Spring特性

最新推荐文章于 2025-06-13 15:10:00 发布

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本文介绍了Spring的核心特性，包括IOC（控制反转）和DI（依赖注入），详细阐述了set注入、注解注入、构造器注入等多种DI方式，并探讨了AOP在Spring中的实现。同时，解释了Spring中的非IOC思想与IOC思想，以及如何通过配置文件和注解实现Bean的管理。

一.什么是Spring？

Spring是一个开源的轻量级Java开发框架。是一种简化应用程序的开发框架。
在Spring出来之前，service层调用dao层都是用new的方式，在Spring出来之后，service层和dao层都会放在Spring容器去管理，这是Spring的第一种特性，我们称之为IOC，控制反转。
Spring还有一种特性，我们称之为AOP，也就是所谓的"面向切面"，说白了就是专门的人干专门的事。
在项目很多公有的或是要被重复调用的模块可以被抽取出来，利用的就是AOP的特性，例如日志模块。

二.Spring特性

特性1.IOC(控制反转)，DI(IOC的实现，依赖注入)

那么有哪些注入方式？

(1)set注入(常用)

(2)注解注入(常用)

常用的就是以上两种，当然不止这三种注入方式，还有其他几种注入方式，只不过运用极少。

(3)构造器注入等…

特性2.AOP实现(面向切面编程)

三.Spring中的核心思想/理念是什么？

面向Bean编程(在Spring中万物都是Bean组件，面向Bean就是创建new)

四.Spring优势

1.低侵入式设计
2.独立于各种应用服务器
3.依赖注入特性将组件关系透明化，降低耦合度
4.面向切面编程特性允许将通用任务进行集中式处理
5.与第三方框架的良好整合

五.IOC特性

1.非IOC思想

(1)创建Maven工程,Java,resources,test,并配置路径参数

(2)UserService

public interface UserService {
    public void print();
}

(3)UserServiceImpl

public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService{
    @Override
    public void print() {
        System.out.println("输出****HelloWorld*********");
    }
}

(4)Test

@Test
public void testPrint(){
    UserServiceImpl userService = new UserServiceImpl();
    userService.print();
}

2.IOC思想

(1)pom.xml

哪个版本都可以，目前没发现哪个版本有问题

<dependency>
  <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
  <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
  <version>5.2.5.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>

(2)Spring配置文件applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
    <!--创建bean对象，因为要调用UserServiceImpl的方法，id填写接口的名字-->
    <!--byName的意义就是通过property标签中的名称name，name="userDao"的userDao映射到实现类的userDao属性。
        ref="userDao"当中的userDao映射到bean id="userDao"的userDao-->
        
    <bean id="userService" class="cn.kgc.service.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName">
        <property name="userDao" ref="userDao"></property>
    </bean>
    <!--创建bean对象，因为要调用UserDaoImpl的方法-->
    <bean id="userDao" class="cn.kgc.dao.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
</beans>

(3)Test

package cn.kgc.test;

import cn.kgc.service.UserService;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class TestUserService {
    @Test
    public void testAdd(){
        //连接Spring的配置文件
        ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        //获取Spring的配置文件中需要调用的对象id
        UserService userService = (UserService) ac.getBean("userService");
        userService.add();
    }
}

六.DI注入(IOC实现)

1.set注入

(1)属性赋值

实体类User

package cn.kgc.entity;

public class User {
    private String name;
    private String pwd;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        System.out.println("调用setName方法");
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getPwd() {
        System.out.println("调用setPwd方法");
        return pwd;
    }

    public void setPwd(String pwd) {
        this.pwd = pwd;
    }
}

applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
    <!--class文件填写的是需要调用的方法的实现类的地址-->
    <!--    id一般是写接口名，首字母小写-->
    <!--    这里的bean相当于new UserService-->
<!--    byName-->
    <bean id="user" class="cn.kgc.entity.User" autowire="byName">
    <!--    name就是user里面的属性名称-->
    <!--    ref就是找当前整个配置文件当中其他id为XXX的bean-->
        <property name="name" value="zs"></property>
        <property name="pwd" value="123"></property>
    </bean>
</beans>

