一、独立主格
独立主格通常作状语修饰整个主句,且本身不能单独成句。
独立主格结构:“逻辑主语+非谓语动词/名词/形容词/介词短语”
结构类型示例:
1、逻辑主语 + 现在分词 The meeting being over, we left the room. 表主动/进行,“会议进行结束后”
2、逻辑主语 + 过去分词 The meeting held yesterday, we discussed many issues. 表被动/完成,“会议昨天召开”
3、逻辑主语 + 不定式 The meeting to be held tomorrow, we need to prepare materials. 表将来,“会议明天被召开”
4、逻辑主语 + 介词短语 The meeting in progress, no one was allowed to enter. 表状态,“会议进行中”
逻辑主语 + 名词/形容词 He entered the room, his face red (名词/形容词). 表伴随状态,“他脸通红地进入房间”
独立主格不能独立成句,用逗号与主句隔开,作时间、原因、伴随等状语。
例如:
- 表伴随:He sat at the desk, his pen writing quickly(他坐在桌前,笔飞快地写着)。
- 表原因:The rain having stopped(动名词的完成态)(雨停了),we decided to go out for a walk.
-表时间: The work finished , the rabbit went home .工作结束后,兔子回家。
二、动词语气
1、概念
分类:陈述语气 祈使语气 虚拟语气
2、祈使语气句型
用第二人称与一般现在时态,再去掉“你”并保证动词原形
例句:You don't eat it 变为 Don't eat it
3、虚拟语气(用于描述与现实相反的主观意愿)
用法:(注意:主从句中动词或助动词的过去式并不表示过去时间,而是表示虚拟语气)
1.表与事实相反的假设(与现在相反、与将来相反、与过去相反)
1.1 与现在相反:条件句:用一般过去时的形式(be动词用were) 主句:would/should/could/might+动词原形(过去将来时态的形式)
例句:if I knew it,I would tell you 如果我现在知道(实际不知道),我会告诉你
注意:如果条件句中的谓语动词为be,那一定用were,无论主语
例句:if I were you,I would give this video a thumbs-up.
1.2 与将来事实相反(该事实发生可能性极小)
条件句:should(were to) + 动原 主句:would(should/could/might) +动词原形
例句:if I should meet thee after long years ,how should I greet thee?
万一我们将来重逢了(可能性极低),我该如何面对你呢?
1.3 与过去相反
条件句:had + done 主句:would/should/could/might+have done(用过去将来完成时的形式)
例句: if I had watched this video before , I would have aced my test
我要是之前就看了这视频,那绝对能考个好成绩
1.4、if的省略倒装
即:省略if,将虚拟条件从句中的were/had/should 提到主语之前。
if I were you , I would take that offer and enter that university.
>> Were I you, I would take that offer and enter that university.
4、错综时间虚拟条件句
在一些虚拟条件句当中,主从句时间不一致,应具体情况具体分析
1、从句与过去事实相反(所以条件从句用过去完成时的形式),主句与现在事实相反。(所以主句用过去将来的形式)
If he had listened to me,he would not be in trouble now 如果他当初听了我的话,现在就不会陷入麻烦了。
2、从句与现在事实相反,主句与过去事实相反。
If I were you,I would have gone to her birthday party.
3、从句与过去事实相反,主句与将来事实相反
if they had started early in the morning,they would arrive in half an hour.
如果他们一大早就出发,再过半小时就能抵达。
5、虚拟语气表达愿望,建议等主观意愿
注:wish和hope的区别:wish表可能性小的希望,hope比较中性
2.1 表现在与事实相悖的愿望:wish + 宾语从句(从句用一般过去时的形式)
例句:I wish that I were a rabbit
2.2 表过去与事实相悖的愿望:wish + 宾语从句(过去完成时形式)
例句:I wish (that)I had eaten the carrot
2.3 表将来实现概率低的愿望:wish +宾语从句(should/would/could/might+动词原形)
例句:I wish I could eat the carrot 我希望我能吃那个胡萝卜(大概率吃不到)
2.4 还可用其他词(与wish类似)如 would rather(宁愿)
例句:I would rather that you didn't eat the carrot 我宁愿你现在不会吃那胡萝卜
例句: I would rather that you hadn't eaten the carrot 我宁愿你过去没吃掉那胡萝卜
(言下之意:你已经把那根胡萝卜吃了。)
2.5 demand suggest insist order(命令) 这些词后面接的虚拟语气一定是should + 动词原形
例句:I demand(order…) that you (should) give me a carrot 我要求/建议/坚持/命令你给我一根胡萝卜 (注意:should可以省略)
过去式例句:I demanded(ordered…) that you (should) give me a carrot 我(之前)要求/建议/坚持/命令你给我一根胡萝卜 (注意:should可以省略)
6、情态动词+have done (虚拟语气)
可以表对过去的推测(详见汇总表);还可以表示:与事实相反的情况。
should/ought to have done “本应该做(但实际没做)”
can/could have done 本能/可以做
needn‘t have done 本不需要做
三、动词语态
分为主动语态与被动语态
不及物动词没有被动语态(不及物动词不接宾语,要接宾语需要后加介词搭配)。
四、主谓一致
1、语法一致
主语+介词短语 的主谓一致问题
当主语后面带有with / together with / but /like/except/including等介词短语时,谓语与介词短语前的主语保持一致。
1、No one but me knows him here. 在这里除了我没有人认识他。
2、Mike with his father has been to England. 迈克和他的父亲去过英国。
3、All the animals except the wolf get the carrots
主语+复合连词短语的主谓一致问题
谓语与复合连词短语前的主语保持一致。
1、The rabbit as well as other animals gets a carrot 兔子还有其他动物都得到了一根胡萝卜
2、The teacher rather than the students is to blame.应受责备的是老师而不是学生。
常见复合连词:as much as(后接数量) 多达/rather than 而不是
one or two...与one/a...or two作主语区别
one or two+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数。one/a+单数名词or two作主语,谓语动词用三单形式(第三人称单数)
注:谓语复数:are /were/ 动词原形;谓语三单:is /was/ 动词 + s/es
A student or two has failed the exam. 一两个学生考试不合格。
非谓语动词或从句作主语,谓语动词用三单形式
What he said has been recorded. 他说的话已经被录音。
指同一人或事物的并列结构作主语
如:knife and forks 刀叉 / bread and butter黄油面包 / a teacher and writer老师兼作家
这些词指的是一个整体概念,所以谓语用三单。
2、就近原则
1、There be 句型
当there be后面有多个并列主语时,be的数与最近的主语保持一致。
There is a carrot and two apples on the table
2、由 or / nor(也没有) /not only...but also...不仅...而且...等连词连接的并列成分作主语时谓语动词与最靠近的主语保持一致。
Not only students but also the teacher wants to go.
五、相似语法辨析
1、Until与not until
I didn’t go to bed until twelve o’clock last night.我不睡觉的状态直到昨晚12点(昨晚12点才睡) until:直到....为止
It was not until twelve o’clock last night that I went to bed. not until(直到...才)
昨晚我直到十二点才上床睡觉。
2、作后置定语的三种被动结构
现在我们来总结一下,在英语中,作后置定语的三种被动结构。具体如下:
1. to be done:表示将来的动作,这里是用不定式的被动态。
2. being done:表示进行的动作。
3. done:表示一般过去或完成的动作。
For any adhesive to make a really strong bond, the surfaces to be glued must be absolutely clean and free from moisture or grease.
译文:对于任何黏合剂,要想粘得牢固的话,则被粘的表面必须绝对清洁且不能潮湿和有油渍。(分句2与分句1共用一个主语与must be)
The question being discussed is very important.
译文:正在讨论的那个问题十分重要。
Did you attend the meeting held last month in Shanghai?
这里的held与其后的时间状语last month合在一起构成分
词短语held last month,来共同修饰名词meeting,故要后置。
译文:你参加了上个月在上海举行的会议吗?
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