20250808 C++ 不使用三方库，在 RGB 图像上打印信息

最新推荐文章于 2026-07-03 19:39:28 发布
原创最新推荐文章于 2026-07-03 19:39:28 发布 · 8.4k 阅读
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本内容遵循CC 4.0 BY-SA版权协议
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C++日常笔记
先看效果

在这里插入图片描述
直接上代码

// *********************************************
// FileName: text_overlay.hpp
// Brief:
//
// Date:   8 Aug. 2025
// Author: ...
// *********************************************

#ifndef TEXT_OVERLAY_HPP
#define TEXT_OVERLAY_HPP

#include <cstdint>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>

namespace OVERLAY {
enum class PixFmt { YUV_NV12, RGB24 };

/* ---------- 1. 8×8 字模表（ASCII） ---------- */
// https://github.com/dhepper/font8x8
const uint8_t font8x8_ib8x8u[224][8] = {
        // ---------------------------  0-127 ---------------------------
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 0000 (uni0000.dup1)
        {0x7e, 0x81, 0xa5, 0x81, 0xbd, 0x99, 0x81, 0x7e},  // 0001 (uni0001)
        {0x7e, 0xff, 0xdb, 0xff, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0x7e},  // 0002 (uni0002)
        {0x6c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00},  // 0003 (uni0003)
        {0x10, 0x38, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x10, 0x00},  // 0004 (uni0004)
        {0x38, 0x7c, 0x38, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x7c},  // 0005 (uni0005)
        {0x10, 0x10, 0x38, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x7c},  // 0006 (uni0006)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00},  // 0007 (uni0007)
        {0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff},  // 0008 (uni0008)
        {0x00, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x42, 0x42, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x00},  // 0009 (uni0009)
        {0xff, 0xc3, 0x99, 0xbd, 0xbd, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xff},  // 000a (uni000A)
        {0x0f, 0x07, 0x0f, 0x7d, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78},  // 000b (uni000B)
        {0x3c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x18},  // 000c (uni000C)
        {0x3f, 0x33, 0x3f, 0x30, 0x30, 0x70, 0xf0, 0xe0},  // 000d (uni000D)
        {0x7f, 0x63, 0x7f, 0x63, 0x63, 0x67, 0xe6, 0xc0},  // 000e (uni000E)
        {0x99, 0x5a, 0x3c, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0x3c, 0x5a, 0x99},  // 000f (uni000F)
        {0x80, 0xe0, 0xf8, 0xfe, 0xf8, 0xe0, 0x80, 0x00},  // 0010 (uni0010)
        {0x02, 0x0e, 0x3e, 0xfe, 0x3e, 0x0e, 0x02, 0x00},  // 0011 (uni0011)
        {0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18},  // 0012 (uni0012)
        {0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x00, 0x66, 0x00},  // 0013 (uni0013)
        {0x7f, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0x7b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x00},  // 0014 (uni0014)
        {0x3e, 0x63, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x38, 0xcc, 0x78},  // 0015 (uni0015)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x7e, 0x7e, 0x00},  // 0016 (uni0016)
        {0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0xff},  // 0017 (uni0017)
        {0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00},  // 0018 (uni0018)
        {0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00},  // 0019 (uni0019)
        {0x00, 0x18, 0x0c, 0xfe, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00},  // 001a (uni001A)
        {0x00, 0x30, 0x60, 0xfe, 0x60, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00},  // 001b (uni001B)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00},  // 001c (uni001C)
        {0x00, 0x24, 0x66, 0xff, 0x66, 0x24, 0x00, 0x00},  // 001d (uni001D)
        {0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00},  // 001e (uni001E)
        {0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00},  // 001f (uni001F)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 0020 (space)
        {0x30, 0x78, 0x78, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00},  // 0021 (exclam)
        {0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 0022 (quotedbl)
        {0x6c, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x00},  // 0023 (numbersign)
        {0x30, 0x7c, 0xc0, 0x78, 0x0c, 0xf8, 0x30, 0x00},  // 0024 (dollar)
        {0x00, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0x18, 0x30, 0x66, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 0025 (percent)
        {0x38, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x76, 0xdc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00},  // 0026 (ampersand)
        {0x60, 0x60, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 0027 (quotesingle)
        {0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00},  // 0028 (parenleft)
        {0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00},  // 0029 (parenright)
        {0x00, 0x66, 0x3c, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00},  // 002a (asterisk)
        {0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0xfc, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00},  // 002b (plus)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x60},  // 002c (comma)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 002d (hyphen)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00},  // 002e (period)
        {0x06, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc0, 0x80, 0x00},  // 002f (slash)
        {0x7c, 0xc6, 0xce, 0xde, 0xf6, 0xe6, 0x7c, 0x00},  // 0030 (zero)
