Skip to main content

Associations Between Social Media Use and Loneliness, Body Image and Disordered Eating: A Qualitative Study of British Young Adults

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Food, Nutrition and the Media
  • 1399 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explores the convoluted relation between loneliness, body image issues and disordered eating in young people and its association with excessive social media use. Combining findings from a review of the main existing theoretical frameworks with a qualitative analysis of data collected between 2017 and 2019 from 241 participants the chapter argues for an expansion of Rodgers’ (Adolescent Research Review 1 (2): 131, 2016) integrated theoretical model to include loneliness as a predictor for social media use and an aggravating factor for those at risk of developing an eating disorder. This is the first cross-sectional study to explore the effects of SNS use on loneliness and disordered eating behaviours (emotional eating, bulimic symptoms and body dissatisfaction) in British young adults (18–24 years of age).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 18 August 2021

    “The original version of this chapter was revised owning to a mistake in the order of authors in Chapter 22 the original chapter was inadvertently published with incorrect author names. The names have been corrected as below:

Notes

  1. 1.

    Digital detox is used to refer to a period of time when an individual decides to refrain from using social media websites by deleting all or some social media accounts.

References

  • ACEVO. 2015. Coming in From the Cold: Why We Need to Talk About Loneliness Among Our Young People. Available at: https://www.acevo.org.uk/reports/coming-in-from-the-cold-why-we-need-to-talk-about-loneliness-among-our-young-people/. Accessed 15 February 2020.

  • Allen, Kelly-Ann, Tracii Ryan, DeLeon L. Gray, Dennis M. McInerney, and Lea Waters. 2014. Social Media Use and Social Connectedness in Adolescents: The Positives and Potential Pitfalls. Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 31 (1): 18–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Marci. 2018. What is Disordered Eating? Eat Right, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Available at: https://www.eatright.org/health/diseases-and-conditions/eating-disorders/what-is-disordered-eating. Accessed 26 February 2020.

