浏览本文之前,事先告知,本文由两个部分,如果你只是忘记了<set>的某些常用的用法,那只要看前半部分《STL_<set>快速养成》,如果你是初次接触set并且想要做一番深究的话,可以把整篇都看完,相信大家或多或少都会有所收获
一。《STL_<set>快速养成》
1.<set>的特性
<set>中所有的元素都互不相同,并且是有序的(默认从小到大),在内部是通过二叉查找树实现,与map不同的是其关键词(key)和值(value)相等
2.如何创建
-创建一个空的set
set<int> set_empty -创建一个带大于比较器的set,默认是小于比较器less<int>
set<int,greater<int>> set_greater -用数组初始化一个set
int array[3]={1,2,3};
set<int> set_array(array,array+3); -用拷贝构造函数初始化set
set<int> set_1;
set<int> set_2(set_1); -区间初始化set
set<int> set_1;
set<int> set_2(set_1.begin(),set_1.end()) -自定义比较器
以类为比较器
struct classcmp
{
bool operator()(const int& lhs, const int& rhs)
{
return lhs < rhs ;
}
};
int main(void)
{
set<int, classcmp> s5
return 0;
} 以函数指针为比较器
bool fncmp(int lhs, int rhs)
{
return lhs < rhs ;
}
int main(void)
{
bool(*fn_pt)(int, int) = fncmp ;
set<int, bool(*)(int, int)> s1(fn_pt) ;
system("pause") ;
return 0 ;
}
3.如何遍历
-正向遍历
使用while()
int a[3] = {1, 2, 3} ;
set<int> s(a, a + 3) ;
set<int>::const_iterator itor ;
itor = s.begin() ;
while (itor != s.end())
{
cout << *itor << endl ;
++itor ;
}
使用for()
int a[3] = {1, 2, 3} ;
set<int> s(a, a + 3) ;
set<int>::const_iterator itor ;
for (itor = s.begin(); itor != s.end(); ++itor)
{
cout << *itor << endl ;
}
-反向遍历
使用while()
int a[3] = {1, 2, 3} ;
set<int> s(a, a + 3) ;
set<int>::const_reverse_iterator ritor ;
ritor = s.rbegin() ;
while (ritor != s.rend())
{
cout << *ritor << endl ;
++ritor ;
}
使用for()
int a[3] = {1, 2, 3} ;
set<int> s(a, a + 3) ;
set<int>::const_reverse_iterator ritor ;
for (ritor = s.rbegin(); ritor != s.rend(); ++ritor)
{
cout << *ritor << endl ;
}
4.如何插入
-插入单个值
set<int> s;
s.insert(value);
-插入整个数组
int a[3] = {1, 2, 3} ;
set<int> s ;
s.insert(a, a + 3) ;
-插入其他set的值
int a[3] = {1, 2, 3} ;
set<int> s(a, a + 3) ;
set<int> s1 ;
s1.insert(s.begin(), s.end()) ;
5.如何删除
set<int> s ;
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; ++i)
s.insert(i) ;
set<int>::const_iterator citor ;
citor = s.begin() ;
++citor ; // citor now point to 2
// 删除单个元素
s.erase(citor) ; // erase 2 ;
//批量删除
citor = s.find(3) ; // itor now point to 3
s.erase(citor, s.end()) ; // erase 3, 4, 5
//删除所有元素
s.erase(s.begin(), s.end()) ;// erase all elements, same as s.clear()
6.如何查找
-find()
set<int> s ;
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; ++i)
s.insert(i) ;
set<int>::iterator itor ;
itor = s.find(4) ;
if(itor != s.end()) // itor point to s.end() if not found
cout << "found" ;
else
cout << "not found" ;
-count()
set<int> s ;
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; ++i)
s.insert(i) ;
set<int>::iterator itor ;
if(s.count(4) == 1) // return 1 if s contains 4, else 0
cout << "s contains 4" ;
else
cout << "s does not contains 4" ;
OK,速成到这里就结束了,想必大家已经可以照葫芦画瓢写出代码了,接下来是对其内部的解释,当然不是我写的,是一篇类似于API的文章
C++ STL之Set容器的用法
Set容器是一个关联容器,容器中的元素互不相同,并且容器中的元素按照键值大小进行排序。每当插入或者删除一个元素,容器都会重新排序。Set容器有两大特点,一个是元素排序,另一个就是查询速度快(当然没有vector快)。Set获取元素时通过键值,关联容器都这样。Set是通过二元查找树实现的,再具体点就是红黑树。
1 set中的元素类型
| member type | definition | notes |
| key_type | The first template parameter (T) |
|
| value_type | The first template parameter (T) |
|
| key_compare | The second template parameter (Compare) | defaults to: less<key_type> |
| value_compare | The second template parameter (Compare) | defaults to: less<value_type> |
| allocator_type | The third template parameter (Alloc) | defaults to:allocator<value_type> |
| reference | allocator_type::reference | for the default allocator:value_type& |
| const_reference | allocator_type::const_reference | for the default allocator: const value_type& |
| pointer | allocator_type::pointer | for the default allocator:value_type* |
| const_pointer | allocator_type::const_pointer | for the default allocator: const value_type* |
| iterator | a bidirectional iterator to value_type | convertible to const_iterator |
| const_iterator | a bidirectional iterator to const value_type |
|
