1 The Complexity of Moral Psychology

1 道德心理学的复杂性
在第一章，诺米·阿普雷（Nomy Arpaly）主要介绍了一系列来自小说或者生活当中的例子，以引发研究者的关注和兴趣，治疗道德心理学研究当中对于案例的“偏食”。同时也在不断地削弱慎思(deliberation)的重要性。
                                             例子一 叛逆的奥利弗（Oliver's Defection）
奥利弗（小说《辛格公司》中的人物）是一个富二代，他全家经营着一家从事非法勾当的大公司。他享用着金钱和荣誉，对其来源似乎并不在意。然而，在某一天，他却背叛了公司，向警方披露了公司的罪行。小说对他的心理活动进行了细致入微的描写。诺米·阿普雷指出了奥利弗行为的几个特点：第一，特殊性。拨打报警电话时的奥利弗处于一种特殊的精神紧张之中，他不同于我们常常构思的自主的、理性的行动者。（p.4 "He is especially different from the person whom we would typically imagine as an autonomous, rational agent, turning his moral life around with a single act.")第二，消极性。报警的奥利弗似乎是从旁观者的视角来注视自己的行动。（p.5 "He experiences himself as the passive audience to his own actions.)第三，非偶发性。奥利弗的行为实际上反应了他的部分性格特征（p.6 "...while his action surprises him, it still has some of the characteristics of an action performed for reasons.)。
据此，我们是否能够推断：“报警的是‘奥利弗的愤怒’，而不是奥利弗”？诺米·阿普雷否认了这一点。因为，根据小说，奥利弗给读者留下的印象是，他是一个可敬的人，而这次报警正是他的一次道德上的蜕变。如果我们认为，在这个过程中，奥利弗只是被操纵了，那么，奥利弗的形象和意义就会被架空（p6 "Oliver ... strikes the reader as a commendable person, and his defection as an important moral step.... A theory according to which Oliver's action is 'not truly his own' or not one in which he participates would make the appeal of Le Carre's story inexplicable, because it would seem that the pivotal action in the middle is not the character's own action.)。
在这里，诺米·阿普雷并没有就如何理解这个例子提出具体的建议，而是借此点明了整本书的写作意图：扩大道德心理学的讨论范围，以处理人类的复杂性（p8 "...to expand the domain of moral-psychological inquiry, enriching our philosophical discussion of human beings in their complexity)。
                                                      例子二 好人，坏准则
如果一个人自称是一个不道德的理论的拥护者，但是他的行为却并没有很恶劣，我们该如何评价他？我们可能会面临一个分歧：有的人说，他是一个坏人，不过是因为他的教育或者性格，他碰巧没有表现得那么坏（p8 "... a bad person ... who by a lucky accident of upbringing or temperament happens to act well routinely)。有的人说，他是个好人，只不过是对于抽象思辨不在行（p9 "...good people who happen to be very bad as abstract thinking)。
诺米·阿普雷将其归类为”无意的美德“，行动者看似是道德的，但是此时他们自己却认为：我的行为是最糟糕的（p8 "...they seem to be virtuous just as they think they are at their worst"）。在这里，阿普雷第一次提到了哈克·费恩的例子。哈克·费恩认为黑奴是他们主人的财产，应该被归还到主人那里。但是，他却帮助黑奴吉姆逃跑。他认为自己的行为——我们眼中的”善行“——是不道德的。
我们或许认为，哈克·费恩只是受到了非理性的“倾向”的驱使，这个“倾向”绕过了他的理性，也因此缺乏道德价值(p9 “Huckleberry's action is reduced to the status accorded by Kant to acting on 'mere inclination'")。阿普雷又一次从小说作者的角度审视这个案例：马克·吐温并不是这样理解他笔下的人物的。哈克·费恩被刻画成一个比“有教养”的大人更加有德性的人(p9 "Twain takes Huckleberry to be an ignorant boy whose decency and virtue exceed those of many older and more educated men and his failure to turn Jim in is portrayed not as mere lucky accident of temperament, a case of fortunate squeamishness, but as something quite different.)。为了充分说明这一点，阿普雷对哈克·费恩的心理活动进行了“复盘”，这是一个哈克·费恩慢慢意识到黑奴吉姆的“人类”身份的过程(p10 Huckleberry's long acquaintance with Jim makes him gradually realize that Jim is a full-fledged human being.... While Huckleberry does not conceptualize his realization, it is this awareness of Jim's humanity that causes him to become emotionally incapable of turning Jim in)。
                                                                          例子三 深柜
当一个人为自己的性取向而感到苦恼的时候，他面临着自我的分裂：一个对同性产生性欲的、将外在规范视为“异质”的自我，和一个试图克制这种欲望、将其视为外来者的自我。哪一个是“真实自我”？诺米·阿普雷认为，二者都有可能是“真实自我”，并且是两种不同的情况，这需要哲学的处理。
                                                                          例子四 厌食症
在这个例子中，第一人称视角的权威性受到了质疑。厌食症患者将自己的“非理性”厌食行为理解为“自制”(p18 "The anorectic is potential challenge to contemporary moral psychology because she is a person who experiences her psyche in terms of self-control, as if there were something that was her choosing between her desires on the basis of their merits, giving her control over herself, while we have good reasons to believe that unconscious desire or emotion moves her in a manner not characteristic of well-exercised practical reason")。由此可见，只有从第一人称视角看，才会觉得，对于理性地行动来说，这种第一人称视角必不可少。但是，从第三人称视角来看，这种第一人称观察并不可靠。
在这里，诺米·阿普雷开始将“慎思”这个和第一人称视角紧紧相连的概念("Deliberation is a process that necessarily involves a first-person experience of distancing yourself from your emotions")。关于“慎思”和“理性”之间的关系，存在两种主张。第一，如果在慎思当中，行动者认为自己是非理性的，那么他就是非理性的(p23 "...if you do what you, when experiencing yourself as distanced from your desires, regard as irrational, you are irrational")；第二，二者的关系并没有那么紧密，因为欲望本身也可以回应理由(p23 "...desire itself is reason-responsive)。
                                                                           例子五 婚姻难题
一个人纠结自己是否要和来自不同文化背景的男朋友结婚。仅凭这种笼统的描述，我们不能看出是那个想结婚的自我还是不想结婚的自我是更“理性”的。这要看具体的情景和摆在抉择者面前的因素。但是，可以确定的是，一定有一个选择是“更理性”的，而这个选择未必是“慎思”的结果，而可能源于更丰富的感知(p26 It seems to me that, while there is a fact of the matter as to which of her attitudes toward Todd is rational and which is not, this fact has little to do with whether these attitudes have the characteristics generally associated with the Faculty of Reason.)。而“慎思”本身可能是不理性的，流着眼泪做出的决断不一定比“头脑冷静”时做出的决断差。我们不能认为非理性因素一定是在“激情”“欲望”“诱惑”的外衣下的(p28 “But irrationality comes in many forms, not all of them resembling temptation... Rationality also comes in many forms, not all of which involves resolution - or deliberation. The nontemptation types of irrationality and nonresolution forms of practical rationality are ... quite interesting in their own right.")