# Security

This page describes some “best practices” regarding web security, and details CodeIgniter’s internal security features.

## URI Security

CodeIgniter is fairly restrictive regarding which characters it allows in your URI strings in order to help minimize the possibility that malicious data can be passed to your application. URIs may only contain the following:

- Alpha-numeric text (latin characters only)
- Tilde: ~
- Percent sign: %
- Period: .
- Colon: :
- Underscore: _
- Dash: -
- Space

## Register_globals

During system initialization all global variables that are found to exist in the `$_GET`, `$_POST`, `$_REQUEST` and `$_COOKIE` are unset.

The unsetting routine is effectively the same as register_globals = off.

## display_errors

In production environments, it is typically desirable to “disable” PHP’s error reporting by setting the internal display_errors flag to a value of 0. This disables native PHP errors from being rendered as output, which may potentially contain sensitive information.

Setting CodeIgniter’s ENVIRONMENT constant in index.php to a value of ‘production’ will turn off these errors. In development mode, it is recommended that a value of ‘development’ is used. More information about differentiating between environments can be found on the Handling Environments page.

## magic_quotes_runtime

The magic_quotes_runtime directive is turned off during system initialization so that you don’t have to remove slashes when retrieving data from your database.

### Best Practices

Before accepting any data into your application, whether it be POST data from a form submission, COOKIE data, URI data, XML-RPC data, or even data from the SERVER array, you are encouraged to practice this three step approach:

1. Validate the data to ensure it conforms to the correct type, length, size, etc.
2. Filter the data as if it were tainted.
3. Escape the data before submitting it into your database or outputting it to a browser.

CodeIgniter provides the following functions and tips to assist you in this process:

## XSS Filtering

CodeIgniter comes with a Cross Site Scripting filter. This filter looks for commonly used techniques to embed malicious JavaScript into your data, or other types of code that attempt to hijack cookies or do other malicious things. The XSS Filter is described here.

Note

XSS filtering should only be performed on output. Filtering input data may modify the data in undesirable ways, including stripping special characters from passwords, which reduces security instead of improving it.

## CSRF protection

CSRF stands for Cross-Site Request Forgery, which is the process of an attacker tricking their victim into unknowingly submitting a request.

CodeIgniter provides CSRF protection out of the box, which will get automatically triggered for every non-GET HTTP request, but also needs you to create your submit forms in a certain way. This is explained in the Security Library documentation.

## Password handling

It is critical that you handle passwords in your application properly.

Unfortunately, many developers don’t know how to do that, and the web is full of outdated or otherwise wrongful advices, which doesn’t help.

We would like to give you a list of combined do’s and don’ts to help you with that. Please read below.

- DO NOT store passwords in plain-text format.

  Always hash your passwords.

- DO NOT use Base64 or similar encoding for storing passwords.

  This is as good as storing them in plain-text. Really. Do hashing, not encoding.

  Encoding, and encryption too, are two-way processes. Passwords are secrets that must only be known to their owner, and thus must work only in one direction. Hashing does that - there’s no un-hashing or de-hashing, but there is decoding and decryption.

- DO NOT use weak or broken hashing algorithms like MD5 or SHA1.

  These algorithms are old, proven to be flawed, and not designed for password hashing in the first place.

  Also, DON’T invent your own algorithms.

  Only use strong password hashing algorithms like BCrypt, which is used in PHP’s own Password Hashing functions.

  Please use them, even if you’re not running PHP 5.5+, CodeIgniter provides them for you as long as you’re running at least PHP version 5.3.7 (and if you don’t meet that requirement - please, upgrade).

  If you’re one of the really unlucky people who can’t even upgrade to a more recent PHP version, use hash_pbkdf() <http://php.net/hash_pbkdf2>, which we also provide in our compatibility layer.

- DO NOT ever display or send a password in plain-text format!

  Even to the password’s owner, if you need a “Forgotten password” feature, just randomly generate a new, one-time (this is also important) password and send that instead.

- DO NOT put unnecessary limits on your users’ passwords.

  If you’re using a hashing algorithm other than BCrypt (which has a limit of 72 characters), you should set a relatively high limit on password lengths in order to mitigate DoS attacks - say, 1024 characters.

  Other than that however, there’s no point in forcing a rule that a password can only be up to a number of characters, or that it can’t contain a certain set of special characters.

  Not only does this reduce security instead of improving it, but there’s literally no reason to do it. No technical limitations and no (practical) storage constraints apply once you’ve hashed them, none!

## Validate input data

CodeIgniter has a Form Validation Library that assists you in validating, filtering, and prepping your data.

Even if that doesn’t work for your use case however, be sure to always validate and sanitize all input data. For example, if you expect a numeric string for an input variable, you can check for that with `is_numeric()` or `ctype_digit()`. Always try to narrow down your checks to a certain pattern.

Have it in mind that this includes not only `$_POST` and `$_GET` variables, but also cookies, the user-agent string and basically all data that is not created directly by your own code.

## Escape all data before database insertion

Never insert information into your database without escaping it. Please see the section that discusses database queries for more information.

## Hide your files

Another good security practice is to only leave your index.php and “assets” (e.g. .js, css and image files) under your server’s webroot directory (most commonly named “htdocs/”). These are the only files that you would need to be accessible from the web.

Allowing your visitors to see anything else would potentially allow them to access sensitive data, execute scripts, etc.

If you’re not allowed to do that, you can try using a .htaccess file to restrict access to those resources.

CodeIgniter will have an index.html file in all of its directories in an attempt to hide some of this data, but have it in mind that this is not enough to prevent a serious attacker.