{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2296513191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/38765.38812","title":"Constraint hierarchies","display_name":"Constraint hierarchies","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2296513191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/38765.38812","mag":"2296513191"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/38765.38812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/38765.38812","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056034943","display_name":"Alan Borning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3109-2967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282770075","display_name":"Tektronix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04kw5s604","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Borning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061951516","display_name":"Robert Duisberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282770075","display_name":"Tektronix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04kw5s604","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Duisberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086759325","display_name":"Bjorn Freeman\u2010Benson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282770075","display_name":"Tektronix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04kw5s604","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bjorn Freeman-Benson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067032762","display_name":"Axel Kr\u00e4mer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4193-2149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282770075","display_name":"Tektronix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04kw5s604","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Axel Kramer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025045928","display_name":"Michael Woolf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282770075","display_name":"Tektronix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04kw5s604","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Woolf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282770075"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2268,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97040905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"48","last_page":"60"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7707456350326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.746828019618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-satisfaction","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","score":0.6995619535446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-satisfaction-problem","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction problem","score":0.6417975425720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smalltalk","display_name":"Smalltalk","score":0.6005297303199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.5933285355567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5897202491760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4937942922115326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-programming","display_name":"Constraint programming","score":0.49172309041023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expressive-power","display_name":"Expressive power","score":0.48246246576309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.481510728597641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-logic-programming","display_name":"Constraint logic programming","score":0.4718185365200043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-graph","display_name":"Constraint graph","score":0.45902711153030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-oriented-programming","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","score":0.2762380838394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.25157588720321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12947162985801697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1291571855545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.1095673143863678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7707456350326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.746828019618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44616089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30158686","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","level":3,"score":0.6995619535446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199622910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128326","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction problem","level":3,"score":0.6417975425720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777293101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235086","display_name":"Smalltalk","level":3,"score":0.6005297303199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.5933285355567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5897202491760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4937942922115326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173404611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528588","display_name":"Constraint programming","level":3,"score":0.49172309041023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195818886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421724","display_name":"Expressive power","level":2,"score":0.48246246576309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.481510728597641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176783269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164378","display_name":"Constraint logic programming","level":4,"score":0.4718185365200043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178481205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164372","display_name":"Constraint graph","level":5,"score":0.45902711153030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73752529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79872","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","level":2,"score":0.2762380838394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.25157588720321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12947162985801697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1291571855545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.1095673143863678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137631369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617831","display_name":"Stochastic programming","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/38765.38812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/38765.38812","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492151547","https://openalex.org/W1859606466","https://openalex.org/W1982530240","https://openalex.org/W1983126130","https://openalex.org/W1990761038","https://openalex.org/W2033755422","https://openalex.org/W2036555448","https://openalex.org/W2053802475","https://openalex.org/W2078404830","https://openalex.org/W2082285894","https://openalex.org/W2096620062","https://openalex.org/W2132233302","https://openalex.org/W2911524086","https://openalex.org/W4238805403"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486916474","https://openalex.org/W1519282274","https://openalex.org/W2334636689","https://openalex.org/W2032348095","https://openalex.org/W1864499657","https://openalex.org/W1597500234","https://openalex.org/W2144171313","https://openalex.org/W1980681296","https://openalex.org/W1577743412","https://openalex.org/W2675278944"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Constraints":[0],"describe":[1,26],"relations":[2],"that":[3],"must":[4],"be":[5],"maintained,":[6],"and":[7,20,30,62],"provide":[8],"a":[9,27,39,49],"useful":[10],"tool":[11],"for":[12,79],"such":[13],"applications":[14],"as":[15],"interactive":[16],"simulations,":[17],"algorithm":[18,78],"animation,":[19],"graphical":[21],"user":[22],"interface":[23],"construction.":[24],"We":[25],"major":[28],"overhaul":[29],"extension":[31],"to":[32,73],"the":[33,45,74,92],"constraint":[34,54,81],"satisfaction":[35],"mechanism":[36],"in":[37,44],"ThingLab,":[38],"constraint-oriented":[40],"simulation":[41],"laboratory":[42],"written":[43],"Smalltalk-80":[46],"language.":[47],"First,":[48],"specification":[50],"is":[51,83,88],"presented":[52],"of":[53,65],"hierarchies.":[55],"Such":[56],"hierarchies":[57,82],"include":[58],"both":[59],"required":[60],"constraints":[61,64],"default":[63],"differing":[66],"strengths,":[67],"thus":[68],"adding":[69],"considerable":[70],"expressive":[71],"power":[72],"system.":[75],"Second,":[76],"an":[77],"satisfying":[80],"described.":[84],"The":[85],"new":[86,100],"satisfier":[87],"substantially":[89],"faster":[90],"than":[91],"previous":[93],"version,":[94],"even":[95],"though":[96],"it":[97],"also":[98],"includes":[99],"functionality.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}