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docs/standard-library/array-class-stl.md

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docs/standard-library/file-system-navigation.md

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# File System Navigation
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The \<filesystem> header implements the C++ File System Technical Specification ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015 (Final draft: [ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 21 N4100](https://wg21.link/n4100)) and has types and functions that enable you to write platform-independent code for navigating the file system. Because it's cross-platform, it contains APIs that aren't relevant for Windows systems. For example, `is_fifo(const path&)` always returns **`false`** on Windows.
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The `<filesystem>` header implements the C++ File System Technical Specification ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015 (Final draft: [ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 21 N4100](https://wg21.link/n4100)) and has types and functions that enable you to write platform-independent code for navigating the file system. Because it's cross-platform, it contains APIs that aren't relevant for Windows systems. For example, `is_fifo(const path&)` always returns **`false`** on Windows.
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## Overview
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Use the \<filesystem> APIs for the following tasks:
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Use the `<filesystem>` APIs for the following tasks:
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- iterate over files and directories under a specified path
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### Constructing and composing paths
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Paths in Windows (since XP) are stored natively in Unicode. The [path](../standard-library/path-class.md) class automatically does all necessary string conversions. It accepts arguments of both wide and narrow character arrays, and both `std::string` and `std::wstring` types formatted as UTF8 or UTF16. The `path` class also automatically normalizes path separators. You can use a single forward slash as a directory separator in constructor arguments. This separator lets you use the same strings to store paths in both Windows and UNIX environments:
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Paths in Windows (since XP) are stored natively in Unicode. The [`path`](../standard-library/path-class.md) class automatically does all necessary string conversions. It accepts arguments of both wide and narrow character arrays, and both `std::string` and `std::wstring` types formatted as UTF8 or UTF16. The `path` class also automatically normalizes path separators. You can use a single forward slash as a directory separator in constructor arguments. This separator lets you use the same strings to store paths in both Windows and UNIX environments:
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```cpp
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path pathToDisplay(L"/FileSystemTest/SubDir3"); // OK!
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### Converting between path and string types
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A `path` object is implicitly convertible to `std::wstring` or `std::string`. It means you can pass a path to functions such as [wofstream::open](../standard-library/basic-ofstream-class.md#open), as shown in this example:
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A `path` object is implicitly convertible to `std::wstring` or `std::string`. It means you can pass a path to functions such as [`wofstream::open`](../standard-library/basic-ofstream-class.md#open), as shown in this example:
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```cpp
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// filesystem_path_conversion.cpp
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## Iterating directories and files
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The \<filesystem> header provides the [directory_iterator](../standard-library/directory-iterator-class.md) type to iterate over single directories, and the [recursive_directory_iterator](../standard-library/recursive-directory-iterator-class.md) class to iterate recursively over a directory and its subdirectories. After you construct an iterator by passing it a `path` object, the iterator points to the first directory_entry in the path. Create the end iterator by calling the default constructor.
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The `<filesystem>` header provides the [`directory_iterator`](../standard-library/directory-iterator-class.md) type to iterate over single directories, and the [`recursive_directory_iterator`](../standard-library/recursive-directory-iterator-class.md) class to iterate recursively over a directory and its subdirectories. After you construct an iterator by passing it a `path` object, the iterator points to the first directory_entry in the path. Create the end iterator by calling the default constructor.
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When iterating through a directory, there are several kinds of items you might discover. These items include directories, files, symbolic links, socket files, and others. The `directory_iterator` returns its items as [directory_entry](../standard-library/directory-entry-class.md) objects.
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When iterating through a directory, there are several kinds of items you might discover. These items include directories, files, symbolic links, socket files, and others. The `directory_iterator` returns its items as [`directory_entry`](../standard-library/directory-entry-class.md) objects.

docs/standard-library/function-objects-in-the-stl.md

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## Function Objects and Containers
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The C++ Standard Library contains several function objects in the [\<functional>](../standard-library/functional.md) header file. One use of these function objects is as a sorting criterion for containers. For example, the `set` container is declared as follows:
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The C++ Standard Library contains several function objects in the [`<functional>`](../standard-library/functional.md) header file. One use of these function objects is as a sorting criterion for containers. For example, the `set` container is declared as follows:
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```cpp
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template <class Key,
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The last argument to `remove_if` is a function object that returns a boolean value (a *predicate*). If the result of the function object is **`true`**, then the element is removed from the container being accessed by the iterators `first` and `last`. You can use any of the function objects declared in the [\<functional>](../standard-library/functional.md) header for the argument `pred` or you can create your own.
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The last argument to `remove_if` is a function object that returns a boolean value (a *predicate*). If the result of the function object is **`true`**, then the element is removed from the container being accessed by the iterators `first` and `last`. You can use any of the function objects declared in the [`<functional>`](../standard-library/functional.md) header for the argument `pred` or you can create your own.
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## See also
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