{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401769249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689627","title":"Multi-Class Imbalanced Data Handling with Concept Drift in Fog Computing: A Taxonomy, Review, and Future Directions","display_name":"Multi-Class Imbalanced Data Handling with Concept Drift in Fog Computing: A Taxonomy, Review, and Future Directions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401769249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689627","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3689627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3689627","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106644781","display_name":"Farhana Sharief","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160968435","display_name":"University of Sargodha","ror":"https://ror.org/0086rpr26","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhana Sharief","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6353-1411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039095360","display_name":"Humaira Ijaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9810-9180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160968435","display_name":"University of Sargodha","ror":"https://ror.org/0086rpr26","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Humaira Ijaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & IT, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9810-9180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & IT, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022893278","display_name":"Mohammad Shojafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-5086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Shojafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["5G & 6G Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-5086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5G & 6G Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061284177","display_name":"M. Asif Naeem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6785-7875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asif Naeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6785-7875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0489,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94430416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8768033981323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.7380122542381287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-drift","display_name":"Concept drift","score":0.6258711814880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5570446848869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4368702471256256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3779522478580475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3769136071205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3524564206600189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream-mining","display_name":"Data stream mining","score":0.0845848023891449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8768033981323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7380122542381287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60777511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045002","display_name":"Concept drift","level":3,"score":0.6258711814880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5570446848869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4368702471256256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3779522478580475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3769136071205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3524564206600189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.0845848023891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689627","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3689627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689627","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3689627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401769249.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401769249.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":152,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64908097","https://openalex.org/W769353746","https://openalex.org/W1539670134","https://openalex.org/W1837982953","https://openalex.org/W1964250430","https://openalex.org/W1966748751","https://openalex.org/W1973925672","https://openalex.org/W1984606274","https://openalex.org/W1986515506","https://openalex.org/W1994084749","https://openalex.org/W2039686496","https://openalex.org/W2064579244","https://openalex.org/W2076272581","https://openalex.org/W2087682741","https://openalex.org/W2088220893","https://openalex.org/W2104961002","https://openalex.org/W2114623221","https://openalex.org/W2128965734","https://openalex.org/W2135248138","https://openalex.org/W2139378427","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2183201255","https://openalex.org/W2185967890","https://openalex.org/W2300408473","https://openalex.org/W2317592095","https://openalex.org/W2331050695","https://openalex.org/W2338006743","https://openalex.org/W2344964031","https://openalex.org/W2395350663","https://openalex.org/W2405380051","https://openalex.org/W2462401346","https://openalex.org/W2510913895","https://openalex.org/W2516046155","https://openalex.org/W2528421823","https://openalex.org/W2531502304","https://openalex.org/W2552826511","https://openalex.org/W2557831587","https://openalex.org/W2558003181","https://openalex.org/W2562319768","https://openalex.org/W2566546024","https://openalex.org/W2599627952","https://openalex.org/W2604756720","https://openalex.org/W2607914278","https://openalex.org/W2611895985","https://openalex.org/W2612634114","https://openalex.org/W2615758719","https://openalex.org/W2626931877","https://openalex.org/W2725922920","https://openalex.org/W2747747656","https://openalex.org/W2763110968","https://openalex.org/W2766296277","https://openalex.org/W2768348024","https://openalex.org/W2771233945","https://openalex.org/W2773951400","https://openalex.org/W2782762672","https://openalex.org/W2793511696","https://openalex.org/W2795903893","https://openalex.org/W2800242529","https://openalex.org/W2803443244","https://openalex.org/W2803818408","https://openalex.org/W2803864529","https://openalex.org/W2804129310","https://openalex.org/W2804346083","https://openalex.org/W2808026209","https://openalex.org/W2808060576","https://openalex.org/W2884751743","https://openalex.org/W2885688274","https://openalex.org/W2899653275","https://openalex.org/W2907467192","https://openalex.org/W2908293320","https://openalex.org/W2913586381","https://openalex.org/W2916786737","https://openalex.org/W2921480639","https://openalex.org/W2941258581","https://openalex.org/W2944863921","https://openalex.org/W2946370474","https://openalex.org/W2961637513","https://openalex.org/W2962790500","https://openalex.org/W2963122137","https://openalex.org/W2963596856","https://openalex.org/W2964050365","https://openalex.org/W2966679659","https://openalex.org/W2968628173","https://openalex.org/W2969674096","https://openalex.org/W2970044944","https://openalex.org/W2971749073","https://openalex.org/W2976274254","https://openalex.org/W2978153077","https://openalex.org/W2980281552","https://openalex.org/W2980570807","https://openalex.org/W2982760504","https://openalex.org/W2982853004","https://openalex.org/W2995955341","https://openalex.org/W2997136556","https://openalex.org/W2997838478","https://openalex.org/W3000329329","https://openalex.org/W3004070234","https://openalex.org/W3004110857","https://openalex.org/W3008292207","https://openalex.org/W3009287124","https://openalex.org/W3009422166","https://openalex.org/W3015645146","https://openalex.org/W3017050370","https://openalex.org/W3023409807","https://openalex.org/W3025961343","https://openalex.org/W3025980182","https://openalex.org/W3032115479","https://openalex.org/W3035019807","https://openalex.org/W3047859860","https://openalex.org/W3049565123","https://openalex.org/W3087783715","https://openalex.org/W3089672940","https://openalex.org/W3090163585","https://openalex.org/W3091783553","https://openalex.org/W3095875839","https://openalex.org/W3096733902","https://openalex.org/W3123353479","https://openalex.org/W3125345207","https://openalex.org/W3126752450","https://openalex.org/W3128613743","https://openalex.org/W3129536498","https://openalex.org/W3137868587","https://openalex.org/W3139478953","https://openalex.org/W3142844930","https://openalex.org/W3146478267","https://openalex.org/W3154594794","https://openalex.org/W3157177602","https://openalex.org/W3157626505","https://openalex.org/W3175350659","https://openalex.org/W3200219001","https://openalex.org/W3214592485","https://openalex.org/W3216039521","https://openalex.org/W4205598432","https://openalex.org/W4206715895","https://openalex.org/W4213168906","https://openalex.org/W4213179670","https://openalex.org/W4214816451","https://openalex.org/W4223480828","https://openalex.org/W4223929858","https://openalex.org/W4226181429","https://openalex.org/W4226340289","https://openalex.org/W4286858197","https://openalex.org/W4288294142","https://openalex.org/W4311529209","https://openalex.org/W4318570642","https://openalex.org/W4322628232","https://openalex.org/W4361003492","https://openalex.org/W4366992038","https://openalex.org/W4378070706","https://openalex.org/W4383876769","https://openalex.org/W4384068713","https://openalex.org/W4388573180"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2990081132","https://openalex.org/W4296984035","https://openalex.org/W3127121676","https://openalex.org/W3108206468","https://openalex.org/W3091433184","https://openalex.org/W4245534163","https://openalex.org/W4289242525","https://openalex.org/W2902096670","https://openalex.org/W2931947761","https://openalex.org/W3108897387"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,100],"network":[1,20,46],"of":[2,27,32,58,97,103,115,152,174,199,248],"actual":[3],"physical":[4],"objects":[5],"or":[6,144,149],"\u201cIoT":[7],"components\u201d":[8],"linked":[9],"to":[10,36,73,84,111,156,208,234,323],"the":[11,25,33,67,70,86,113,132,150,157,169,177,197,278,284,310,326,341],"internet":[12],"and":[13,19,38,77,92,128,228,244,251,259,265,295,303,308,331,337,345,352,355,358],"equipped":[14],"with":[15,192,236,325],"sensors,":[16],"electronics,":[17],"software,":[18],"connectivity":[21],"is":[22,41,180,203,217],"known":[23],"as":[24],"Internet":[26],"Things":[28],"(IoT).":[29],"This":[30],"ability":[31],"IoT":[34,49,62,121,263,301],"components":[35],"gather":[37],"share":[39],"data":[40,133,202,254,261,298,313,318,360],"made":[42],"possible":[43],"by":[44],"this":[45,175,237,274],"connectivity.":[47],"Many":[48],"devices":[50,63,130],"are":[51,269,361],"currently":[52],"operating,":[53],"which":[54],"generate":[55],"a":[56,93,172,241],"lot":[57],"data.":[59],"When":[60],"these":[61,136],"started":[64],"collecting":[65],"data,":[66,159,176,354],"cloud":[68,87,117],"was":[69],"only":[71],"place":[72],"analyze,":[74],"filter,":[75],"pre-process,":[76],"aggregate":[78],"it.":[79],"However,":[80,196],"when":[81],"it":[82,216],"comes":[83],"IoT,":[85],"has":[88,108,165],"restrictions":[89],"regarding":[90],"latency":[91],"more":[94,166],"centralized":[95],"method":[96],"distributing":[98],"programs.":[99],"new":[101],"form":[102],"computing":[104,107,280],"called":[105],"Fog":[106,139,212,266,279,289,304],"been":[109],"proposed":[110],"address":[112],"shortcomings":[114],"current":[116,311],"computing.":[118,140,267,290,305],"In":[119],"an":[120,204],"context,":[122],"sensors":[123,137],"regularly":[124],"communicate":[125],"signal":[126],"information,":[127],"edge":[129],"process":[131],"obtained":[134],"from":[135],"using":[138],"The":[141,231],"sensors\u2019":[142],"internal":[143],"external":[145],"problems,":[146],"security":[147],"breaches,":[148],"integration":[151],"heterogeneous":[153],"equipment":[154],"contribute":[155],"imbalanced":[158,181,190,201,253,312],"i.e.,":[160],"comparatively":[161],"speaking,":[162],"one":[163],"class":[164],"instances":[167],"than":[168],"other.":[170],"As":[171],"result":[173],"pattern":[178],"extraction":[179],".":[182],"Recent":[183],"attempts":[184],"have":[185],"concentrated":[186],"heavily":[187],"on":[188,293],"binary-class":[189,250,350],"concerns":[191],"exactly":[193],"two":[194],"classes.":[195],"classification":[198],"multi-class":[200,252,296,317,356],"issue":[205],"that":[206],"needs":[207],"be":[209],"fixed":[210],"in":[211,219,262,273,288],"computing,":[213],"even":[214],"if":[215],"widespread":[218],"other":[220],"fields,":[221],"including":[222,329],"text":[223],"categorization,":[224],"human":[225],"activity":[226],"detection,":[227],"medical":[229],"diagnosis.":[230],"study":[232],"intends":[233],"deal":[235],"problem.":[238],"It":[239],"presents":[240],"systematic,":[242],"thorough,":[243],"in-depth":[245],"comparative":[246],"analysis":[247],"several":[249],"handling":[255,299,314],"strategies":[256],"for":[257,300,316,347],"batch":[258,297],"streaming":[260],"networks":[264,302],"There":[268],"five":[270],"major":[271],"objectives":[272],"study.":[275],"First,":[276],"reviewing":[277,307],"concept.":[281],"Second,":[282],"outlining":[283],"optimization":[285,335],"metric":[286],"used":[287],"Third,":[291],"focusing":[292],"binary":[294],"Fourth,":[306],"comparing":[309],"methodologies":[315],"streams.":[319],"Fifth,":[320],"explaining":[321],"how":[322],"cope":[324],"concept":[327,348],"drift,":[328,349],"novel":[330],"recurring":[332],"classes,":[333],"targeted":[334],"measures,":[336],"evaluation":[338],"tools.":[339],"Finally,":[340],"best":[342],"performance":[343],"metrics":[344],"tools":[346],"(batch":[351,357],"stream)":[353,359],"highlighted.":[362]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}