  • Andsager, Julie L. 2014. Research Directions in Social Media and Body Image. Sex Roles 71: 407–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bair, Carrie E., Nichole R. Kelly, Kasey L. Serdar, and Suzanne E. Mazzeo. 2012. Does the Internet Function Like Magazines? An Exploration of Image-focused Media, Eating Pathology, and Body Dissatisfaction. Eating Behaviors 13 (4): 398–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, Albert. 1986. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, Albert. 2009. Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication. In Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, ed. Jennings Bryant and Mary Beth Oliver, 3rd ed., 94–124. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bearman, Sarah Kate, Katherine Presnell, Erin Martinez, and Eric Stice. 2006. The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 35 (2): 217–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bian, Mengwei, and Louis Leung. 2014. Smartphone Addiction: Linking Loneliness, Shyness, Symptoms and Patterns of Use to Social Capital. Media Asia 41 (2): 159–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, David, Carrie Leaman, Rose Tramposch, Ciera Osborne, and Miriam Liss. 2017. Extraversion, Neuroticism, Attachment Style and Fear of Missing Out as Predictors of Social Media Use and Addiction. Personality and Individual Differences 116: 69–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, Danah M., and Nicole B. Ellison. 2007. Social Networking Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13 (1): 210–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozoglan, Bahadir, Veysel Demirer, and Ismail Sahin. 2013. Loneliness, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction as Predictors of Internet Addiction: A Cross-sectional Study Among Turkish University Students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 54 (4): 313–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Laura S. 1989. Fat-oppressive Attitudes and the Feminist Therapist: Directions for Change. Women & Therapy 8 (3): 19–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Jane D., and Piotr S. Bobkowski. 2011. Older and Newer Media: Patterns of Use and Effects on Adolescents’ Health and Well-being. Journal of Research on Adolescence 21 (1): 95–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Yixin, and Thomas Hugh Feeley. 2014. Social Support, Social Strain, Loneliness, and Well-being Among Older Adults: An analysis of the Health and Retirement Study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 31 (2): 141–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou, Grace Hui-Tzu, and Nicholas Edge. 2012. “They are Happier and Having Better Lives than I Am”: The Impact of Using Facebook on Perceptions of Others’ Lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 15 (2): 117–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Rachel, and Alex Blaszczynski. 2015. Comparative Effects of Facebook and Conventional Media on Body Image Dissatisfaction. Journal of Eating Disorders 3 (1): 23–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Rachel, Toby Newton-John, and Amy Slater. 2017. The Relationship Between Facebook and Instagram Appearance-Focused Activities and Body Image Concerns in Young Women. Body Image 23: 183–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Jong Gierveld, Jenny, and Theo Van Tilburg. 2006. A 6-Item Scale for Overall, Emotional, and Social Loneliness: Confirmatory Tests on Survey Data. Research on Aging 28 (5): 582–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, Nicole B., Charles Steinfield, and Cliff Lampe. 2007. The Benefits of Facebook ‘Friends:’ Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (4): 1143–1168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fardouly, Jasmine, Phillippa C. Diedrichs, Lenny R. Vartanian, and Emma Helliwell. 2015. Social Comparisons on Social Media: The Impact of Facebook on Young Women’s Body Image Concerns and Mood. Body Image 13: 38–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiori, Katherine L., and Nathan S. Consedine. 2013. Positive and Negative Social Exchanges and Mental Health Across the Transition to College: Loneliness as a Mediator. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30 (7): 920–941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fokkema, Tineke, and Kees Knipscheer. 2007. Escape Loneliness by Going Digital: A Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of a Dutch Experiment in using ECT to Overcome Loneliness Among Older Adults. Aging & Mental Health 11 (5): 496–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, Barbara L., and Tomi-Ann Roberts. 1997. Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly 21 (2): 173–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieve, Rachel, Michaelle Indian, Kate Witteveen, Anne G. Tolan, and Jessica Marrington. 2013. Face-to-face or Facebook: Can Social Connectedness Be Derived Online? Computers in Human Behavior 29 (3): 604–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Güloğlu, Berna, and Özlem Karaırmak. 2010. Universite ogrencilerinde yalnizligin yordayicisi olarak benlik saygisi ve psikolojik saglamlık (Self-esteem and Resilience as the Predictors of Loneliness Among University Students). Journal of Ege Education 11 (2): 73–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E. Tory. 1987. Self-discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect. Psychological Review 94 (3): 319–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, Grace, and Marika Tiggemann. 2016. A Systematic Review of the Impact of the Use of Social Networking Sites on Body Image and Disordered Eating Outcomes. Body Image 17 (June): 100–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Qiaolei, Yan Li, and Volha Shypenka. 2018. Loneliness, Individualism, and Smartphone Addiction Among International Students in China. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 21 (11): 711–718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsay, Kathrin, Johannes Knoll, and Jörg Matthes. 2017. Sexualizing Media Use and Self-objectification: A Meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly 42 (1): 9–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRose, Robert, Matthew S. Eastin, and Jennifer Gregg. 2001. Reformulating the Internet Paradox: Social Cognitive Explanations of Internet Use and Depression. Journal of Online Behavior 1 (2): 1092–4790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasgaard, Mathias, Luc Goossens, Rikke Holm Bramsen, Tea Trillingsgaard, and Ask Elklit. 2011. Different Sources of Loneliness are Associated with Different Forms of Psychopathology in Adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality 45: 233–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, Martha Peaslee. 2012. Loneliness and Eating Disorders. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 146 (1–2): 243–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabe, Annalise G., Jean K. Forney, and Pamela K. Keel. 2014. Do You ‘Like’ My Photo? Facebook Use Maintains Eating Disorder Risk. International Journal of Eating Disorders 47: 516–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackson, Samantha B., Paula M. Brochu, and Barry A. Schneider. 2019. Instagram: Friend or Foe? The Application’s Association with Psychological Well-being. New Media & Society 21 (10): 2160–2182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, Moira, and Brid Delahunt. 2017. Doing a Thematic Analysis: A Practical, Step-by-Step Guide for Learning and Teaching Scholars. All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education (AISHE-J) 9 (3): 3351–3354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, Tyler B., Kristin E. Heron, Abby L. Braitman, and Robin J. Lewis. 2016. A Daily Diary Study of Perceived Social Isolation, Dietary Restraint, and Negative Affect in Binge Eating. Appetite 97: 94–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean, Siân A., Eleanor H. Wertheim, Jennifer Masters, and Susan J. Paxton. 2017. A Pilot Evaluation of a Social Media Literacy Intervention to Reduce Risk Factors for Eating Disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 50 (7): 847–851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, Jennifer S., Amy Shannon, and Jacqueline Hogue. 2017. Beauty, Body Image, and the Media. IntechOpen: 143–157. Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/books/perception-of-beauty/beauty-body-image-and-the-media. Accessed 28 February 2020.