Test

package cn.kgc.test;

import cn.kgc.entity.User;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class test {
    @Test
    public void add(){
        //1.加载Spring配置文件路径，括号里填写Spring配置文件名。也就是获取applicationContext.xml整个配置文件
        ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ca = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        //2.上一步获得了整个配置文件，现在要获取bean，通过ac.getBean()方法获取id为user的bean
        User user = (User) ca.getBean("user");
        //3.获取到bean之后调用它的方法
        System.out.println("名字:"+user.getName()+"  密码:"+user.getPwd());
    }
}

2.引用类型手工注入(ref方式)

Person注入Menu

Person实体类

package cn.kgc.entity;

public class Person {
    private Integer id;
    private String name;
    public Integer getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Integer id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
}

Menu实体类

package cn.kgc.entity;

public class Menu {
    private Integer mId;
    private String mName;
    private Person person;

    public Person getPerson() {
        return person;
    }

    public void setPerson(Person person) {
        this.person = person;
    }

    public Integer getmId() {
        return mId;
    }

    public void setmId(Integer mId) {
        this.mId = mId;
    }

    public String getmName() {
        return mName;
    }

    public void setmName(String mName) {
        this.mName = mName;
    }
}

配置文件applicationContext.xml

<bean id="person" class="cn.kgc.entity.Person">
    <property name="id" value="1"></property>
    <property name="name" value="张三"></property>
</bean>
<bean id="menu" class="cn.kgc.entity.Menu">
    <property name="mId" value="1"></property>
    <property name="mName" value="牛肉"></property>
    <property name="person" ref="person"></property>
</bean>

测试类

@Test
public void testMenu(){
    ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ca = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
    Menu menu = (Menu) ca.getBean("menu");
    System.out.println(menu.getPerson().getName());
}

3.引用类型自动注入

Java类中引用类型的属性名和spring容器中(配置文件)的id名称一样，且数据类型是一致的，这样，容器中的bean，通过spring就能够赋值给引用类型。

(1)byName 按名称注入

Person

package cn.kgc.entity;

public class Person {
    private Integer id;
    private String name;
   
    public Integer getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Integer id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
}

package cn.kgc.entity;

public class Menu {
    private Integer mId;
    private String mName;
    private Person person;

    public Person getPerson() {
        return person;
    }

    public void setPerson(Person person) {
        this.person = person;
    }

    public Integer getmId() {
        return mId;
    }

    public void setmId(Integer mId) {
        this.mId = mId;
    }

    public String getmName() {
        return mName;
    }

    public void setmName(String mName) {
        this.mName = mName;
    }
}

applicationContext.xml

<bean id="person" class="cn.kgc.entity.Person">
    <property name="id" value="1"></property>
    <property name="name" value="张三"></property>
</bean>
<bean id="menu" class="cn.kgc.entity.Menu" autowire="byName">
    <property name="mId" value="1"></property>
    <property name="mName" value="牛肉"></property>
</bean>

测试类

@Test
public void testMenu(){
    ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ca = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
    Menu menu = (Menu) ca.getBean("menu");
    System.out.println(menu.getPerson().getName());
}

(2)byType 按类型注入

Java类中引用类型的数据类型和spring容器中(配置文件)的class属性是同源关系，这样的bean能够赋值给引用类型。
同源就是同一类型的意思：

第一种同源：java引用类型的数据类型和bean的class的值一样

User

package cn.kgc.entity;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

public class User   {
     private Integer id;
     private String name;

     private Role role;


  
    public Role getRole() {
        return role;
    }

    public void setRole(Role role) {
        this.role = role;
    }

    public Integer getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Integer id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
}

Role

package cn.kgc.entity;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

public class Role {

    private Integer rid;

    private String rName;

    public Integer getRid() {
        return rid;
    }

    public void setRid(Integer rid) {
        this.rid = rid;
    }

    public String getrName() {
        return rName;
    }

    public void setrName(String rName) {
        this.rName = rName;
    }
}

applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

    <!--声明对象-->
    <bean id="user" class="cn.kgc.entity.User" autowire="byType">
        <property name="id" value="33333"/>
        <property name="name" value="555555"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="role3" class="cn.kgc.entity.Role">
        <property name="rid" value="666"/>
        <property name="rName" value="777"/>
    </bean>
    
