diff --git a/.buildinfo b/.buildinfo new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60272b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/.buildinfo @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# Sphinx build info version 1 +# This file hashes the configuration used when building these files. When it is not found, a full rebuild will be done. +config: b5ab42682b7832065edd98878b5c373e +tags: 645f666f9bcd5a90fca523b33c5a78b7 diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore deleted file mode 100644 index db4561e..0000000 --- a/.gitignore +++ /dev/null @@ -1,54 +0,0 @@ -# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files -__pycache__/ -*.py[cod] - -# C extensions -*.so - -# Distribution / packaging -.Python -env/ -build/ -develop-eggs/ -dist/ -downloads/ -eggs/ -lib/ -lib64/ -parts/ -sdist/ -var/ -*.egg-info/ -.installed.cfg -*.egg - -# PyInstaller -# Usually these files are written by a python script from a template -# before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it. -*.manifest -*.spec - -# Installer logs -pip-log.txt -pip-delete-this-directory.txt - -# Unit test / coverage reports -htmlcov/ -.tox/ -.coverage -.cache -nosetests.xml -coverage.xml - -# Translations -*.mo -*.pot - -# Django stuff: -*.log - -# Sphinx documentation -docs/_build/ - -# PyBuilder -target/ diff --git a/.nojekyll b/.nojekyll new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 0eac205..0000000 --- a/README.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ -============ -PythonTopics -============ - -Presentations/notes on various Python topics - -Included in the repo are assorted notes and presentationa about selected Python topics. diff --git a/Sources/LICENSE.txt b/Sources/LICENSE.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8b88d6b..0000000 --- a/Sources/LICENSE.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,98 +0,0 @@ -Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License - -By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). 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If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from http://sphinx-doc.org/) -endif - -# Internal variables. -PAPEROPT_a4 = -D latex_paper_size=a4 -PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter -ALLSPHINXOPTS = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) source -# the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others -I18NSPHINXOPTS = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) source - -.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml singlehtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp devhelp epub latex latexpdf text man changes linkcheck doctest gettext - -help: - @echo "Please use \`make ' where is one of" - @echo " html to make standalone HTML files" - @echo " dirhtml to make HTML files named index.html in directories" - @echo " singlehtml to make a single large HTML file" - @echo " pickle to make pickle files" - @echo " json to make JSON files" - @echo " htmlhelp to make HTML files and a HTML help project" - @echo " qthelp to make HTML files and a qthelp project" - @echo " devhelp to make HTML files and a Devhelp project" - @echo " epub to make an epub" - @echo " latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter" - @echo " latexpdf to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex" - @echo " latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx" - @echo " text to make text files" - @echo " man to make manual pages" - @echo " texinfo to make Texinfo files" - @echo " info to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo" - @echo " gettext to make PO message catalogs" - @echo " changes to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items" - @echo " xml to make Docutils-native XML files" - @echo " pseudoxml to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes" - @echo " linkcheck to check all external links for integrity" - @echo " doctest to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)" - -clean: - rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/* - -html: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html - @echo - @echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html." - -dirhtml: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml - @echo - @echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml." - -singlehtml: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml - @echo - @echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml." - -pickle: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle - @echo - @echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files." - -json: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json - @echo - @echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files." - -htmlhelp: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp - @echo - @echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \ - ".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp." - -qthelp: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp - @echo - @echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \ - ".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:" - @echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/Foundations2Python.qhcp" - @echo "To view the help file:" - @echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/Foundations2Python.qhc" - -devhelp: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp - @echo - @echo "Build finished." - @echo "To view the help file:" - @echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/Foundations2Python" - @echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/Foundations2Python" - @echo "# devhelp" - -epub: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub - @echo - @echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub." - -latex: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex - @echo - @echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex." - @echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \ - "(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)." - -latexpdf: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex - @echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..." - $(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf - @echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex." - -latexpdfja: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex - @echo "Running LaTeX files through platex and dvipdfmx..." - $(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf-ja - @echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex." - -text: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text - @echo - @echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text." - -man: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man - @echo - @echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man." - -texinfo: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo - @echo - @echo "Build finished. The Texinfo files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo." - @echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through makeinfo" \ - "(use \`make info' here to do that automatically)." - -info: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo - @echo "Running Texinfo files through makeinfo..." - make -C $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo info - @echo "makeinfo finished; the Info files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo." - -gettext: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b gettext $(I18NSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/locale - @echo - @echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale." - -changes: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes - @echo - @echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes." - -linkcheck: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck - @echo - @echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \ - "or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt." - -doctest: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest - @echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \ - "results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt." - -xml: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b xml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/xml - @echo - @echo "Build finished. The XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/xml." - -pseudoxml: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b pseudoxml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml - @echo - @echo "Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml." - - -slides: - $(SPHINXBUILD) -b slides $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/slides - $(SASSBUILD) $(SASSOPTS) scss_sources/slides_custom.scss > $(BUILDDIR)/slides/_static/custom.css - @echo "Build finished. The HTML slides are in $(BUILDDIR)/slides." - diff --git a/Sources/build_gh_pages.sh b/Sources/build_gh_pages.sh deleted file mode 100755 index f03a5a0..0000000 --- a/Sources/build_gh_pages.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/sh - -# simple script to build and push to gh-pages -# designed to be run from master - -# make the docs -make html - -# copy to other repo (on the gh-pages branch) -cp -R build/html/ ../../IntroToPython.gh-pages - -cd ../../IntroToPython.gh-pages -git add * # in case there are new files added -git commit -a -git push diff --git a/Sources/requirements.txt b/Sources/requirements.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4666c46..0000000 --- a/Sources/requirements.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11 +0,0 @@ -Jinja2==2.7.2 -MarkupSafe==0.19 -Pygments==1.6 -Sphinx==1.2.2 -docutils==0.11 -sphinx-rtd-theme==0.1.6 -gnureadline==6.2.5 -# hieroglyph==0.7.dev --e git+https://github.com/nyergler/hieroglyph.git#egg=hieroglyph -ipython==2.3.0 -libsass==0.5.1 diff --git a/Sources/scss_sources/slides_custom.scss b/Sources/scss_sources/slides_custom.scss deleted file mode 100644 index 7691483..0000000 --- a/Sources/scss_sources/slides_custom.scss +++ /dev/null @@ -1,201 +0,0 @@ -$main-color: #515151; - -body { - -webkit-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in; - -webkit-transition-delay: 50ms; - -moz-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms; - -o-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms; - transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms; -} -slides { - -webkit-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in; - -webkit-transition-delay: 50ms; - -moz-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms; - -o-transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms; - transition: opacity 200ms ease-in 50ms; -} -slides > slide { - -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; - -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; - -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; - transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -} -.highlight-code slide.current pre > * { - opacity: 0.25; - -webkit-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in; - -moz-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in; - -o-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in; - transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in; -} -.build > *, p.build { - transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0.1s; - -o-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0.1s; - -moz-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0.1s; - -webkit-transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0.1s; -} -.note { - -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; - -moz-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; - -o-transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; - transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out; -} -.with-notes.popup .note { - -webkit-transition: opacity 100ms ease-in-out; - -moz-transition: opacity 100ms ease-in-out; - -o-transition: opacity 100ms ease-in-out; - transition: opacity 100ms ease-in-out; -} -.auto-fadein { - -webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; - -webkit-transition-delay: 0.25s; - -moz-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in 0.25s; - -o-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in 0.25s; - transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in 0.25s; -} -aside.gdbar { - -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-out; - -webkit-transition-delay: 0.1s; - -moz-transition: all 0.1s ease-out 0.1s; - -o-transition: all 0.1s ease-out 0.1s; - transition: all 0.1s ease-out 0.1s; - /* Better to transition only on background-size, but not sure how to do that with the mixin. */ -} - -em { - font-style: italic; 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- } - } - .toctree-wrapper { - li { - a { - text-decoration: none; - border-bottom: none; - } - } - } - table.docutils { - tr { - td { - vertical-align: top; - } - } - } -} - -.level-1 { - h1 { - font-size: 65px; - line-height: 1.4; - letter-spacing: -3px; - color: $main-color; - } - article { - text-align: center; - img { - margin-top: 10px; - } - } -} - -.level-2 { - h2 { - position: static; - border-bottom: 1px solid $main-color; - border-top: 1px solid $main-color; - padding: 5px 0px; - color: $main-color; - - } - article { - text-align: center; - } -} - -.level-3 { - h3 { - position: static; - border-bottom: 1px solid $main-color; - color: $main-color; - font-size: 40px; - height: 45px; - line-height: 45px; - font-weight: bold; - } - article { - text-align: left; - } -} diff --git a/Sources/source/_templates/end_slide.html b/Sources/source/_templates/end_slide.html deleted file mode 100644 index 5d23447..0000000 --- a/Sources/source/_templates/end_slide.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ - -
-

Thank You!

-
-

- -

- diff --git a/Sources/source/_templates/title_slide.html b/Sources/source/_templates/title_slide.html deleted file mode 100644 index f88023e..0000000 --- a/Sources/source/_templates/title_slide.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ - - -
-

-

-

-
- diff --git a/Sources/source/code/.DS_Store b/Sources/source/code/.DS_Store deleted file mode 100644 index 5008ddf..0000000 Binary files a/Sources/source/code/.DS_Store and /dev/null differ diff --git a/Sources/source/code/.ipynb_checkpoints/CircularReferenceExample-checkpoint.ipynb b/Sources/source/code/.ipynb_checkpoints/CircularReferenceExample-checkpoint.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 9482511..0000000 --- a/Sources/source/code/.ipynb_checkpoints/CircularReferenceExample-checkpoint.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,638 +0,0 @@ -{ - "metadata": { - "name": "" - }, - "nbformat": 3, - "nbformat_minor": 0, - "worksheets": [ - { - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Circular reference experiments:\n", - "\n", - "An example of a circular reference case: a parent-child relationship.\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "import sys" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 1 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# A child class\n", - "# it keeps a reference to its parent.\n", - "class MyChild(object):\n", - " def __init__(self, parent):\n", - " self.parent = parent\n", - "\n", - " ## store some data so it will use appreciable memory\n", - " ## multiply by 1234 to reduce interning\n", - " self.data = [1234*i for i in range(100000)]\n" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 2 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# A parent class -- holds and creates children\n", - "class MyParent(object):\n", - " def __init__(self):\n", - " self.children = []\n", - "\n", - " def addChild(self):\n", - " \"\"\"\n", - " Create and add a child object\n", - " \"\"\"\n", - " child = MyChild(self)\n", - " self.children.append(child)\n", - " return child" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 3 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# use them:\n", - "p = MyParent()\n", - "c1 = p.addChild()\n", - "c2 = p.addChild()" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 4 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "print c1\n" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "<__main__.MyChild object at 0x102333050>\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 5 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "print c1.parent" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "<__main__.MyParent object at 0x102333090>\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 6 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "c2.parent is p" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 7, - "text": [ - "True" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 7 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "p.children[1] is c2" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 8, - "text": [ - "True" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 8 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## All the objects refer to each-other as we expect.\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "## But what about the reference counts?\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "sys.getrefcount(p)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 9, - "text": [ - "4" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 9 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# Add some more children\n", - "p.addChild()\n", - "p.addChild()\n", - "# then the refcount:\n", - "sys.getrefcount(p)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 10, - "text": [ - "6" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 10 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - " ### What will the refcount be if we delete p?\n", - "\n", - "That only reduces it by 1.... still 5 left?\n", - "\n", - "### And what about c1 and c2?" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "sys.getrefcount(c1)\n", - "sys.getrefcount(c2)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 11, - "text": [ - "3" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 11 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "So deleting them won't help either....\n", - "\n", - "Classic Circular reference problem -- these objects will live on forever.\n", - "\n", - "## Enter Garbage Collection:" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "import gc\n", - "gc.collect()" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 12, - "text": [ - "205" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 12 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# delete the names:\n", - "del p, c1, c2\n", - "# try again:\n", - "gc.collect()" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 13, - "text": [ - "15" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 13 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### But: What if objects have a ```__del__``` method?\n", - "\n", - "The garbage collector won't delete them (note: very common for compiled extension objects...)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "class MyChild(object):\n", - " def __init__(self, parent):\n", - " self.parent = parent\n", - "\n", - " ## store some data so it will use appreciable memory\n", - " ## multiply by 1234 to reduce interning\n", - " self.data = [1234*i for i in range(100000)]\n", - "\n", - " def __del__(self):\n", - " # this way we can see when they get deleted\n", - " print 'MyChild deleted', id(self)\n", - "\n", - "class MyParent(object):\n", - " def __init__(self):\n", - " self.children = []\n", - " def addChild(self):\n", - " child = MyChild(self)\n", - " self.children.append(child)\n", - " return child\n", - " def __del__(self):\n", - " print 'MyParent deleted', id(self)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 14 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# simple case -- no children\n", - "p = MyParent()\n", - "del p" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "MyParent deleted 4330287376\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 15 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "It is deleted\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "## multiple children:\n", - "p = MyParent()\n", - "p.addChild()\n", - "p.addChild()\n", - "p.addChild()" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 16, - "text": [ - "<__main__.MyChild at 0x1021aec50>" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 16 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "sys.getrefcount(p)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 17, - "text": [ - "5" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 17 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# clear out random stuff iPython created...\n", - "gc.collect()" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 18, - "text": [ - "13" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 18 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# call again\n", - "gc.collect()" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 19, - "text": [ - "0" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 19 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# no extra garbage:\n", - "del p\n", - "gc.collect()" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 20, - "text": [ - "0" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 20 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Still zero -- p and its children are still around....\n", - "\n", - "(```memcount.py``` demo....)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "## The solution: Weak References:\n", - "\n", - "http://docs.python.org/2/library/weakref.html/n", - "\n", - "The child doesn't need to keep the parent around if it's the only reference to it.\n", - "\n", - "So it can use a weak reference ```proxy``` object. A ```proxy``` object acts like a regular object, but the reference count is not increased\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "import weakref\n", - "\n", - "class MyChild(object):\n", - " def __init__(self, parent):\n", - " self.parent = weakref.proxy(parent)\n", - "\n", - " ## store some data so it will use appreciable memory\n", - " ## multiply by 1234 to reduce interning\n", - " self.data = [1234*i for i in range(100000)]\n", - "\n", - " def __del__(self):\n", - " # this way we can see when they get deleted\n", - " print 'MyChild deleted', id(self)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 21 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "p = MyParent()\n", - "sys.getrefcount(p)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 22, - "text": [ - "2" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 22 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# now add some children\n", - "p.addChild()\n", - "p.addChild()\n", - "sys.getrefcount(p)" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 23, - "text": [ - "2" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 23 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Reference count on parent has not increased." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "# but you can still get at the parent from the child\n", - "p.children[1].parent" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 24, - "text": [ - "<__main__.MyParent at 0x102335ba8>" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 24 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [ - "del p" - ], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", - "text": [ - "MyParent deleted 4330253328\n", - "MyChild deleted 4330252880\n", - "MyChild deleted 4330252752\n" - ] - } - ], - "prompt_number": 25 - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "And everything got deleted when the reference goes away." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 25 - } - ], - "metadata": {} - } - ] -} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Sources/source/conf.py b/Sources/source/conf.py deleted file mode 100644 index bf722c4..0000000 --- a/Sources/source/conf.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,381 +0,0 @@ -# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- -# -# Pyhton Topics build configuration file, created by -# sphinx-quickstart on Wed Apr 2 18:42:06 2014. -# -# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its -# containing dir. -# -# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this -# autogenerated file. -# -# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out -# serve to show the default. - -import sys -import os -import sphinx_rtd_theme - -# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory, -# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the -# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here. -#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.')) - -# -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------ - -# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here. -#needs_sphinx = '1.0' - -# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be -# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom -# ones. -extensions = [ - 'sphinx.ext.doctest', - 'sphinx.ext.intersphinx', - 'sphinx.ext.todo', - 'sphinx.ext.coverage', - 'sphinx.ext.pngmath', - 'sphinx.ext.ifconfig', - 'IPython.sphinxext.ipython_console_highlighting', - 'IPython.sphinxext.ipython_directive', -] - -# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory. -templates_path = ['_templates'] - -# The suffix of source filenames. -source_suffix = '.rst' - -# The encoding of source files. -#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig' - -# The master toctree document. -master_doc = 'index' - -# General information about the project. -project = u'Python Topics' -copyright = u'2014, Christopher Barker' - -# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for -# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the -# built documents. -# -# The short X.Y version. -version = '1.0' -# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags. -release = '1.0.0' - -# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation -# for a list of supported languages. -#language = None - -# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some -# non-false value, then it is used: -#today = '' -# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call. -#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y' - -# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and -# directories to ignore when looking for source files. -exclude_patterns = [] - -# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all -# documents. -#default_role = None - -# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text. -#add_function_parentheses = True - -# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description -# unit titles (such as .. function::). -#add_module_names = True - -# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the -# output. They are ignored by default. -#show_authors = False - -# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use. -pygments_style = 'colorful' - -# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting. -#modindex_common_prefix = [] - -# If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents. -#keep_warnings = False - - -# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------- - -# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for -# a list of builtin themes. -html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme' - -# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme -# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the -# documentation. -#html_theme_options = {} - -# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory. -#html_theme_path = [] -html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()] - -# The name for this set of Sphinx documents. If None, it defaults to -# " v documentation". -#html_title = None - -# A shorter title for the navigation bar. Default is the same as html_title. -#html_short_title = None - -# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top -# of the sidebar. -#html_logo = None - -# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the -# docs. This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32 -# pixels large. -#html_favicon = None - -# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here, -# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files, -# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css". -html_static_path = ['_static'] - -# Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or -# .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied -# directly to the root of the documentation. -#html_extra_path = [] - -# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom, -# using the given strftime format. -#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y' - -# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to -# typographically correct entities. -#html_use_smartypants = True - -# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names. -#html_sidebars = {} - -# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to -# template names. -#html_additional_pages = {} - -# If false, no module index is generated. -#html_domain_indices = True - -# If false, no index is generated. -#html_use_index = True - -# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter. -#html_split_index = False - -# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages. -#html_show_sourcelink = True - -# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True. -#html_show_sphinx = True - -# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True. -#html_show_copyright = True - -# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will -# contain a tag referring to it. The value of this option must be the -# base URL from which the finished HTML is served. -#html_use_opensearch = '' - -# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml"). -#html_file_suffix = None - -# Output file base name for HTML help builder. -htmlhelp_basename = 'PythonTopics' - - -# -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------- - -latex_elements = { -# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper'). -#'papersize': 'letterpaper', - -# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt'). -#'pointsize': '10pt', - -# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble. -#'preamble': '', -} - -# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples -# (source start file, target name, title, -# author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]). -latex_documents = [ - ('index', 'PythonTopics.tex', u'Assorted Python Topics', - u'Christopher Barker', 'manual'), -] - -# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of -# the title page. -#latex_logo = None - -# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts, -# not chapters. -#latex_use_parts = False - -# If true, show page references after internal links. -#latex_show_pagerefs = False - -# If true, show URL addresses after external links. -#latex_show_urls = False - -# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals. -#latex_appendices = [] - -# If false, no module index is generated. -#latex_domain_indices = True - - -# -- Options for manual page output --------------------------------------- - -# One entry per manual page. List of tuples -# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section). -man_pages = [ - ('index', 'Python Topics', u'Assorted Python Topics', - [u'Christopher Barker'], 1) -] - -# If true, show URL addresses after external links. -#man_show_urls = False - - -# -- Options for Texinfo output ------------------------------------------- - -# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples -# (source start file, target name, title, author, -# dir menu entry, description, category) -texinfo_documents = [ - ('index', 'PythonTopics', u'Assorted Python Topics', - u'Christopher Barker', 'ToPythonTopics', 'Assorted Python Topics', - 'Miscellaneous'), -] - -# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals. -#texinfo_appendices = [] - -# If false, no module index is generated. -#texinfo_domain_indices = True - -# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'. -#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote' - -# If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu. -#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False - - -# -- Hieroglyph Slide Configuration ------------ - -extensions += [ - 'hieroglyph', -] - -slide_title = "PythonTopics" -slide_theme = 'slides2' -slide_levels = 3 - -# Place custom static assets in the _static directory and uncomment -# the following lines to include them - -slide_theme_options = { - 'subtitle': 'Interesting Corners of Python Programming', - 'custom_css': 'custom.css', - # 'custom_js': 'custom.js', - 'presenters': [ - { - 'name': u'Christopher Barker', - 'email': u'PythonCHB@gmail.com', - 'github': u'https://github.com/PythonCHB', - 'company': u'Christopher Barker, PhD' - }, - # { - # 'name': 'Cris Ewing', - # 'twitter': '@crisewing', - # 'www': 'http://crisewing.com/', - # 'github': 'http://github.com/cewing', - # 'company': 'Cris Ewing, Developer LLC' - # }, - ] -} - -# ---------------------------------------------- - - - -# -- Options for Epub output ---------------------------------------------- - -# Bibliographic Dublin Core info. -epub_title = u'PythonTopics' -epub_author = u'Christopher Barker' -epub_publisher = u'Christopher Barker' -epub_copyright = u'2014, Christopher Barker' - -# The basename for the epub file. It defaults to the project name. -#epub_basename = u'Foundations 2: Python' - -# The HTML theme for the epub output. Since the default themes are not optimized -# for small screen space, using the same theme for HTML and epub output is -# usually not wise. This defaults to 'epub', a theme designed to save visual -# space. -#epub_theme = 'epub' - -# The language of the text. It defaults to the language option -# or en if the language is not set. -#epub_language = '' - -# The scheme of the identifier. Typical schemes are ISBN or URL. -#epub_scheme = '' - -# The unique identifier of the text. This can be a ISBN number -# or the project homepage. -#epub_identifier = '' - -# A unique identification for the text. -#epub_uid = '' - -# A tuple containing the cover image and cover page html template filenames. -#epub_cover = () - -# A sequence of (type, uri, title) tuples for the guide element of content.opf. -#epub_guide = () - -# HTML files that should be inserted before the pages created by sphinx. -# The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title. -#epub_pre_files = [] - -# HTML files shat should be inserted after the pages created by sphinx. -# The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title. -#epub_post_files = [] - -# A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file. -epub_exclude_files = ['search.html'] - -# The depth of the table of contents in toc.ncx. -#epub_tocdepth = 3 - -# Allow duplicate toc entries. -#epub_tocdup = True - -# Choose between 'default' and 'includehidden'. -#epub_tocscope = 'default' - -# Fix unsupported image types using the PIL. -#epub_fix_images = False - -# Scale large images. -#epub_max_image_width = 0 - -# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'. -#epub_show_urls = 'inline' - -# If false, no index is generated. -#epub_use_index = True - - -# Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library. -intersphinx_mapping = {'http://docs.python.org/': None} diff --git a/Sources/source/index.rst b/Sources/source/index.rst deleted file mode 100644 index d189aad..0000000 --- a/Sources/source/index.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -In This Collection -================== - -.. ifslides:: - - +----------------------+-----------------------+ - | Topics: | Materials: | - +======================+=======================+ - | .. toctree:: | .. toctree:: | - | :maxdepth: 1 | :maxdepth: 1 | - | | | - | session01 | supplements/index | - | session02 | | - | session03 | | - | session04 | | - | session05 | | - | session06 | | - | session07 | | - | session08 | | - +----------------------+-----------------------+ - -.. ifnotslides:: - - Topics: - ------- - - .. toctree:: - :maxdepth: 1 - - weak_references - - Materials: - ---------- - - .. toctree:: - :maxdepth: 2 - - supplements/index - -.. rst-class:: credit - -These materials copyright Christopher H. Barker - -Licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License. - -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode - - - diff --git a/Sources/source/weak_references.rst b/Sources/source/weak_references.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 16e1e91..0000000 --- a/Sources/source/weak_references.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,273 +0,0 @@ - -.. Weak References slides file, created by - hieroglyph-quickstart on Mon Mar 10 21:33:01 2014. - - -============================================= -Python Memory Management and Weak References -============================================= - -Chris Barker - -``PythonCHB@gmail.com`` - -``https://github.com/PythonCHB`` - - -Memory Management -================== - - * You don't want python objects that are no longer in use taking up memory. - * You don't want to keep track of all that yourself. - * Most "scripting languages" or "virtual machines" have some sort of automated memory management - -Many ways to do "Garbage Collection" - -Reference Counting -==================== - -How memory is managed is not part of the Python Language spec: - * Jython uses the JVM - * Iron Python uses the CLR - - Both are garbage collected - * PyPy uses: ???? - -The CPython interpreter uses a reference counting scheme: - * every time there is a new reference to a Python object, its reference count is increased - * every time a reference is deleted -- the count is decreased - * when the reference count goes to zero: the object is deleted (memory freed) - -What makes a reference? -======================== - -* binding to a name:: - - x = an_object - -* putting it in a container:: - - l.append(an_object) - -* passing it to a function:: - - func(an_object) - -Most of the time, you don't need to think about this at all. - -How do I see what's going on? -=============================== - -:: - - import sys - sys.getrefcount(object) - -NOTE: This will always return one more than you'd expect, as passing the object to the function increases its refcount by one:: - - In [5]: a = [] - - In [6]: sys.getrefcount(a) - Out[6]: 2 - -[The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: you can't observer it without altering it] - -Playing with References -======================== - -:: - - In [7]: a = [] - - In [8]: sys.getrefcount(a) - Out[8]: 2 - - In [9]: b = a - - In [10]: sys.getrefcount(a) - Out[10]: 3 - - In [11]: l = [1,2,3,a] - - In [12]: sys.getrefcount(a) - Out[12]: 4 - -Playing with References -======================== - -:: - - In [13]: del b - - In [14]: sys.getrefcount(a) - Out[14]: 3 - - - In [15]: del l - - In [16]: sys.getrefcount(a) - Out[16]: 2 - -Playing with References -======================== - -:: - - # function local variables - - In [17]: def test(x): - ....: print "x has a refcount of:", sys.getrefcount(x) - ....: - - In [18]: sys.getrefcount(a) - Out[18]: 2 - - In [19]: test(a) - x has a refcount of: 4 - - In [20]: sys.getrefcount(a) - Out[20]: 2 - - -Playing with References -======================== - -:: - - In [21]: x = 3 - - In [22]: sys.getrefcount(x) - Out[22]: 428 - -WHOA!! - -(hint: interning....) - - -The Power of Reference Counting -================================= - -* You don't need to think about it most of the time. -* Code that creates objects doesn't need to delete them -* Objects get deleted right away - . They get "cleaned up" (files, for instance) - - -The Limits of Reference Counting -================================== - -Circular references - -If a python object references another object that references the first object: You have a circular reference: - -:: - - In [11]: l1 = [1,] - - In [12]: l2 = [2,] - - In [13]: l1.append(l2) - - In [14]: l2.append(l1) - - In [15]: l1 - Out[15]: [1, [2, [...]]] - - In [16]: l2 - Out[16]: [2, [1, [...]]] - - In [17]: l1[1] - Out[17]: [2, [1, [...]]] - - In [18]: l1[1][1] - Out[18]: [1, [2, [...]]] - - In [19]: l1[1][1][1] - Out[19]: [2, [1, [...]]] - - In [20]: l1[1][1][1][1] - Out[20]: [1, [2, [...]]] - - In [21]: l1[1][1][1][1] - Out[21]: [1, [2, [...]]] - - In [22]: sys.getrefcount(l1) - Out[22]: 15 - - - -The Garbage Collector -================================== - -As of Python 2.0 -- a garbage collector was added. - -It can find and clean up "unreachable" references. - -It is turned on by default:: - - In [1]: import gc - - In [2]: gc.isenabled() - Out[2]: True - -or you can force it:: - - In [4]: gc.collect() - Out[4]: 64 - -But it can be slow, and doesn't always work! - -Examples -========== - - -Example in iPython notebook:: - - code/CircularReferenceExample.ipynb - -You can also run:: - - circular.py - -And:: - - memcount.py - -``mem_check.py`` is code that reports process memory use - -- only *nix for now -- sorry! - -Weak References -================ - -For times when you don't want to keep objects alive, Python provides "weak references". - -You saw this in the examples. - -Three ways to use them: - -* The built-in containers: - - ``WeakKeyDictionary`` - - ``WeakValueDictionary`` - - ``WeakSet`` - -* ``Proxy`` objects - - act much like regular references -- client code doesn't know the difference -* ``WeakRef`` objects - - When you want to control what happens when the referenced object is gone. - -Exercise -========== - -Build a "weak cache": - -For large objects that are expensive to create: - -* Use a WeakValueDictionay to hold references to (probably large) objects. - -* When the client requests an object that doesn't exist -- one is created, returned, and cached (weakly). - -* If the object is in the cache, it is returned. - -* when not other references exist to the object, it is NOT retained by the cache. - - - diff --git a/_downloads/12cddb2119e4bb8354336830e15fa55c/simple_circular_di.py b/_downloads/12cddb2119e4bb8354336830e15fa55c/simple_circular_di.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..85134d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/_downloads/12cddb2119e4bb8354336830e15fa55c/simple_circular_di.py @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python + +""" +Simple contrived example of circular reference counting + +This one does some testing with di.ref_by_id +""" + +import sys +import di +import gc + +l1 = [1,] +l2 = [2,] + +l1_id = id(l1) +l2_id = id(l2) + +print "initial ref counts:" +print "l1:", sys.getrefcount(l1) +print "l2:", sys.getrefcount(l2) + +print "now add the circular references:" +l1.append(l2) +l2.append(l1) + +print "ref counts after the circular reference is added" +print "l1:", sys.getrefcount(l1) +print "l2:", sys.getrefcount(l2) + +print "delete one" +del l1 +print "l1:", sys.getrefcount(l2) + +print "delete the other" +del l2 + +print "are they still there?" +print "l1's refcount:", di.ref_by_id(l1_id) +print "l2's refcount:", di.ref_by_id(l2_id) +print "-- yes they are!" + +print "now run the garbage collector" +print "It collected:", gc.collect(), "objects" + +print "ref counts now???" +print "l1's refcount:", di.ref_by_id(l1_id) +print "l2's refcount:", di.ref_by_id(l2_id) + +print "yup -- they'll get cleaned up" + + + + diff --git a/Sources/source/code/mem_check.py b/_downloads/265232a61066399b6260b4402804cda9/mem_check.py similarity index 89% rename from Sources/source/code/mem_check.py rename to _downloads/265232a61066399b6260b4402804cda9/mem_check.py index 1c55f9c..677c186 100644 --- a/Sources/source/code/mem_check.py +++ b/_downloads/265232a61066399b6260b4402804cda9/mem_check.py @@ -1,7 +1,13 @@ """ -__init__.py for the utilities package +mem_check.py -a few small things here, 'cause why not? +functions for getting memoroy use of the current python process + +Windows and *nix versions + +USAGE: + +amount = get_mem_use(units='MB') # options are KB, MB, GB """ @@ -95,7 +101,7 @@ def get_mem_use(units='MB'): 'GB', 'MB', 'KB' """ import resource - useage = resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF).ru_maxrss + #useage = resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF).ru_maxrss div = {'GB': 1024*1024*1024, 'MB': 1024*1024, 'KB': 1024, diff --git a/Sources/source/code/circular.py b/_downloads/3b439708ef58a241500b880a3a57505e/circular.py similarity index 92% rename from Sources/source/code/circular.py rename to _downloads/3b439708ef58a241500b880a3a57505e/circular.py index 7b73199..ee9d853 100644 --- a/Sources/source/code/circular.py +++ b/_downloads/3b439708ef58a241500b880a3a57505e/circular.py @@ -7,19 +7,21 @@ deleted_object_messages = [] + class MyChild(object): def __init__(self, parent): - #self.parent = parent + self.parent = parent #self.parent = weakref.ref(parent) - self.parent = weakref.proxy(parent) + #self.parent = weakref.proxy(parent) ## store some data so it will use appreciable memory - ## multiply by 1234 to reduce interning + ## multiply by 1234 to avoid interning self.data = [1234*i for i in range(100000)] def __del__(self): deleted_object_messages.append( ('MyChild deleted', id(self)) ) + class MyParent(object): def __init__(self): self.children = [] @@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ def __del__(self): print "a's parent:", a.parent print "a's parent's children:", a.parent.children - assert a is a.parent.children[0] + assert a is a.parent.children[0] assert a2 is a.parent.children[1] diff --git a/_downloads/68fdf7be6441291a88cd184989d02039/simple_circular.py b/_downloads/68fdf7be6441291a88cd184989d02039/simple_circular.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..537b3f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/_downloads/68fdf7be6441291a88cd184989d02039/simple_circular.py @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python + +""" +Simple contrived example of circular reference counting +""" + +import sys + +l1 = [1,] +l2 = [2,] + +l1_id = id(l1) +l2_id = id(l2) + +print "initial ref counts:" +print "l1:", sys.getrefcount(l1) +print "l2:", sys.getrefcount(l2) + +print "now add the circular references:" +l1.append(l2) +l2.append(l1) + +print "ref counts after the circular reference is added" +print "l1:", l1, "refcount:", sys.getrefcount(l1) +print "l2:", l2, "refcount:", sys.getrefcount(l2) + +print "delete one" +del l1 +print "l2:", sys.getrefcount(l2) + +print "delete the other" +del l2 + +print "but are they still there???" + + + + + diff --git a/_downloads/9b1095d9f7d6a50a89a011beaee3ce5f/add_book_data.py b/_downloads/9b1095d9f7d6a50a89a011beaee3ce5f/add_book_data.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6fa4b5d --- /dev/null +++ b/_downloads/9b1095d9f7d6a50a89a011beaee3ce5f/add_book_data.py @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python + +""" +sample data for persistence/serializatiion examples + +This version is nested, with more stucture + - can be saved with pickle, JSON, xml... +""" + +AddressBook = [ {'first_name': "Chris", + 'last_name': "Barker", + 'address' : {'line_1':"835 NE 33rd St", + 'line_2' : "", + 'city' : "Seattle", + 'state': "WA", + 'zip': "96543"}, + 'email' : "PythonCHB@gmail.com", + 'home_phone' : "206-555-1234", + 'office_phone' : "123-456-7890", + 'cell_phone' : "234-567-8901", + }, + + {'first_name': "Fred", + 'last_name': "Jones", + 'address' : {'line_1':"123 SE 13th St", + 'line_2' : "Apt. 43", + 'city' : "Tacoma", + 'state': "WA", + 'zip': "93465"}, + 'email' : "FredJones@some_company.com", + 'home_phone' : "510-555-1234", + 'office_phone' : "564-466-7990", + 'cell_phone' : "403-561-8911", + }, + + {'first_name': "Nancy", + 'last_name': "Wilson", + 'address' : {'line_1':"8654 Walnut St", + 'line_2' : "Suite 567", + 'city' : "Pasadena", + 'state': "CA", + 'zip': "12345"}, + 'email' : "Wilson.Nancy@gmail.com", + 'home_phone' : "423-321-9876", + 'office_phone' : "123-765-9877", + 'cell_phone' : "432-567-8466", + }, + ] + diff --git a/_downloads/9cf5f2793655451b6b2af1e6ee61317d/make_my_package.py b/_downloads/9cf5f2793655451b6b2af1e6ee61317d/make_my_package.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c85f306 --- /dev/null +++ b/_downloads/9cf5f2793655451b6b2af1e6ee61317d/make_my_package.py @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python + +""" +A simple script that builds a as_simple_as_possible package +to use for your own code. +""" +import sys, os + +USAGE = """ +python make_my_package.py your_package_name + +Running the script will create a minimal package +you can use to manage your personal code +""" + +setup_template = """#!/usr/bin/env python +from setuptools import setup + +setup(name='{package_name}', + packages=['{package_name}'], + ) + +""" + +test_code = '''#!/usr/bin/env python + +""" +Just an example, but this could be a collection of utility functions, etc. + +Here would be documentation of what's in this file + +In this case, just one function to make sure it works. +""" + +def test_fun(): + print("yup -- this worked!!") + +''' + +if __name__ == "__main__": + + + try: + package_name = sys.argv[1] + except IndexError: + print("You need to provide a name for your package") + print(USAGE) + sys.exit(1) + + this_dir = os.curdir + os.mkdir(package_name) + os.chdir(package_name) + with open("setup.py", 'w') as setupfile: + setupfile.write(setup_template.format(package_name=package_name)) + os.mkdir(package_name) + os.chdir(package_name) + with open("__init__.py", 'w') as initfile: + initfile.write("#!/usr/bin/env python\n\n" + "__version__ = '0.0.0'\n" + ) + + with open("test_code.py", 'w') as initfile: + initfile.write(test_code) + + os.chdir("../..") + + + + + diff --git a/Sources/source/code/memcount.py b/_downloads/a37ffbc246ef52b59a4358a8a4f5efe7/memcount.py old mode 100755 new mode 100644 similarity index 84% rename from Sources/source/code/memcount.py rename to _downloads/a37ffbc246ef52b59a4358a8a4f5efe7/memcount.py index a0b331b..072d5e8 --- a/Sources/source/code/memcount.py +++ b/_downloads/a37ffbc246ef52b59a4358a8a4f5efe7/memcount.py @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import mem_check + class MyChild(object): def __init__(self, parent): #self.parent = parent @@ -26,8 +27,10 @@ def __init__(self, parent): self.data = [1234*i for i in range(100000)] def __del__(self): + """ __del__ defined to defeat GC""" print 'MyChild deleted', id(self) + class MyParent(object): def __init__(self): self.children = [] @@ -36,8 +39,10 @@ def addChild(self): self.children.append(child) return child def __del__(self): + """ __del__ defined to defeat GC""" print 'MyParent deleted', id(self) + if __name__ == "__main__": # create a bunch in a loop: @@ -48,6 +53,6 @@ def __del__(self): p.addChild() p.addChild() print "ref count:", sys.getrefcount(p) - print "mem_use:", mem_check.get_mem_use() - del p - gc.collect() + print "mem_use: %f MB"%mem_check.get_mem_use() + del p + print "collected", gc.collect() diff --git a/Sources/source/code/CircularReferenceExample.ipynb b/_downloads/e500eaf05ac135f66accf85f202387f6/CircularReferenceExample.ipynb similarity index 67% rename from Sources/source/code/CircularReferenceExample.ipynb rename to _downloads/e500eaf05ac135f66accf85f202387f6/CircularReferenceExample.ipynb index 4036bf2..3837294 100644 --- a/Sources/source/code/CircularReferenceExample.ipynb +++ b/_downloads/e500eaf05ac135f66accf85f202387f6/CircularReferenceExample.ipynb @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ { "metadata": { - "name": "" + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:fbfef4c0ce586db5ef88f68ea25517c67ef0276d6d4ce62feaeac69b481da0dc" }, "nbformat": 3, "nbformat_minor": 0, @@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ - "<__main__.MyChild object at 0x102324dd0>\n" + "<__main__.MyChild object at 0x1030f2610>\n" ] } ], @@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ - "<__main__.MyParent object at 0x102333050>\n" + "<__main__.MyParent object at 0x1030f2750>\n" ] } ], @@ -152,22 +153,22 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 9, + "prompt_number": 8, "text": [ "True" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 9 + "prompt_number": 8 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "## All the objects refer to each-other as we expect.\n", + "### All the objects refer to each-other as we expect.\n", "\n", "\n", - "## But what about the reference counts?\n" + "### But what about the reference counts?\n" ] }, { @@ -182,13 +183,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 10, + "prompt_number": 9, "text": [ "4" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 10 + "prompt_number": 9 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -206,19 +207,19 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 12, + "prompt_number": 10, "text": [ - "8" + "6" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 12 + "prompt_number": 10 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - " ### What will the refcount be if we delete p?\n", + "### What will the refcount be if we delete p?\n", "\n", "That only reduces it by 1.... still 5 left?\n", "\n", @@ -238,13 +239,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 13, + "prompt_number": 11, "text": [ "3" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 13 + "prompt_number": 11 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", @@ -252,9 +253,14 @@ "source": [ "So deleting them won't help either....\n", "\n", - "Classic Circular reference problem -- these objects will live on forever.\n", - "\n", - "## Enter Garbage Collection:" + "Classic Circular reference problem -- these objects could live on forever." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Enter Garbage Collection:" ] }, { @@ -262,6 +268,26 @@ "collapsed": false, "input": [ "import gc\n", + "gc.collect() # run once to clean things out..." + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "pyout", + "prompt_number": 12, + "text": [ + "246" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 12 + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ "gc.collect()" ], "language": "python", @@ -270,13 +296,20 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 15, + "prompt_number": 13, "text": [ "0" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 15 + "prompt_number": 13 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "yup -- it's clean" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -293,13 +326,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 16, + "prompt_number": 14, "text": [ - "21" + "15" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 16 + "prompt_number": 14 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", @@ -322,6 +355,7 @@ " ## multiply by 1234 to reduce interning\n", " self.data = [1234*i for i in range(100000)]\n", "\n", + " #provide a deleter to defeat garbage collection..\n", " def __del__(self):\n", " # this way we can see when they get deleted\n", " print 'MyChild deleted', id(self)\n", @@ -333,13 +367,14 @@ " child = MyChild(self)\n", " self.children.append(child)\n", " return child\n", + " ## note: probably dont need a deleter on both, but just in case...\n", " def __del__(self):\n", " print 'MyParent deleted', id(self)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 17 + "prompt_number": 15 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -356,11 +391,11 @@ "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ - "MyParent deleted 4330257552\n" + "MyParent deleted 4342764624\n" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 18 + "prompt_number": 16 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", @@ -385,13 +420,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 19, + "prompt_number": 17, "text": [ - "<__main__.MyChild at 0x1021af3d0>" + "<__main__.MyChild at 0x102da57d0>" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 19 + "prompt_number": 17 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -405,13 +440,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 20, + "prompt_number": 18, "text": [ "5" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 20 + "prompt_number": 18 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -426,13 +461,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 21, + "prompt_number": 19, "text": [ "13" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 21 + "prompt_number": 19 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -447,13 +482,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 22, + "prompt_number": 20, "text": [ "0" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 22 + "prompt_number": 20 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -469,13 +504,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 23, + "prompt_number": 21, "text": [ "0" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 23 + "prompt_number": 21 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", @@ -520,7 +555,7 @@ "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 24 + "prompt_number": 22 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -535,13 +570,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 25, + "prompt_number": 23, "text": [ "2" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 25 + "prompt_number": 23 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -558,13 +593,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 26, + "prompt_number": 24, "text": [ "2" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 26 + "prompt_number": 24 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", @@ -586,13 +621,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 27, + "prompt_number": 25, "text": [ - "<__main__.MyParent at 0x10570a7e0>" + "<__main__.MyParent at 0x1036b4368>" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 27 + "prompt_number": 25 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -607,13 +642,13 @@ "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ - "MyParent deleted 4344994960\n", - "MyChild deleted 4344994256\n", - "MyChild deleted 4344993808\n" + "MyParent deleted 4342830480\n", + "MyChild deleted 4342832592\n", + "MyChild deleted 4342832016\n" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 28 + "prompt_number": 26 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", @@ -633,7 +668,7 @@ "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], - "prompt_number": 29 + "prompt_number": 27 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -647,13 +682,13 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 30, + "prompt_number": 28, "text": [ - "<__main__.MyChild at 0x102fb5bd0>" + "<__main__.MyChild at 0x102da5290>" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 30 + "prompt_number": 28 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -668,11 +703,11 @@ "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ - "MyParent deleted 4344993360\n" + "MyParent deleted 4342831248\n" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 31 + "prompt_number": 29 }, { "cell_type": "code", @@ -687,66 +722,101 @@ "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ - "<__main__.MyChild object at 0x102fb5bd0>\n" + "<__main__.MyChild object at 0x102da5290>\n" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 32 + "prompt_number": 30 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ - "c.parent\n" + "c.parent ## does the child have a parent???\n" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { - "ename": "ReferenceError", - "evalue": "weakly-referenced object no longer exists", - "output_type": "pyerr", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mReferenceError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mparent\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;32m/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/displayhook.pyc\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, result)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 245\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstart_displayhook\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 246\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mwrite_output_prompt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 247\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mformat_dict\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmd_dict\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcompute_format_data\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 248\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mwrite_format_data\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mformat_dict\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmd_dict\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 249\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mupdate_user_ns\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n", - "\u001b[0;32m/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/displayhook.pyc\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mcompute_format_data\u001b[0;34m(self, result)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 155\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 156\u001b[0m \"\"\"\n\u001b[0;32m--> 157\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mshell\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdisplay_formatter\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mformat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 158\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 159\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mwrite_format_data\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mformat_dict\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmd_dict\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n", - "\u001b[0;32m/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.pyc\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mformat\u001b[0;34m(self, obj, include, exclude)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 150\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmd\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 151\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 152\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mdata\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mformatter\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 153\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mexcept\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 154\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# FIXME: log the exception\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n", - "\u001b[0;32m/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.pyc\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, obj)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 479\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtype_pprinters\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtype_printers\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 480\u001b[0m deferred_pprinters=self.deferred_printers)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 481\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprinter\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpretty\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 482\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprinter\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mflush\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 483\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstream\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mgetvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n", - "\u001b[0;32m/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/lib/pretty.pyc\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpretty\u001b[0;34m(self, obj)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 331\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mbegin_group\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 332\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 333\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mobj_class\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mgetattr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'__class__'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 334\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# First try to find registered singleton printers for the type.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 335\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n", - "\u001b[0;31mReferenceError\u001b[0m: weakly-referenced object no longer exists" + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stderr", + "text": [ + "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:239: FormatterWarning: Exception in text/html formatter: weakly-referenced object no longer exists\n", + " FormatterWarning,\n", + "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:239: FormatterWarning: Exception in image/jpeg formatter: weakly-referenced object no longer exists\n", + " FormatterWarning,\n", + "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:239: FormatterWarning: Exception in image/svg+xml formatter: weakly-referenced object no longer exists\n", + " FormatterWarning,\n", + "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:239: FormatterWarning: Exception in image/png formatter: weakly-referenced object no longer exists\n", + " FormatterWarning,\n", + "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:239: FormatterWarning: Exception in application/javascript formatter: weakly-referenced object no longer exists\n", + " FormatterWarning,\n", + "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:239: FormatterWarning: Exception in text/latex formatter: weakly-referenced object no longer exists\n", + " FormatterWarning,\n", + "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:239: FormatterWarning: Exception in application/json formatter: weakly-referenced object no longer exists\n", + " FormatterWarning,\n", + "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:239: FormatterWarning: Exception in application/pdf formatter: weakly-referenced object no longer exists\n", + " FormatterWarning,\n" + ] + }, + { + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "pyout", + "prompt_number": 31, + "text": [ + "" ] } ], + "prompt_number": 31 + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "p = c.parent\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], "prompt_number": 33 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ - "p = MyParent()\n", - "p.addChild()\n", - "p.addChild()\n" + "print p" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 25, - "text": [ - "<__main__.MyChild at 0x1066f1b10>" + "ename": "ReferenceError", + "evalue": "weakly-referenced object no longer exists", + "output_type": "pyerr", + "traceback": [ + "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mReferenceError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", + "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", + "\u001b[0;31mReferenceError\u001b[0m: weakly-referenced object no longer exists" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 25 + "prompt_number": 34 + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Nope -- but it doesn't crash, either!" + ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ - "p\n" + "p = MyParent()\n", + "p.addChild()\n", + "p.addChild()\n" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, @@ -754,19 +824,19 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 26, + "prompt_number": 126, "text": [ - "<__main__.MyParent at 0x1066f1ad0>" + "<__main__.MyChild at 0x10371fed0>" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 26 + "prompt_number": 126 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ - "sys.getrefcount(p)\n" + "p" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, @@ -774,40 +844,33 @@ { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", - "prompt_number": 29, + "prompt_number": 127, "text": [ - "8" + "<__main__.MyParent at 0x10371fe50>" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 29 + "prompt_number": 127 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ - "p.__del__()\n" + "sys.getrefcount(p)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { - "output_type": "stream", - "stream": "stdout", + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "pyout", + "prompt_number": 128, "text": [ - "MyParent deleted 4402911952\n" + "8" ] } ], - "prompt_number": 30 - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "collapsed": false, - "input": [], - "language": "python", - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [] + "prompt_number": 128 } ], "metadata": {} diff --git a/_downloads/e766955bd4e3b7c757dc7de36e15ae91/add_book_data_flat.py b/_downloads/e766955bd4e3b7c757dc7de36e15ae91/add_book_data_flat.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97a0869 --- /dev/null +++ b/_downloads/e766955bd4e3b7c757dc7de36e15ae91/add_book_data_flat.py @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python + +""" +sample data for persistence/serialization examples +this version is flat for saving in CSV, ini, etc. +""" + +AddressBook = [ {'first_name': "Chris", + 'last_name': "Barker", + 'address_line_1':"835 NE 33rd St", + 'address_line_2' : "", + 'address_city' : "Seattle", + 'address_state': "WA", + 'address_zip': "96543", + 'email' : "PythonCHB@gmail.com", + 'home_phone' : "206-555-1234", + 'office_phone' : "123-456-7890", + 'cell_phone' : "234-567-8901", + }, + + {'first_name': "Fred", + 'last_name': "Jones", + 'address_line_1':"123 SE 13th St", + 'address_line_2' : "Apt. 43", + 'address_city' : "Tacoma", + 'address_state': "WA", + 'address_zip': "93465", + 'email' : "FredJones@some_company.com", + 'home_phone' : "510-555-1234", + 'office_phone' : "564-466-7990", + 'cell_phone' : "403-561-8911", + }, + + {'first_name': "Nancy", + 'last_name': "Wilson", + 'address_line_1':"8654 Walnut St", + 'address_line_2' : "Suite 567", + 'address_city' : "Pasadena", + 'address_state': "CA", + 'address_zip': "12345", + 'email' : "Wilson.Nancy@gmail.com", + 'home_phone' : "423-321-9876", + 'office_phone' : "123-765-9877", + 'cell_phone' : "432-567-8466", + }, + ] + diff --git a/_sources/index.rst.txt b/_sources/index.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bba1855 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/index.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +In This Collection +================== + +Topics: +------- + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 1 + + weak_references + persistance_serialization + where_to_put_tests + where_to_put_your_code + interfacing_with_c/index + + +These materials copyright Christopher H. Barker + +Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License. + +https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode + + + diff --git a/_sources/interfacing_with_c/c_python.rst.txt b/_sources/interfacing_with_c/c_python.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82e7568 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/interfacing_with_c/c_python.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +######################## +Interfacing C and Python +######################## + +Sorry, not much here yet. + +NOTE: this is all about the CPython interpreter -- not PyPy, IronPython, JPython, etc. + +Documentation: +============== + +Core docs for the C API: + + +https://docs.python.org/3/extending/ + + +Interfacing methods: +==================== + +There a bunch of ways to interface C and Python: + + +Hand write against the C API: +----------------------------- + +The python interpeter exposes a full API to all the python objects, etc. You can essentially do anything, but it's a lot of hand-work. + +And reference counting is really hard to get right! + +http://docs.python.org/3/c-api/ + +Cython: +------- + +Cython can be described as a "python-like language for writing python extensions" + +It can be used essentially to speed up Python, but also to call Python from C. + +https://cython.org/ + + +ctypes +------ + +Ctypes comes with PYthon out of the box. + + +SWIG, SIP, ETC. +--------------- + +Auto wrapper generators. + + +EXAMPLE: +======== + +Same as the one for fortran: a automatic gain control filter: + +:download:`agc_example.zip` + + + diff --git a/_sources/interfacing_with_c/fortran_python.rst.txt b/_sources/interfacing_with_c/fortran_python.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..651d2c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/interfacing_with_c/fortran_python.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,213 @@ +Interfacing Fortran and Python +############################## + +Documentation: +============== + +A nice reference for Python for Fortran programmers: + +http://fortran90.org/src/rosetta.html + + +Fortran best practices (including interfacing with Python) + +http://fortran90.org/src/best-practices.html + +http://fortran90.org/src/best-practices.html#interfacing-with-python + +Interfacing methods: +==================== + +There a a handful of ways to interface Fortran and Python: + +f2py: +----- + +http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/user/c-info.python-as-glue.html#f2py + +Been around a long time, and maintained (at least a little) as part of the numpy project -- but more useful with older fortran -- not up to modern fortran standards. Perhaps the best option for interfacing with old-style fortran. + + +fwrap: +-------- + +http://fwrap.sourceforge.net/ + +Very promising, but its development has stalled out -- so probably not a good bet unless you want to actually work on it yourself. + + +Cython and iso_c_binding: +--------------------------- + +http://fortran90.org/src/best-practices.html#interfacing-with-python + +By using the iso_binding calls to extend a C interace to your fortran code, you can call it with Cython. And Cython is very useful for calling C, optimizing Python, and adding "thick" wrappers to either C or fortran. + + +An Example: +============ + +The following is an example of using Cython to call fortran from Python. + +The problem at hand is an automatic gain control function function, expressed in fortran as:: + + subroutine AGC(nAGC,npts,amp,ampAGC) + real fmax,amp(npts),absamp(npts),ampAGC(npts) + integer i,j,npts,nAGC,nAGC2 + + do i=1,npts + ampAGC(i)=0. + absamp(i)=abs(amp(i)) + enddo + + nAGC2=nAGC/2 + + do i=nAGC2+1,npts-nAGC2 + fmax=0. + do j=i-nAGC2,i+nAGC2 + if (absamp(j).gt.fmax) fmax=absamp(j) + enddo + ampAGC(i)=amp(i)/fmax + enddo + + return + + end + +f2py: +----- + +f2py is a command line utility that comes with numpy. You can build a default simple wrapper with the f2py command:: + + f2py -m agc_subroutine agc_subroutine.f + + +This will result in the file `agc_subroutinemodule.c`, which is hte c source for a python extension module. Or you can have f2py build the module itself all at once:: + + f2py -m -c agc_subroutine agc_subroutine.f + +This will generate a compiled python extension named agc_subroutine that can be imported in python as:: + + import agc_subroutine + +f2p automatically generates a docstring for the function it created:: + + agc - Function signature: + agc(nagc,amp,ampagc,[npts]) + Required arguments: + nagc : input int + amp : input rank-1 array('f') with bounds (npts) + ampagc : input rank-1 array('f') with bounds (npts) + Optional arguments: + npts := len(amp) input int + +So it can be called like so:: + + agc_subroutine.agc(5, signal, filtered) + +where `signal` and `filtered` are 1-d arrays of float32 values, both of the same length. + +Giving f2py extra information: +.............................. + +f2py can build an interface to a fortran subroutine, but it can't do it all that well without some extra information. For instnce, note from the docstring that the argument `ampagc` is listed as an input argument, when it is really intended to be used for output. + +To get f2py to generate an interface file use the -h option:: + + f2py -h agc_subroutine.pyf -m agc_subroutine agc_subroutine.f + +This command leaves the file agc_subroutine.pyf in the current directory, which contains:: + + ! -*- f90 -*- + ! Note: the context of this file is case sensitive. + + python module agc_subroutine ! in + interface ! in :agc_subroutine + subroutine agc(nagc,npts,amp,ampagc) ! in :agc_subroutine:agc_subroutine.f + integer :: nagc + integer, optional,check(len(amp)>=npts),depend(amp) :: npts=len(amp) + real dimension(npts) :: amp + real dimension(npts),depend(npts) :: ampagc + end subroutine agc + end interface + end python module agc_subroutine + + ! This file was auto-generated with f2py (version:2). + ! See http://cens.ioc.ee/projects/f2py2e/ + +You can then add to the interface file by placing intent directives and checking code. This will clean up the interface quite a bit so that the Python module method is both easier to use and more robust. This is the edited version:: + + ! -*- f90 -*- + ! Note: the context of this file is case sensitive. + + python module agc_subroutine ! in + interface ! in :agc_subroutine + subroutine agc(nagc,npts,amp,ampagc) ! in :agc_subroutine:agc_subroutine.f + integer :: nagc + integer, optional,intent(hide),check(len(amp)>=npts),depend(amp) :: npts=len(amp) + real dimension(npts) :: amp + real dimension(npts),intent(out),depend(npts) :: ampagc + end subroutine agc + end interface + end python module agc_subroutine + + ! This file was auto-generated with f2py (version:2). + ! Then hand edited for a better interface. + ! See http://cens.ioc.ee/projects/f2py2e/ + + +The intent directive, intent(out) is used to tell f2py that ampagc is an output variable and should be created by the interface before being passed to the underlying code. The intent(hide) directive tells f2py to not allow the user to specify the variable, npts, but instead to get it from the size of amp. + +Inserting directives in the Fortran source +........................................... + +Directives can alternatively be inserted in the fortran source as special comments:: + + c + c Subrooutine to compute an automatic gain control filter. + c + c + subroutine AGC(nAGC,npts,amp,ampAGC) + + CF2PY INTENT(OUT) :: ampAGC + CF2PY INTENT(HIDE) :: npts + + real fmax,amp(npts),absamp(npts),ampAGC(npts) + integer i,j,npts,nAGC,nAGC2 + +This is probably an easier and clearer option if you maintaining the fortran source yourself. + +Either way, you get a nicer, more pythonic and safer interface:: + + agc - Function signature: + ampagc = agc(nagc,amp) + Required arguments: + nagc : input int + amp : input rank-1 array('f') with bounds (npts) + Return objects: + ampagc : rank-1 array('f') with bounds (npts) + +called like so:: + + filtered = agc_subroutine.agc(10, signal) + +You can see that you don't need (and can't) specify the length of the array, and the output array is automatically created by the wrappers, and memory-managed by python. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/_sources/persistance_serialization.rst.txt b/_sources/persistance_serialization.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6251f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/persistance_serialization.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,651 @@ +***************************** +Persistence and Serialization +***************************** + +======== +Overview +======== + +Persistence and Serialization are closely related. + +*Serialization* means taking a potentially complex data structure and converting it into a single string of bytes. + +https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialization + +*Persistence* is storing data in a way that it will persist beyond the run-time of your program. + +https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science) + +They are closely related, because most forms of persistent storage -- simple text files, databases, etc., require that it be turned into a simple string of bytes first. After all, at the end of the day, everything done with computers is ultimately a serial string of bytes. + +Serialization is also very useful for transmitting information between systems -- over the network, etc. + + +Serialization +------------- + +Today is less about concepts + +More about learning to use a given module + +So less talk, more coding + +.. nextslide:: + +I'm focusing on methods available in the Python standard library + +Serialization is the process of putting your potentially complex +(and nested) python data structures into a linear (serial) form .. i.e. a string of bytes. + +The serial form can be saved to a file, pushed over the wire, etc. + +Persistence +----------- + +Persistence is saving your python data structure(s) to disk -- so they +will persist once the python process is finished. + +Any serial form can provide persistence (by dumping/loading it to/from +a file), but not all persistence mechanisms are serial (i.e RDBMS) + +http://wiki.python.org/moin/PersistenceTools + +======================= +Python Specific Formats +======================= + +Python Literals +--------------- + +Putting plain old python literals in your file + +Gives a nice, human-editable form for config files, etc. + +Don't use for untrusted sources!!! + +Python Literals +--------------- + +Good for basic python types. +(can work for your own classes, too -- if you write a good ``__repr__`` ) + +In theory, ``repr()`` always gives a form that can be re-constructed. + +Often ``str()`` form works too. + +``pprint`` (pretty print) module can make it easier to read: + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/pprint.html + +Python Literal Example +---------------------- + +.. code-block:: ipython + + # a list of dicts + data = [{'this':5, 'that':4}, {'spam':7, 'eggs':3.4}] + In [51]: s = repr(data) # save a string version: + In [52]: data2 = eval(s) # re-construct with eval: + In [53]: data2 == data # they are equal + Out[53]: True + In [54]: data is data2 # but not the same object + Out[54]: False + + +You can save the string to a file and even use ``import`` + +(NOTE: ``ast.literal_eval`` is safer than eval: https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/ast.html#ast-helpers) + +pretty print +------------ + +.. code-block:: ipython + + In [69]: import pprint + In [71]: repr(data) + Out[71]: "[{'this': 5, 'that': 4}, {'eggs': 3.4, 'spam': 7}, {'foo': 86, 'bar': 4.5}, {'fun': 43, 'baz': 6.5}]" + In [72]: s = pprint.pformat(data) + In [73]: print(s) + [{'that': 4, 'this': 5}, + {'eggs': 3.4, 'spam': 7}, + {'bar': 4.5, 'foo': 86}, + {'baz': 6.5, 'fun': 43}] + + +Pickle +------ + +Pickle is a binary format for python objects + +You can essentially dump any python object to disk (or string, or socket, or... + +.. code-block:: ipython + + In [87]: import pickle + In [83]: data + Out[83]: + [{'that': 4, 'this': 5}, + {'eggs': 3.4, 'spam': 7}, + {'bar': 4.5, 'foo': 86}, + {'baz': 6.5, 'fun': 43}] + In [84]: pickle.dump(data, open('data.pkl', 'wb')) + In [85]: data2 = pickle.load(open('data.pkl', 'rb')) + In [86]: data2 == data + Out[86]: True + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/pickle.html + +Shelve +------ + +A "shelf" is a persistent, dictionary-like object. + +(It's also a place you can put a jar of pickles...) + +The values (not the keys!) can be essentially arbitrary Python objects (anything picklable) + +NOTE: will not reflect changes in mutable objects without re-writing them to the db. (or use writeback=True) + +If less that 100s of MB -- just use a dict and pickle it. + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/shelve.html + + +.. nextslide:: + + +``shelve`` presents a ``dict`` interface: + +.. code-block:: ipython + + import shelve + d = shelve.open(filename) + d[key] = data # store data at key + data = d[key] # retrieve a COPY of data at key + del d[key] # delete data stored at key + flag = d.has_key(key) # true if the key exists + d.close() # close it + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/shelve.html + +LAB +--- + +Here are two datasets embedded in Python: + +:download:`add_book_data.py <../code/persistance/add_book_data.py>` +:download:`add_book_data_flat.py <../code/persistance/add_book_data_flat.py>` + +They can be loaded with:: + + from add_book_data import AddressBook + +They have address book data -- one with a nested dict, one "flat" + +* Write a module that saves the data as python literals in a file + + - and reads it back in + +* Write a module that saves the data as a pickle in a file + + - and reads it back in + +* Write a module that saves the data in a shelve + + - and accesses it one by one. + + +=================== +Interchange Formats +=================== + +INI +--- + +INI files + +(the old Windows config files) + +:: + + [Section1] + int = 15 + bool = true + float = 3.1415 + [Section2] + int = 32 + ... + + + +Good for configuration data, etc. + +ConfigParser +------------ + +Writing ``ini`` files: + +.. code-block:: ipython + + import configparser + config = configparser.ConfigParser() + config.add_section('Section1') + config.set('Section1', 'int', '15') + config.set('Section1', 'bool', 'true') + config.set('Section1', 'float', '3.1415') + # Writing our configuration file to 'example.cfg' + config.write(open('example.cfg', 'w')) + +Note: all keys and values are strings + +.. nextslide:: + +Reading ``ini`` files: + +.. code-block:: ipython + + >>> config = configparser.ConfigParser() + >>> config.read('example.cfg') + >>> config.sections() + ['Section1', 'Section2'] + >>> config.get('Section1', 'float') + '3.1415' + >>> config.items('Section1') + [('int', '15'), ('bool', 'true'), ('float', '3.1415')] + + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/configparser.html + +CSV +--- + +CSV (Comma Separated Values) format is the most common import and export format for spreadsheets and databases. + +No real standard -- the Python csv package more or less follows MS Excel "standard" (with other "dialects" available) + +Can use delimiters other than commas... (I like tabs better) + +Most useful for simple tabular data + +CSV module +---------- + +Reading ``CSV`` files: + +.. code-block:: python + + >>> import csv + >>> spamReader = csv.reader( open('eggs.csv', 'rb') ) + >>> for row in spamReader: + ... print ', '.join(row) + Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Baked Beans + Spam, Lovely Spam, Wonderful Spam + + + +``csv`` module takes care of string quoting, etc. for you + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/csv.html + +.. nextslide:: + +Writing ``CSV`` files: + +.. code-block:: python + + >>> import csv + >>> outfile = open('eggs.csv', 'w') + >>> spam_writer = csv.writer(outfile, + quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL) + >>> spam_writer.writerow(['Spam'] * 5 + ['Baked Beans']) + >>> spam_writer.writerow(['Spam', 'Lovely Spam', 'Wonderful Spam']) + + +``csv`` module takes care of string quoting, etc for you + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/csv.html + +JSON +---- + +JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a subset of JavaScript syntax used as a lightweight data interchange format. + +Python module has an interface similar to pickle + +Can handle the standard Python data types + +Specializable encoding/decoding for other types -- but I wouldn't do that! + +Presents a similar interface as ``pickle`` + +http://www.json.org/ + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/json.html + +Python json module +------------------ + +.. code-block:: ipython + + In [94]: s = json.dumps(data) + Out[95]: '[{"this": 5, "that": 4}, {"eggs": 3.4, "spam": 7}, + {"foo": 86, "bar": 4.5}, {"fun": 43, "baz": 6.5}]' + # looks a lot like python literals... + In [96]: data2 = json.loads(s) + Out[97]: + [{u'that': 4, u'this': 5}, + {u'eggs': 3.4, u'spam': 7}, + ... + In [98]: data2 == data + Out[98]: True # they are the same + + +(also ``json.dump() and json.load()`` for files) + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/json.html + +XML +--- + +XML is a standardized version of SGML, designed for use as a data storage / interchange format. + +NOTE: HTML is also SGML, and modern versions conform to the XML standard. + +XML in the python std lib +------------------------- + +``xml.dom`` + +``xml.sax`` + +``xml.parsers.expat`` + +``xml.etree`` + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html + +elementtree +----------- + +The Element type is a flexible container object, designed to store hierarchical data structures in memory. + +Essentially an in-memory XML -- can be read from / written-to XML + +an ``ElementTree`` is an entire XML doc + +an ``Element`` is a node in that tree + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html + +LAB +--- + +Use the same addressbook data: + +:: + + # load with: + from add_book_data import AddressBook + +They have address book data -- one with a nested dict, one "flat" + +* Write a module that saves the data as an INI file + + - and reads it back in + +* Write a module that saves the data as a CSV file + + - and reads it back in + +* Write a module that saves the data in JSON + + - and reads it back in + +* Write a module that saves the data in XML + + - and reads it back in + + - this gets ugly! + + +========= +DataBases +========= + +anydbm +------ + +``dbm`` is a generic interface to variants of the DBM database + +Suitable for storing data that fits well into a python dict with strings as both keys and values + +Note: dbm will use the dbm system that works on your system -- this may be different on different systems -- so the db files may NOT be compatible! ``whichdb`` will try to figure it out, but it's not guaranteed + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/dbm.html + +dbm module +------------- +Writing data: + +:: + + #creating a dbm file: + import dbm + dbm.open(filename, 'n') + + +flag options are: + +* 'r' -- Open existing database for reading only (default) +* 'w' -- Open existing database for reading and writing +* 'c' -- Open database for reading and writing, creating it if it doesn’t exist +* 'n' -- Always create a new, empty database, open for reading and writing + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/dbm.html + +anydbm module +------------- + +``dbm`` provides dict-like interface: + +:: + + db = dbm.open("dbm", "c") + db["first"] = "bruce" + db["second"] = "micheal" + db["third"] = "fred" + db["second"] = "john" #overwrite + db.close() + # read it: + db = dbm.open("dbm", "r") + for key in db.keys(): + print(key, db[key]) + + + +http://docs.python.org/library/anydbm.html + + +sqlite +------ + +SQLite: C library provides a lightweight disk-based single-file database + +Nonstandard variant of the SQL query language + +Very broadly used as as an embedded databases for storing application-specific data etc. + +Firefox plug-in: + +https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/sqlite-manager/ + + +python sqlite module +-------------------- + +``sqlite3`` Python module wraps C lib -- provides standard DB-API interface + +Allows (and requires) SQL queries + +Can provide high performance, flexible, portable storage for your app + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/sqlite3.html + +.. nextslide:: + +Example: + +:: + + import sqlite3 + # open a connection to a db file: + conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db') + # or build one in-memory + conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:') + # create a cursor + c = conn.cursor() + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/sqlite3.html + +python sqlite module +-------------------- + +Execute SQL with the cursor: + +:: + + # Create table + c.execute("'CREATE TABLE stocks (date text, trans text, symbol text, qty real, price real)'") + # Insert a row of data + c.execute("INSERT INTO stocks VALUES ('2006-01-05','BUY','RHAT',100,35.14)") + # Save (commit) the changes + conn.commit() + # Close the cursor if we are done with it + c.close() + + +https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/sqlite3.html + +python sqlite module +-------------------- + +``SELECT`` creates an cursor that can be iterated: + +:: + + >>> for row in c.execute('SELECT * FROM stocks ORDER BY price'): + print row + ('2006-01-05', 'BUY', 'RHAT', 100, 35.14) + ('2006-03-28', 'BUY', 'IBM', 1000, 45.0) + ... + + +Or you can get the rows one by one or in a list: + +:: + + c.fetchone() + c.fetchall() + + +python sqlite module +-------------------- + +Good idea to use the DB-API’s parameter substitution: + +:: + + t = (symbol,) + c.execute('SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol=?', t) + print c.fetchone() + # Larger example that inserts many records at a time + purchases = [('2006-03-28', 'BUY', 'IBM', 1000, 45.00), + ('2006-04-05', 'BUY', 'MSFT', 1000, 72.00), + ('2006-04-06', 'SELL', 'IBM', 500, 53.00), + ] + c.executemany('INSERT INTO stocks VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)', purchases) + + +http://xkcd.com/327/ + +DB-API +------ + +The DB-API spec (PEP 249) is a specification for interaction between Python and Relational Databases. + +Support for a large number of third-party Database drivers: + + * MySQL + * PostgreSQL + * Oracle + * MSSQL (?) + * ... + +http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249} + +============= +Other Options +============= + +Object-Relation Mappers +----------------------- + +Systems for mapping Python objects to tables + +Saves you writing that glue code (and the SQL) + +Usually deal with mapping to variety of back-ends: + -- test with SQLite, deploy with PostreSQL + + SQL Alchemy + -- http://www.sqlalchemy.org/ + +Django ORM +https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/db/ + +Object Databases +---------------- + +Directly store and retrieve Python Objects. + +Kind of like ``shelve``, but more flexible, and give you searching, etc. + +ZODB: (http://www.zodb.org/) + +NoSQL +----- +Map-Reduce, etc. + +....Big deal for "Big Data": Amazon, Google, etc. + +Document-Oriented Storage + +* MongoDB (BSON interface, JSON documents) + +* CouchDB (Apache): + + * JSON documents + + * Javascript querying (MapReduce) + + * HTTP API + + +LAB +--- + +:: + # load with: + from add_book_data import AddressBook + +* Write a module that saves the data in a dbm datbase + + - and reads it back in + +* Write a module that saves the data in an SQLitE datbase + + - and reads it back in + + - helps to know SQL here... + + diff --git a/_sources/weak_references.rst.txt b/_sources/weak_references.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aae3fe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/weak_references.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,381 @@ + +.. Weak References slides file, created by + hieroglyph-quickstart on Mon Mar 10 21:33:01 2014. + + +********************************************* +Python Memory Management and Weak References +********************************************* + +Chris Barker + +``PythonCHB@gmail.com`` + +``https://github.com/PythonCHB`` + +================== +Memory Management +================== + +.. rst-class:: left + + * You don't want python objects that are no longer in use taking up memory. + * You don't want to keep track of all that yourself. + * Most "scripting languages" or "virtual machines" have some sort of + automated memory management + +.. rst-class:: center medium + + Many ways to do "Garbage Collection" + + +Reference Counting +-------------------- + +How memory is managed is not part of the Python language spec: + * Jython uses the JVM + * Iron Python uses the CLR + - Both are garbage collected + * PyPy uses Minimark_ + + .. _Minimark: https://pypy.readthedocs.org/en/release-2.4.x/garbage_collection.html#minimark-gc + + +The CPython interpreter uses a reference counting scheme: + * Every time there is a new reference to a Python object, its reference + count is increased + * Every time a reference is removed -- the count is decreased + * When the reference count goes to zero: the object is deleted + (memory freed) + + +What makes a reference? +------------------------ + +* Binding to a name:: + + x = an_object + +* Putting it in a container:: + + l.append(an_object) + +* Passing it to a function:: + + func(an_object) + +Most of the time, you don't need to think about this at all. + + +How do I see what's going on? +------------------------------ + +.. code-block:: python + + + import sys + sys.getrefcount(object) + + +**NOTE:** This will always return one more than you'd expect, as passing the object to the function increases its refcount by one: + +.. code-block:: ipython + + In [5]: a = [] + + In [6]: sys.getrefcount(a) + Out[6]: 2 + +The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: + - you can't observe it without altering it + + +Playing with References +------------------------ + +(live demo) + +.. code-block:: ipython + + In [7]: a = [] + + In [8]: sys.getrefcount(a) + Out[8]: 2 + + In [9]: b = a + + In [10]: sys.getrefcount(a) + Out[10]: 3 + + In [11]: l = [1,2,3,a] + + In [12]: sys.getrefcount(a) + Out[12]: 4 + +.. nextslide:: + +.. code-block:: ipython + + In [13]: del b + + In [14]: sys.getrefcount(a) + Out[14]: 3 + + + In [15]: del l + + In [16]: sys.getrefcount(a) + Out[16]: 2 + + +.. nextslide:: + + +.. code-block:: ipython + + # function local variables + + In [17]: def test(x): + ....: print "x has a refcount of:", sys.getrefcount(x) + ....: + + In [18]: sys.getrefcount(a) + Out[18]: 2 + + In [19]: test(a) + x has a refcount of: 4 + + In [20]: sys.getrefcount(a) + Out[20]: 2 + + +.. nextslide:: + +.. code-block:: ipython + + In [21]: x = 3 + + In [22]: sys.getrefcount(x) + Out[22]: 428 + +WHOA!! + +(hint: interning....) + + +The Power of Reference Counting +-------------------------------- + + +* You don't need to think about it most of the time. + +* Code that creates objects doesn't need to delete them + +* Objects get deleted right away + + . They can "clean up" on deletion (files, for instance) -- and it will happen right away. + +* Performance is predictable + + +The Limits of Reference Counting +-------------------------------- + +* Performance overhead on all operations. But the big one: + +.. rst-class:: medium + + Circular references + +If a python object somehow references itself -- i.e. it references another object that references the first +object: + +You have a circular reference ... + +=================== +Circular References +=================== + +.. rst-class:: left + + .. code-block:: ipython + + In [8]: l1 = [1,] ; l2 = [2,] + + In [9]: l1.append(l2); l2.append(l1) + + In [10]: l1 + Out[10]: [1, [2, [...]]] + + In [11]: l2 + Out[11]: [2, [1, [...]]] + + In [12]: l1[1] + Out[12]: [2, [1, [...]]] + + In [13]: l2[1][1][1] + Out[13]: [1, [2, [...]]] + +(demo) -- :download:`simple_circular.py <../code/weak_references/simple_circular.py>` + + +The Garbage Collector +---------------------- + +As of Python 2.0 -- a garbage collector was added. + + - (https://docs.python.org/2/library/gc.html) + +It can find and clean up "unreachable" references. + +It is turned on by default:: + + In [1]: import gc + In [2]: gc.isenabled() + Out[2]: True + +or you can force it:: + + In [4]: gc.collect() + Out[4]: 64 + +But it can be slow, and doesn't always work! + +.. nextslide:: + +How does the garbage collector work? + + * Not a full "mark and sweep" type. + +It searches for reference cycles -- then cleans those up. + + * It doesn't have to bother checking non-container types (ints, strings, etc.) + + * Faster, and not as dependent on having a clear "root" namespace. + +Details here: + +http://arctrix.com/nas/python/gc/ (or in the source!) + +Big issue: classes that define a ``__del__`` method are not cleaned up. + + * ``__del__`` methods often act on references that may no be there if + they are cleaned up in the wrong order. + +NOTE: you can work with gc.garbage() -- but tricky and messy + +===== +Tools +===== + +.. rst-class:: left + + If these objects are no longer "reachable" -- how do you find out what's going on? + + We saw ``sys.getrefcount()`` -- but you need a reference to the object to use it. + + You can see what the refcount is before you delete the last reference, but that isn't always easy. + + +Process Memory Use +------------------- + +A really coarse way to find a memory leak is to see if the process memory +is growing. + +It can be subtle --python (and the OS) do tricks to re-use memory, etc. + +But if you have a "real" leak -- you'll see it. (Example to follow) + +:download:`mem_check.py <../code/weak_references/mem_check.py>` + +provides functions that report the memory use of the current running process. + +(\*nix and Windows code) + +id checks +---------- + +As it happens, the Python ``id()`` function returns a memory address. + +It's really dangerous, but that means we can examine an object if we know +its `id`, even if we don't hold a reference to it. + +Bill Bumgarner wrote a nifty extension module that returns the python +object pointed to by an id (memory address) -- "di": + +http://www.friday.com/bbum/2007/08/24/python-di/ + +I added a function that returns the reference count of an object from its id. + +https://github.com/PythonCHB/di_refcount + +NOTE: it would be a really bad idea to use these in production code! + +Examples +---------- + +:download:`simple_circular_di.py <../code/weak_references/simple_circular_di.py>` + +uses the ref_by_id() function to see what's going on with a circular +reference and garbage collection. + +More real examples in iPython notebook: + +:download:`CircularReferenceExample.ipynb <../code/weak_references/CircularReferenceExample.ipynb>` + +Or: :download:`circular.py <../code/weak_references/circular.py>` + +:download:`memcount.py <../code/weak_references/memcount.py>` is a test +file that show memory growth if circular references are not cleaned up. + +( :download:`mem_check.py <../code/weak_references/mem_check.py>` ) +is code that reports process memory use. + +You can find this code in the main repo here: + +https://github.com/PythonCHB/PythonTopics/tree/master/Sources/code/weak_references + + +Weak References +----------------- + +For times when you don't want to keep objects alive, Python provides +"weak references" -- we saw this in the examples. + +(https://docs.python.org/2/library/weakref.html) + +1. The built-in containers: + + - ``WeakKeyDictionary`` + + - ``WeakValueDictionary`` + + - ``WeakSet`` + +2. ``Proxy`` objects + + - act much like regular references -- client code doesn't know the difference + +3. ``WeakRef`` objects + + - When you want to control what happens when the referenced object is gone. + +========= +Exercise +========= + +.. rst-class:: left + + Build a "weak cache": + + For large objects that are expensive to create: + + * Use a WeakValueDictionay to hold references to (probably large) objects. + + * When the client requests an object that doesn't exist -- one is created, returned, and cached (weakly). + + * If the object is in the cache, it is returned. + + * when no other references exist to the object, it is NOT retained by the cache. + diff --git a/_sources/where_to_put_tests.rst.txt b/_sources/where_to_put_tests.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef68f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/where_to_put_tests.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +******************* +Where to Put Tests? +******************* + +====== +TL; DR +====== + + +If your package and test code are small and self contained, put the tests in with the package. + +If the tests are large or complex, or require reading/writing files, or significant sample data, put your tests outside the package. + +Test system recommendations +---------------------------- + +``pytest`` has a bit of discussion of the issue here: + +https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/goodpractices.html + +For ``nose``, read https://nose.readthedocs.io/en/latest/finding_tests.html + +and for ``unittest`` read https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html#test-discovery. + + +Two Options +----------- + +In Python packaging, there is no consensus on where you should put your test suite. This thread: + +https://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/2015-October/027003.html + +makes that clear :-) + +There are essentially two recommended approaches: + +1) Put all your test code outside the package, and have it all designed to import from an installed base:: + + from my_package import the_module_to_test + +to do that, you need to install your package under development in "develop" mode:: + + python setup.py develop + +or:: + + pip install -e . # install package using setup.py in editable mode + +That means that you do need a setup.py -- though it can be very minimal. See: + +https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/ + +for recommendations. + +In the this case, the directory with all the tests should not be a python package -- this is, it should not have a ``__init__.py`` file. + + +2) The other options is to put your test code in a sub-package inside your package. In this case, it should be inside your package, and *be* a python package itself (i.e. have an ``__init__.py``):: + + my_package + __init__.py + module_1.py + module_2.py + test + __init_.py + test_1.py + test_2.py + +Self Contained +-------------- + +The advantage of keeping test code self-contained is that you can have a large suite of tests with sample data and who knows what, and it won't bloat and complicate the installed package (and test code can write to the test dirs, etc. Also, you can then run the test suite against an installed version that may not be exactly the same as the current live code. + +Sub-package +----------- + +The advantage of test being a sub-package is that your test code gets installed with the package, so users (including yourself, if you are deploying the code) can install the package, and run the test to make sure the install all went well. You can also have the tests use relative imports, so you can run it all without installing (though with develop mode I don't think that is much of an advantage) + + diff --git a/_sources/where_to_put_your_code.rst.txt b/_sources/where_to_put_your_code.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b556b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/where_to_put_your_code.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ +****************************** +Where to put your custom code? +****************************** + + +A Package Just for You! +======================= + +(You can find this page at: http://bit.ly/JustPackage) + +.. note:: This page is generated from a Sphinx document managed in this gitHub repo: https://github.com/PythonCHB/PythonTopics. I welcome questions, comments, and, of course, Pull Requests. + + +A suggestion for how to manage your personal library of python functions you might use for scripting, data analysis, etc. + + +TL; DR +====== + +If you have a collection of your own code you want to access for various projects: + +Make a "package" out of it so you can manage it in one place, and use it in other places. + +You DO NOT NEED TO PUT IT ON PYPI ! + + +Introduction +------------ + +Many scientists and engineers that do a little coding find they have a collection of little scripts and utilities that they want to be able to use and re-use for various projects. + +Options for Handling Your Code Collection: +------------------------------------------ + +**(1)** Keep your code in one place and copy and paste the functions you need into each new project. + +.. centered:: **DON'T DO THAT!** + +.. centered:: **REALLY!** + + +It is really NOT a good idea to simply copy and paste code around for use with each project. You will end up with multiple versions scattered all over the place ... + +.. centered:: **You will regret that!** + + +**(2)** Put your code in a single directory and add it to the ``PYTHONPATH`` environment variable + +.. centered:: **DON'T DO THAT!** + +.. centered:: **REALLY!** + + +``PYTHONPATH`` is shared by all installs of Python. What with Python2, Python3, virtual environments, etc -- it's really not a good idea. + +If you don't believe me: **Google It** + + +What you should do is make a "package" +-------------------------------------- + +The best way to do this with Python is to use the Python package mechanism. + +A Python "package" is a collection of modules and scripts -- we usually think of these as something carefully developed for a particular purpose and distributed to a wide audience for re-use -- the packages you can install with pip. + +Indeed that is the case, but the "collection of modules and scripts" part can be used for your own code that no one else is ever going to touch, and the overhead is small if you use it only this way. + + +Why Don't People Tend to Figure This out for Themselves? +........................................................ + +The packaging documentation is mostly about making a "proper" package for distribution to a wide audience. + +So newbies tend to either: + +* Think: "I don't want/need to do all that", and then move on and copy and past their code around like they have already been doing. + +or + +* Go ahead and follow all the instructions, and end up putting their tiny little not-useful-to-anyone-else package up on PyPi. + + +The challenge is that most of the documentation about python packaging is focused on creating a package of a library that you want to distribute to the community. In that case, it's very important to have full and proper meta data, tests, documentation, etc. As a result, the packaging documentation makes the whole process seem complicated and cumbersome. + +.. rubric:: Making a simple package just for your own use can be very simple, and very useful. + + +Step by Step: +------------- + +1) Create a directory in your user (or home, or ... ) dir for your code. Let's call it "my_code". + +2) This is going to seem odd, but create another dir with the same name inside that -- this is where the actual code goes. (it's a convention to name the top directory the same thing as the "package" name, but you don't have to follow that convention. But the inner name does matter -- that is the name of your package, and how you will import it into Python. + +Be thoughtful about what you name your package: you want a easy to remember and fairly easy to type name, but also one that is not used already for any of the standard library or commonly used third party packages. Once you come up with a name, google "the_name python" just to make sure it's not already in use. + +3) In that dir, put in an empty, for now, file called ``__init__.py``. + +4) In the outer dir, put in a file (we'll fill it in later) called ``setup.py``. + +So you should have:: + + my_code + my_code + __init__.py + some_code.py + setup.py + +The inner my_code dir is now a python "package" -- any directory with a ``__init__.py`` file is a package. But how to use it? + +The ``setup.py`` file is where you specify for python how this package is setup. You can do a lot in there, and if you ever want to share your code with anyone else, you should follow: + +https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/distributing-packages/ + +But for now, we are going to make it as *simple* as possible:: + + from setuptools import setup + + setup(name='my_code', + packages=['my_code'], + ) + +That's it -- really! There is a lot you can do here to support multiple packages, scripts, etc, but this is enough to get you started. + +Here: :download:`make_my_package.py <../code/make_my_package.py>` is a little script that will build an empty package for you:: + + python make_my_package.py your_package_name + +will do it for you. + +Putting in your code +-------------------- + +Now put some code in there! + +Create a file for your code, and put it in the inner my_code dir: + +``some_code.py``:: + + #!/usr/bin/env python + + """ + Just an example, but this could be a collection of utility functions, etc. + + Here would be documentation of what's in this file + + In this case, just one function to make sure it works. + """ + + def test_fun(): + print("yup -- this worked!!") + +OK -- now you have a (useless) package with some code in it - how to use it? + +To use this package, you need to "install" it into the python environment that you want to use. Some of us have a single python install -- maybe Anaconda's root environment, or the python.org python installer, or ... + +Some of us use virtualenv, or pipenv, or conda environments. In any case, get yourself into that environment at a command line and put yourself (``cd`` in Terminal, DOS box, etc...) in the outer my_code dir (where the setup.py is), and type:: + + pip install -e . + +``pip install`` installs a package. ``-e`` means "do an editable install", and the dot (``.``) tells pip to install the package in the current directory. ``pip`` will look for a ``setup.py`` file in the current working dir. An editable install is like install, but instead of copying the code into the python environment, it adds it to the Python search path (only that particular environment's Python) so you can import it, but it will always be importing the current version of the files if you change things. + +This means you can be actively maintaining your shared code, and other projects that use it will always get the latest version. + +Now you can fire up Python (or iPython, or a Jupyter notebook, or write code in a script, or...) and do: + +.. code-block:: ipython + + In [2]: from test_package import test_code + + In [3]: test_code.test_fun() + + yup -- this worked!! + +And you are good to go! + +.. Here is a zip file of my simple example package: :download:`my_code.zip <../code/my_code.zip>` + + +NOTES: +------ + +If you have only a little bit of code, you can do all this with a single module, rather than a package, and have an easier import. But I think most folks have enough stuff that it's better to have multiple modules with related stuff in them. + +If you have more than a few modules, it would probably make sense to keep them in separate packages, organized by functionality. + +This is only the very simplest way to do it. What you really SHOULD do is be more formal about the process: + - Do some versioning of the package + - Keep it in source code version control system (like git, etc) + - Add tests of your code... + +and others. But this is enough to get you started, and you can extend it as you develop more software carpentry skills. + +Look up "Software Carpentry" for many more ideas about how better to manage your Software for Science. + + diff --git a/_static/basic.css b/_static/basic.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24bc73e --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/basic.css @@ -0,0 +1,855 @@ +/* + * basic.css + * ~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme. + * + * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2020 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. + * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. + * + */ + +/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.clearer { + clear: both; +} + +div.section::after { + display: block; + content: ''; + clear: left; +} + +/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.related { + width: 100%; + font-size: 90%; +} + +div.related h3 { + display: none; +} + +div.related ul { + margin: 0; + padding: 0 0 0 10px; + 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Copyright 2007-2020 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. + * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. + * + */ + +/** + * select a different prefix for underscore + */ +$u = _.noConflict(); + +/** + * make the code below compatible with browsers without + * an installed firebug like debugger +if (!window.console || !console.firebug) { + var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir", + "dirxml", "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace", + "profile", "profileEnd"]; + window.console = {}; + for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i) + window.console[names[i]] = function() {}; +} + */ + +/** + * small helper function to urldecode strings + */ +jQuery.urldecode = function(x) { + return decodeURIComponent(x).replace(/\+/g, ' '); +}; + +/** + * small helper function to urlencode strings + */ +jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent; + +/** + * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the + * current request. Multiple values per key are supported, + * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts. + */ +jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) { + if (typeof s === 'undefined') + s = document.location.search; + var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&'); + var result = {}; + for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) { + var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2); + var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]); + var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]); + if (key in result) + result[key].push(value); + else + result[key] = [value]; + } + return result; +}; + +/** + * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in + * span elements with the given class name. + */ +jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) { + function highlight(node, addItems) { + if (node.nodeType === 3) { + var val = node.nodeValue; + var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text); + if (pos >= 0 && + !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className) && + !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass("nohighlight")) { + var span; + var isInSVG = jQuery(node).closest("body, svg, foreignObject").is("svg"); + if (isInSVG) { + span = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "tspan"); + } else { + span = document.createElement("span"); + span.className = className; + } + span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length))); + node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore( + document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)), + node.nextSibling)); + node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos); + if (isInSVG) { + var rect = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "rect"); + var bbox = node.parentElement.getBBox(); + rect.x.baseVal.value = bbox.x; + rect.y.baseVal.value = bbox.y; + rect.width.baseVal.value = bbox.width; + rect.height.baseVal.value = bbox.height; + rect.setAttribute('class', className); + addItems.push({ + "parent": node.parentNode, + "target": rect}); + } + } + } + else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) { + jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() { + highlight(this, addItems); + }); + } + } + var addItems = []; + var result = this.each(function() { + highlight(this, addItems); + }); + for (var i = 0; i < addItems.length; ++i) { + jQuery(addItems[i].parent).before(addItems[i].target); + } + return result; +}; + +/* + * backward compatibility for jQuery.browser + * This will be supported until firefox bug is fixed. + */ +if (!jQuery.browser) { + jQuery.uaMatch = function(ua) { + ua = ua.toLowerCase(); + + var match = /(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(webkit)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(opera)(?:.*version|)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + /(msie) ([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) || + ua.indexOf("compatible") < 0 && /(mozilla)(?:.*? rv:([\w.]+)|)/.exec(ua) || + []; + + return { + browser: match[ 1 ] || "", + version: match[ 2 ] || "0" + }; + }; + jQuery.browser = {}; + jQuery.browser[jQuery.uaMatch(navigator.userAgent).browser] = true; +} + +/** + * Small JavaScript module for the documentation. + */ +var Documentation = { + + init : function() { + this.fixFirefoxAnchorBug(); + this.highlightSearchWords(); + this.initIndexTable(); + if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS) { + this.initOnKeyListeners(); + } + }, + + /** + * i18n support + */ + TRANSLATIONS : {}, + PLURAL_EXPR : function(n) { return n === 1 ? 0 : 1; }, + LOCALE : 'unknown', + + // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions + // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext) + gettext : function(string) { + var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string]; + if (typeof translated === 'undefined') + return string; + return (typeof translated === 'string') ? translated : translated[0]; + }, + + ngettext : function(singular, plural, n) { + var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular]; + if (typeof translated === 'undefined') + return (n == 1) ? singular : plural; + return translated[Documentation.PLURALEXPR(n)]; + }, + + addTranslations : function(catalog) { + for (var key in catalog.messages) + this.TRANSLATIONS[key] = catalog.messages[key]; + this.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function('n', 'return +(' + catalog.plural_expr + ')'); + this.LOCALE = catalog.locale; + }, + + /** + * add context elements like header anchor links + */ + addContextElements : function() { + $('div[id] > :header:first').each(function() { + $('\u00B6'). + attr('href', '#' + this.id). + attr('title', _('Permalink to this headline')). + appendTo(this); + }); + $('dt[id]').each(function() { + $('\u00B6'). + attr('href', '#' + this.id). + attr('title', _('Permalink to this definition')). + appendTo(this); + }); + }, + + /** + * workaround a firefox stupidity + * see: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=645075 + */ + fixFirefoxAnchorBug : function() { + if (document.location.hash && $.browser.mozilla) + window.setTimeout(function() { + document.location.href += ''; + }, 10); + }, + + /** + * highlight the search words provided in the url in the text + */ + highlightSearchWords : function() { + var params = $.getQueryParameters(); + var terms = (params.highlight) ? params.highlight[0].split(/\s+/) : []; + if (terms.length) { + var body = $('div.body'); + if (!body.length) { + body = $('body'); + } + window.setTimeout(function() { + $.each(terms, function() { + body.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted'); + }); + }, 10); + $('

' + _('Hide Search Matches') + '

') + .appendTo($('#searchbox')); + } + }, + + /** + * init the domain index toggle buttons + */ + initIndexTable : function() { + var togglers = $('img.toggler').click(function() { + var src = $(this).attr('src'); + var idnum = $(this).attr('id').substr(7); + $('tr.cg-' + idnum).toggle(); + if (src.substr(-9) === 'minus.png') + $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-9) + 'plus.png'); + else + $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-8) + 'minus.png'); + }).css('display', ''); + if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) { + togglers.click(); + } + }, + + /** + * helper function to hide the search marks again + */ + hideSearchWords : function() { + $('#searchbox .highlight-link').fadeOut(300); + $('span.highlighted').removeClass('highlighted'); + }, + + /** + * make the url absolute + */ + makeURL : function(relativeURL) { + return DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '/' + relativeURL; + }, + + /** + * get the current relative url + */ + getCurrentURL : function() { + var path = document.location.pathname; + var parts = path.split(/\//); + $.each(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT.split(/\//), function() { + if (this === '..') + parts.pop(); + }); + var url = parts.join('/'); + return path.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1, path.length - 1); + }, + + initOnKeyListeners: function() { + $(document).keydown(function(event) { + var activeElementType = document.activeElement.tagName; + // don't navigate when in search box or textarea + if (activeElementType !== 'TEXTAREA' && activeElementType !== 'INPUT' && activeElementType !== 'SELECT' + && !event.altKey && !event.ctrlKey && !event.metaKey && !event.shiftKey) { + switch (event.keyCode) { + case 37: // left + var prevHref = $('link[rel="prev"]').prop('href'); + if (prevHref) { + window.location.href = prevHref; + return false; + } + case 39: // right + var nextHref = $('link[rel="next"]').prop('href'); + if (nextHref) { + window.location.href = nextHref; + return false; + } + } + } + }); + } +}; + +// quick alias for translations +_ = Documentation.gettext; + +$(document).ready(function() { + Documentation.init(); +}); diff --git a/_static/documentation_options.js b/_static/documentation_options.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f08d25 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/documentation_options.js @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: document.getElementById("documentation_options").getAttribute('data-url_root'), + VERSION: '1.0.0', + LANGUAGE: 'None', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + BUILDER: 'html', + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + LINK_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true, + SOURCELINK_SUFFIX: '.txt', + NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS: false +}; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_static/file.png b/_static/file.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a858a41 Binary files /dev/null and b/_static/file.png differ diff --git a/Sources/source/_static/flake8_output.png b/_static/flake8_output.png similarity index 100% rename from Sources/source/_static/flake8_output.png rename to 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See ticket #14549 for more info. + module.exports = global.document ? + factory( global, true ) : + function( w ) { + if ( !w.document ) { + throw new Error( "jQuery requires a window with a document" ); + } + return factory( w ); + }; + } else { + factory( global ); + } + +// Pass this if window is not defined yet +} )( typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : this, function( window, noGlobal ) { + +// Edge <= 12 - 13+, Firefox <=18 - 45+, IE 10 - 11, Safari 5.1 - 9+, iOS 6 - 9.1 +// throw exceptions when non-strict code (e.g., ASP.NET 4.5) accesses strict mode +// arguments.callee.caller (trac-13335). But as of jQuery 3.0 (2016), strict mode should be common +// enough that all such attempts are guarded in a try block. +"use strict"; + +var arr = []; + +var getProto = Object.getPrototypeOf; + +var slice = arr.slice; + +var flat = arr.flat ? function( array ) { + return arr.flat.call( array ); +} : function( array ) { + return arr.concat.apply( [], array ); +}; + + +var push = arr.push; + +var indexOf = arr.indexOf; + +var class2type = {}; + +var toString = class2type.toString; + +var hasOwn = class2type.hasOwnProperty; + +var fnToString = hasOwn.toString; + +var ObjectFunctionString = fnToString.call( Object ); + +var support = {}; + +var isFunction = function isFunction( obj ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=57, Firefox <=52 + // In some browsers, typeof returns "function" for HTML elements + // (i.e., `typeof document.createElement( "object" ) === "function"`). + // We don't want to classify *any* DOM node as a function. + return typeof obj === "function" && typeof obj.nodeType !== "number"; + }; + + +var isWindow = function isWindow( obj ) { + return obj != null && obj === obj.window; + }; + + +var document = window.document; + + + + var preservedScriptAttributes = { + type: true, + src: true, + nonce: true, + noModule: true + }; + + function DOMEval( code, node, doc ) { + doc = doc || document; + + var i, val, + script = doc.createElement( "script" ); + + script.text = code; + if ( node ) { + for ( i in preservedScriptAttributes ) { + + // Support: Firefox 64+, Edge 18+ + // Some browsers don't support the "nonce" property on scripts. + // On the other hand, just using `getAttribute` is not enough as + // the `nonce` attribute is reset to an empty string whenever it + // becomes browsing-context connected. + // See https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/2369 + // See https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#nonce-attributes + // The `node.getAttribute` check was added for the sake of + // `jQuery.globalEval` so that it can fake a nonce-containing node + // via an object. + val = node[ i ] || node.getAttribute && node.getAttribute( i ); + if ( val ) { + script.setAttribute( i, val ); + } + } + } + doc.head.appendChild( script ).parentNode.removeChild( script ); + } + + +function toType( obj ) { + if ( obj == null ) { + return obj + ""; + } + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only (functionish RegExp) + return typeof obj === "object" || typeof obj === "function" ? + class2type[ toString.call( obj ) ] || "object" : + typeof obj; +} +/* global Symbol */ +// Defining this global in .eslintrc.json would create a danger of using the global +// unguarded in another place, it seems safer to define global only for this module + + + +var + version = "3.5.1", + + // Define a local copy of jQuery + jQuery = function( selector, context ) { + + // The jQuery object is actually just the init constructor 'enhanced' + // Need init if jQuery is called (just allow error to be thrown if not included) + return new jQuery.fn.init( selector, context ); + }; + +jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = { + + // The current version of jQuery being used + jquery: version, + + constructor: jQuery, + + // The default length of a jQuery object is 0 + length: 0, + + toArray: function() { + return slice.call( this ); + }, + + // Get the Nth element in the matched element set OR + // Get the whole matched element set as a clean array + get: function( num ) { + + // Return all the elements in a clean array + if ( num == null ) { + return slice.call( this ); + } + + // Return just the one element from the set + return num < 0 ? this[ num + this.length ] : this[ num ]; + }, + + // Take an array of elements and push it onto the stack + // (returning the new matched element set) + pushStack: function( elems ) { + + // Build a new jQuery matched element set + var ret = jQuery.merge( this.constructor(), elems ); + + // Add the old object onto the stack (as a reference) + ret.prevObject = this; + + // Return the newly-formed element set + return ret; + }, + + // Execute a callback for every element in the matched set. + each: function( callback ) { + return jQuery.each( this, callback ); + }, + + map: function( callback ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.map( this, function( elem, i ) { + return callback.call( elem, i, elem ); + } ) ); + }, + + slice: function() { + return this.pushStack( slice.apply( this, arguments ) ); + }, + + first: function() { + return this.eq( 0 ); + }, + + last: function() { + return this.eq( -1 ); + }, + + even: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return ( i + 1 ) % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + odd: function() { + return this.pushStack( jQuery.grep( this, function( _elem, i ) { + return i % 2; + } ) ); + }, + + eq: function( i ) { + var len = this.length, + j = +i + ( i < 0 ? len : 0 ); + return this.pushStack( j >= 0 && j < len ? [ this[ j ] ] : [] ); + }, + + end: function() { + return this.prevObject || this.constructor(); + }, + + // For internal use only. + // Behaves like an Array's method, not like a jQuery method. + push: push, + sort: arr.sort, + splice: arr.splice +}; + +jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() { + var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone, + target = arguments[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 1, + length = arguments.length, + deep = false; + + // Handle a deep copy situation + if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) { + deep = target; + + // Skip the boolean and the target + target = arguments[ i ] || {}; + i++; + } + + // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy) + if ( typeof target !== "object" && !isFunction( target ) ) { + target = {}; + } + + // Extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed + if ( i === length ) { + target = this; + i--; + } + + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + + // Only deal with non-null/undefined values + if ( ( options = arguments[ i ] ) != null ) { + + // Extend the base object + for ( name in options ) { + copy = options[ name ]; + + // Prevent Object.prototype pollution + // Prevent never-ending loop + if ( name === "__proto__" || target === copy ) { + continue; + } + + // Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays + if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject( copy ) || + ( copyIsArray = Array.isArray( copy ) ) ) ) { + src = target[ name ]; + + // Ensure proper type for the source value + if ( copyIsArray && !Array.isArray( src ) ) { + clone = []; + } else if ( !copyIsArray && !jQuery.isPlainObject( src ) ) { + clone = {}; + } else { + clone = src; + } + copyIsArray = false; + + // Never move original objects, clone them + target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy ); + + // Don't bring in undefined values + } else if ( copy !== undefined ) { + target[ name ] = copy; + } + } + } + } + + // Return the modified object + return target; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Unique for each copy of jQuery on the page + expando: "jQuery" + ( version + Math.random() ).replace( /\D/g, "" ), + + // Assume jQuery is ready without the ready module + isReady: true, + + error: function( msg ) { + throw new Error( msg ); + }, + + noop: function() {}, + + isPlainObject: function( obj ) { + var proto, Ctor; + + // Detect obvious negatives + // Use toString instead of jQuery.type to catch host objects + if ( !obj || toString.call( obj ) !== "[object Object]" ) { + return false; + } + + proto = getProto( obj ); + + // Objects with no prototype (e.g., `Object.create( null )`) are plain + if ( !proto ) { + return true; + } + + // Objects with prototype are plain iff they were constructed by a global Object function + Ctor = hasOwn.call( proto, "constructor" ) && proto.constructor; + return typeof Ctor === "function" && fnToString.call( Ctor ) === ObjectFunctionString; + }, + + isEmptyObject: function( obj ) { + var name; + + for ( name in obj ) { + return false; + } + return true; + }, + + // Evaluates a script in a provided context; falls back to the global one + // if not specified. + globalEval: function( code, options, doc ) { + DOMEval( code, { nonce: options && options.nonce }, doc ); + }, + + each: function( obj, callback ) { + var length, i = 0; + + if ( isArrayLike( obj ) ) { + length = obj.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } else { + for ( i in obj ) { + if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i ] ) === false ) { + break; + } + } + } + + return obj; + }, + + // results is for internal usage only + makeArray: function( arr, results ) { + var ret = results || []; + + if ( arr != null ) { + if ( isArrayLike( Object( arr ) ) ) { + jQuery.merge( ret, + typeof arr === "string" ? + [ arr ] : arr + ); + } else { + push.call( ret, arr ); + } + } + + return ret; + }, + + inArray: function( elem, arr, i ) { + return arr == null ? -1 : indexOf.call( arr, elem, i ); + }, + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + merge: function( first, second ) { + var len = +second.length, + j = 0, + i = first.length; + + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + first[ i++ ] = second[ j ]; + } + + first.length = i; + + return first; + }, + + grep: function( elems, callback, invert ) { + var callbackInverse, + matches = [], + i = 0, + length = elems.length, + callbackExpect = !invert; + + // Go through the array, only saving the items + // that pass the validator function + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + callbackInverse = !callback( elems[ i ], i ); + if ( callbackInverse !== callbackExpect ) { + matches.push( elems[ i ] ); + } + } + + return matches; + }, + + // arg is for internal usage only + map: function( elems, callback, arg ) { + var length, value, + i = 0, + ret = []; + + // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their new values + if ( isArrayLike( elems ) ) { + length = elems.length; + for ( ; i < length; i++ ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + + // Go through every key on the object, + } else { + for ( i in elems ) { + value = callback( elems[ i ], i, arg ); + + if ( value != null ) { + ret.push( value ); + } + } + } + + // Flatten any nested arrays + return flat( ret ); + }, + + // A global GUID counter for objects + guid: 1, + + // jQuery.support is not used in Core but other projects attach their + // properties to it so it needs to exist. + support: support +} ); + +if ( typeof Symbol === "function" ) { + jQuery.fn[ Symbol.iterator ] = arr[ Symbol.iterator ]; +} + +// Populate the class2type map +jQuery.each( "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split( " " ), +function( _i, name ) { + class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase(); +} ); + +function isArrayLike( obj ) { + + // Support: real iOS 8.2 only (not reproducible in simulator) + // `in` check used to prevent JIT error (gh-2145) + // hasOwn isn't used here due to false negatives + // regarding Nodelist length in IE + var length = !!obj && "length" in obj && obj.length, + type = toType( obj ); + + if ( isFunction( obj ) || isWindow( obj ) ) { + return false; + } + + return type === "array" || length === 0 || + typeof length === "number" && length > 0 && ( length - 1 ) in obj; +} +var Sizzle = +/*! + * Sizzle CSS Selector Engine v2.3.5 + * https://sizzlejs.com/ + * + * Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors + * Released under the MIT license + * https://js.foundation/ + * + * Date: 2020-03-14 + */ +( function( window ) { +var i, + support, + Expr, + getText, + isXML, + tokenize, + compile, + select, + outermostContext, + sortInput, + hasDuplicate, + + // Local document vars + setDocument, + document, + docElem, + documentIsHTML, + rbuggyQSA, + rbuggyMatches, + matches, + contains, + + // Instance-specific data + expando = "sizzle" + 1 * new Date(), + preferredDoc = window.document, + dirruns = 0, + done = 0, + classCache = createCache(), + tokenCache = createCache(), + compilerCache = createCache(), + nonnativeSelectorCache = createCache(), + sortOrder = function( a, b ) { + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + } + return 0; + }, + + // Instance methods + hasOwn = ( {} ).hasOwnProperty, + arr = [], + pop = arr.pop, + pushNative = arr.push, + push = arr.push, + slice = arr.slice, + + // Use a stripped-down indexOf as it's faster than native + // https://jsperf.com/thor-indexof-vs-for/5 + indexOf = function( list, elem ) { + var i = 0, + len = list.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( list[ i ] === elem ) { + return i; + } + } + return -1; + }, + + booleans = "checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|" + + "ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped", + + // Regular expressions + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#whitespace + whitespace = "[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]", + + // https://www.w3.org/TR/css-syntax-3/#ident-token-diagram + identifier = "(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + + "?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+", + + // Attribute selectors: http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#attribute-selectors + attributes = "\\[" + whitespace + "*(" + identifier + ")(?:" + whitespace + + + // Operator (capture 2) + "*([*^$|!~]?=)" + whitespace + + + // "Attribute values must be CSS identifiers [capture 5] + // or strings [capture 3 or capture 4]" + "*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|(" + identifier + "))|)" + + whitespace + "*\\]", + + pseudos = ":(" + identifier + ")(?:\\((" + + + // To reduce the number of selectors needing tokenize in the preFilter, prefer arguments: + // 1. quoted (capture 3; capture 4 or capture 5) + "('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|" + + + // 2. simple (capture 6) + "((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|" + attributes + ")*)|" + + + // 3. anything else (capture 2) + ".*" + + ")\\)|)", + + // Leading and non-escaped trailing whitespace, capturing some non-whitespace characters preceding the latter + rwhitespace = new RegExp( whitespace + "+", "g" ), + rtrim = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)" + + whitespace + "+$", "g" ), + + rcomma = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*," + whitespace + "*" ), + rcombinators = new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + "*([>+~]|" + whitespace + ")" + whitespace + + "*" ), + rdescend = new RegExp( whitespace + "|>" ), + + rpseudo = new RegExp( pseudos ), + ridentifier = new RegExp( "^" + identifier + "$" ), + + matchExpr = { + "ID": new RegExp( "^#(" + identifier + ")" ), + "CLASS": new RegExp( "^\\.(" + identifier + ")" ), + "TAG": new RegExp( "^(" + identifier + "|[*])" ), + "ATTR": new RegExp( "^" + attributes ), + "PSEUDO": new RegExp( "^" + pseudos ), + "CHILD": new RegExp( "^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\(" + + whitespace + "*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)" + whitespace + "*(?:([+-]|)" + + whitespace + "*(\\d+)|))" + whitespace + "*\\)|)", "i" ), + "bool": new RegExp( "^(?:" + booleans + ")$", "i" ), + + // For use in libraries implementing .is() + // We use this for POS matching in `select` + "needsContext": new RegExp( "^" + whitespace + + "*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\(" + whitespace + + "*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)" + whitespace + "*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)", "i" ) + }, + + rhtml = /HTML$/i, + rinputs = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rheader = /^h\d$/i, + + rnative = /^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/, + + // Easily-parseable/retrievable ID or TAG or CLASS selectors + rquickExpr = /^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/, + + rsibling = /[+~]/, + + // CSS escapes + // http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/syndata.html#escaped-characters + runescape = new RegExp( "\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}" + whitespace + "?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])", "g" ), + funescape = function( escape, nonHex ) { + var high = "0x" + escape.slice( 1 ) - 0x10000; + + return nonHex ? + + // Strip the backslash prefix from a non-hex escape sequence + nonHex : + + // Replace a hexadecimal escape sequence with the encoded Unicode code point + // Support: IE <=11+ + // For values outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), manually construct a + // surrogate pair + high < 0 ? + String.fromCharCode( high + 0x10000 ) : + String.fromCharCode( high >> 10 | 0xD800, high & 0x3FF | 0xDC00 ); + }, + + // CSS string/identifier serialization + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#common-serializing-idioms + rcssescape = /([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g, + fcssescape = function( ch, asCodePoint ) { + if ( asCodePoint ) { + + // U+0000 NULL becomes U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER + if ( ch === "\0" ) { + return "\uFFFD"; + } + + // Control characters and (dependent upon position) numbers get escaped as code points + return ch.slice( 0, -1 ) + "\\" + + ch.charCodeAt( ch.length - 1 ).toString( 16 ) + " "; + } + + // Other potentially-special ASCII characters get backslash-escaped + return "\\" + ch; + }, + + // Used for iframes + // See setDocument() + // Removing the function wrapper causes a "Permission Denied" + // error in IE + unloadHandler = function() { + setDocument(); + }, + + inDisabledFieldset = addCombinator( + function( elem ) { + return elem.disabled === true && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "fieldset"; + }, + { dir: "parentNode", next: "legend" } + ); + +// Optimize for push.apply( _, NodeList ) +try { + push.apply( + ( arr = slice.call( preferredDoc.childNodes ) ), + preferredDoc.childNodes + ); + + // Support: Android<4.0 + // Detect silently failing push.apply + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + arr[ preferredDoc.childNodes.length ].nodeType; +} catch ( e ) { + push = { apply: arr.length ? + + // Leverage slice if possible + function( target, els ) { + pushNative.apply( target, slice.call( els ) ); + } : + + // Support: IE<9 + // Otherwise append directly + function( target, els ) { + var j = target.length, + i = 0; + + // Can't trust NodeList.length + while ( ( target[ j++ ] = els[ i++ ] ) ) {} + target.length = j - 1; + } + }; +} + +function Sizzle( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var m, i, elem, nid, match, groups, newSelector, + newContext = context && context.ownerDocument, + + // nodeType defaults to 9, since context defaults to document + nodeType = context ? context.nodeType : 9; + + results = results || []; + + // Return early from calls with invalid selector or context + if ( typeof selector !== "string" || !selector || + nodeType !== 1 && nodeType !== 9 && nodeType !== 11 ) { + + return results; + } + + // Try to shortcut find operations (as opposed to filters) in HTML documents + if ( !seed ) { + setDocument( context ); + context = context || document; + + if ( documentIsHTML ) { + + // If the selector is sufficiently simple, try using a "get*By*" DOM method + // (excepting DocumentFragment context, where the methods don't exist) + if ( nodeType !== 11 && ( match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ) ) ) { + + // ID selector + if ( ( m = match[ 1 ] ) ) { + + // Document context + if ( nodeType === 9 ) { + if ( ( elem = context.getElementById( m ) ) ) { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( elem.id === m ) { + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } else { + return results; + } + + // Element context + } else { + + // Support: IE, Opera, Webkit + // TODO: identify versions + // getElementById can match elements by name instead of ID + if ( newContext && ( elem = newContext.getElementById( m ) ) && + contains( context, elem ) && + elem.id === m ) { + + results.push( elem ); + return results; + } + } + + // Type selector + } else if ( match[ 2 ] ) { + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByTagName( selector ) ); + return results; + + // Class selector + } else if ( ( m = match[ 3 ] ) && support.getElementsByClassName && + context.getElementsByClassName ) { + + push.apply( results, context.getElementsByClassName( m ) ); + return results; + } + } + + // Take advantage of querySelectorAll + if ( support.qsa && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ selector + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( selector ) ) && + + // Support: IE 8 only + // Exclude object elements + ( nodeType !== 1 || context.nodeName.toLowerCase() !== "object" ) ) { + + newSelector = selector; + newContext = context; + + // qSA considers elements outside a scoping root when evaluating child or + // descendant combinators, which is not what we want. + // In such cases, we work around the behavior by prefixing every selector in the + // list with an ID selector referencing the scope context. + // The technique has to be used as well when a leading combinator is used + // as such selectors are not recognized by querySelectorAll. + // Thanks to Andrew Dupont for this technique. + if ( nodeType === 1 && + ( rdescend.test( selector ) || rcombinators.test( selector ) ) ) { + + // Expand context for sibling selectors + newContext = rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context; + + // We can use :scope instead of the ID hack if the browser + // supports it & if we're not changing the context. + if ( newContext !== context || !support.scope ) { + + // Capture the context ID, setting it first if necessary + if ( ( nid = context.getAttribute( "id" ) ) ) { + nid = nid.replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); + } else { + context.setAttribute( "id", ( nid = expando ) ); + } + } + + // Prefix every selector in the list + groups = tokenize( selector ); + i = groups.length; + while ( i-- ) { + groups[ i ] = ( nid ? "#" + nid : ":scope" ) + " " + + toSelector( groups[ i ] ); + } + newSelector = groups.join( "," ); + } + + try { + push.apply( results, + newContext.querySelectorAll( newSelector ) + ); + return results; + } catch ( qsaError ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( selector, true ); + } finally { + if ( nid === expando ) { + context.removeAttribute( "id" ); + } + } + } + } + } + + // All others + return select( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ), context, results, seed ); +} + +/** + * Create key-value caches of limited size + * @returns {function(string, object)} Returns the Object data after storing it on itself with + * property name the (space-suffixed) string and (if the cache is larger than Expr.cacheLength) + * deleting the oldest entry + */ +function createCache() { + var keys = []; + + function cache( key, value ) { + + // Use (key + " ") to avoid collision with native prototype properties (see Issue #157) + if ( keys.push( key + " " ) > Expr.cacheLength ) { + + // Only keep the most recent entries + delete cache[ keys.shift() ]; + } + return ( cache[ key + " " ] = value ); + } + return cache; +} + +/** + * Mark a function for special use by Sizzle + * @param {Function} fn The function to mark + */ +function markFunction( fn ) { + fn[ expando ] = true; + return fn; +} + +/** + * Support testing using an element + * @param {Function} fn Passed the created element and returns a boolean result + */ +function assert( fn ) { + var el = document.createElement( "fieldset" ); + + try { + return !!fn( el ); + } catch ( e ) { + return false; + } finally { + + // Remove from its parent by default + if ( el.parentNode ) { + el.parentNode.removeChild( el ); + } + + // release memory in IE + el = null; + } +} + +/** + * Adds the same handler for all of the specified attrs + * @param {String} attrs Pipe-separated list of attributes + * @param {Function} handler The method that will be applied + */ +function addHandle( attrs, handler ) { + var arr = attrs.split( "|" ), + i = arr.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + Expr.attrHandle[ arr[ i ] ] = handler; + } +} + +/** + * Checks document order of two siblings + * @param {Element} a + * @param {Element} b + * @returns {Number} Returns less than 0 if a precedes b, greater than 0 if a follows b + */ +function siblingCheck( a, b ) { + var cur = b && a, + diff = cur && a.nodeType === 1 && b.nodeType === 1 && + a.sourceIndex - b.sourceIndex; + + // Use IE sourceIndex if available on both nodes + if ( diff ) { + return diff; + } + + // Check if b follows a + if ( cur ) { + while ( ( cur = cur.nextSibling ) ) { + if ( cur === b ) { + return -1; + } + } + } + + return a ? 1 : -1; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for input types + * @param {String} type + */ +function createInputPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for buttons + * @param {String} type + */ +function createButtonPseudo( type ) { + return function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( name === "input" || name === "button" ) && elem.type === type; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for :enabled/:disabled + * @param {Boolean} disabled true for :disabled; false for :enabled + */ +function createDisabledPseudo( disabled ) { + + // Known :disabled false positives: fieldset[disabled] > legend:nth-of-type(n+2) :can-disable + return function( elem ) { + + // Only certain elements can match :enabled or :disabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-enabled + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#selector-disabled + if ( "form" in elem ) { + + // Check for inherited disabledness on relevant non-disabled elements: + // * listed form-associated elements in a disabled fieldset + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#category-listed + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-fe-disabled + // * option elements in a disabled optgroup + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#concept-option-disabled + // All such elements have a "form" property. + if ( elem.parentNode && elem.disabled === false ) { + + // Option elements defer to a parent optgroup if present + if ( "label" in elem ) { + if ( "label" in elem.parentNode ) { + return elem.parentNode.disabled === disabled; + } else { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + } + + // Support: IE 6 - 11 + // Use the isDisabled shortcut property to check for disabled fieldset ancestors + return elem.isDisabled === disabled || + + // Where there is no isDisabled, check manually + /* jshint -W018 */ + elem.isDisabled !== !disabled && + inDisabledFieldset( elem ) === disabled; + } + + return elem.disabled === disabled; + + // Try to winnow out elements that can't be disabled before trusting the disabled property. + // Some victims get caught in our net (label, legend, menu, track), but it shouldn't + // even exist on them, let alone have a boolean value. + } else if ( "label" in elem ) { + return elem.disabled === disabled; + } + + // Remaining elements are neither :enabled nor :disabled + return false; + }; +} + +/** + * Returns a function to use in pseudos for positionals + * @param {Function} fn + */ +function createPositionalPseudo( fn ) { + return markFunction( function( argument ) { + argument = +argument; + return markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var j, + matchIndexes = fn( [], seed.length, argument ), + i = matchIndexes.length; + + // Match elements found at the specified indexes + while ( i-- ) { + if ( seed[ ( j = matchIndexes[ i ] ) ] ) { + seed[ j ] = !( matches[ j ] = seed[ j ] ); + } + } + } ); + } ); +} + +/** + * Checks a node for validity as a Sizzle context + * @param {Element|Object=} context + * @returns {Element|Object|Boolean} The input node if acceptable, otherwise a falsy value + */ +function testContext( context ) { + return context && typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" && context; +} + +// Expose support vars for convenience +support = Sizzle.support = {}; + +/** + * Detects XML nodes + * @param {Element|Object} elem An element or a document + * @returns {Boolean} True iff elem is a non-HTML XML node + */ +isXML = Sizzle.isXML = function( elem ) { + var namespace = elem.namespaceURI, + docElem = ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ).documentElement; + + // Support: IE <=8 + // Assume HTML when documentElement doesn't yet exist, such as inside loading iframes + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/4833 + return !rhtml.test( namespace || docElem && docElem.nodeName || "HTML" ); +}; + +/** + * Sets document-related variables once based on the current document + * @param {Element|Object} [doc] An element or document object to use to set the document + * @returns {Object} Returns the current document + */ +setDocument = Sizzle.setDocument = function( node ) { + var hasCompare, subWindow, + doc = node ? node.ownerDocument || node : preferredDoc; + + // Return early if doc is invalid or already selected + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( doc == document || doc.nodeType !== 9 || !doc.documentElement ) { + return document; + } + + // Update global variables + document = doc; + docElem = document.documentElement; + documentIsHTML = !isXML( document ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+ + // Accessing iframe documents after unload throws "permission denied" errors (jQuery #13936) + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( preferredDoc != document && + ( subWindow = document.defaultView ) && subWindow.top !== subWindow ) { + + // Support: IE 11, Edge + if ( subWindow.addEventListener ) { + subWindow.addEventListener( "unload", unloadHandler, false ); + + // Support: IE 9 - 10 only + } else if ( subWindow.attachEvent ) { + subWindow.attachEvent( "onunload", unloadHandler ); + } + } + + // Support: IE 8 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, Chrome <=16 - 25 only, Firefox <=3.6 - 31 only, + // Safari 4 - 5 only, Opera <=11.6 - 12.x only + // IE/Edge & older browsers don't support the :scope pseudo-class. + // Support: Safari 6.0 only + // Safari 6.0 supports :scope but it's an alias of :root there. + support.scope = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ); + return typeof el.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" && + !el.querySelectorAll( ":scope fieldset div" ).length; + } ); + + /* Attributes + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Support: IE<8 + // Verify that getAttribute really returns attributes and not properties + // (excepting IE8 booleans) + support.attributes = assert( function( el ) { + el.className = "i"; + return !el.getAttribute( "className" ); + } ); + + /* getElement(s)By* + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Check if getElementsByTagName("*") returns only elements + support.getElementsByTagName = assert( function( el ) { + el.appendChild( document.createComment( "" ) ); + return !el.getElementsByTagName( "*" ).length; + } ); + + // Support: IE<9 + support.getElementsByClassName = rnative.test( document.getElementsByClassName ); + + // Support: IE<10 + // Check if getElementById returns elements by name + // The broken getElementById methods don't pick up programmatically-set names, + // so use a roundabout getElementsByName test + support.getById = assert( function( el ) { + docElem.appendChild( el ).id = expando; + return !document.getElementsByName || !document.getElementsByName( expando ).length; + } ); + + // ID filter and find + if ( support.getById ) { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "id" ) === attrId; + }; + }; + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var elem = context.getElementById( id ); + return elem ? [ elem ] : []; + } + }; + } else { + Expr.filter[ "ID" ] = function( id ) { + var attrId = id.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + var node = typeof elem.getAttributeNode !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + return node && node.value === attrId; + }; + }; + + // Support: IE 6 - 7 only + // getElementById is not reliable as a find shortcut + Expr.find[ "ID" ] = function( id, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementById !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + var node, i, elems, + elem = context.getElementById( id ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Verify the id attribute + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + + // Fall back on getElementsByName + elems = context.getElementsByName( id ); + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = elems[ i++ ] ) ) { + node = elem.getAttributeNode( "id" ); + if ( node && node.value === id ) { + return [ elem ]; + } + } + } + + return []; + } + }; + } + + // Tag + Expr.find[ "TAG" ] = support.getElementsByTagName ? + function( tag, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + return context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // DocumentFragment nodes don't have gEBTN + } else if ( support.qsa ) { + return context.querySelectorAll( tag ); + } + } : + + function( tag, context ) { + var elem, + tmp = [], + i = 0, + + // By happy coincidence, a (broken) gEBTN appears on DocumentFragment nodes too + results = context.getElementsByTagName( tag ); + + // Filter out possible comments + if ( tag === "*" ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + tmp.push( elem ); + } + } + + return tmp; + } + return results; + }; + + // Class + Expr.find[ "CLASS" ] = support.getElementsByClassName && function( className, context ) { + if ( typeof context.getElementsByClassName !== "undefined" && documentIsHTML ) { + return context.getElementsByClassName( className ); + } + }; + + /* QSA/matchesSelector + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // QSA and matchesSelector support + + // matchesSelector(:active) reports false when true (IE9/Opera 11.5) + rbuggyMatches = []; + + // qSa(:focus) reports false when true (Chrome 21) + // We allow this because of a bug in IE8/9 that throws an error + // whenever `document.activeElement` is accessed on an iframe + // So, we allow :focus to pass through QSA all the time to avoid the IE error + // See https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13378 + rbuggyQSA = []; + + if ( ( support.qsa = rnative.test( document.querySelectorAll ) ) ) { + + // Build QSA regex + // Regex strategy adopted from Diego Perini + assert( function( el ) { + + var input; + + // Select is set to empty string on purpose + // This is to test IE's treatment of not explicitly + // setting a boolean content attribute, + // since its presence should be enough + // https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/12359 + docElem.appendChild( el ).innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: IE8, Opera 11-12.16 + // Nothing should be selected when empty strings follow ^= or $= or *= + // The test attribute must be unknown in Opera but "safe" for WinRT + // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh465388.aspx#attribute_section + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[msallowcapture^='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "[*^$]=" + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Support: IE8 + // Boolean attributes and "value" are not treated correctly + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[selected]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*(?:value|" + booleans + ")" ); + } + + // Support: Chrome<29, Android<4.4, Safari<7.0+, iOS<7.0+, PhantomJS<1.9.8+ + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[id~=" + expando + "-]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "~=" ); + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE 11/Edge don't find elements on a `[name='']` query in some cases. + // Adding a temporary attribute to the document before the selection works + // around the issue. + // Interestingly, IE 10 & older don't seem to have the issue. + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "" ); + el.appendChild( input ); + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "[name='']" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "\\[" + whitespace + "*name" + whitespace + "*=" + + whitespace + "*(?:''|\"\")" ); + } + + // Webkit/Opera - :checked should return selected option elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( ":checked" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":checked" ); + } + + // Support: Safari 8+, iOS 8+ + // https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=136851 + // In-page `selector#id sibling-combinator selector` fails + if ( !el.querySelectorAll( "a#" + expando + "+*" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ".#.+[+~]" ); + } + + // Support: Firefox <=3.6 - 5 only + // Old Firefox doesn't throw on a badly-escaped identifier. + el.querySelectorAll( "\\\f" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( "[\\r\\n\\f]" ); + } ); + + assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = "" + + ""; + + // Support: Windows 8 Native Apps + // The type and name attributes are restricted during .innerHTML assignment + var input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.setAttribute( "type", "hidden" ); + el.appendChild( input ).setAttribute( "name", "D" ); + + // Support: IE8 + // Enforce case-sensitivity of name attribute + if ( el.querySelectorAll( "[name=d]" ).length ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( "name" + whitespace + "*[*^$|!~]?=" ); + } + + // FF 3.5 - :enabled/:disabled and hidden elements (hidden elements are still enabled) + // IE8 throws error here and will not see later tests + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":enabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: IE9-11+ + // IE's :disabled selector does not pick up the children of disabled fieldsets + docElem.appendChild( el ).disabled = true; + if ( el.querySelectorAll( ":disabled" ).length !== 2 ) { + rbuggyQSA.push( ":enabled", ":disabled" ); + } + + // Support: Opera 10 - 11 only + // Opera 10-11 does not throw on post-comma invalid pseudos + el.querySelectorAll( "*,:x" ); + rbuggyQSA.push( ",.*:" ); + } ); + } + + if ( ( support.matchesSelector = rnative.test( ( matches = docElem.matches || + docElem.webkitMatchesSelector || + docElem.mozMatchesSelector || + docElem.oMatchesSelector || + docElem.msMatchesSelector ) ) ) ) { + + assert( function( el ) { + + // Check to see if it's possible to do matchesSelector + // on a disconnected node (IE 9) + support.disconnectedMatch = matches.call( el, "*" ); + + // This should fail with an exception + // Gecko does not error, returns false instead + matches.call( el, "[s!='']:x" ); + rbuggyMatches.push( "!=", pseudos ); + } ); + } + + rbuggyQSA = rbuggyQSA.length && new RegExp( rbuggyQSA.join( "|" ) ); + rbuggyMatches = rbuggyMatches.length && new RegExp( rbuggyMatches.join( "|" ) ); + + /* Contains + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + hasCompare = rnative.test( docElem.compareDocumentPosition ); + + // Element contains another + // Purposefully self-exclusive + // As in, an element does not contain itself + contains = hasCompare || rnative.test( docElem.contains ) ? + function( a, b ) { + var adown = a.nodeType === 9 ? a.documentElement : a, + bup = b && b.parentNode; + return a === bup || !!( bup && bup.nodeType === 1 && ( + adown.contains ? + adown.contains( bup ) : + a.compareDocumentPosition && a.compareDocumentPosition( bup ) & 16 + ) ); + } : + function( a, b ) { + if ( b ) { + while ( ( b = b.parentNode ) ) { + if ( b === a ) { + return true; + } + } + } + return false; + }; + + /* Sorting + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + + // Document order sorting + sortOrder = hasCompare ? + function( a, b ) { + + // Flag for duplicate removal + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + // Sort on method existence if only one input has compareDocumentPosition + var compare = !a.compareDocumentPosition - !b.compareDocumentPosition; + if ( compare ) { + return compare; + } + + // Calculate position if both inputs belong to the same document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + compare = ( a.ownerDocument || a ) == ( b.ownerDocument || b ) ? + a.compareDocumentPosition( b ) : + + // Otherwise we know they are disconnected + 1; + + // Disconnected nodes + if ( compare & 1 || + ( !support.sortDetached && b.compareDocumentPosition( a ) === compare ) ) { + + // Choose the first element that is related to our preferred document + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( a == document || a.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, a ) ) { + return -1; + } + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( b == document || b.ownerDocument == preferredDoc && + contains( preferredDoc, b ) ) { + return 1; + } + + // Maintain original order + return sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + } + + return compare & 4 ? -1 : 1; + } : + function( a, b ) { + + // Exit early if the nodes are identical + if ( a === b ) { + hasDuplicate = true; + return 0; + } + + var cur, + i = 0, + aup = a.parentNode, + bup = b.parentNode, + ap = [ a ], + bp = [ b ]; + + // Parentless nodes are either documents or disconnected + if ( !aup || !bup ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + return a == document ? -1 : + b == document ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + aup ? -1 : + bup ? 1 : + sortInput ? + ( indexOf( sortInput, a ) - indexOf( sortInput, b ) ) : + 0; + + // If the nodes are siblings, we can do a quick check + } else if ( aup === bup ) { + return siblingCheck( a, b ); + } + + // Otherwise we need full lists of their ancestors for comparison + cur = a; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + ap.unshift( cur ); + } + cur = b; + while ( ( cur = cur.parentNode ) ) { + bp.unshift( cur ); + } + + // Walk down the tree looking for a discrepancy + while ( ap[ i ] === bp[ i ] ) { + i++; + } + + return i ? + + // Do a sibling check if the nodes have a common ancestor + siblingCheck( ap[ i ], bp[ i ] ) : + + // Otherwise nodes in our document sort first + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + /* eslint-disable eqeqeq */ + ap[ i ] == preferredDoc ? -1 : + bp[ i ] == preferredDoc ? 1 : + /* eslint-enable eqeqeq */ + 0; + }; + + return document; +}; + +Sizzle.matches = function( expr, elements ) { + return Sizzle( expr, null, null, elements ); +}; + +Sizzle.matchesSelector = function( elem, expr ) { + setDocument( elem ); + + if ( support.matchesSelector && documentIsHTML && + !nonnativeSelectorCache[ expr + " " ] && + ( !rbuggyMatches || !rbuggyMatches.test( expr ) ) && + ( !rbuggyQSA || !rbuggyQSA.test( expr ) ) ) { + + try { + var ret = matches.call( elem, expr ); + + // IE 9's matchesSelector returns false on disconnected nodes + if ( ret || support.disconnectedMatch || + + // As well, disconnected nodes are said to be in a document + // fragment in IE 9 + elem.document && elem.document.nodeType !