  • Nie, Norman H. 2001. Sociability, Interpersonal Relations, and the Internet: Reconciling Conflicting Findings. American Behavioral Scientist 45 (3): 420–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikmanesh, Zahra, Yahya Kazemi, and Masomeh Khosravi. 2015. Role of Feeling of Loneliness and Emotion Regulation Difficulty on Drug Abuse. Journal of Community Health Research 4 (1): 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowland, Rebecca, Elizabeth A. Necka, and John T. Cacioppo. 2017. Loneliness and Social Internet Use: Pathways to Reconnection in a Digital World? Perspectives on Psychological Science 13 (1): 70–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Özdemir, Yalçın, Yaşar Kuzucu, and Şerife Ak. 2014. Depression, Loneliness and Internet Addiction: How Important is Low Selfcontrol? Computers in Human Behaviour 34: 284–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perloff, Richard M. 2014. Social Media Effects on Young Women’s Body Image Concerns: Theoretical Perspectives and an Agenda for Research. Sex Roles 71 (11–12): 363–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard, Mary E., and Kyra L. Yalch. 2009. Relationships Among Loneliness, Interpersonal Dependency, and Disordered Eating in Young Adults. Personality and Individual Differences 46 (3): 341–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantar Public. 2016. Trapped in a Bubble: An Investigation into Triggers for Loneliness in the UK. Commissioned by the Co-op and British Red Cross. Available at: https://www.redcross.org.uk/about-us/what-we-do/action-on-loneliness. Accessed 20 February 2020.

  • Kemp, Simon. 2020. DIGITAL 2020: Global Digital Overview. Hootsuite. Available at https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-global-digital-overview. Last accessed 8 June 2020.

  • Reichmann, Frieda Fromm. 1959. Loneliness. Psychiatry 22 (1): 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, Rachel F. 2016. The Relationship Between Body Image Concerns, Eating Disorders and Internet Use, Part II: An Integrated Theoretical Model. Adolescent Research Review 1 (2): 121–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, Rachel F., and Tiffany Melioli. 2016. The Relationship Between Body Image Concerns, Eating Disorders and Internet Use. Part I: A Review of Empirical Support. Adolescent Research Review 1: 95–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rook, Karen S. 1984. Promoting Social Bonding: Strategies for Helping the Lonely and Socially Isolated. American Psychologist 39 (12): 1389–1407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotenberg, Ken J., and Darlene Flood. 1999. Loneliness, Dysphoria, Dietary Restraint, and Eating Behavior. International Journal of Eating Disorders 25 (1): 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seabrook, Elizabeth M., Margaret L. Kern, and Nikki S. Rickard. 2016. Social Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. JIMR Mental Health 3 (4): e50. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143470/. Accessed 29 February 2020.