        {0x30, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 0031 (one)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0x0c, 0x38, 0x60, 0xc4, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 0032 (two)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0x0c, 0x38, 0x0c, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0033 (three)
        {0x1c, 0x3c, 0x6c, 0xcc, 0xfe, 0x0c, 0x1e, 0x00},  // 0034 (four)
        {0xfc, 0xc0, 0xf8, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0035 (five)
        {0x38, 0x60, 0xc0, 0xf8, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0036 (six)
        {0xfc, 0xcc, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00},  // 0037 (seven)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0038 (eight)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x70, 0x00},  // 0039 (nine)
        {0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00},  // 003a (colon)
        {0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00},  // 003b (semicolon)
        {0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc0, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00},  // 003c (less)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00},  // 003d (equal)
        {0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x00},  // 003e (greater)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00},  // 003f (question)
        {0x7c, 0xc6, 0xde, 0xde, 0xde, 0xc0, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0040 (at)
        {0x30, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x00},  // 0041 (A)
        {0xfc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x66, 0x66, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 0042 (B)
        {0x3c, 0x66, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x00},  // 0043 (C)
        {0xf8, 0x6c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x6c, 0xf8, 0x00},  // 0044 (D)
        {0xfe, 0x62, 0x68, 0x78, 0x68, 0x62, 0xfe, 0x00},  // 0045 (E)
        {0xfe, 0x62, 0x68, 0x78, 0x68, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00},  // 0046 (F)
        {0x3c, 0x66, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0xce, 0x66, 0x3e, 0x00},  // 0047 (G)
        {0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x00},  // 0048 (H)
        {0x78, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0049 (I)
        {0x1e, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 004a (J)
        {0xe6, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x78, 0x6c, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00},  // 004b (K)
        {0xf0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x62, 0x66, 0xfe, 0x00},  // 004c (L)
        {0xc6, 0xee, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xd6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 004d (M)
        {0xc6, 0xe6, 0xf6, 0xde, 0xce, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 004e (N)
        {0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00},  // 004f (O)
        {0xfc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00},  // 0050 (P)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xdc, 0x78, 0x1c, 0x00},  // 0051 (Q)
        {0xfc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x6c, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00},  // 0052 (R)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0xe0, 0x70, 0x1c, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0053 (S)
        {0xfc, 0xb4, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0054 (T)
        {0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 0055 (U)
        {0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x30, 0x00},  // 0056 (V)
        {0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xd6, 0xfe, 0xee, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 0057 (W)
        {0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 0058 (X)
        {0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0059 (Y)
        {0xfe, 0xc6, 0x8c, 0x18, 0x32, 0x66, 0xfe, 0x00},  // 005a (Z)
        {0x78, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x78, 0x00},  // 005b (bracketleft)
        {0xc0, 0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x06, 0x02, 0x00},  // 005c (backslash)
        {0x78, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x78, 0x00},  // 005d (bracketright)
        {0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 005e (asciicircum)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff},  // 005f (underscore)
        {0x30, 0x30, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 0060 (grave)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00},  // 0061 (a)
        {0xe0, 0x60, 0x60, 0x7c, 0x66, 0x66, 0xdc, 0x00},  // 0062 (b)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xc0, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0063 (c)
        {0x1c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00},  // 0064 (d)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0xc0, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0065 (e)
        {0x38, 0x6c, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x60, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00},  // 0066 (f)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0xf8},  // 0067 (g)
        {0xe0, 0x60, 0x6c, 0x76, 0x66, 0x66, 0xe6, 0x00},  // 0068 (h)
        {0x30, 0x00, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 0069 (i)
        {0x0c, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78},  // 006a (j)
        {0xe0, 0x60, 0x66, 0x6c, 0x78, 0x6c, 0xe6, 0x00},  // 006b (k)
