Merge pull request MicrosoftDocs#3373 from MicrosoftDocs/FromPrivateLiveToMaster

Resolve syncing conflicts from FromPrivateLiveToMaster to master

Author: Colin Robertson

docs/standard-library/chrono.md

@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 ---
 description: "Learn more about: <chrono>"
 title: "<chrono>"
-ms.date: 09/02/2021
+ms.date: 09/15/2021
 f1_keywords: ["<chrono>", "chrono/std::chrono::nanoseconds", "chrono/std::chrono::minutes", "chrono/std::chrono::seconds", "chrono/std::chrono::hours", "chrono/std::chrono::milliseconds", "chrono/std::chrono::microseconds"]
 ---
 
 # `<chrono>`
 
 Include the standard header `<chrono>` to define classes and functions that represent and manipulate time durations and time instants.
 
-Beginning in Visual Studio 2015, the implementation of `steady_clock` has changed to meet the C++ Standard requirements for steadiness and monotonicity. `steady_clock` is now based on `QueryPerformanceCounter()`, and `high_resolution_clock` is now a typedef for `steady_clock`. As a result, in the Microsoft C++ compiler `steady_clock::time_point` is now a `typedef` for `chrono::time_point<steady_clock>`; however, this rule isn't necessarily the case for other implementations.
+Beginning in Visual Studio 2015, the implementation of `steady_clock` has changed to meet the C++ Standard requirements for steadiness and monotonicity:
+- `steady_clock` is now based on `QueryPerformanceCounter()`
+- `high_resolution_clock` is now a typedef for `steady_clock`
+In the Microsoft C++ implementation, `steady_clock::time_point` is now a `typedef` for `chrono::time_point<steady_clock>`.  However, this isn't necessarily the case for other implementations.
 
 ## Requirements
 
@@ -26,7 +29,7 @@ Beginning in Visual Studio 2015, the implementation of `steady_clock` has change
 | [`duration` class](duration-class.md) | A time interval. |
 |[`duration_values` struct](duration-values-structure.md)|Provides specific values for the `duration` template parameter `Rep`.|
 | [`hh_mm_ss` class](hhmmss-class.md) | Splits a [`duration`](duration-class.md) into hours:minutes:seconds. |
-| [`last_spec`](last-spec-struct.md) | Used to indicate the last item in a sequence, such as the last day of the week, when creating a calendrical type. |
+| [`last_spec`](last-spec-struct.md) | Used to indicate the last item in a month such as last day of the week of a month (the last Tuesday of February 2020) or the last day of a month (the last day of April 2019). |
 | [`leap_second` class](leap-second-class.md) | A date and a value for an inserted leap second. |
 |[`leap_second_info` struct](leap-second-info-struct.md) | The data returned by [`get_leap_second_info`](chrono-functions.md#std-chrono-get-leap-second-info). |
 | [`month` class](month-class.md) | A month of a year. For example, July. |
@@ -49,21 +52,21 @@ Beginning in Visual Studio 2015, the implementation of `steady_clock` has change
 
 | Name | Description |
 |--|--|
-|[`file_clock` class](file-clock-class.md)| A clock that is an alias for the clock used for  `std::filesystem::file_time_type` used to express file timestamps.|
+|[`file_clock` class](file-clock-class.md)| An alias for the clock used for  `std::filesystem::file_time_type`, which is used to express file timestamps.|
 |[`gps_clock` class](gps-clock-class.md)| A clock that keeps GPS time. Measures time starting from the first Sunday of January 1980 at 00:00:00 UTC.|
 |[`high_resolution_clock` struct](high-resolution-clock-struct.md)| A clock with a nanosecond tick period. |
-|[`local_t` struct](local_t.md)| A pseudo-clock used as an argument to the `time_point` template argument to indicate that the time_point represents local time. |
-|[`steady_clock` struct](steady-clock-struct.md)|A `steady` clock. Preferred for measuring time intervals. |
-|[`system_clock` struct](system-clock-structure.md)|A *`clock type`* that is based on the real-time clock of the system.|
-|[`tai_clock` class](tai-clock-class.md)| Measures International Atomic Time (TAI) starting from Thursday, January 1, 1958 at 00:00:00. Doesn't account for leap seconds.|
-|[`utc_clock` class](utc-clock-class.md)| Measures time since 00:00:00 UTC on Thursday, January 1, 1970. This clock accounts for leap seconds and is the time standard used around the world.|
+|[`local_t` struct](local_t.md)| A pseudo-clock used as an argument to the `time_point` template to indicate that the `time_point` represents local time. |
+|[`steady_clock` struct](steady-clock-struct.md)|A `steady` clock. This clock is preferred for measuring time intervals. |
+|[`system_clock` struct](system-clock-structure.md)|A clock based on the real-time clock of the system.|
+|[`tai_clock` class](tai-clock-class.md)| Measures International Atomic Time (TAI) starting from Thursday, January 1, 1958 at 00:00:00. This clock doesn't account for leap seconds.|
+|[`utc_clock` class](utc-clock-class.md)| Measures time since 00:00:00 UTC on Thursday, January 1, 1970. This clock accounts for leap seconds, and is the time standard used around the world.|
 
 **Time Zones**
 
 | Name | Description |
 |--|--|
 | [`time_zone` class](time-zone-class.md) | All time zone transitions for a specific geographic area. |
-| [`time_zone_link` class](time-zone-link-class.md) | Specifies an alternative name for a `time_zone`. |
+| [`time_zone_link` class](time-zone-link-class.md) | An alternative name for a `time_zone`. |
 
 ## Functions
 
@@ -121,8 +124,8 @@ For more information about ratio types that are used in the following typedefs,
 | Name | Description |
 |--|--|
 | `typedef duration<long long, nano> nanoseconds;` | Synonym for a `duration` type that has a tick period of one billionth (1/1,000,000,000) of a second. |
-| `typedef duration<long long, micro> microseconds;` | Synonym for a `duration` type that has a tick period of one millionth (1/1,000,000) of a second. |
-| `typedef duration<long long, milli> milliseconds;` | Synonym for a `duration` type that has a tick period of one thousandth (1/1,000) of a second. |
+| `typedef duration<long long, micro> microseconds;` | Synonym for a `duration` type that has a tick period of one-millionth (1/1,000,000) of a second. |
+| `typedef duration<long long, milli> milliseconds;` | Synonym for a `duration` type that has a tick period of one-thousandth (1/1,000) of a second. |
 | `typedef duration<long long> seconds;` | Synonym for a `duration` type that has a tick period of 1 second. |
 | `typedef duration<int, ratio<60>> minutes;` | Synonym for a `duration` type that has a tick period of 1 minute. |
 | `typedef duration<int, ratio<3600>> hours;` | Synonym for a `duration` type that has a tick period of 1 hour. |
@@ -132,17 +135,17 @@ For more information about ratio types that are used in the following typedefs,
 | Name | Description |
 |--|--|
 | `file_time` | A synonym for `template <class Duration> using file_time = time_point<file_clock, Duration>`. Represents a [`time_point`](time-point-class.md) for a [`file_clock`](file-clock-class.md). You specify the `Duration`. |
-| `gps_seconds` | A synonym for `using gps_seconds = gps_time<seconds>;` A count of seconds, represented by a `time_point` that is associated with a [`gps_clock`](tai-clock-class.md). |
+| `gps_seconds` | A synonym for `gps_time<seconds>;` A count of seconds, represented by a `time_point` that is associated with a [`gps_clock`](tai-clock-class.md). |
 | `gps_time` | A synonym for `template <class Duration> using gps_time = time_point<gps_clock, Duration>`. Represents a `time_point` for a [`gps_clock`](gps-clock-class.md). You specify the `Duration`. |
-| `local_days` | A synonym for `using local_days = local_time<days>`. A count of days, represented by a [`time_point`](time-point-class.md) that isn't associated with any time zone. |
+| `local_days` | A synonym for `local_time<days>`. A count of days, represented by a [`time_point`](time-point-class.md) that isn't associated with any time zone. |
 | `local_seconds` | A synonym for `local_time<seconds>`. Defined in `std::chrono`. |
-| `local_time` | A synonym for `template <class Duration> using local_time = time_point<local_t, Duration>`. Represents a `time_point` for a local time. You specify the `Duration`. A `local_time` isn't associated with a time zone yet. It isn't the current local time of your computer's clock Only when you pair a `local_time` with a `time_zone` do you get a point in time that can be converted to UTC or other time in a specific time zone. | 
-| `sys_days` | A synonym for `using sys_days = sys_time<days>`. A count of days, represented by a `time_point` that is associated with a [`system_clock`](system-clock-structure.md). |
-| `sys_seconds` | A synonym for `using sys_seconds = sys_time<seconds>`. A count of seconds, represented by a `time_point` that is associated with a [`system_clock`](system-clock-structure.md). |
+| `local_time` | A synonym for `template <class Duration> using local_time = time_point<local_t, Duration>`. Represents a `time_point` for a local time. You specify the `Duration`. A `local_time` isn't associated with a time zone yet. It isn't the current local time of your computer's clock. Only when you pair a `local_time` with a `time_zone` do you get a point in time that can be converted to UTC or other time in a specific time zone. | 
+| `sys_days` | A synonym for `sys_time<days>`. A count of days, represented by a `time_point` that is associated with a [`system_clock`](system-clock-structure.md). |
+| `sys_seconds` | A synonym for `sys_time<seconds>`. A count of seconds, represented by a `time_point` that is associated with a [`system_clock`](system-clock-structure.md). |
 | `sys_time` | A synonym for `template <class Duration> using sys_time = time_point<system_clock, Duration>`. Represents a `time_point` for a [`system_clock`](system-clock-structure.md). You specify the `Duration`. |
-| `tai_seconds` | A synonym for `using tai_seconds = tai_time<seconds>` A count of seconds, represented by a `time_point` that is associated with a [`tai_clock`](tai-clock-class.md). |
+| `tai_seconds` | A synonym for `tai_time<seconds>` A count of seconds, represented by a `time_point` that is associated with a [`tai_clock`](tai-clock-class.md). |
 | `tai_time` | A synonym for `template <class Duration> using tai_time = time_point<tai_clock, Duration>`. Represents a `time_point` for a [`tai_clock`](tai-clock-class.md). You specify the `Duration`. |
-| `utc_seconds` | A synonym for `using utc_seconds = utc_time<seconds>;` |
+| `utc_seconds` | A synonym for `utc_time<seconds>;` |
 | `utc_time` | A synonym for `template<class Duration> using utc_time = time_point<utc_clock, Duration>`. Represents a `time_point`for a [`utc_clock`](utc-clock-class.md). You specify the `Duration`. |
 
 ## Type traits

docs/standard-library/last-spec-struct.md

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 ---
 description: "Learn more about: last_spec struct"
 title: "last_spec struct"
-ms.date: 09/02/2021
+ms.date: 09/15/2021
 f1_keywords: ["chrono/std::chrono::last_spec"]
 ---
 
 # last_spec struct
 
-Indicates the last item in a sequence, such as the last Monday of December, the last day of the month, and so on.
+Used to indicate the last item in a month, such as last day of the week of a month (the last Tuesday of February 2020) or the last day of a month (the last day of April 2019).
 
 ## Syntax
 
@@ -16,9 +16,12 @@ struct last_spec; // C++20
 inline constexpr last_spec last{} // C++20
 ```
 
-## Remarks
+## <a name="example"></a> Example: `last`
 
-Use this struct when creating calendrical types to indicate the last item in a sequence. When you specify `last` while creating a calendrical type like `month_day_last`, you're passing a `last_spec` to indicate that you want the last day in the month. For example:
+Use `last_spec` to indicate the last item in a month. The following example uses `last` to indicate the:
+- last day in December as a `monthDayLast`
+- last Friday in July of 2021 as a `year_month_weekday_last`
+- last day in April of 1975 as a `year_month_day_last`
 
 ```cpp
 // compile using: /std:c++latest
@@ -35,13 +38,17 @@ int main()
     constexpr auto yearMonthWeekDayLast{year(2021)/July/Friday[last]}; // 'last' resolves to last_spec
     std::cout << yearMonthWeekDayLast << '\n';
 
+    constexpr auto yearMonthDayLast{ April / last / 1975 };
+    std::cout << yearMonthDayLast << "\n";  
+
     return 0;
 }
 ```
 
 ```output
 Dec/last
 2021/Jul/Fri[last]
+1975/Apr/last
 ```
 
 ## Members
@@ -68,11 +75,11 @@ explicit last_spec() = default;
 
 ### Remarks
 
-You typically won't create a `last_spec` instance directly. You'll use `last` as shown in the first example.  
+You typically won't create a `last_spec` instance directly. You'll use `last` as shown above in [Example `last`](#example).
 
 ## See also
 
 [`<chrono>`](chrono.md)\
 [`month_day_last` Class](month-day-last-class.md)\
 [`month_weekday_last` class](month-weekday-last-class.md)\
-[Header Files Reference](cpp-standard-library-header-files.md)
+[Header Files Reference](cpp-standard-library-header-files.md)

docs/standard-library/time-zone-link-class.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 description: "Learn more about: time_zone_link class"
 title: "time_zone_link class"
-ms.date: 9/1/2021
+ms.date: 9/15/2021
 f1_keywords: ["chrono/std::chrono::time_zone_link::name", "chrono/std::chrono::time_zone_link::target"]
 helpviewer_keywords: ["std::chrono [C++], time_zone_link class", "std::chrono::time_zone_link::name function", "std::chrono::time_zone_link::target function"]
 ---
@@ -17,10 +17,17 @@ class time_zone_link;  // Since C++20
 
 ## Remarks
 
-`time_zone_link` instances are created when the time zone database is initialized. They can't be created by the developer. You can get them with `get_tzdb().links` as shown in the example at the end of this topic.
+`time_zone_link` instances are created when the time zone database is initialized. They can't be created directly. Get an instance via `get_tzdb().links`, as shown in the example at the end of this topic.
 
 Although this type has a default move constructor and move assignment operator, it isn't copyable because only `const` access is provided to this type. Using those functions results in undefined behavior, which is why the move constructor and assignment operator aren't listed here.
 
+**Differences with IANA database**
+
+In Microsoft's implementation, time zone data can differ in some cases from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) time zone database. For example, `"America/Nuuk"` is returned instead of `"America/Godthab"` (`"America/Nuuk"` was renamed `"America/Godthab"` in April 2020). We don't supply the `"Eastern War Time EWT"` time zone at this time. See [Issue #1786](https://github.com/microsoft/STL/issues/1786) on the Microsoft STL GitHub repo for more details.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> At this time, time-zone data is only available on Windows version 19H1, and later. If you’re running on a version earlier than 19H1, you’ll get an exception: "The specified module could not be found".
+
 ## Members
 
 ### Public member functions and function templates

docs/windows/latest-supported-vc-redist.md

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Downloaded additional versions and languages from [Update for Visual C++ 2013 Re
 ### Other versions
 
 - [Multibyte MFC Library for Visual Studio 2013](https://my.visualstudio.com/Downloads?pid=1430). This add-on for Visual Studio 2013 contains the multibyte character set (MBCS) version of the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) Library.
-- [Visual C++ 2013 Runtime for Sideloaded Windows 8.1 apps](http://download.microsoft.com/download/5/f/0/5f0f8404-9329-44a9-8176-ed6f7f746f25/vclibs_redist_packages.zip). For more information, see [C++ Runtime for Sideloaded Windows 8.1 apps] on the [VC++ Team Blog](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/c-runtime-for-sideloaded-windows-8-1-apps/).
+- [Visual C++ 2013 Runtime for Sideloaded Windows 8.1 apps](https://download.microsoft.com/download/5/f/0/5f0f8404-9329-44a9-8176-ed6f7f746f25/vclibs_redist_packages.zip). For more information, see [C++ Runtime for Sideloaded Windows 8.1 apps] on the [VC++ Team Blog](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/c-runtime-for-sideloaded-windows-8-1-apps/).
 
 ## Visual Studio 2012 (VC++ 11.0) Update 4
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Download additional versions and languages from [Microsoft Visual C++ Redistribu
 ## Visual Studio 2010 (VC++ 10.0) SP1 (no longer supported)
 
 > [!NOTE] 
-> Visual Studio 2010 Service Pack 1 [reached end of extended support on July 14, 2020](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/visual-studio-2010)
+> Visual Studio 2010 Service Pack 1 [reached end of extended support on July 14, 2020](/lifecycle/products/visual-studio-2010)
 
 | Architecture |   Version    |                                                                                                                    Link |
 | ------------ | :----------: | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Download additional languages from:
 ## Visual Studio 2008 (VC++ 9.0) SP1 (no longer supported)
 
 > [!NOTE]
-> Visual Studio 2008 Service Pack 1 [reached end of extended support on April 10, 2018](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/visual-studio-2008)
+> Visual Studio 2008 Service Pack 1 [reached end of extended support on April 10, 2018](/lifecycle/products/visual-studio-2008)
 
 | Architecture |    Version     |                                                                                                                    Link |
 | ------------ | :------------: | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |