Linux查看系统硬件信息的九个命令实例详解

原创已于 2026-05-03 05:22:22 修改 · 476 阅读

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GEO检测

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#linux #运维 #服务器

于 2026-05-03 03:43:49 首次发布

在Linux下，我们要遇到需要查看系统的硬件信息，这里我罗列了查看系统硬件信息的实用命令，并做了分类，实例解说。

执行环境：ubuntu 16.04

1. cpu

lscpu命令，查看的是cpu的统计信息.

root@ubuntu:/home/peng/# lscpu

Architecture: x86_64 #cpu架构

CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit

Byte Order: Little Endian #小尾序

CPU(s): 1 #总共有1核

On-line CPU(s) list: 0

Thread(s) per core: 1 #每个cpu核，只能支持一个线程，即不支持超线程

Core(s) per socket: 1

Socket(s): 1

NUMA node(s): 1

Vendor ID: GenuineIntel #cpu产商 intel

CPU family: 6

Model: 158

Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7500 CPU @ 3.40GHz

Stepping: 9

CPU MHz: 3408.070

BogoMIPS: 6816.14

Hypervisor vendor: VMware

Virtualization type: full #支持cpu虚拟化技术

L1d cache: 32K

L1i cache: 32K

L2 cache: 256K

L3 cache: 6144K

NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0

查看/proc/cpuinfo,可以知道每个cpu信息，如每个CPU的型号，主频等。

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# cat /proc/cpuinfo

processor : 0

vendor_id : GenuineIntel

cpu family : 6

model : 158

model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7500 CPU @ 3.40GHz

stepping : 9

microcode : 0x48

cpu MHz : 3408.070

cache size : 6144 KB

physical id : 0

siblings : 1

core id : 0

cpu cores : 1

apicid : 0

initial apicid : 0

fpu : yes

fpu_exception : yes

cpuid level : 22

wp : yes

.....

2. 内存

概要查看内存情况

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available

Mem: 1970 702 315 13 952 1025

Swap: 974 20 954

这里的单位是MB，总共的内存是1970MB。

查看内存详细使用

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# cat /proc/meminfo

MemTotal: 2017516 kB

MemFree: 242020 kB

MemAvailable: 1003240 kB

Buffers: 104192 kB

Cached: 699824 kB

SwapCached: 1832 kB

Active: 696320 kB

Inactive: 639924 kB

Active(anon): 236412 kB

Inactive(anon): 301996 kB

Active(file): 459908 kB

Inactive(file): 337928 kB

Unevictable: 48 kB

Mlocked: 48 kB

.....

查看内存硬件信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# dmidecode -t memory

# dmidecode 3.0

Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.

SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0084, DMI type 5, 46 bytes

Memory Controller Information

Error Detecting Method: None

Error Correcting Capabilities:

None

Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave

Current Interleave: One-way Interleave

Maximum Memory Module Size: 32768 MB

Maximum Total Memory Size: 491520 MB

Supported Speeds:

70 ns

60 ns

Supported Memory Types:

FPM

EDO

DIMM

SDRAM

Memory Module Voltage: 3.3 V

Associated Memory Slots: 15

.....

内存最大值是 491520 MB。

3. 磁盘

查看硬盘和分区分布

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom

sda 8:0 0 500G 0 disk

├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part

├─sda5 8:5 0 975M 0 part [SWAP]

└─sda1 8:1 0 499G 0 part /

查看硬盘和分区的详细信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 500 GiB, 536870912000 bytes, 1048576000 sectors

Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disklabel type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x9c674a44

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sda1 * 2048 1046575103 1046573056 499G 83 Linux

/dev/sda2 1046577150 1048573951 1996802 975M 5 Extended

/dev/sda5 1046577152 1048573951 1996800 975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris

4. 网卡

查看网卡硬件信息

1 2	`root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci \| grep -i 'eth'` `02:01.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) (rev 01)`

查看系统的所有网络接口

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ifconfig -a

ens33 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0c:29:bb:bd:40

inet addr:192.168.0.117 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

inet6 addr: fe80::76fa:5548:3da0:2ef/64 Scope:Link

UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1

RX packets:174629 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:105285 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000

RX bytes:237519396 (237.5 MB) TX bytes:9592767 (9.5 MB)

lo Link encap:Local Loopback

inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0

inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host

UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1

RX packets:854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000

RX bytes:60894 (60.8 KB) TX bytes:60894 (60.8 KB)

或者是

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ip link show

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000

link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:bb:bd:40 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

或者

如果要查看某个网络接口的详细信息，例如ens33的详细参数和指标

【有的ubuntu网口是eth0】

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# ethtool ens33

Settings for ens33:

Supported ports: [ TP ]

Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full

100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full #支持千兆半双工，全双工模式

1000baseT/Full

Supported pause frame use: No

Supports auto-negotiation: Yes #默认使用自适应模式

Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full

100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full

1000baseT/Full

Advertised pause frame use: No

Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes

Speed: 1000Mb/s #网卡的速度是1000Mb

Duplex: Full #全双工

Port: Twisted Pair

PHYAD: 0

Transceiver: internal

Auto-negotiation: on

MDI-X: off (auto)

Supports Wake-on: d

Wake-on: d

Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)

drv probe link

Link detected: yes #表示有网线连接，和路由是通的

5. pci

查看pci信息，即主板所有硬件槽信息。

root@ubuntu:/home/peng# lspci

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82845 845 (Brookdale) Chipset Host Bridge (rev 04)

00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82845 845 (Brookdale) Chipset AGP Bridge(rev 04)

00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM USB (Hub #1) (rev 02)

00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM USB (Hub #2) (rev 02)

00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge (rev 42)

00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801CAM ISA Bridge (LPC) (rev 02)

00:1f.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801CAM IDE U100 (rev 02)

00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM SMBus Controller (rev 02)

00:1f.5 Multimedia audio controller:Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 02)

00:1f.6 Modem: Intel Corporation 82801CA/CAM AC'97 Modem Controller (rev 02)

01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go](rev a3)

02:00.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): VIA Technologies, Inc. IEEE 1394 Host Controller(rev 46)

02:01.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+(rev 10)

02:04.0 CardBus bridge: O2 Micro, Inc. OZ6933 Cardbus Controller (rev 01)

02:04.1 CardBus bridge: O2 Micro, Inc. OZ6933 Cardbus Controller (rev 01)

由上述的输出可以看到，我的电脑上共有3个PCI总线(0号，1号，2号）。在单个系统上，插入多个总线是通过桥（bridge)来完成的，桥是一种用来连接总线的特殊PCI外设。所以，PCI系统的整体布局组织为树型，我们可以通过上面的lspci输出，来画出我的电脑上的PCI系统的树型结构：

00:00.0(主桥）--00:01.0(PCI桥）-----01:00:0(nVidia显卡）

|

|---00:1d(USB控制器)--00:1d:0(USB1号控制器）

| |

| |--00:1d:1(USB2号控制器） |

|-00:1e:0(PCI桥)--02:00.0(IEEE1394)

| |

| |-02:01.0(8139网卡）

| |

| |-02:04(CardBus桥)-02:04.0(桥1）

| |

| |--02:04.1(桥2)

|

|-00:1f(多功能板卡)-00:1f:0(ISA桥）

|

|--00:1f:1(IDE接口)

|

|--00:1f:3(SMBus)

|

|--00:1f:5(多媒体声音控制器)

|

|--00:1f:6(调制解调器)

由上图可以得出，我的电脑上共有8个PCI设备，其中0号总线上(主桥)上连有4个，1号总线上连有1个，2号总线上连有3个。00:1f是一个连有5个功能的多功能板卡。