YOLO11学习

注：出现的所有路径是博主自身电脑的配置路径，仅供参考

一、网络结构

源代码位置：

/home/[username]/anaconda3/envs/pytorch/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ultralytics/cfg/models/11/yolo11.yaml

二、运行结果分析

box_loss  定位损失（回归）

cls_loss   分类损失

dfl_loss    分布式边界损失（细化box_loss）

1.如何看用的什么损失函数？

我是定位+分类任务

/home/[username]/anaconda3/envs/pytorch/lib/python3.10/site-packages/ultralytics/utils/loss.py

(1).loss[0]   box定位损失

(2).loss[1]  cls分类损失

这是Pytorch的标准函数，路径

/home/[username]/anaconda3/envs/pytorch/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/loss.py

class BCEWithLogitsLoss(_Loss):
    r"""This loss combines a `Sigmoid` layer and the `BCELoss` in one single
    class. This version is more numerically stable than using a plain `Sigmoid`
    followed by a `BCELoss` as, by combining the operations into one layer,
    we take advantage of the log-sum-exp trick for numerical stability.

    The unreduced (i.e. with :attr:`reduction` set to ``'none'``) loss can be described as:

    .. math::
        \ell(x, y) = L = \{l_1,\dots,l_N\}^\top, \quad
        l_n = - w_n \left[ y_n \cdot \log \sigma(x_n)
        + (1 - y_n) \cdot \log (1 - \sigma(x_n)) \right],

    where :math:`N` is the batch size. If :attr:`reduction` is not ``'none'``
    (default ``'mean'``), then

    .. math::
        \ell(x, y) = \begin{cases}
            \operatorname{mean}(L), & \text{if reduction} = \text{`mean';}\\
            \operatorname{sum}(L),  & \text{if reduction} = \text{`sum'.}
        \end{cases}

    This is used for measuring the error of a reconstruction in for example
    an auto-encoder. Note that the targets `t[i]` should be numbers
    between 0 and 1.

    It's possible to trade off recall and precision by adding weights to positive examples.
    In the case of multi-label classification the loss can be described as:

    .. math::
        \ell_c(x, y) = L_c = \{l_{1,c},\dots,l_{N,c}\}^\top, \quad
        l_{n,c} = - w_{n,c} \left[ p_c y_{n,c} \cdot \log \sigma(x_{n,c})
        + (1 - y_{n,c}) \cdot \log (1 - \sigma(x_{n,c})) \right],

    where :math:`c` is the class number (:math:`c > 1` for multi-label binary classification,
    :math:`c = 1` for single-label binary classification),
    :math:`n` is the number of the sample in the batch and
    :math:`p_c` is the weight of the positive answer for the class :math:`c`.

    :math:`p_c > 1` increases the recall, :math:`p_c < 1` increases the precision.

    For example, if a dataset contains 100 positive and 300 negative examples of a single class,
    then ``pos_weight`` for the class should be equal to :math:`\frac{300}{100}=3`.
    The loss would act as if the dataset contains :math:`3\times 100=300` positive examples.

    Examples::

        >>> target = torch.ones([10, 64], dtype=torch.float32)  # 64 classes, batch size = 10
        >>> output = torch.full([10, 64], 1.5)  # A prediction (logit)
        >>> pos_weight = torch.ones([64])  # All weights are equal to 1
        >>> criterion = torch.nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss(pos_weight=pos_weight)
        >>> criterion(output, target)  # -log(sigmoid(1.5))
        tensor(0.20...)

    In the above example, the ``pos_weight`` tensor's elements correspond to the 64 distinct classes
    in a multi-label binary classification scenario. Each element in ``pos_weight`` is designed to adjust the
    loss function based on the imbalance between negative and positive samples for the respective class.
    This approach is useful in datasets with varying levels of class imbalance, ensuring that the loss
    calculation accurately accounts for the distribution in each class.

    Args:
        weight (Tensor, optional): a manual rescaling weight given to the loss
            of each batch element. If given, has to be a Tensor of size `nbatch`.
        size_average (bool, optional): Deprecated (see :attr:`reduction`). By default,
            the losses are averaged over each loss element in the batch. Note that for
            some losses, there are multiple elements per sample. If the field :attr:`size_average`
            is set to ``False``, the losses are instead summed for each minibatch. Ignored
            when :attr:`reduce` is ``False``. Default: ``True``
        reduce (bool, optional): Deprecated (see :attr:`reduction`). By default, the
            losses are averaged or summed over observations for each minibatch depending
            on :attr:`size_average`. When :attr:`reduce` is ``False``, returns a loss per
            batch element instead and ignores :attr:`size_average`. Default: ``True``
        reduction (str, optional): Specifies the reduction to apply to the output:
            ``'none'`` | ``'mean'`` | ``'sum'``. ``'none'``: no reduction will be applied,
            ``'mean'``: the sum of the output will be divided by the number of
            elements in the output, ``'sum'``: the output will be summed. Note: :attr:`size_average`
            and :attr:`reduce` are in the process of being deprecated, and in the meantime,
            specifying either of those two args will override :attr:`reduction`. Default: ``'mean'``
        pos_weight (Tensor, optional): a weight of positive examples to be broadcasted with target.
            Must be a tensor with equal size along the class dimension to the number of classes.
            Pay close attention to PyTorch's broadcasting semantics in order to achieve the desired
            operations. For a target of size [B, C, H, W] (where B is batch size) pos_weight of
            size [B, C, H, W] will apply different pos_weights to each element of the batch or
            [C, H, W] the same pos_weights across the batch. To apply the same positive weight
            along all spacial dimensions for a 2D multi-class target [C, H, W] use: [C, 1, 1].
            Default: ``None``

    Shape:
        - Input: :math:`(*)`, where :math:`*` means any number of dimensions.
        - Target: :math:`(*)`, same shape as the input.
        - Output: scalar. If :attr:`reduction` is ``'none'``, then :math:`(*)`, same
          shape as input.

     Examples::

        >>> loss = nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss()
        >>> input = torch.randn(3, requires_grad=True)
        >>> target = torch.empty(3).random_(2)
        >>> output = loss(input, target)
        >>> output.backward()
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        weight: Optional[Tensor] = None,
        size_average=None,
        reduce=None,
        reduction: str = "mean",
        pos_weight: Optional[Tensor] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(size_average, reduce, reduction)
        self.register_buffer("weight", weight)
        self.register_buffer("pos_weight", pos_weight)
        self.weight: Optional[Tensor]
        self.pos_weight: Optional[Tensor]

    def forward(self, input: Tensor, target: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        return F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(
            input,
            target,
            self.weight,
            pos_weight=self.pos_weight,
            reduction=self.reduction,
        )

BCEWithLogitsLoss 理论知识参考博客：

https://blog.csdn.net/qq_39697468/article/details/152211862?ops_request_misc=%257B%2522request%255Fid%2522%253A%2522fc3a354284060314fb9ab49f3076f882%2522%252C%2522scm%2522%253A%252220140713.130102334..%2522%257D&request_id=fc3a354284060314fb9ab49f3076f882&biz_id=0&utm_medium=distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-blog-2~all~sobaiduend~default-2-152211862-null-null.142^v102^control&utm_term=BCEWithLogitsLoss&spm=1018.2226.3001.4187