{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2059358903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2008.33","title":"Hindering Reverse Engineering: Thinking Outside the Box","display_name":"Hindering Reverse Engineering: Thinking Outside the Box","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2059358903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2008.33","mag":"2059358903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2008.33","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2008.33","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61906035","display_name":"IEEE Security & Privacy","issn_l":"1540-7993","issn":["1540-7993","1558-4046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Security &amp; Privacy Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054705432","display_name":"Thomas Dube","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas E. Dube","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force Institute of Technology, USA","US Air Force Inst. of Technol., Dayton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Inst. of Technol., Dayton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071345698","display_name":"Bobby D. Birrer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bobby D. Birrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force Institute of Technology, USA","US Air Force Inst. of Technol., Dayton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Inst. of Technol., Dayton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109877861","display_name":"Richard A. Raines","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard A. Raines","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force Institute of Technology, USA","US Air Force Inst. of Technol., Dayton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Inst. of Technol., Dayton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112775921","display_name":"Rusty O. Baldwin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rusty O. Baldwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force Institute of Technology, USA","US Air Force Inst. of Technol., Dayton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Inst. of Technol., Dayton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110224229","display_name":"Barry E. Mullins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barry E. Mullins","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force Institute of Technology, USA","US Air Force Inst. of Technol., Dayton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Inst. of Technol., Dayton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021066504","display_name":"Robert W. Bennington","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert W. Bennington","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force Research Laboratory, USA","US Air Force Research Laboratory#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Research Laboratory#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074467905","display_name":"Christopher B. Reuter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3080-6008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher E. Reuter","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force Research Laboratory, USA","US Air Force Research Laboratory#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force Research Laboratory#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5721,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83717746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"58","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8246269226074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.7304307222366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6023743152618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5790159702301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5519353151321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.550165593624115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.47813713550567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3671818673610687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.34311923384666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30041760206222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09321224689483643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.06762754917144775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8246269226074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.7304307222366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6023743152618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5790159702301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5519353151321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.550165593624115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.47813713550567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3671818673610687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.34311923384666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30041760206222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09321224689483643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.06762754917144775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2008.33","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2008.33","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61906035","display_name":"IEEE Security & Privacy","issn_l":"1540-7993","issn":["1540-7993","1558-4046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Security &amp; Privacy Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W212453972","https://openalex.org/W345398754","https://openalex.org/W1567046609","https://openalex.org/W1595564425"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210907385","https://openalex.org/W2909615516","https://openalex.org/W4307821979","https://openalex.org/W2150019175","https://openalex.org/W2139769766","https://openalex.org/W1679963423","https://openalex.org/W2003230381","https://openalex.org/W2149918584","https://openalex.org/W3013063242","https://openalex.org/W2169348520"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3,34],"present":[4,18],"the":[5,8,22],"state":[6],"of":[7,21],"art":[9],"in":[10],"today's":[11],"nonmalicious":[12],"software":[13],"defense":[14],"protections.":[15],"We":[16],"also":[17],"an":[19],"overview":[20],"tools":[23],"and":[24],"techniques":[25],"that":[26,45],"attackers":[27],"use":[28],"to":[29,40,50],"defeat":[30],"current":[31],"defenses.":[32],"Finally,":[33],"expound":[35],"on":[36],"some":[37],"unorthodox":[38],"approaches":[39],"defending":[41],"software,":[42],"including":[43],"tactics":[44],"advanced":[46],"malware":[47],"currently":[48],"uses":[49],"protect":[51],"itself.":[52]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