        {0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 006c (l)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xd6, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 006d (m)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xf8, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x00},  // 006e (n)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 006f (o)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xdc, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0xf0},  // 0070 (p)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x1e},  // 0071 (q)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xdc, 0x76, 0x66, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00},  // 0072 (r)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc0, 0x78, 0x0c, 0xf8, 0x00},  // 0073 (s)
        {0x10, 0x30, 0x7c, 0x30, 0x30, 0x34, 0x18, 0x00},  // 0074 (t)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x76, 0x00},  // 0075 (u)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x30, 0x00},  // 0076 (v)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xd6, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x6c, 0x00},  // 0077 (w)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 0078 (x)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0xf8},  // 0079 (y)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x98, 0x30, 0x64, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 007a (z)
        {0x1c, 0x30, 0x30, 0xe0, 0x30, 0x30, 0x1c, 0x00},  // 007b (braceleft)
        {0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00},  // 007c (bar)
        {0xe0, 0x30, 0x30, 0x1c, 0x30, 0x30, 0xe0, 0x00},  // 007d (braceright)
        {0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 007e (asciitilde)
        {0x00, 0x10, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x00},  // 007f (uni007F)
        // ---------------------------  160-255 ---------------------------
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00a0 (uni00A0)
        {0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00},  // 00a1 (exclamdown)
        {0x18, 0x18, 0x7e, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0x7e, 0x18, 0x18},  // 00a2 (cent)
        {0x38, 0x6c, 0x64, 0xf0, 0x60, 0xe6, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 00a3 (sterling)
        {0x00, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 00a4 (currency)
        {0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0xfc, 0x30, 0xfc, 0x30, 0x30},  // 00a5 (yen)
        {0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00},  // 00a6 (brokenbar)
        {0x3e, 0x63, 0x38, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x38, 0xcc, 0x78},  // 00a7 (section)
        {0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00a8 (dieresis)
        {0x7e, 0x81, 0x9d, 0xa1, 0xa1, 0x9d, 0x81, 0x7e},  // 00a9 (copyright)
        {0x3c, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x3e, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00aa (ordfeminine)
        {0x00, 0x33, 0x66, 0xcc, 0x66, 0x33, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00ab (guillemotleft)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x0c, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00ac (logicalnot)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00ad (uni00AD)
        {0x7e, 0x81, 0xb9, 0xa5, 0xb9, 0xa5, 0x81, 0x7e},  // 00ae (registered)
        {0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00af (macron)
        {0x38, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00b0 (degree)
        {0x30, 0x30, 0xfc, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 00b1 (plusminus)
        {0x70, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00b2 (uni00B2)
        {0x70, 0x18, 0x30, 0x18, 0x70, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00b3 (uni00B3)
        {0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00b4 (acute)
        {0x00, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0xc0},  // 00b5 (mu)
        {0x7f, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0x7b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x00},  // 00b6 (paragraph)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00b7 (periodcentered)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x38},  // 00b8 (cedilla)
        {0x30, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00b9 (uni00B9)
        {0x38, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00ba (ordmasculine)
        {0x00, 0xcc, 0x66, 0x33, 0x66, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00bb (guillemotright)
        {0xc3, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x6f, 0xcf, 0x03},  // 00bc (onequarter)
        {0xc3, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0xde, 0x33, 0x66, 0xcc, 0x0f},  // 00bd (onehalf)
        {0xe0, 0x33, 0x66, 0x3c, 0xfb, 0x37, 0x6f, 0xc3},  // 00be (threequarters)
        {0x30, 0x00, 0x30, 0x60, 0xc0, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00bf (questiondown)
        {0xc0, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 00c0 (Agrave)
        {0x06, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 00c1 (Aacute)
        {0x7c, 0xc6, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 00c2 (Acircumflex)
        {0x76, 0xdc, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 00c3 (Atilde)
        {0xc6, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x00},  // 00c4 (Adieresis)
        {0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0xcc, 0x00},  // 00c5 (Aring)
        {0x3e, 0x6c, 0xcc, 0xfe, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xce, 0x00},  // 00c6 (AE)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0xc0, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x18, 0x0c, 0x78},  // 00c7 (Ccedilla)
        {0xe0, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x60, 0x78, 0x60, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 00c8 (Egrave)
        {0x1c, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x60, 0x78, 0x60, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 00c9 (Eacute)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0x60, 0x78, 0x60, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 00ca (Ecircumflex)
        {0xcc, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x60, 0x78, 0x60, 0xfc, 0x00},  // 00cb (Edieresis)
        {0xe0, 0x00, 0x78, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00cc (Igrave)
        {0x1c, 0x00, 0x78, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00cd (Iacute)
        {0x7e, 0xc3, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00},  // 00ce (Icircumflex)
        {0xcc, 0x00, 0x78, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00cf (Idieresis)
        {0xf8, 0x6c, 0x66, 0xf6, 0x66, 0x6c, 0xf8, 0x00},  // 00d0 (Eth)
        {0xfc, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xec, 0xfc, 0xdc, 0xcc, 0x00},  // 00d1 (Ntilde)
        {0xc0, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00},  // 00d2 (Ograve)
        {0x06, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00},  // 00d3 (Oacute)
        {0x7c, 0xc6, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00},  // 00d4 (Ocircumflex)
        {0x76, 0xdc, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x00},  // 00d5 (Otilde)
        {0xc3, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00},  // 00d6 (Odieresis)
        {0x00, 0xc6, 0x6c, 0x38, 0x6c, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00},  // 00d7 (multiply)
        {0x3a, 0x6c, 0xce, 0xd6, 0xe6, 0x6c, 0xb8, 0x00},  // 00d8 (Oslash)
        {0xe0, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00d9 (Ugrave)
        {0x1c, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00da (Uacute)
        {0x7c, 0xc6, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00},  // 00db (Ucircumflex)
        {0xcc, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00dc (Udieresis)
        {0x1c, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00dd (Yacute)
        {0xf0, 0x60, 0x7c, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x00},  // 00de (Thorn)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xd8, 0xcc, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0x00},  // 00df (germandbls)
        {0xe0, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0x7e, 0x00},  // 00e0 (agrave)
        {0x1c, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0x7e, 0x00},  // 00e1 (aacute)
        {0x7e, 0xc3, 0x3c, 0x06, 0x3e, 0x66, 0x3f, 0x00},  // 00e2 (acircumflex)
        {0x76, 0xdc, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0x7e, 0x00},  // 00e3 (atilde)
        {0xcc, 0x00, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0x7e, 0x00},  // 00e4 (adieresis)
        {0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0x7e, 0x00},  // 00e5 (aring)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0x0c, 0x7f, 0xcc, 0x7f, 0x00},  // 00e6 (ae)
        {0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0x78, 0x0c, 0x38},  // 00e7 (ccedilla)
        {0xe0, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0xc0, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00e8 (egrave)
        {0x1c, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0xc0, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00e9 (eacute)
        {0x7e, 0xc3, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x7e, 0x60, 0x3c, 0x00},  // 00ea (ecircumflex)
        {0xcc, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0xc0, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00eb (edieresis)
        {0xe0, 0x00, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00ec (igrave)
        {0x38, 0x00, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00ed (iacute)
        {0x7c, 0xc6, 0x38, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x00},  // 00ee (icircumflex)
        {0xcc, 0x00, 0x70, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00ef (idieresis)
        {0x30, 0x7e, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00f0 (eth)
        {0x00, 0xf8, 0x00, 0xf8, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x00},  // 00f1 (ntilde)
        {0x00, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00f2 (ograve)
        {0x00, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00f3 (oacute)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00f4 (ocircumflex)
        {0x76, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00f5 (otilde)
        {0x00, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00},  // 00f6 (odieresis)
        {0x30, 0x30, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x00},  // 00f7 (divide)
        {0x00, 0x02, 0x7c, 0xce, 0xd6, 0xe6, 0x7c, 0x80},  // 00f8 (oslash)
        {0x00, 0xe0, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7e, 0x00},  // 00f9 (ugrave)
        {0x00, 0x1c, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7e, 0x00},  // 00fa (uacute)
        {0x78, 0xcc, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7e, 0x00},  // 00fb (ucircumflex)
        {0x00, 0xcc, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7e, 0x00},  // 00fc (udieresis)
        {0x00, 0x1c, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0x78},  // 00fd (yacute)
        {0xe0, 0x60, 0x7c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0x60, 0xf0},  // 00fe (thorn)
        {0x00, 0xcc, 0x00, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0xf8},  // 00ff (ydieresis)
};

static inline const uint8_t* charBitmap(char c) {
    uint8_t idx = static_cast<uint8_t>(c);
    return font8x8_ib8x8u[idx];
}

static inline void drawChar(void *data,
                            int w, int h, PixFmt fmt,
                            int x0, int y0, char c,
                            int scale,
                            uint8_t r = 255, uint8_t g = 255, uint8_t b = 255,
                            uint8_t Y = 235, uint8_t U = 128, uint8_t V = 128);

static inline void writeText(void *data,
                             int imgW, int imgH, PixFmt imgFmt,
                             int x, int y, const char *text,
                             uint8_t r = 255, uint8_t g = 0, uint8_t b = 0,
                             uint8_t Y = 76, uint8_t U = 84, uint8_t V = 255,
                             int scale = 4, int space = 9);

/* ---------- 实现 ---------- */
static inline void putPixel(void *data,
                            int w, int h, PixFmt fmt,
                            int x, int y,
                            uint8_t r, uint8_t g, uint8_t b,
                            uint8_t Y, uint8_t U, uint8_t V)
{
    if (fmt == PixFmt::RGB24) {
        uint8_t* p = static_cast<uint8_t*>(data) + (y * w + x) * 3;
        p[0] = r; p[1] = g; p[2] = b;
    } else if (fmt == PixFmt::YUV_NV12) {
        uint8_t* Y_plane = static_cast<uint8_t*>(data);
        uint8_t* U_plane = Y_plane + w * h;
        uint8_t* V_plane = U_plane + (w / 2) * (h / 2);
        uint8_t* UV_plane = Y_plane + w * h;

        Y_plane[y * w + x] = Y;
        int x2 = x / 2, y2 = y / 2;
        UV_plane[y2 * w + x] = U;
        UV_plane[y2 * w + x + 1] = V;
    }
}

static inline void drawChar(void *data,
                            int w, int h, PixFmt fmt,
                            int x0, int y0, char c,
                            int scale,
                            uint8_t r, uint8_t g, uint8_t b,
                            uint8_t Y, uint8_t U, uint8_t V)
{
    const uint8_t* bm = charBitmap(c);
    for (int row = 0; row < 8; ++row) {
        uint8_t bits = bm[row];
        for (int col = 0; col < 8; ++col) {
            if (!(bits & (1 << (7 - col)))) continue;
            for (int dy = 0; dy < scale; ++dy)
                for (int dx = 0; dx < scale; ++dx) {
                    int px = x0 + col * scale + dx;
                    int py = y0 + row * scale + dy;
                    if (px < 0 || px >= w || py < 0 || py >= h) continue;
                    putPixel(data, w, h, fmt, px, py, r, g, b, Y, U, V);
                }
        }
    }
}

static inline void writeText(void *data,
                             int imgW, int imgH, PixFmt imgFmt,
                             int x, int y,
                             const char *text,
                             uint8_t r, uint8_t g, uint8_t b,
                             uint8_t Y, uint8_t U, uint8_t V,
                             int scale, int space)
{
    for (; *text; ++text) {
        drawChar(data, imgW, imgH, imgFmt, x, y, *text, scale, r, g, b, Y, U, V);
        x += space * scale;
    }
}

static inline void writeTextRgb(void *data, int imgW, int imgH,
                                int x, int y, int fontSize,
                                const char *text,
                                uint8_t r=255, uint8_t g=0, uint8_t b=0)
{
    int space = 8;

    for (; *text; ++text)
    {
        drawChar(data, imgW, imgH, PixFmt::RGB24, x, y, *text, fontSize, r, g, b);
        x += space * fontSize;
    }
}

static inline bool savePPM(const char *filename, void *rgb, int w, int h) {
    FILE *fp = fopen(filename, "wb");
    if (!fp) return false;
    fprintf(fp, "P6\n%d %d\n255\n", w, h);
    fwrite(rgb, 1, w * h * 3, fp);
    fclose(fp);
    return true;
}
}

int main() {
    int imgW = 600;
    int imgH = 200;

    uint8_t rgb[imgW * imgH * 3];

    // set background color
    std::memset(rgb, 255, imgW * imgH * 3);

    // write text
    // OVERLAY::writeTextRgb(rgb, imgW, imgH, 10, 20, 1, "Good Job~ ", 255);
    OVERLAY::writeTextRgb(rgb, imgW, imgH, 10, 10, 2, "Good Job~ ", 255);
    OVERLAY::writeTextRgb(rgb, imgW, imgH, 10, 40, 3, "Good Job~ ", 25, 150, 66);
    OVERLAY::writeTextRgb(rgb, imgW, imgH, 10, 80, 4, "Good Job~ ", 2, 4, 6);
    OVERLAY::writeTextRgb(rgb, imgW, imgH, 10, 120, 4, "Data: 8 Aug. 2025", 0, 0, 255);
    OVERLAY::savePPM("save.ppm", rgb, imgW, imgH);

    return 0;
}

#endif
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