  • Sharifpoor, Encieh, Mohammad Javad Khademi, and Afsaneh Mohammadzadeh. 2017. Relationship of Internet Addiction with Loneliness and Depression among High School Students. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 7 (4): 99–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shensa, Ariel, Jaime E. Sidani, and Brian A. Primack. 2018. Social Media Use and Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: A Cluster Analysis. American Journal of Health Behaviour 42 (2): 116–128. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5904786/. Accessed 27 February 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiovitz-Ezra, Sharon, Sara Leitsch, Jessica Graber, and Amelia Karraker. 2009. Quality of Life and Psychological Health Indicators in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 64B (Suppl. 1): i30–i37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidani, Jaime E., Ariel Shensa, Beth Hoffman, Janel Hanmer, and Brian A. Primack. 2016. The Association Between Social Media Use and Eating Concerns among US Young Adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116 (9): 1465–1472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, Hayeon, Anne Zmyslinksi-Seeling, Jinyoung Kim, Adam Drent, Angela Victor, Kikuko Omori, and Mike Allen. 2014. Does Facebook Make You Lonely? A Meta Analysis. Computers in Human Behavior 36: 446–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southward, Matthew W., Kara A. Christensen, Karla C. Fettich, Jessica Weissman, Johnny Berona, and Eunice Y. Chen. 2014. Loneliness Mediates the Relationship Between Emotion Dysregulation and Bulimia Nervosa/Binge Eating Disorder Psychopathology in a Clinical Sample. Eating and Weight Disorders 19: 509–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinfield, Charles, Nicole B. Ellison, and Cliff Lampe. 2008. Social Capital, Self-Esteem, and Use of Online Social Network Sites: A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 29 (6): 434–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stronge, Samantha, Lara M. Greaves, Petar Milojev, Tim West-Newman, Fionna Kate Barlow, and Chris Sibley. 2015. Facebook is Linked to Body Dissatisfaction: Comparing Users and Non-Users. Sex Roles 73: 200–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, Henri. 1978. Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. London; New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1979. An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, ed. William G. Austin and Stephen Worchel, 33–47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, Çetin, Mustafa Pamuk, and Ayşenur Dönder. 2013. Loneliness and Mobile Phone. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 103: 606–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatsi, Eirini, Atiya Kamal, Alistair Turvill, and Holler Regina. 2019. Emotion Dysregulation and Loneliness as Predictors of Food Addiction. Journal of Health and Social Sciences 4 (1): 43–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. Kevin, Leslie J. Heinberg, Madeline Altabe, and Stacey Tantleff-Dunn. 1999. Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, Marika, and Amy Slater. 2013. NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and Body Image Concern in Adolescent Girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders 46 (6): 630–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, Marika, and Mia Zaccardo. 2011. Sociocultural Perspectives on Human Appearance and Body Image. In Body Image: A Handbook of Science, Practice, and Prevention, ed. Thomas F. Cash and Linda Smolak, 12–19. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. “Exercise to Be Fit, Not Skinny”: The Effect of Fitspiration Imagery on Women’s Body Image. Body Image 15: 61–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treasure, Janet, Anna Crane, Rebecca McKnight, Emmakate Buchanan, and Melissa Wolfe. 2011. First Do No Harm: Iatrogenic Maintaining Factors in Anorexia Nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review 19 (4): 296–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valkenburg, Patti M., and Jochen Peter. 2007. Internet Communication and Its Relation to Well-Being: Identifying Some Underlying Mechanisms. Media Psychology 9 (1): 43–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vannucci, Anna, Kaitlin M. Flannery, McCauley Ohannessian, and Christine. 2017. Social Media Use and Anxiety in Emerging Adults. Journal of Affective Disorders 207: 163–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaacob, Siti Nor, Rumaya Juhari, Mansor Abu Talib, and Ikechukwu Uba. 2009. Loneliness, Stress, Self Esteem and Depression Among Malaysian Adolescents. Jurnal Kemanusiaan 7 (2). Available at: https://jurnalkemanusiaan.utm.my/index.php/kemanusiaan/article/view/208. Accessed 28 February 2020.

  • Zinovyeva, Elena V., Tatyana V. Kazantseva, and Anna N. Nikonova. 2016. Self-esteem and Loneliness in Russian Adolescents with Body Dissatisfaction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 233: 367–371.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the University of Wolverhampton through the Early Researcher Award Scheme 2017–2018.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bianca Fox .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fox, B. (2020). Associations Between Social Media Use and Loneliness, Body Image and Disordered Eating: A Qualitative Study of British Young Adults. In: Marinescu, V. (eds) Food, Nutrition and the Media. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46500-1_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics