{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:51:08Z","timestamp":1770137468989,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]],"date-time":"2017-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opportunistic networks (OppNets) are networks that can be used in situations of sparse network connectivity. Strategies for implementing secure transmission of messages in OppNets offer complex and distinctive problems that are wholly different from traditional networks using TCP\/IP protocols for data transmission. In this paper, a security protocol named FuzzyPT is proposed which combats black hole attacks in OppNets. The defense mechanism is based on the information extracted from messages in the buffer, potential threat (PT) messages, and fuzzy logic. Fuzziness aids the system in being adaptive by modeling the character of nodes as either benign or malicious. It provides the network with the ability to judge the character of nodes based on relationships between different parameters instead of basing this decision on fixed conditions. FuzzyPT is observed to reduce erroneous decision\u2010making and decrease the number of false positives and false negatives in the system. An evolutionary game theoretic model is applied, which analyzes the decision\u2010making ability of relays in choosing varied strategies while forwarding messages. The evolutionary stable state is computed for the protocol, which verifies the proposition that a majority of the relays will cooperate by forwarding messages. The efficiency of the protocol is judged on various grounds such as delivery probability, network overhead ratio, packets dropped, and transmission latency. It is observed that the proposed game theoretic protocol outperforms an existing acknowledge and evolutionary game theory\u2013based security protocol in terms of all the aforementioned performance characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]],"date-time":"2017-12-28T09:18:41Z","timestamp":1514452721000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A fuzzy logic and game theory based adaptive approach for securing opportunistic networks against black hole attacks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9376-2896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anshuman","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology University of Delhi  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vidushi","family":"Vashishth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Information Technology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology University of Delhi  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Information Technology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology University of Delhi  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2006.248176"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2008.080609"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2208211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"LilienL KamalZH BhuseV GuptaA.The Concept of Opportunistic Networks and their Research Challenges in Privacy and Security. In:MakkiSK ReiherP MakkiK PissinouN MakkiS (eds)Mobile and Wireless Network Security and Privacy.Boston MA:Springer;2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZadehLA. Fuzzy Sets Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Systems: Selected Papers by Lotfi A. Zadeh.6.World Scientific 1996.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814261302_0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","author":"Ross Don","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjsf433"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DhurandherSK SharmaDK WoungangI ChaoHC. \"Performance evaluation of various routing protocols in opportunistic networks \"2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps) Houston TX 2011:1067\u20101071.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2011.6162342"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1001.2010.03689","article-title":"Routing techniques on delay\/disruption tolerant networks[J]","volume":"21","author":"Jin\u2010Shu SU","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Softw"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SpyropoulosT PsounisK RaghavendraCS. \u201cSpray and focus: efficient mobility\u2010assisted routing for heterogeneous and correlated mobility\u201d. In Proc. ofIEEE PERCOM 2007.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2007.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SpyropoulosT PsounisK RaghavendraCS. \"Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks.\"Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay\u2010tolerant networking. ACM 2005.","DOI":"10.1145\/1080139.1080143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SpyropoulosT PsounisK RaghavendraCS. \"Spray and focus: efficient mobility\u2010assisted routing for heterogeneous and correlated mobility.\"Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops 2007. PerCom Workshops' 07. Fifth Annual IEEE International Conference on. IEEE 2007.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2007.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BurgessJ GallagherB JensenD Neil LevineB.MaxProp: routing for vehicle\u2010based disruption\u2010tolerant networks. Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2006:6.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INFOCOM.2006.228","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2006.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/961268.961272"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"TanK ZhangQ ZhuW. \"Shortest path routing in partially connected ad hoc networks.\"Global Telecommunications Conference IEEEvol. 2. IEEE 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiF WuJSrinivasanA. \"Thwarting blackhole attacks in disruption\u2010tolerant networks using encounter tickets \"INFOCOM 2009 IEEE Rio de Janeiro 2009 pp.2428\u20102436.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2009.5062170"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RenY ChuahMC YangJ ChenY. \"Detecting blackhole attacks in disruption\u2010tolerant networks through packet exchange recording \"World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM) 2010 IEEE International Symposium on a Montreal QC Canada 2010 pp.1\u20106.","DOI":"10.1109\/WOWMOM.2010.5534944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"LiN DasSK. \u201cA trust\u2010based framework for data forwarding in opportunistic networks.\u201dAd Hoc Networks09 February 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2017 51st Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS)","author":"Chhabra A","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2017 51st Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS)","author":"Chhabra A","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.14429\/dsj.67.10051","article-title":"A game theoretic approach to modelling jamming attacks in delay tolerant networks","volume":"67","author":"Ravishankar M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Def Sci J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.11.014"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"0975","article-title":"Adaptive fuzzy routing in opportunistic network (AFRON)","volume":"52","author":"Nabhani P","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.2796"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"XiaH JiaZ JuL ZhuY. \u201cTrust management model for mobile ad hoc network based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy theory\u201d.Published in IET Wireless Sensor Systems June 2011.","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2011.0042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2014.02.001","article-title":"Cooperative game theoretic approach using fuzzy Q\u2010learning for detecting and preventing intrusions in wireless sensor networks","volume":"32","author":"Shahaboddin S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intel"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","article-title":"FR trust: a fuzzy reputation\u2010based model for trust management in semantic P2P grids","volume":"6","author":"Saeed J","journal-title":"Int J Grid Util Comput"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TamezEB WoungangI LilienL DenkoMK.Trust management in opportunistic networks: a semantic web approach.2009 World Congress on Privacy Security Trust and the Management of e\u2010Business Saint John NB.2009:235\u2010238.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CONGRESS.2009.17","DOI":"10.1109\/CONGRESS.2009.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4068(90)90005-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(78)90077-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of SIMUTools \u201909","author":"Ker\u00e4nen A.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FarrellS CahillV. \u201cDelay and disruption tolerant networking\u201d.Artech House 2006.","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2006.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiQ CaoG. \"Mitigating routing misbehavior in disruption tolerant networks.\"IEEE transactions on information forensics and security7.2 (2012): 664\u2010675.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2173195"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2015.03.011"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Communication Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdac.3487","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dac.3487","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T03:37:36Z","timestamp":1695872256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dac.3487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dac.3487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dac.3487","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1074-5351","1099-1131"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1074-5351","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1131","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]]},"article-number":"e3487"}}