Overhaul all stdexcept examples.

* `/GR` is enabled by default.
* We don't need `/MDd`.
* Include all necessary headers.
* Improve paren/brace/bracket consistency.
* Add constness when catching `const exception&`.
* Rename to `invalid_argument.cpp`, matching the type exactly.
* `bitset` can be directly constructed from `const char *`, we don't need `string`.
* Shadowing the `bitset` type with a `bitset` variable is confusing; rename to `b`.
* Always print colons in `"Caught: "` and `"Type: "` for consistency.
* Regenerate all outputs with VS 2022 17.0 Preview 3, some exception messages changed slightly.
* Massively simplify the `length_error` example and remove non-Standard code.
* Change the `logic_error` string to `"Does not compute!"` to avoid potential confusion.
* Drop unnecessary comments like `// out_of_range`.
* Always print the type - it was missing from the `out_of_range` example.
* Consistently display the output as a comment at the end of the file.
* In the `range_error` example, catch `const exception&` to demonstrate inheritance like all other examples.

Author: StephanTLavavej

docs/standard-library/domain-error-class.md

@@ -32,22 +32,24 @@ The value returned by `what()` is a copy of `message.data()`. For more informati
 
 ```cpp
 // domain_error.cpp
-// compile with: /EHsc /GR
+// compile with: /EHsc
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
-
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <typeinfo>
 using namespace std;
 
-int main( )
+int main()
 {
    try
    {
-      throw domain_error( "Your domain is in error!" );
+      throw domain_error("Your domain is in error!");
    }
-   catch (exception &e)
+   catch (const exception& e)
    {
-      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
-      cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name( ) << endl;
-   };
+      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what() << endl;
+      cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl;
+   }
 }
 /* Output:
 Caught: Your domain is in error!

docs/standard-library/invalid-argument-class.md

@@ -29,28 +29,29 @@ The value returned by `what()` is a copy of `message.data()`. For more informati
 ## Example
 
 ```cpp
-// invalid_arg.cpp
-// compile with: /EHsc /GR
+// invalid_argument.cpp
+// compile with: /EHsc
 #include <bitset>
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
-
+#include <typeinfo>
 using namespace std;
 
-int main( )
+int main()
 {
    try
    {
-      bitset< 32 > bitset( string( "11001010101100001b100101010110000") );
+      bitset<32> b("11001010101100001b100101010110000");
    }
-   catch ( exception &e )
+   catch (const exception& e)
    {
-      cerr << "Caught " << e.what( ) << endl;
-      cerr << "Type " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl;
-   };
+      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what() << endl;
+      cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl;
+   }
 }
 /* Output:
-Caught invalid bitset<N> char
-Type class std::invalid_argument
+Caught: invalid bitset char
+Type: class std::invalid_argument
 */
 ```
 

docs/standard-library/length-error-class.md

@@ -30,41 +30,29 @@ The value returned by `what()` is a copy of `message.data()`. For more informati
 
 ```cpp
 // length_error.cpp
-// compile with: /EHsc /GR /MDd
-#include <vector>
+// compile with: /EHsc
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
-
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <vector>
 using namespace std;
 
-template<class  T>
-class stingyallocator : public allocator< T>
-{
-public:
-   template <class U>
-      struct rebind { typedef stingyallocator<U> other; };
-   _SIZT max_size( ) const
-   {
-         return 10;
-   };
-
-};
-
-int main( )
+int main()
 {
    try
    {
-      vector<int, stingyallocator< int > > myv;
-      for ( int i = 0; i < 11; i++ ) myv.push_back( i );
+      vector<int> v(100 + static_cast<size_t>(-1) / sizeof(int));
    }
-   catch ( exception &e )
+   catch (const exception& e)
    {
-      cerr << "Caught " << e.what( ) << endl;
-      cerr << "Type " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl;
-   };
+      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what() << endl;
+      cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl;
+   }
 }
 /* Output:
-Caught vector<T> too long
-Type class std::length_error
+Caught: vector too long
+Type: class std::length_error
 */
 ```
 

docs/standard-library/logic-error-class.md

@@ -30,27 +30,29 @@ The value returned by `what()` is a copy of `message.data()`. For more informati
 
 ```cpp
 // logic_error.cpp
-// compile with: /EHsc /GR
+// compile with: /EHsc
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <typeinfo>
 using namespace std;
 
-int main( )
+int main()
 {
    try
    {
-      throw logic_error( "logic error" );
+      throw logic_error("Does not compute!");
    }
-   catch ( exception &e )
+   catch (const exception& e)
    {
-      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
-      cerr << "Type: " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl;
-   };
+      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what() << endl;
+      cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl;
+   }
 }
-```
-
-```Output
-Caught: logic error
+/* Output:
+Caught: Does not compute!
 Type: class std::logic_error
+*/
 ```
 
 ## Requirements

docs/standard-library/out-of-range-class.md

@@ -31,29 +31,31 @@ The value returned by `what()` is a copy of `message.data()`. For more informati
 ```cpp
 // out_of_range.cpp
 // compile with: /EHsc
-#include <string>
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
-
+#include <string>
+#include <typeinfo>
 using namespace std;
 
-int main() {
-// out_of_range
-   try {
-      string str( "Micro" );
-      string rstr( "soft" );
-      str.append( rstr, 5, 3 );
+int main()
+{
+   try
+   {
+      string str("Micro");
+      string rstr("soft");
+      str.append(rstr, 5, 3);
       cout << str << endl;
    }
-   catch ( exception &e ) {
-      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
-   };
+   catch (const exception& e)
+   {
+      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what() << endl;
+      cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl;
+   }
 }
-```
-
-## Output
-
-```cpp
+/* Output:
 Caught: invalid string position
+Type: class std::out_of_range
+*/
 ```
 
 ## Requirements

docs/standard-library/overflow-error-class.md

@@ -30,30 +30,31 @@ The value returned by `what()` is a copy of `message.data()`. For more informati
 
 ```cpp
 // overflow_error.cpp
-// compile with: /EHsc /GR
+// compile with: /EHsc
 #include <bitset>
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
-
+#include <typeinfo>
 using namespace std;
 
-int main( )
+int main()
 {
    try
    {
-      bitset< 33 > bitset;
-      bitset[32] = 1;
-      bitset[0] = 1;
-      unsigned long x = bitset.to_ulong( );
+      bitset<33> b;
+      b[32] = 1;
+      b[0] = 1;
+      unsigned long x = b.to_ulong();
    }
-   catch ( exception &e )
+   catch (const exception& e)
    {
-      cerr << "Caught " << e.what( ) << endl;
-      cerr << "Type " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl;
-   };
+      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what() << endl;
+      cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl;
+   }
 }
 /* Output:
-Caught bitset<N> overflow
-Type class std::overflow_error
+Caught: bitset overflow
+Type: class std::overflow_error
 */
 ```
 

docs/standard-library/range-error-class.md

@@ -28,20 +28,24 @@ The value returned by [what](../standard-library/exception-class.md) is a copy o
 
 ```cpp
 // range_error.cpp
-// compile with: /EHsc /GR
+// compile with: /EHsc
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <typeinfo>
 using namespace std;
+
 int main()
 {
    try
    {
-      throw range_error( "The range is in error!" );
+      throw range_error("The range is in error!");
    }
-   catch (range_error &e)
+   catch (const exception& e)
    {
-      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
-      cerr << "Type: " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl;
-   };
+      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what() << endl;
+      cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl;
+   }
 }
 /* Output:
 Caught: The range is in error!

docs/standard-library/runtime-error-class.md

@@ -30,27 +30,28 @@ The value returned by `what()` is a copy of `message.data()`. For more informati
 
 ```cpp
 // runtime_error.cpp
-// compile with: /EHsc /GR
+// compile with: /EHsc
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
-
+#include <locale>
+#include <typeinfo>
 using namespace std;
 
-int main( )
+int main()
 {
-// runtime_error
    try
    {
-      locale loc( "test" );
+      locale loc("test");
    }
-   catch ( exception &e )
+   catch (const exception& e)
    {
-      cerr << "Caught " << e.what( ) << endl;
-      cerr << "Type " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl;
-   };
+      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what() << endl;
+      cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl;
+   }
 }
 /* Output:
-Caught bad locale name
-Type class std::runtime_error
+Caught: bad locale name
+Type: class std::runtime_error
 */
 ```
 

docs/standard-library/underflow-error-class.md

@@ -32,21 +32,24 @@ The value returned by `what()` is a copy of `message.data()`. For more informati
 
 ```cpp
 // underflow_error.cpp
-// compile with: /EHsc /GR
+// compile with: /EHsc
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
-
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <typeinfo>
 using namespace std;
 
-int main( )
+int main()
 {
    try
    {
-      throw underflow_error( "The number's a bit small, captain!" );
+      throw underflow_error("The number's a bit small, captain!");
+   }
+   catch (const exception& e)
+   {
+      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what() << endl;
+      cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl;
    }
-   catch ( exception &e ) {
-      cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
-      cerr << "Type: " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl;
-   };
 }
 /* Output:
 Caught: The number's a bit small, captain!