{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:00:41Z","timestamp":1787911241758,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shihezi City Financial Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2021ZD01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD01"]}]},{"name":"Shihezi City Financial Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["KJCX20210411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJCX20210411"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capacity Building Project of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry","award":["2021ZD01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD01"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capacity Building Project of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry","award":["KJCX20210411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJCX20210411"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["2021ZD01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD01"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["KJCX20210411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJCX20210411"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Hydrus-1D model is widely used for soil water content (SWC) simulations, wherein the exact configuration of soil hydraulic parameters is key to accuracy. To assess the feasibility of using \u201clow-cost\u201d multi-source remote sensing data to optimize the parameters of the Hydrus-1D model, five types of soil hydrodynamic parameter acquisition methods were designed for comparative evaluation, including the use of default parameters for soil texture types (DSHP), predictions from three and five soil mechanical composition parameters (NNP3\/NNP5), inverse solutions from measured historical data (ISHD), and innovative introduction of historical remote sensing data (ERA-5 land reanalysis information and MODIS LAI products) instead of ground measured data for the inverse solution (ISRS). Two spring maize crops were planted in Beijing, China, in 2021 and 2022. Meteorological, soil, and crop data were collected as real measurements of the true values during the growth period. The boundary flux characteristics of the model simulation results were analyzed. The accuracy differences in the five approaches were compared from three perspectives: overall root zone, growth stage, and soil depth. The results showed that (1) evapotranspiration was the main pathway for soil water depletion in the root zone of maize; the actual total evapotranspiration accounted for 68.26 and 69.43% of the total precipitation in 2012 and 2022, respectively. (2) The accuracy of the SWC simulations in the root zone was acceptable for different approaches in the following order: NNP5 (root mean squared error (RMSE) = 5.47%) &gt; ISRS (RMSE = 5.48%) &gt; NNP3 (RMSE = 5.66%) &gt; ISHD (RMSE = 5.68%) &gt; DSHP (RMSE = 6.57%). The ISRS approach based on remote sensing data almost achieved the best performance while effectively reducing the workload and cost. (3) The accuracy of the SWC simulation at different growth stages was ranked as follows: seedling stage (mean absolute error (MAE) = 3.29%) &gt; tassel stage (MAE = 4.68%) &gt; anthesis maturity stage (MAE = 5.52%). (4) All approaches\u2019 simulation errors exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing soil depth. The ISHD approach, based on the measured data, achieved the best performance at a depth of 60 cm (MAE = 2.8%). The Hydrus-1D model optimized using multi-source remote sensing data can effectively simulate SWC in the maize root zone with low working cost, which is significant for applications in areas where it is difficult to obtain field soil hydrodynamic property parameters to simulate SWC at a global scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T02:24:46Z","timestamp":1669861486000},"page":"6079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Evaluating the Hydrus-1D Model Optimized by Remote Sensing Data for Soil Moisture Simulations in the Maize Root Zone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4724-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingxin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Equipment in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"},{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renping","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunjiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Quality Testing of Software and Hardware Products on Agricultural Information, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Zhangzhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Equipment in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2019.100327","article-title":"Maize Agro-Food Systems to Ensure Food and Nutrition Security in Reference to the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"25","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. 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