| reverse_iterator | reverse_iterator<iterator> |
|
| const_reverse_iterator | reverse_iterator<const_iterator> |
|
| difference_type | a signed integral type, identical to:iterator_traits<iterator>::difference_type | usually the same as ptrdiff_t |
| size_type | an unsigned integral type that can represent any non-negative value of difference_type | usually the same as size_t |
关于这个无需多言,切记set中的iterator是指向const 元素。
2 set中构造相关函数
| empty (1) | explicit set (const key_compare& comp = key_compare(), const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type()); explicit set (const allocator_type& alloc); |
| range (2) | template <class InputIterator> set (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const key_compare& comp = key_compare(), const allocator_type& = allocator_type()); |
| copy (3) | set (const set& x); set (const set& x, const allocator_type& alloc); |
| move (4) | set (set&& x); set (set&& x, const allocator_type& alloc); |
| initializer list (5) | set (initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp = key_compare(), const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type()); |
以上分别为默认构造函数,范围构造函数,复制构造函数,移动构造函数,初始化列表构造函数,其中最后两个是C++11中的版本。关于构造函数,不同的编译器可能提供的形式不一样,但是种类都是这几种。
构造函数示例:
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
boolfncomp (intlhs,intrhs) {returnlhs<rhs;}
struct classcomp {
booloperator() (constint& lhs,constint& rhs)const
{returnlhs<rhs;}
};
int main ()
{
std::set<int> first;// empty set of ints
intmyints[]= {10,20,30,40,50};
std::set<int> second (myints,myints+5);// range
std::set<int> third (second);// a copy of second
std::set<int> fourth (second.begin(), second.end());//iterator ctor.
std::set<int,classcomp> fifth;// class as Compare
bool(*fn_pt)(int,int) = fncomp;
std::set<int,bool(*)(int,int)> sixth (fn_pt);// function pointer as Compare
return0;
}
3 set中的迭代器
begin Return iterator to beginning (publicmember function )
end Returniterator to end (public memberfunction )
rbegin Returnreverse iterator to reverse beginning (publicmember function )
rend Returnreverse iterator to reverse end (public memberfunction )
cbegin Returnconst_iterator to beginning (publicmember function )
cend Returnconst_iterator to end (publicmember function )
crbegin Returnconst_reverse_iterator to reverse beginning (public member function )
crend Returnconst_reverse_iterator to reverse end (publicmember function )
关于迭代器也没什么好说的,迭代器和前面的都一样。
4 set中的容量相关函数
empty Test whether container is empty (public member function )
size Return container size (public member function )
max_size Returnmaximum size (public member function )
这个和其它容量一样。
5 set中元素修改函数
insert Insert element (public memberfunction )
erase Erase elements (public memberfunction )
swap Swapcontent (public member function )
clear Clearcontent (public member function )
emplace Constructand insert element (publicmember function )
emplace_hint Constructand insert element with hint (publicmember function )
5.1 insert 函数
| single element (1) | pair<iterator,bool> insert (const value_type& val); pair<iterator,bool> insert (value_type&& val); |
| with hint (2) | iterator insert (const_iterator position, const value_type& val); iterator insert (const_iterator position, value_type&& val); |
| range (3) | template <class InputIterator> void insert (InputIterator first, InputIterator last); |
| initializer list (4) | void insert (initializer_list<value_type> il); |
要注意其中的函数的返回类型,这个在编程中或许会很有用,两种不同的颜色来区分C++11中增加的函数,示例如下:
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
int main ()
{
std::set<int> myset;
std::set<int>::iterator it;
std::pair<std::set<int>::iterator,bool> ret;
// set some initial values:
for(inti=1; i<=5; ++i) myset.insert(i*10);// set: 10 20 30 40 50
ret = myset.insert(20);// no new element inserted
if(ret.second==false) it=ret.first;// "it" now points to element 20
myset.insert (it,25);// max efficiency inserting
myset.insert (it,24);// max efficiency inserting
myset.insert (it,26);// no max efficiency inserting
intmyints[]= {5,10,15};// 10 already in set, not inserted
myset.insert (myints,myints+3);
std::cout <<"myset contains:";
for(it=myset.begin(); it!=myset.end(); ++it)
std::cout <<' '<< *it;
std::cout <<'\n';
return0;
}
结果:
myset contains: 5 10 15 20 24 25 26 30 40 50
5.2 erase 函数
| (1) | void erase (iterator position); |
| (2) | size_type erase (const value_type& val); |
| (3) | void erase (iterator first, iterator last); |
| (1) | iterator erase (const_iterator position); |
| (2) | size_type erase (const value_type& val); |
| (3) | iterator erase (const_iterator first, const_iterator last); |
红色表格表示C++98,蓝色表示C++11。函数的返回值,其中第二个函数表示删除的元素的个数,当然在set中其返回值最多是1,在C++11中,其余两个函数皆有返回值为iterator类型的值,其指向删除的最后一个元素,或者指向set的末尾。示例如下:
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
int main ()
{
std::set<int> myset;
std::set<int>::iterator it;
// insert some values:
for(inti=1; i<10; i++) myset.insert(i*10);// 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
it = myset.begin();
++it;// "it" points now to 20
myset.erase (it);
myset.erase (40);
it = myset.find (60);
myset.erase (it, myset.end());
std::cout <<"myset contains:";
for(it=myset.begin(); it!=myset.end(); ++it)
std::cout <<' '<< *it;
std::cout <<'\n';
return0;
}
结果:
myset contains: 10 30 50
5.3 clear 函数
void clear();
清空set,容器大小变为0
5.4 swap 函数
void swap (set& x);
交换两个set的内容
5.5 emplace 函数
template <class... Args>
pair<iterator,bool> emplace (Args&&... args);
这个是C++11中的函数,也是插入一个元素
template <class... Args>
iterator emplace_hint (const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
在一定的位置插入元素,position参数只是用来提高插入的速度,并不一定就是说要在此处插入元素。示例
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
#include <string>
int main ()
{
std::set<std::string> myset;
autoit = myset.cbegin();
myset.emplace_hint (it,"alpha");
it = myset.emplace_hint (myset.cend(),"omega");
it = myset.emplace_hint (it,"epsilon");
it = myset.emplace_hint (it,"beta");
std::cout <<"myset contains:";
for(conststd::string& x: myset)
std::cout <<' '<< x;
std::cout <<'\n';
return0;
}
结果:
myset contains: alpha beta epsilon omega
6 set 中的比较函数体
key_comp Returncomparison object (public member function )
value_comp Returncomparison object (public member function )
这两个函数都是获取set容器中比较函数
6.1 key_com 函数
key_compare key_comp() const;
函数返回比较函数对象,默认的是升序排列。示例:
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
int main ()
{
std::set<int> myset;
inthighest;
std::set<int>::key_compare mycomp = myset.key_comp();
for(inti=0; i<=5; i++) myset.insert(i);
std::cout <<"myset contains:";
highest=*myset.rbegin();
std::set<int>::iterator it=myset.begin();
do{
std::cout <<' '<< *it;
}while( mycomp(*(++it),highest) );
std::cout <<'\n';
return0;
}
结果:
myset contains: 0 1 2 3 4
6.2 value_com 函数
value_compare value_comp()const
函数返回元素比较函数对象,默认的是升序排列,在set中,value_comp函数和key_value函数的作用一模一样。示例:
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
int main ()
{
std::set<int> myset;
std::set<int>::value_compare mycomp = myset.value_comp();
for(inti=0; i<=5; i++) myset.insert(i);
std::cout <<"myset contains:";
inthighest=*myset.rbegin();
std::set<int>::iterator it=myset.begin();
do{
std::cout <<' '<< *it;
}while( mycomp(*(++it),highest) );
std::cout <<'\n';
return0;
}
结果:
myset contains: 0 1 2 3 4
7 set的其他操作函数
find Get iterator to element (public member function )
count Count elements with a specific value (public member function )
lower_bound Return iterator to lower bound (public member function )
upper_bound Returniterator to upper bound (public member function )
equal_range Get range of equal elements (public member function )
get_allocator Get allocator (public memberfunction )
7.1 find 函数
iterator | find(const value_type& val) const;(C++98) |
const_iterator | find(const value_type& val) const;(C++11) |
iterator | find(const value_type& val); (C++11) |
函数返回找到元素的iterator,如果找不到就指向set的末尾
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
int main ()
{
std::set<int> myset;
std::set<int>::iterator it;
// set some initial values:
for(inti=1; i<=5; i++) myset.insert(i*10);// set: 10 20 30 40 50
it=myset.find(20);
myset.erase (it);
myset.erase (myset.find(40));
std::cout <<"myset contains:";
for(it=myset.begin(); it!=myset.end(); ++it)
std::cout <<' '<< *it;
std::cout <<'\n';
return0;
}
结果:
myset contains: 10 30 50
7.2 count 函数
size_type count (const value_type& val) const;
函数返回值为val的元素的个数,当然在set容器中其最大为1.示例:
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
int main ()
{
std::set<int> myset;
// set some initial values:
for(inti=1; i<5; ++i) myset.insert(i*3);// set: 3 6 9 12
for(inti=0; i<10; ++i)
{
std::cout << i;
if(myset.count(i)!=0)
std::cout <<" is an element of myset.\n";
else
std::cout <<" is not an element of myset.\n";
}
return0;
}
结果:
0 is not an element of myset.
1 is not an element of myset.
2 is not an element of myset.
3 is an element of myset.
4 is not an element of myset.
5 is not an element of myset.
6 is an element of myset.
7 is not an element of myset.
8 is not an element of myset.
9 is an element of myset.
7.3 lower_bound 函数
iterator lower_bound (const value_type& val) const; (C++98)
iterator lower_bound (const value_type& val);(C++11)
const_iterator lower_bound (const value_type& val) const;(C++11)
函数返回set中第一个小于或者等于val的元素的iterator。
7.4 upper_bound 函数
iterator upper_bound (const value_type& val) const; (C++98)
iterator upper_bound (const value_type& val);(C++11)
const_iterator upper_bound (const value_type& val) const;(C++11)
函数返回set中第一个大于或者等于val的元素的iterator。示例
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
int main ()
{
std::set<int> myset;
std::set<int>::iterator itlow,itup;
for(inti=1; i<10; i++) myset.insert(i*10);// 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
itlow=myset.lower_bound (30);// ^
itup=myset.upper_bound (60);// ^
myset.erase(itlow,itup);// 10 20 70 80 90
std::cout <<"myset contains:";
for(std::set<int>::iterator it=myset.begin(); it!=myset.end(); ++it)
std::cout <<' '<< *it;
std::cout <<'\n';
return0;
}
结果:
myset contains: 10 20 70 80 90
7.5 equal_range 函数
pair<iterator,iterator> equal_range (const value_type& val) const; (C++98)
pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range (const value_type& val) const;(C++11)
pair<iterator,iterator> equal_range (const value_type& val);(C++11)
函数返回等于set中val的上下界的iterator。示例:
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
int main ()
{
std::set<int> myset;
for(inti=1; i<=5; i++) myset.insert(i*10);// myset: 10 20 30 40 50
std::pair<std::set<int>::const_iterator,std::set<int>::const_iterator> ret;
ret = myset.equal_range(30);
std::cout <<"the lower bound points to: "<< *ret.first <<'\n';
std::cout <<"the upper bound points to: "<< *ret.second <<'\n';
return0;
}
结果:
the lower bound points to: 30
the upper bound points to: 40
7.6 get_allocator 函数
allocator_type get_allocator() const;
函数返回set的分配器对象 示例:
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
int main ()
{
std::set<int> myset;
int* p;
unsignedinti;
// allocate an array of 5 elements using myset's allocator:
p=myset.get_allocator().allocate(5);
// assign some values to array
for(i=0; i<5; i++) p[i]=(i+1)*10;
std::cout <<"The allocated array contains:";
for(i=0; i<5; i++) std::cout <<' '<< p[i];
std::cout <<'\n';
myset.get_allocator().deallocate(p,5);
return0;
}
结果:
The allocated array contains: 10 20 30 40 50
参考:http://www.cnblogs.com/graphics/archive/2010/06/01/1749569.html
本文全面介绍STL中的<set>容器,包括其特性、创建方式、插入和删除元素、迭代器、容量函数、元素修改及比较函数等。通过实例详细讲解了insert、erase、clear、swap等关键操作,适合C++开发者深入学习。

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