</beans>

测试类

@Test
    public void testSpringPrintUser(){
        String conf = "applicationContext.xml";
        //创建Spring容器对象(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext:加载配置文件)
        ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(conf);
        //从容器中获取对象
        User user = (User) ac.getBean("user");
        System.out.println("Role名称:"+user.getRole().getrName());
      }

第二种同源：java引用类型的数据类型和bean的class的值是父子类间的关系

User

package cn.kgc.entity;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

public class User   {
     private Integer id;
     private String name;

     private Role role;

    public Role getRole() {
        return role;
    }

    public void setRole(Role role) {
        this.role = role;
    }

    public Integer getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Integer id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
}

Role

package cn.kgc.entity;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

public class Role {

    private Integer rid;

    private String rName;

    public Integer getRid() {
        return rid;
    }

    public void setRid(Integer rid) {
        this.rid = rid;
    }

    public String getrName() {
        return rName;
    }

    public void setrName(String rName) {
        this.rName = rName;
    }
}

SonRole

package cn.kgc.entity;

public class SonRole extends Role{

}

applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
    <!--声明对象-->
    <bean id="user" class="cn.kgc.entity.User" autowire="byType">
        <property name="id" value="33333"/>
        <property name="name" value="555555"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="sonRole" class="cn.kgc.entity.SonRole">
        <property name="rid" value="666"/>
        <property name="rName" value="777"/>
    </bean>

测试类

 public void testSpringPrintUser(){
        String conf = "applicationContext.xml";
        //创建Spring容器对象(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext:加载配置文件)
        ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(conf);
        //从容器中获取对象
        User user = (User) ac.getBean("user");
        System.out.println("Role名称:"+user.getRole().getrName());
      }

第三种同源：java引用类型的数据类型和bean的class的值是接口和实现类的关系

mapper/UserMapper.java

public interface UserMapper {
    public void add();
}

mapper/UserMapperImpl.java

public class UserMapperImpl implements UserMapper{
    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("add UserMapper....");
    }
}

service/UserService.java

public interface UserService {
    public void add();
}

service/UserServiceImpl

public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService{
    private UserMapper userMapper;

    @Override
    public void add() {
        userMapper.add();
    }

    public UserMapper getUserMapper() {
        return userMapper;
    }

    public void setUserMapper(UserMapper userMapper) {
        this.userMapper = userMapper;
    }
}

applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">


    <bean id="userService" class="cn.kgc.service.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byType">

</bean>
    <bean id="userMapper" class="cn.kgc.mapper.UserMapperImpl"></bean>
    
</beans>

测试类

@Test
    public void testprint3(){
        String conf = "applicationContext.xml";
        ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(conf);
        UserService userService = (UserService) ac.getBean("userService");
        userService.add();
    }

拓展(第三种同源换成byName方式实现)

mapper/UserMapper.java

package cn.kgc.mapper;

public interface UserMapper {
    public void add();
}

mapper/UserMapperImpl.java

package cn.kgc.mapper;

public class UserMapperImpl implements UserMapper{
    @Override
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("add UserMapper....");
    }
}

service/UserService

public interface UserService {
    public void add();
}

service/UserServiceImpl

package cn.kgc.service;

import cn.kgc.mapper.UserMapper;

public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService{
    private UserMapper userMapper;

    @Override
    public void add() {
        userMapper.add();
    }

    public UserMapper getUserMapper() {
        return userMapper;
    }

    public void setUserMapper(UserMapper userMapper) {
        this.userMapper = userMapper;
    }
}

applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">


    <bean id="userService" class="cn.kgc.service.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName">
        <property name="userMapper" ref="userMapper"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="userMapper" class="cn.kgc.mapper.UserMapperImpl">
    </bean>

</beans>

测试类

public class TestUserServiceImpl {
    @Test
    public void testprint3(){
        String conf = "applicationContext.xml";
        ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(conf);
        UserService userService = (UserService) ac.getBean("userService");
        userService.add();
    }
}

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