People use metaphors every time they speak. Some of those metaphors are literary - devices for making thoughts more vivid or entertaining. But most are much more basic than that - they're "metaphors we live by", metaphors we use without even realizing we're using them. In this book, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson suggest that these basic metaphors not only affect the way we com...
People use metaphors every time they speak. Some of those metaphors are literary - devices for making thoughts more vivid or entertaining. But most are much more basic than that - they're "metaphors we live by", metaphors we use without even realizing we're using them. In this book, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson suggest that these basic metaphors not only affect the way we communicate ideas, but actually structure our perceptions and understandings from the beginning. Bringing together the perspectives of linguistics and philosophy, Lakoff and Johnson offer an intriguing and surprising guide to some of the most common metaphors and what they can tell us about the human mind. And for this new edition, they supply an afterword both extending their arguments and offering a fascinating overview of the current state of thinking on the subject of the metaphor.
George Lakoff is Distinguished Professor of Cognitive Science and Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author or coauthor of numerous books.
Mark Johnson is the Philip H. Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Oregon and the author of numerous books.
目录
· · · · · ·
Preface Acknowledgments
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1. Concepts We Live By
2. The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts
3. Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting and Hiding
4. Orientational Metaphors
· · · · · ·
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Preface Acknowledgments
.
1. Concepts We Live By
2. The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts
3. Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting and Hiding
4. Orientational Metaphors
5. Metaphor and Cultural Coherence
6. Ontological Metaphors
7. Personification
8. Metonymy
9. Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence
10. Some Further Examples
11. The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Structuring
12. How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded?
13. The Grounding of Structural Metaphors
14. Causation: Partly Emergent and Partly Metaphorical
15. The Coherent Structuring of Experience
16. Metaphorical Coherence
17. Complex Coherences across Metaphors
18. Some Consequences for Theories of Conceptual Structure
19. Definition and Understanding
20. How Metaphor Can Give Meaning to Form
21. New Meaning
22. The Creation of Similarity
23. Metaphor, Truth, and Action
24. Truth
25. The Myths of Objectivism and Subjectivism
26. The Myth of Objectivism in Western Philosophy and Linguistics
27. How Metaphor Reveals the Limitations of the Myth of Objectivism
28. Some Inadequacies of the Myth of Subjectivism
29. The Experientialist Alternative: Giving New Meaning to the Old Myths
30. Understanding
.
Afterword References
· · · · · · (收起)
隐喻如何为我们创造新意义的另一个例子得来纯属偶然。一名伊朗学生到伯克利不久之后,参加了我们两人中的一个举办的隐喻研讨会。他在伯克利众多令人奇妙的事中发现了一个他听了一遍又一遍的表达,并把它理解成一个十分合理的隐喻。他将‘我问题的解决(solution)’理解为大量的液体,起着泡,冒着烟,包含了你所有的问题,这些问题要么被溶解,要么沉淀下去,因为催化剂不断地(暂时)溶解一些问题并沉淀出其他问题。他非常灰心地发现伯克利的居民意识中没有这种化学隐喻。他的灰心情有可原(英文原文:”And well he mgiht be”,中译本为”他可能会好起来“,觉得有点怪),因为化学隐喻既美观又有远见。它让我们对问题有了一种新认识:问题永远不会彻底地消失,也不能被一劳永逸地解决。你的所有问题一直存在,它们只可能已被溶解,处于溶液当中,或者它们可能以固态形式存在。你的最大愿望是找到一种能溶解问题而又没有其他沉淀物析出的催化剂。因为你没有完全控制什么进入溶液(solution)当中(解决之道),你会不断地发现旧问题和新问题不断沉淀析出,现存的问题正在消解(dissolving),这部分是由于你的努力,部分却与你的努力无关。
‘化学’隐喻让我们对人类的问题有了新的看法。它适合于我们的经验,即我们曾认为已‘解决’的问题又反复出现。‘化学’隐喻认为问题不是那种可以让它永久消失的物质。把它们当做可以被一劳永逸’解决’的东西是无意义的。按照‘化学’隐喻的规律生活,我们将接受从来没有问题会永远地消失这一事实。不是将你的精力花在一劳永逸地去解决问题,而是将精力花在寻找合适的催化剂,来最长时间地消解你迫在眉睫的问题,同时又不能沉淀出更糟的问题。问题的再现被视为一种自然存在,而非你寻求‘正确的解决方法’的努力已经失败。
按照‘化学’隐喻来生活将意味着你的问题对于你来说有另一种不同的现实性。暂时的解决方案是一次成绩... (查看原文)
探讨的核心问题是how metaphors structure our cognition,这大概是认知语言学;另外还涉及到how we see the world with metaphors,这便是语言学在心理层面的branch。算不上thought-provoking,但是将普通人司空见惯的、不以为意的隐喻用法系统条理地列出,的确是个对以往认知的挑战(隐喻几乎如同空气一般无处不在)。例子易懂...探讨的核心问题是how metaphors structure our cognition,这大概是认知语言学;另外还涉及到how we see the world with metaphors,这便是语言学在心理层面的branch。算不上thought-provoking,但是将普通人司空见惯的、不以为意的隐喻用法系统条理地列出,的确是个对以往认知的挑战(隐喻几乎如同空气一般无处不在)。例子易懂生动,LOVE and ARGUEMENT是两大conventional metaphors,自然从书名就看得出作者志向高远,最后用experimental myth对于主客观存在论的挑战勇气可嘉,只不过较为weak,看得一头雾水。最后真的很好奇这本书怎么汉化?(展开)
9 有用 不知 2017-07-19 15:07:46
具有开创意义的一本隐喻论著。metaphor is a matter of imaginative rationality. 给跪
1 有用 wildestsheep 2015-10-04 02:32:42
Very thought-provoking. A book that changes how one understands the process of "thinking".
1 有用 月面的成色 2017-12-29 17:54:31
探讨的核心问题是how metaphors structure our cognition,这大概是认知语言学;另外还涉及到how we see the world with metaphors,这便是语言学在心理层面的branch。算不上thought-provoking,但是将普通人司空见惯的、不以为意的隐喻用法系统条理地列出,的确是个对以往认知的挑战(隐喻几乎如同空气一般无处不在)。例子易懂... 探讨的核心问题是how metaphors structure our cognition,这大概是认知语言学;另外还涉及到how we see the world with metaphors,这便是语言学在心理层面的branch。算不上thought-provoking,但是将普通人司空见惯的、不以为意的隐喻用法系统条理地列出,的确是个对以往认知的挑战(隐喻几乎如同空气一般无处不在)。例子易懂生动,LOVE and ARGUEMENT是两大conventional metaphors,自然从书名就看得出作者志向高远,最后用experimental myth对于主客观存在论的挑战勇气可嘉,只不过较为weak,看得一头雾水。最后真的很好奇这本书怎么汉化? (展开)
2 有用 Jorji Costava 2015-07-29 00:06:41
高中的时候就对语言和认知充满好奇, 但是整天东摸摸西看看的一直对什么都没有深入的探究, 进了上外更是把什么都扔掉了...... 这本书读得真是一下子感觉明朗了许多, 也很认同最后关于objectivism和subjectivism的讨论 (并不知道客观/主观主义和唯物/唯心主义什么区别...) 不过书看得少批判能力有限很容易就被说服了, 但是这本书倒的确特别看得进
0 有用 蝉 2013-12-26 14:30:18
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