OPERATORS & OPERATOR OVERLORDING in C++

一.OPERATORS

除了基本的加减乘除，还有箭头运算符 -> ；常用于内存地址的&运算符；左尖号运算符 < ，常用来输入到流里；还有new 和 delete 运算符，逗号运算符（comma），括号运算符（blanket）。都可以重载（overloading）。

1.1 What is overloading?

Simply operator overloading just giving a new meaning or adding parameters to a existing operator.
In a case of overloading you allow to define or change the behavior of operator in your programme, this a very very useful feature that isn’t support in language such as java.
And C++ gives us full control.

1.2 Add and Multiply action whitout operator overloading

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

struct Vector2
{
	float x, y;

	Vector2(float x, float y)
		:x(x),y(y){}

	Vector2 Add(const Vector2& other) const
	{
		return Vector2(x + other.x, y + other.y);
	}

	Vector2 Multiply(const Vector2& other) const
	{
		return Vector2(x * other.x, y * other.y);
	}
};


int main()
{
	Vector2 position(4.0f, 4.0f);
	Vector2 speed(0.5f, 1.5f);
	Vector2 powerup(1.1f, 1.1f);

	Vector2 result = position.Add(speed);
	Vector2 result = position.Add(speed.Multiply(powerup));
	
	std::cin.get();
}

Vector2 result = position.Add(speed.Multiply(powerup));
It seems be annoying cause we just need a result that a position + speed * power;
But if we just write the code like this:
Vector2 result = position + speed * powerup;
This code doesn’t compile.

1.3 Overloading the + and * operators!

You can be overloading a + operator after the Add function like this:

	Vector2 operator+(const Vector2& other)const
		{
			return Add(other);
		}

or

		Vector2 Add(const Vector2& other) const
		{
			return *this + other;
		}
		Vector2 operator+(const Vector2& other)const
		{
			return Vector2(x + other.x, y + other.y);
		}

The same to Multiply:

		Vector2 operator*(const Vector2& other) const
		{
			return Multiply(other);
		}

So that the code can be complie!

		Vector2 result = position + speed * powerup;

1.4 Overloading the << operator (shift left operator) and ==,!= operator.

And next we want to print the result, so we need to overloading the << operator which take in an output stream:

	std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const Vector2& other)
	{
		stream << other.x << "," << other.y;
		return stream;
	}

		std::cout << result << std::endl;

Overloading == and != to compare with other Vector2

		bool operator==(const Vector2& other) const
		{
			return x == other.x && y == other.y;
		}
		bool operator!=(const Vector2& other) const
		{
			return !(*this == other);
		}

		if (result1 == result2)//if (result1 != result2)
		{
			//action
		}

1.5 The operators can’t be overloading:

. （成员访问运算符）
.* （成员指针访问运算符）
∷（域运算符）
sizeof（长度运算符）
?: （条件运算符）