导入](8/namespace.md) * [8.3.3 动态用法](8/namespace.md) -## 附录 - * [附录1：break/continue按标签中断语法实现](try/break.md) - * 附录2：defer推迟函数调用语法的实现 +## 实现PHP新特性 + * [1、break/continue按标签中断语法实现](try/break.md) + * 2、defer语法 + * 3、协程 + * 3.1 协程的原理 + * 3.2 上下文切换 From 860410be29627212b5dbd485664ace2d4e6188b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ching-Ping Sun <252880+tomjpsun@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 18 Jan 2019 17:29:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 52/52] fix example typo --- 7/extension_intro.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/7/extension_intro.md b/7/extension_intro.md index f6aafc8..020a179 100644 --- a/7/extension_intro.md +++ b/7/extension_intro.md @@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ __(5)PHP_ADD_INCLUDE(path):__ 添加include路径，即：`gcc -Iinclude_dir`， __(6)PHP_CHECK_LIBRARY(library, function [, action-found [, action-not-found [, extra-libs]]]):__ 检查依赖的库中是否存在需要的function，action-found为存在时执行的动作，action-not-found为不存在时执行的动作，比如扩展里使用到线程pthread，检查pthread_create()，如果没找到则终止./configure执行： ```sh -PHP_ADD_INCLUDE(pthread, pthread_create, [], [ +PHP_CHECK_LIBRARY(pthread, pthread_create, [], [ AC_MSG_ERROR([not find pthread_create() in lib pthread]) ]) ```