== 11 ) { + return ret; + } + } catch ( e ) { + nonnativeSelectorCache( expr, true ); + } + } + + return Sizzle( expr, document, null, [ elem ] ).length > 0; +}; + +Sizzle.contains = function( context, elem ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( context.ownerDocument || context ) != document ) { + setDocument( context ); + } + return contains( context, elem ); +}; + +Sizzle.attr = function( elem, name ) { + + // Set document vars if needed + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( ( elem.ownerDocument || elem ) != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + } + + var fn = Expr.attrHandle[ name.toLowerCase() ], + + // Don't get fooled by Object.prototype properties (jQuery #13807) + val = fn && hasOwn.call( Expr.attrHandle, name.toLowerCase() ) ? + fn( elem, name, !documentIsHTML ) : + undefined; + + return val !== undefined ? + val : + support.attributes || !documentIsHTML ? + elem.getAttribute( name ) : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; +}; + +Sizzle.escape = function( sel ) { + return ( sel + "" ).replace( rcssescape, fcssescape ); +}; + +Sizzle.error = function( msg ) { + throw new Error( "Syntax error, unrecognized expression: " + msg ); +}; + +/** + * Document sorting and removing duplicates + * @param {ArrayLike} results + */ +Sizzle.uniqueSort = function( results ) { + var elem, + duplicates = [], + j = 0, + i = 0; + + // Unless we *know* we can detect duplicates, assume their presence + hasDuplicate = !support.detectDuplicates; + sortInput = !support.sortStable && results.slice( 0 ); + results.sort( sortOrder ); + + if ( hasDuplicate ) { + while ( ( elem = results[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem === results[ i ] ) { + j = duplicates.push( i ); + } + } + while ( j-- ) { + results.splice( duplicates[ j ], 1 ); + } + } + + // Clear input after sorting to release objects + // See https://github.com/jquery/sizzle/pull/225 + sortInput = null; + + return results; +}; + +/** + * Utility function for retrieving the text value of an array of DOM nodes + * @param {Array|Element} elem + */ +getText = Sizzle.getText = function( elem ) { + var node, + ret = "", + i = 0, + nodeType = elem.nodeType; + + if ( !nodeType ) { + + // If no nodeType, this is expected to be an array + while ( ( node = elem[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Do not traverse comment nodes + ret += getText( node ); + } + } else if ( nodeType === 1 || nodeType === 9 || nodeType === 11 ) { + + // Use textContent for elements + // innerText usage removed for consistency of new lines (jQuery #11153) + if ( typeof elem.textContent === "string" ) { + return elem.textContent; + } else { + + // Traverse its children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + ret += getText( elem ); + } + } + } else if ( nodeType === 3 || nodeType === 4 ) { + return elem.nodeValue; + } + + // Do not include comment or processing instruction nodes + + return ret; +}; + +Expr = Sizzle.selectors = { + + // Can be adjusted by the user + cacheLength: 50, + + createPseudo: markFunction, + + match: matchExpr, + + attrHandle: {}, + + find: {}, + + relative: { + ">": { dir: "parentNode", first: true }, + " ": { dir: "parentNode" }, + "+": { dir: "previousSibling", first: true }, + "~": { dir: "previousSibling" } + }, + + preFilter: { + "ATTR": function( match ) { + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].replace( runescape, funescape ); + + // Move the given value to match[3] whether quoted or unquoted + match[ 3 ] = ( match[ 3 ] || match[ 4 ] || + match[ 5 ] || "" ).replace( runescape, funescape ); + + if ( match[ 2 ] === "~=" ) { + match[ 3 ] = " " + match[ 3 ] + " "; + } + + return match.slice( 0, 4 ); + }, + + "CHILD": function( match ) { + + /* matches from matchExpr["CHILD"] + 1 type (only|nth|...) + 2 what (child|of-type) + 3 argument (even|odd|\d*|\d*n([+-]\d+)?|...) + 4 xn-component of xn+y argument ([+-]?\d*n|) + 5 sign of xn-component + 6 x of xn-component + 7 sign of y-component + 8 y of y-component + */ + match[ 1 ] = match[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + + if ( match[ 1 ].slice( 0, 3 ) === "nth" ) { + + // nth-* requires argument + if ( !match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + // numeric x and y parameters for Expr.filter.CHILD + // remember that false/true cast respectively to 0/1 + match[ 4 ] = +( match[ 4 ] ? + match[ 5 ] + ( match[ 6 ] || 1 ) : + 2 * ( match[ 3 ] === "even" || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ) ); + match[ 5 ] = +( ( match[ 7 ] + match[ 8 ] ) || match[ 3 ] === "odd" ); + + // other types prohibit arguments + } else if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + Sizzle.error( match[ 0 ] ); + } + + return match; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( match ) { + var excess, + unquoted = !match[ 6 ] && match[ 2 ]; + + if ( matchExpr[ "CHILD" ].test( match[ 0 ] ) ) { + return null; + } + + // Accept quoted arguments as-is + if ( match[ 3 ] ) { + match[ 2 ] = match[ 4 ] || match[ 5 ] || ""; + + // Strip excess characters from unquoted arguments + } else if ( unquoted && rpseudo.test( unquoted ) && + + // Get excess from tokenize (recursively) + ( excess = tokenize( unquoted, true ) ) && + + // advance to the next closing parenthesis + ( excess = unquoted.indexOf( ")", unquoted.length - excess ) - unquoted.length ) ) { + + // excess is a negative index + match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0, excess ); + match[ 2 ] = unquoted.slice( 0, excess ); + } + + // Return only captures needed by the pseudo filter method (type and argument) + return match.slice( 0, 3 ); + } + }, + + filter: { + + "TAG": function( nodeNameSelector ) { + var nodeName = nodeNameSelector.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return nodeNameSelector === "*" ? + function() { + return true; + } : + function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === nodeName; + }; + }, + + "CLASS": function( className ) { + var pattern = classCache[ className + " " ]; + + return pattern || + ( pattern = new RegExp( "(^|" + whitespace + + ")" + className + "(" + whitespace + "|$)" ) ) && classCache( + className, function( elem ) { + return pattern.test( + typeof elem.className === "string" && elem.className || + typeof elem.getAttribute !== "undefined" && + elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || + "" + ); + } ); + }, + + "ATTR": function( name, operator, check ) { + return function( elem ) { + var result = Sizzle.attr( elem, name ); + + if ( result == null ) { + return operator === "!="; + } + if ( !operator ) { + return true; + } + + result += ""; + + /* eslint-disable max-len */ + + return operator === "=" ? result === check : + operator === "!=" ? result !== check : + operator === "^=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) === 0 : + operator === "*=" ? check && result.indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "$=" ? check && result.slice( -check.length ) === check : + operator === "~=" ? ( " " + result.replace( rwhitespace, " " ) + " " ).indexOf( check ) > -1 : + operator === "|=" ? result === check || result.slice( 0, check.length + 1 ) === check + "-" : + false; + /* eslint-enable max-len */ + + }; + }, + + "CHILD": function( type, what, _argument, first, last ) { + var simple = type.slice( 0, 3 ) !== "nth", + forward = type.slice( -4 ) !== "last", + ofType = what === "of-type"; + + return first === 1 && last === 0 ? + + // Shortcut for :nth-*(n) + function( elem ) { + return !!elem.parentNode; + } : + + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + var cache, uniqueCache, outerCache, node, nodeIndex, start, + dir = simple !== forward ? "nextSibling" : "previousSibling", + parent = elem.parentNode, + name = ofType && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(), + useCache = !xml && !ofType, + diff = false; + + if ( parent ) { + + // :(first|last|only)-(child|of-type) + if ( simple ) { + while ( dir ) { + node = elem; + while ( ( node = node[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) { + + return false; + } + } + + // Reverse direction for :only-* (if we haven't yet done so) + start = dir = type === "only" && !start && "nextSibling"; + } + return true; + } + + start = [ forward ? parent.firstChild : parent.lastChild ]; + + // non-xml :nth-child(...) stores cache data on `parent` + if ( forward && useCache ) { + + // Seek `elem` from a previously-cached index + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = parent; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex && cache[ 2 ]; + node = nodeIndex && parent.childNodes[ nodeIndex ]; + + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + + // Fallback to seeking `elem` from the start + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + // When found, cache indexes on `parent` and break + if ( node.nodeType === 1 && ++diff && node === elem ) { + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, nodeIndex, diff ]; + break; + } + } + + } else { + + // Use previously-cached element index if available + if ( useCache ) { + + // ...in a gzip-friendly way + node = elem; + outerCache = node[ expando ] || ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + cache = uniqueCache[ type ] || []; + nodeIndex = cache[ 0 ] === dirruns && cache[ 1 ]; + diff = nodeIndex; + } + + // xml :nth-child(...) + // or :nth-last-child(...) or :nth(-last)?-of-type(...) + if ( diff === false ) { + + // Use the same loop as above to seek `elem` from the start + while ( ( node = ++nodeIndex && node && node[ dir ] || + ( diff = nodeIndex = 0 ) || start.pop() ) ) { + + if ( ( ofType ? + node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name : + node.nodeType === 1 ) && + ++diff ) { + + // Cache the index of each encountered element + if ( useCache ) { + outerCache = node[ expando ] || + ( node[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ node.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + uniqueCache[ type ] = [ dirruns, diff ]; + } + + if ( node === elem ) { + break; + } + } + } + } + } + + // Incorporate the offset, then check against cycle size + diff -= last; + return diff === first || ( diff % first === 0 && diff / first >= 0 ); + } + }; + }, + + "PSEUDO": function( pseudo, argument ) { + + // pseudo-class names are case-insensitive + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#pseudo-classes + // Prioritize by case sensitivity in case custom pseudos are added with uppercase letters + // Remember that setFilters inherits from pseudos + var args, + fn = Expr.pseudos[ pseudo ] || Expr.setFilters[ pseudo.toLowerCase() ] || + Sizzle.error( "unsupported pseudo: " + pseudo ); + + // The user may use createPseudo to indicate that + // arguments are needed to create the filter function + // just as Sizzle does + if ( fn[ expando ] ) { + return fn( argument ); + } + + // But maintain support for old signatures + if ( fn.length > 1 ) { + args = [ pseudo, pseudo, "", argument ]; + return Expr.setFilters.hasOwnProperty( pseudo.toLowerCase() ) ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches ) { + var idx, + matched = fn( seed, argument ), + i = matched.length; + while ( i-- ) { + idx = indexOf( seed, matched[ i ] ); + seed[ idx ] = !( matches[ idx ] = matched[ i ] ); + } + } ) : + function( elem ) { + return fn( elem, 0, args ); + }; + } + + return fn; + } + }, + + pseudos: { + + // Potentially complex pseudos + "not": markFunction( function( selector ) { + + // Trim the selector passed to compile + // to avoid treating leading and trailing + // spaces as combinators + var input = [], + results = [], + matcher = compile( selector.replace( rtrim, "$1" ) ); + + return matcher[ expando ] ? + markFunction( function( seed, matches, _context, xml ) { + var elem, + unmatched = matcher( seed, null, xml, [] ), + i = seed.length; + + // Match elements unmatched by `matcher` + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + seed[ i ] = !( matches[ i ] = elem ); + } + } + } ) : + function( elem, _context, xml ) { + input[ 0 ] = elem; + matcher( input, null, xml, results ); + + // Don't keep the element (issue #299) + input[ 0 ] = null; + return !results.pop(); + }; + } ), + + "has": markFunction( function( selector ) { + return function( elem ) { + return Sizzle( selector, elem ).length > 0; + }; + } ), + + "contains": markFunction( function( text ) { + text = text.replace( runescape, funescape ); + return function( elem ) { + return ( elem.textContent || getText( elem ) ).indexOf( text ) > -1; + }; + } ), + + // "Whether an element is represented by a :lang() selector + // is based solely on the element's language value + // being equal to the identifier C, + // or beginning with the identifier C immediately followed by "-". + // The matching of C against the element's language value is performed case-insensitively. + // The identifier C does not have to be a valid language name." + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#lang-pseudo + "lang": markFunction( function( lang ) { + + // lang value must be a valid identifier + if ( !ridentifier.test( lang || "" ) ) { + Sizzle.error( "unsupported lang: " + lang ); + } + lang = lang.replace( runescape, funescape ).toLowerCase(); + return function( elem ) { + var elemLang; + do { + if ( ( elemLang = documentIsHTML ? + elem.lang : + elem.getAttribute( "xml:lang" ) || elem.getAttribute( "lang" ) ) ) { + + elemLang = elemLang.toLowerCase(); + return elemLang === lang || elemLang.indexOf( lang + "-" ) === 0; + } + } while ( ( elem = elem.parentNode ) && elem.nodeType === 1 ); + return false; + }; + } ), + + // Miscellaneous + "target": function( elem ) { + var hash = window.location && window.location.hash; + return hash && hash.slice( 1 ) === elem.id; + }, + + "root": function( elem ) { + return elem === docElem; + }, + + "focus": function( elem ) { + return elem === document.activeElement && + ( !document.hasFocus || document.hasFocus() ) && + !!( elem.type || elem.href || ~elem.tabIndex ); + }, + + // Boolean properties + "enabled": createDisabledPseudo( false ), + "disabled": createDisabledPseudo( true ), + + "checked": function( elem ) { + + // In CSS3, :checked should return both checked and selected elements + // http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-css3-selectors-20110929/#checked + var nodeName = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return ( nodeName === "input" && !!elem.checked ) || + ( nodeName === "option" && !!elem.selected ); + }, + + "selected": function( elem ) { + + // Accessing this property makes selected-by-default + // options in Safari work properly + if ( elem.parentNode ) { + // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-expressions + elem.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + + return elem.selected === true; + }, + + // Contents + "empty": function( elem ) { + + // http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors/#empty-pseudo + // :empty is negated by element (1) or content nodes (text: 3; cdata: 4; entity ref: 5), + // but not by others (comment: 8; processing instruction: 7; etc.) + // nodeType < 6 works because attributes (2) do not appear as children + for ( elem = elem.firstChild; elem; elem = elem.nextSibling ) { + if ( elem.nodeType < 6 ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + }, + + "parent": function( elem ) { + return !Expr.pseudos[ "empty" ]( elem ); + }, + + // Element/input types + "header": function( elem ) { + return rheader.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "input": function( elem ) { + return rinputs.test( elem.nodeName ); + }, + + "button": function( elem ) { + var name = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + return name === "input" && elem.type === "button" || name === "button"; + }, + + "text": function( elem ) { + var attr; + return elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" && + elem.type === "text" && + + // Support: IE<8 + // New HTML5 attribute values (e.g., "search") appear with elem.type === "text" + ( ( attr = elem.getAttribute( "type" ) ) == null || + attr.toLowerCase() === "text" ); + }, + + // Position-in-collection + "first": createPositionalPseudo( function() { + return [ 0 ]; + } ), + + "last": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length ) { + return [ length - 1 ]; + } ), + + "eq": createPositionalPseudo( function( _matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + return [ argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument ]; + } ), + + "even": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "odd": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length ) { + var i = 1; + for ( ; i < length; i += 2 ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "lt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? + argument + length : + argument > length ? + length : + argument; + for ( ; --i >= 0; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ), + + "gt": createPositionalPseudo( function( matchIndexes, length, argument ) { + var i = argument < 0 ? argument + length : argument; + for ( ; ++i < length; ) { + matchIndexes.push( i ); + } + return matchIndexes; + } ) + } +}; + +Expr.pseudos[ "nth" ] = Expr.pseudos[ "eq" ]; + +// Add button/input type pseudos +for ( i in { radio: true, checkbox: true, file: true, password: true, image: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createInputPseudo( i ); +} +for ( i in { submit: true, reset: true } ) { + Expr.pseudos[ i ] = createButtonPseudo( i ); +} + +// Easy API for creating new setFilters +function setFilters() {} +setFilters.prototype = Expr.filters = Expr.pseudos; +Expr.setFilters = new setFilters(); + +tokenize = Sizzle.tokenize = function( selector, parseOnly ) { + var matched, match, tokens, type, + soFar, groups, preFilters, + cached = tokenCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( cached ) { + return parseOnly ? 0 : cached.slice( 0 ); + } + + soFar = selector; + groups = []; + preFilters = Expr.preFilter; + + while ( soFar ) { + + // Comma and first run + if ( !matched || ( match = rcomma.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + if ( match ) { + + // Don't consume trailing commas as valid + soFar = soFar.slice( match[ 0 ].length ) || soFar; + } + groups.push( ( tokens = [] ) ); + } + + matched = false; + + // Combinators + if ( ( match = rcombinators.exec( soFar ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + + // Cast descendant combinators to space + type: match[ 0 ].replace( rtrim, " " ) + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + + // Filters + for ( type in Expr.filter ) { + if ( ( match = matchExpr[ type ].exec( soFar ) ) && ( !preFilters[ type ] || + ( match = preFilters[ type ]( match ) ) ) ) { + matched = match.shift(); + tokens.push( { + value: matched, + type: type, + matches: match + } ); + soFar = soFar.slice( matched.length ); + } + } + + if ( !matched ) { + break; + } + } + + // Return the length of the invalid excess + // if we're just parsing + // Otherwise, throw an error or return tokens + return parseOnly ? + soFar.length : + soFar ? + Sizzle.error( selector ) : + + // Cache the tokens + tokenCache( selector, groups ).slice( 0 ); +}; + +function toSelector( tokens ) { + var i = 0, + len = tokens.length, + selector = ""; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + selector += tokens[ i ].value; + } + return selector; +} + +function addCombinator( matcher, combinator, base ) { + var dir = combinator.dir, + skip = combinator.next, + key = skip || dir, + checkNonElements = base && key === "parentNode", + doneName = done++; + + return combinator.first ? + + // Check against closest ancestor/preceding element + function( elem, context, xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + return matcher( elem, context, xml ); + } + } + return false; + } : + + // Check against all ancestor/preceding elements + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var oldCache, uniqueCache, outerCache, + newCache = [ dirruns, doneName ]; + + // We can't set arbitrary data on XML nodes, so they don't benefit from combinator caching + if ( xml ) { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } else { + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 || checkNonElements ) { + outerCache = elem[ expando ] || ( elem[ expando ] = {} ); + + // Support: IE <9 only + // Defend against cloned attroperties (jQuery gh-1709) + uniqueCache = outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] || + ( outerCache[ elem.uniqueID ] = {} ); + + if ( skip && skip === elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ) { + elem = elem[ dir ] || elem; + } else if ( ( oldCache = uniqueCache[ key ] ) && + oldCache[ 0 ] === dirruns && oldCache[ 1 ] === doneName ) { + + // Assign to newCache so results back-propagate to previous elements + return ( newCache[ 2 ] = oldCache[ 2 ] ); + } else { + + // Reuse newcache so results back-propagate to previous elements + uniqueCache[ key ] = newCache; + + // A match means we're done; a fail means we have to keep checking + if ( ( newCache[ 2 ] = matcher( elem, context, xml ) ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } + } + } + return false; + }; +} + +function elementMatcher( matchers ) { + return matchers.length > 1 ? + function( elem, context, xml ) { + var i = matchers.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !matchers[ i ]( elem, context, xml ) ) { + return false; + } + } + return true; + } : + matchers[ 0 ]; +} + +function multipleContexts( selector, contexts, results ) { + var i = 0, + len = contexts.length; + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + Sizzle( selector, contexts[ i ], results ); + } + return results; +} + +function condense( unmatched, map, filter, context, xml ) { + var elem, + newUnmatched = [], + i = 0, + len = unmatched.length, + mapped = map != null; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( elem = unmatched[ i ] ) ) { + if ( !filter || filter( elem, context, xml ) ) { + newUnmatched.push( elem ); + if ( mapped ) { + map.push( i ); + } + } + } + } + + return newUnmatched; +} + +function setMatcher( preFilter, selector, matcher, postFilter, postFinder, postSelector ) { + if ( postFilter && !postFilter[ expando ] ) { + postFilter = setMatcher( postFilter ); + } + if ( postFinder && !postFinder[ expando ] ) { + postFinder = setMatcher( postFinder, postSelector ); + } + return markFunction( function( seed, results, context, xml ) { + var temp, i, elem, + preMap = [], + postMap = [], + preexisting = results.length, + + // Get initial elements from seed or context + elems = seed || multipleContexts( + selector || "*", + context.nodeType ? [ context ] : context, + [] + ), + + // Prefilter to get matcher input, preserving a map for seed-results synchronization + matcherIn = preFilter && ( seed || !selector ) ? + condense( elems, preMap, preFilter, context, xml ) : + elems, + + matcherOut = matcher ? + + // If we have a postFinder, or filtered seed, or non-seed postFilter or preexisting results, + postFinder || ( seed ? preFilter : preexisting || postFilter ) ? + + // ...intermediate processing is necessary + [] : + + // ...otherwise use results directly + results : + matcherIn; + + // Find primary matches + if ( matcher ) { + matcher( matcherIn, matcherOut, context, xml ); + } + + // Apply postFilter + if ( postFilter ) { + temp = condense( matcherOut, postMap ); + postFilter( temp, [], context, xml ); + + // Un-match failing elements by moving them back to matcherIn + i = temp.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = temp[ i ] ) ) { + matcherOut[ postMap[ i ] ] = !( matcherIn[ postMap[ i ] ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + if ( seed ) { + if ( postFinder || preFilter ) { + if ( postFinder ) { + + // Get the final matcherOut by condensing this intermediate into postFinder contexts + temp = []; + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) ) { + + // Restore matcherIn since elem is not yet a final match + temp.push( ( matcherIn[ i ] = elem ) ); + } + } + postFinder( null, ( matcherOut = [] ), temp, xml ); + } + + // Move matched elements from seed to results to keep them synchronized + i = matcherOut.length; + while ( i-- ) { + if ( ( elem = matcherOut[ i ] ) && + ( temp = postFinder ? indexOf( seed, elem ) : preMap[ i ] ) > -1 ) { + + seed[ temp ] = !( results[ temp ] = elem ); + } + } + } + + // Add elements to results, through postFinder if defined + } else { + matcherOut = condense( + matcherOut === results ? + matcherOut.splice( preexisting, matcherOut.length ) : + matcherOut + ); + if ( postFinder ) { + postFinder( null, results, matcherOut, xml ); + } else { + push.apply( results, matcherOut ); + } + } + } ); +} + +function matcherFromTokens( tokens ) { + var checkContext, matcher, j, + len = tokens.length, + leadingRelative = Expr.relative[ tokens[ 0 ].type ], + implicitRelative = leadingRelative || Expr.relative[ " " ], + i = leadingRelative ? 1 : 0, + + // The foundational matcher ensures that elements are reachable from top-level context(s) + matchContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return elem === checkContext; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchAnyContext = addCombinator( function( elem ) { + return indexOf( checkContext, elem ) > -1; + }, implicitRelative, true ), + matchers = [ function( elem, context, xml ) { + var ret = ( !leadingRelative && ( xml || context !== outermostContext ) ) || ( + ( checkContext = context ).nodeType ? + matchContext( elem, context, xml ) : + matchAnyContext( elem, context, xml ) ); + + // Avoid hanging onto element (issue #299) + checkContext = null; + return ret; + } ]; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( ( matcher = Expr.relative[ tokens[ i ].type ] ) ) { + matchers = [ addCombinator( elementMatcher( matchers ), matcher ) ]; + } else { + matcher = Expr.filter[ tokens[ i ].type ].apply( null, tokens[ i ].matches ); + + // Return special upon seeing a positional matcher + if ( matcher[ expando ] ) { + + // Find the next relative operator (if any) for proper handling + j = ++i; + for ( ; j < len; j++ ) { + if ( Expr.relative[ tokens[ j ].type ] ) { + break; + } + } + return setMatcher( + i > 1 && elementMatcher( matchers ), + i > 1 && toSelector( + + // If the preceding token was a descendant combinator, insert an implicit any-element `*` + tokens + .slice( 0, i - 1 ) + .concat( { value: tokens[ i - 2 ].type === " " ? "*" : "" } ) + ).replace( rtrim, "$1" ), + matcher, + i < j && matcherFromTokens( tokens.slice( i, j ) ), + j < len && matcherFromTokens( ( tokens = tokens.slice( j ) ) ), + j < len && toSelector( tokens ) + ); + } + matchers.push( matcher ); + } + } + + return elementMatcher( matchers ); +} + +function matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) { + var bySet = setMatchers.length > 0, + byElement = elementMatchers.length > 0, + superMatcher = function( seed, context, xml, results, outermost ) { + var elem, j, matcher, + matchedCount = 0, + i = "0", + unmatched = seed && [], + setMatched = [], + contextBackup = outermostContext, + + // We must always have either seed elements or outermost context + elems = seed || byElement && Expr.find[ "TAG" ]( "*", outermost ), + + // Use integer dirruns iff this is the outermost matcher + dirrunsUnique = ( dirruns += contextBackup == null ? 1 : Math.random() || 0.1 ), + len = elems.length; + + if ( outermost ) { + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + outermostContext = context == document || context || outermost; + } + + // Add elements passing elementMatchers directly to results + // Support: IE<9, Safari + // Tolerate NodeList properties (IE: "length"; Safari: ) matching elements by id + for ( ; i !== len && ( elem = elems[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( byElement && elem ) { + j = 0; + + // Support: IE 11+, Edge 17 - 18+ + // IE/Edge sometimes throw a "Permission denied" error when strict-comparing + // two documents; shallow comparisons work. + // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq + if ( !context && elem.ownerDocument != document ) { + setDocument( elem ); + xml = !documentIsHTML; + } + while ( ( matcher = elementMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( matcher( elem, context || document, xml ) ) { + results.push( elem ); + break; + } + } + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + } + } + + // Track unmatched elements for set filters + if ( bySet ) { + + // They will have gone through all possible matchers + if ( ( elem = !matcher && elem ) ) { + matchedCount--; + } + + // Lengthen the array for every element, matched or not + if ( seed ) { + unmatched.push( elem ); + } + } + } + + // `i` is now the count of elements visited above, and adding it to `matchedCount` + // makes the latter nonnegative. + matchedCount += i; + + // Apply set filters to unmatched elements + // NOTE: This can be skipped if there are no unmatched elements (i.e., `matchedCount` + // equals `i`), unless we didn't visit _any_ elements in the above loop because we have + // no element matchers and no seed. + // Incrementing an initially-string "0" `i` allows `i` to remain a string only in that + // case, which will result in a "00" `matchedCount` that differs from `i` but is also + // numerically zero. + if ( bySet && i !== matchedCount ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( matcher = setMatchers[ j++ ] ) ) { + matcher( unmatched, setMatched, context, xml ); + } + + if ( seed ) { + + // Reintegrate element matches to eliminate the need for sorting + if ( matchedCount > 0 ) { + while ( i-- ) { + if ( !( unmatched[ i ] || setMatched[ i ] ) ) { + setMatched[ i ] = pop.call( results ); + } + } + } + + // Discard index placeholder values to get only actual matches + setMatched = condense( setMatched ); + } + + // Add matches to results + push.apply( results, setMatched ); + + // Seedless set matches succeeding multiple successful matchers stipulate sorting + if ( outermost && !seed && setMatched.length > 0 && + ( matchedCount + setMatchers.length ) > 1 ) { + + Sizzle.uniqueSort( results ); + } + } + + // Override manipulation of globals by nested matchers + if ( outermost ) { + dirruns = dirrunsUnique; + outermostContext = contextBackup; + } + + return unmatched; + }; + + return bySet ? + markFunction( superMatcher ) : + superMatcher; +} + +compile = Sizzle.compile = function( selector, match /* Internal Use Only */ ) { + var i, + setMatchers = [], + elementMatchers = [], + cached = compilerCache[ selector + " " ]; + + if ( !cached ) { + + // Generate a function of recursive functions that can be used to check each element + if ( !match ) { + match = tokenize( selector ); + } + i = match.length; + while ( i-- ) { + cached = matcherFromTokens( match[ i ] ); + if ( cached[ expando ] ) { + setMatchers.push( cached ); + } else { + elementMatchers.push( cached ); + } + } + + // Cache the compiled function + cached = compilerCache( + selector, + matcherFromGroupMatchers( elementMatchers, setMatchers ) + ); + + // Save selector and tokenization + cached.selector = selector; + } + return cached; +}; + +/** + * A low-level selection function that works with Sizzle's compiled + * selector functions + * @param {String|Function} selector A selector or a pre-compiled + * selector function built with Sizzle.compile + * @param {Element} context + * @param {Array} [results] + * @param {Array} [seed] A set of elements to match against + */ +select = Sizzle.select = function( selector, context, results, seed ) { + var i, tokens, token, type, find, + compiled = typeof selector === "function" && selector, + match = !seed && tokenize( ( selector = compiled.selector || selector ) ); + + results = results || []; + + // Try to minimize operations if there is only one selector in the list and no seed + // (the latter of which guarantees us context) + if ( match.length === 1 ) { + + // Reduce context if the leading compound selector is an ID + tokens = match[ 0 ] = match[ 0 ].slice( 0 ); + if ( tokens.length > 2 && ( token = tokens[ 0 ] ).type === "ID" && + context.nodeType === 9 && documentIsHTML && Expr.relative[ tokens[ 1 ].type ] ) { + + context = ( Expr.find[ "ID" ]( token.matches[ 0 ] + .replace( runescape, funescape ), context ) || [] )[ 0 ]; + if ( !context ) { + return results; + + // Precompiled matchers will still verify ancestry, so step up a level + } else if ( compiled ) { + context = context.parentNode; + } + + selector = selector.slice( tokens.shift().value.length ); + } + + // Fetch a seed set for right-to-left matching + i = matchExpr[ "needsContext" ].test( selector ) ? 0 : tokens.length; + while ( i-- ) { + token = tokens[ i ]; + + // Abort if we hit a combinator + if ( Expr.relative[ ( type = token.type ) ] ) { + break; + } + if ( ( find = Expr.find[ type ] ) ) { + + // Search, expanding context for leading sibling combinators + if ( ( seed = find( + token.matches[ 0 ].replace( runescape, funescape ), + rsibling.test( tokens[ 0 ].type ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || + context + ) ) ) { + + // If seed is empty or no tokens remain, we can return early + tokens.splice( i, 1 ); + selector = seed.length && toSelector( tokens ); + if ( !selector ) { + push.apply( results, seed ); + return results; + } + + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Compile and execute a filtering function if one is not provided + // Provide `match` to avoid retokenization if we modified the selector above + ( compiled || compile( selector, match ) )( + seed, + context, + !documentIsHTML, + results, + !context || rsibling.test( selector ) && testContext( context.parentNode ) || context + ); + return results; +}; + +// One-time assignments + +// Sort stability +support.sortStable = expando.split( "" ).sort( sortOrder ).join( "" ) === expando; + +// Support: Chrome 14-35+ +// Always assume duplicates if they aren't passed to the comparison function +support.detectDuplicates = !!hasDuplicate; + +// Initialize against the default document +setDocument(); + +// Support: Webkit<537.32 - Safari 6.0.3/Chrome 25 (fixed in Chrome 27) +// Detached nodes confoundingly follow *each other* +support.sortDetached = assert( function( el ) { + + // Should return 1, but returns 4 (following) + return el.compareDocumentPosition( document.createElement( "fieldset" ) ) & 1; +} ); + +// Support: IE<8 +// Prevent attribute/property "interpolation" +// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms536429%28VS.85%29.aspx +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "href" ) === "#"; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "type|href|height|width", function( elem, name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem.getAttribute( name, name.toLowerCase() === "type" ? 1 : 2 ); + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use defaultValue in place of getAttribute("value") +if ( !support.attributes || !assert( function( el ) { + el.innerHTML = ""; + el.firstChild.setAttribute( "value", "" ); + return el.firstChild.getAttribute( "value" ) === ""; +} ) ) { + addHandle( "value", function( elem, _name, isXML ) { + if ( !isXML && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "input" ) { + return elem.defaultValue; + } + } ); +} + +// Support: IE<9 +// Use getAttributeNode to fetch booleans when getAttribute lies +if ( !assert( function( el ) { + return el.getAttribute( "disabled" ) == null; +} ) ) { + addHandle( booleans, function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var val; + if ( !isXML ) { + return elem[ name ] === true ? name.toLowerCase() : + ( val = elem.getAttributeNode( name ) ) && val.specified ? + val.value : + null; + } + } ); +} + +return Sizzle; + +} )( window ); + + + +jQuery.find = Sizzle; +jQuery.expr = Sizzle.selectors; + +// Deprecated +jQuery.expr[ ":" ] = jQuery.expr.pseudos; +jQuery.uniqueSort = jQuery.unique = Sizzle.uniqueSort; +jQuery.text = Sizzle.getText; +jQuery.isXMLDoc = Sizzle.isXML; +jQuery.contains = Sizzle.contains; +jQuery.escapeSelector = Sizzle.escape; + + + + +var dir = function( elem, dir, until ) { + var matched = [], + truncate = until !== undefined; + + while ( ( elem = elem[ dir ] ) && elem.nodeType !== 9 ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + if ( truncate && jQuery( elem ).is( until ) ) { + break; + } + matched.push( elem ); + } + } + return matched; +}; + + +var siblings = function( n, elem ) { + var matched = []; + + for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) { + if ( n.nodeType === 1 && n !== elem ) { + matched.push( n ); + } + } + + return matched; +}; + + +var rneedsContext = jQuery.expr.match.needsContext; + + + +function nodeName( elem, name ) { + + return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(); + +}; +var rsingleTag = ( /^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i ); + + + +// Implement the identical functionality for filter and not +function winnow( elements, qualifier, not ) { + if ( isFunction( qualifier ) ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem, i ) { + return !!qualifier.call( elem, i, elem ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Single element + if ( qualifier.nodeType ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( elem === qualifier ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Arraylike of elements (jQuery, arguments, Array) + if ( typeof qualifier !== "string" ) { + return jQuery.grep( elements, function( elem ) { + return ( indexOf.call( qualifier, elem ) > -1 ) !== not; + } ); + } + + // Filtered directly for both simple and complex selectors + return jQuery.filter( qualifier, elements, not ); +} + +jQuery.filter = function( expr, elems, not ) { + var elem = elems[ 0 ]; + + if ( not ) { + expr = ":not(" + expr + ")"; + } + + if ( elems.length === 1 && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return jQuery.find.matchesSelector( elem, expr ) ? [ elem ] : []; + } + + return jQuery.find.matches( expr, jQuery.grep( elems, function( elem ) { + return elem.nodeType === 1; + } ) ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + find: function( selector ) { + var i, ret, + len = this.length, + self = this; + + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + return this.pushStack( jQuery( selector ).filter( function() { + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( self[ i ], this ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ) ); + } + + ret = this.pushStack( [] ); + + for ( i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { + jQuery.find( selector, self[ i ], ret ); + } + + return len > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( ret ) : ret; + }, + filter: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], false ) ); + }, + not: function( selector ) { + return this.pushStack( winnow( this, selector || [], true ) ); + }, + is: function( selector ) { + return !!winnow( + this, + + // If this is a positional/relative selector, check membership in the returned set + // so $("p:first").is("p:last") won't return true for a doc with two "p". + typeof selector === "string" && rneedsContext.test( selector ) ? + jQuery( selector ) : + selector || [], + false + ).length; + } +} ); + + +// Initialize a jQuery object + + +// A central reference to the root jQuery(document) +var rootjQuery, + + // A simple way to check for HTML strings + // Prioritize #id over to avoid XSS via location.hash (#9521) + // Strict HTML recognition (#11290: must start with <) + // Shortcut simple #id case for speed + rquickExpr = /^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/, + + init = jQuery.fn.init = function( selector, context, root ) { + var match, elem; + + // HANDLE: $(""), $(null), $(undefined), $(false) + if ( !selector ) { + return this; + } + + // Method init() accepts an alternate rootjQuery + // so migrate can support jQuery.sub (gh-2101) + root = root || rootjQuery; + + // Handle HTML strings + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + if ( selector[ 0 ] === "<" && + selector[ selector.length - 1 ] === ">" && + selector.length >= 3 ) { + + // Assume that strings that start and end with <> are HTML and skip the regex check + match = [ null, selector, null ]; + + } else { + match = rquickExpr.exec( selector ); + } + + // Match html or make sure no context is specified for #id + if ( match && ( match[ 1 ] || !context ) ) { + + // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array) + if ( match[ 1 ] ) { + context = context instanceof jQuery ? context[ 0 ] : context; + + // Option to run scripts is true for back-compat + // Intentionally let the error be thrown if parseHTML is not present + jQuery.merge( this, jQuery.parseHTML( + match[ 1 ], + context && context.nodeType ? context.ownerDocument || context : document, + true + ) ); + + // HANDLE: $(html, props) + if ( rsingleTag.test( match[ 1 ] ) && jQuery.isPlainObject( context ) ) { + for ( match in context ) { + + // Properties of context are called as methods if possible + if ( isFunction( this[ match ] ) ) { + this[ match ]( context[ match ] ); + + // ...and otherwise set as attributes + } else { + this.attr( match, context[ match ] ); + } + } + } + + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(#id) + } else { + elem = document.getElementById( match[ 2 ] ); + + if ( elem ) { + + // Inject the element directly into the jQuery object + this[ 0 ] = elem; + this.length = 1; + } + return this; + } + + // HANDLE: $(expr, $(...)) + } else if ( !context || context.jquery ) { + return ( context || root ).find( selector ); + + // HANDLE: $(expr, context) + // (which is just equivalent to: $(context).find(expr) + } else { + return this.constructor( context ).find( selector ); + } + + // HANDLE: $(DOMElement) + } else if ( selector.nodeType ) { + this[ 0 ] = selector; + this.length = 1; + return this; + + // HANDLE: $(function) + // Shortcut for document ready + } else if ( isFunction( selector ) ) { + return root.ready !== undefined ? + root.ready( selector ) : + + // Execute immediately if ready is not present + selector( jQuery ); + } + + return jQuery.makeArray( selector, this ); + }; + +// Give the init function the jQuery prototype for later instantiation +init.prototype = jQuery.fn; + +// Initialize central reference +rootjQuery = jQuery( document ); + + +var rparentsprev = /^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/, + + // Methods guaranteed to produce a unique set when starting from a unique set + guaranteedUnique = { + children: true, + contents: true, + next: true, + prev: true + }; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + has: function( target ) { + var targets = jQuery( target, this ), + l = targets.length; + + return this.filter( function() { + var i = 0; + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + if ( jQuery.contains( this, targets[ i ] ) ) { + return true; + } + } + } ); + }, + + closest: function( selectors, context ) { + var cur, + i = 0, + l = this.length, + matched = [], + targets = typeof selectors !== "string" && jQuery( selectors ); + + // Positional selectors never match, since there's no _selection_ context + if ( !rneedsContext.test( selectors ) ) { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + for ( cur = this[ i ]; cur && cur !== context; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + + // Always skip document fragments + if ( cur.nodeType < 11 && ( targets ? + targets.index( cur ) > -1 : + + // Don't pass non-elements to Sizzle + cur.nodeType === 1 && + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( cur, selectors ) ) ) { + + matched.push( cur ); + break; + } + } + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched.length > 1 ? jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ) : matched ); + }, + + // Determine the position of an element within the set + index: function( elem ) { + + // No argument, return index in parent + if ( !elem ) { + return ( this[ 0 ] && this[ 0 ].parentNode ) ? this.first().prevAll().length : -1; + } + + // Index in selector + if ( typeof elem === "string" ) { + return indexOf.call( jQuery( elem ), this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // Locate the position of the desired element + return indexOf.call( this, + + // If it receives a jQuery object, the first element is used + elem.jquery ? elem[ 0 ] : elem + ); + }, + + add: function( selector, context ) { + return this.pushStack( + jQuery.uniqueSort( + jQuery.merge( this.get(), jQuery( selector, context ) ) + ) + ); + }, + + addBack: function( selector ) { + return this.add( selector == null ? + this.prevObject : this.prevObject.filter( selector ) + ); + } +} ); + +function sibling( cur, dir ) { + while ( ( cur = cur[ dir ] ) && cur.nodeType !== 1 ) {} + return cur; +} + +jQuery.each( { + parent: function( elem ) { + var parent = elem.parentNode; + return parent && parent.nodeType !== 11 ? parent : null; + }, + parents: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode" ); + }, + parentsUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "parentNode", until ); + }, + next: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prev: function( elem ) { + return sibling( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling" ); + }, + prevAll: function( elem ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling" ); + }, + nextUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "nextSibling", until ); + }, + prevUntil: function( elem, _i, until ) { + return dir( elem, "previousSibling", until ); + }, + siblings: function( elem ) { + return siblings( ( elem.parentNode || {} ).firstChild, elem ); + }, + children: function( elem ) { + return siblings( elem.firstChild ); + }, + contents: function( elem ) { + if ( elem.contentDocument != null && + + // Support: IE 11+ + // elements with no `data` attribute has an object + // `contentDocument` with a `null` prototype. + getProto( elem.contentDocument ) ) { + + return elem.contentDocument; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only, iOS 7 only, Android Browser <=4.3 only + // Treat the template element as a regular one in browsers that + // don't support it. + if ( nodeName( elem, "template" ) ) { + elem = elem.content || elem; + } + + return jQuery.merge( [], elem.childNodes ); + } +}, function( name, fn ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( until, selector ) { + var matched = jQuery.map( this, fn, until ); + + if ( name.slice( -5 ) !== "Until" ) { + selector = until; + } + + if ( selector && typeof selector === "string" ) { + matched = jQuery.filter( selector, matched ); + } + + if ( this.length > 1 ) { + + // Remove duplicates + if ( !guaranteedUnique[ name ] ) { + jQuery.uniqueSort( matched ); + } + + // Reverse order for parents* and prev-derivatives + if ( rparentsprev.test( name ) ) { + matched.reverse(); + } + } + + return this.pushStack( matched ); + }; +} ); +var rnothtmlwhite = ( /[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g ); + + + +// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones +function createOptions( options ) { + var object = {}; + jQuery.each( options.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [], function( _, flag ) { + object[ flag ] = true; + } ); + return object; +} + +/* + * Create a callback list using the following parameters: + * + * options: an optional list of space-separated options that will change how + * the callback list behaves or a more traditional option object + * + * By default a callback list will act like an event callback list and can be + * "fired" multiple times. + * + * Possible options: + * + * once: will ensure the callback list can only be fired once (like a Deferred) + * + * memory: will keep track of previous values and will call any callback added + * after the list has been fired right away with the latest "memorized" + * values (like a Deferred) + * + * unique: will ensure a callback can only be added once (no duplicate in the list) + * + * stopOnFalse: interrupt callings when a callback returns false + * + */ +jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) { + + // Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed + // (we check in cache first) + options = typeof options === "string" ? + createOptions( options ) : + jQuery.extend( {}, options ); + + var // Flag to know if list is currently firing + firing, + + // Last fire value for non-forgettable lists + memory, + + // Flag to know if list was already fired + fired, + + // Flag to prevent firing + locked, + + // Actual callback list + list = [], + + // Queue of execution data for repeatable lists + queue = [], + + // Index of currently firing callback (modified by add/remove as needed) + firingIndex = -1, + + // Fire callbacks + fire = function() { + + // Enforce single-firing + locked = locked || options.once; + + // Execute callbacks for all pending executions, + // respecting firingIndex overrides and runtime changes + fired = firing = true; + for ( ; queue.length; firingIndex = -1 ) { + memory = queue.shift(); + while ( ++firingIndex < list.length ) { + + // Run callback and check for early termination + if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( memory[ 0 ], memory[ 1 ] ) === false && + options.stopOnFalse ) { + + // Jump to end and forget the data so .add doesn't re-fire + firingIndex = list.length; + memory = false; + } + } + } + + // Forget the data if we're done with it + if ( !options.memory ) { + memory = false; + } + + firing = false; + + // Clean up if we're done firing for good + if ( locked ) { + + // Keep an empty list if we have data for future add calls + if ( memory ) { + list = []; + + // Otherwise, this object is spent + } else { + list = ""; + } + } + }, + + // Actual Callbacks object + self = { + + // Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list + add: function() { + if ( list ) { + + // If we have memory from a past run, we should fire after adding + if ( memory && !firing ) { + firingIndex = list.length - 1; + queue.push( memory ); + } + + ( function add( args ) { + jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) { + if ( isFunction( arg ) ) { + if ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) { + list.push( arg ); + } + } else if ( arg && arg.length && toType( arg ) !== "string" ) { + + // Inspect recursively + add( arg ); + } + } ); + } )( arguments ); + + if ( memory && !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Remove a callback from the list + remove: function() { + jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) { + var index; + while ( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) { + list.splice( index, 1 ); + + // Handle firing indexes + if ( index <= firingIndex ) { + firingIndex--; + } + } + } ); + return this; + }, + + // Check if a given callback is in the list. + // If no argument is given, return whether or not list has callbacks attached. + has: function( fn ) { + return fn ? + jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1 : + list.length > 0; + }, + + // Remove all callbacks from the list + empty: function() { + if ( list ) { + list = []; + } + return this; + }, + + // Disable .fire and .add + // Abort any current/pending executions + // Clear all callbacks and values + disable: function() { + locked = queue = []; + list = memory = ""; + return this; + }, + disabled: function() { + return !list; + }, + + // Disable .fire + // Also disable .add unless we have memory (since it would have no effect) + // Abort any pending executions + lock: function() { + locked = queue = []; + if ( !memory && !firing ) { + list = memory = ""; + } + return this; + }, + locked: function() { + return !!locked; + }, + + // Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments + fireWith: function( context, args ) { + if ( !locked ) { + args = args || []; + args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ]; + queue.push( args ); + if ( !firing ) { + fire(); + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Call all the callbacks with the given arguments + fire: function() { + self.fireWith( this, arguments ); + return this; + }, + + // To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once + fired: function() { + return !!fired; + } + }; + + return self; +}; + + +function Identity( v ) { + return v; +} +function Thrower( ex ) { + throw ex; +} + +function adoptValue( value, resolve, reject, noValue ) { + var method; + + try { + + // Check for promise aspect first to privilege synchronous behavior + if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.promise ) ) ) { + method.call( value ).done( resolve ).fail( reject ); + + // Other thenables + } else if ( value && isFunction( ( method = value.then ) ) ) { + method.call( value, resolve, reject ); + + // Other non-thenables + } else { + + // Control `resolve` arguments by letting Array#slice cast boolean `noValue` to integer: + // * false: [ value ].slice( 0 ) => resolve( value ) + // * true: [ value ].slice( 1 ) => resolve() + resolve.apply( undefined, [ value ].slice( noValue ) ); + } + + // For Promises/A+, convert exceptions into rejections + // Since jQuery.when doesn't unwrap thenables, we can skip the extra checks appearing in + // Deferred#then to conditionally suppress rejection. + } catch ( value ) { + + // Support: Android 4.0 only + // Strict mode functions invoked without .call/.apply get global-object context + reject.apply( undefined, [ value ] ); + } +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + Deferred: function( func ) { + var tuples = [ + + // action, add listener, callbacks, + // ... .then handlers, argument index, [final state] + [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "memory" ), 2 ], + [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 0, "resolved" ], + [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), 1, "rejected" ] + ], + state = "pending", + promise = { + state: function() { + return state; + }, + always: function() { + deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); + return this; + }, + "catch": function( fn ) { + return promise.then( null, fn ); + }, + + // Keep pipe for back-compat + pipe: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { + var fns = arguments; + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + jQuery.each( tuples, function( _i, tuple ) { + + // Map tuples (progress, done, fail) to arguments (done, fail, progress) + var fn = isFunction( fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ] ) && fns[ tuple[ 4 ] ]; + + // deferred.progress(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.notify }) + // deferred.done(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.resolve }) + // deferred.fail(function() { bind to newDefer or newDefer.reject }) + deferred[ tuple[ 1 ] ]( function() { + var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); + if ( returned && isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { + returned.promise() + .progress( newDefer.notify ) + .done( newDefer.resolve ) + .fail( newDefer.reject ); + } else { + newDefer[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( + this, + fn ? [ returned ] : arguments + ); + } + } ); + } ); + fns = null; + } ).promise(); + }, + then: function( onFulfilled, onRejected, onProgress ) { + var maxDepth = 0; + function resolve( depth, deferred, handler, special ) { + return function() { + var that = this, + args = arguments, + mightThrow = function() { + var returned, then; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.3 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-59 + // Ignore double-resolution attempts + if ( depth < maxDepth ) { + return; + } + + returned = handler.apply( that, args ); + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-48 + if ( returned === deferred.promise() ) { + throw new TypeError( "Thenable self-resolution" ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ sections 2.3.3.1, 3.5 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-54 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-75 + // Retrieve `then` only once + then = returned && + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.4 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-64 + // Only check objects and functions for thenability + ( typeof returned === "object" || + typeof returned === "function" ) && + returned.then; + + // Handle a returned thenable + if ( isFunction( then ) ) { + + // Special processors (notify) just wait for resolution + if ( special ) { + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ) + ); + + // Normal processors (resolve) also hook into progress + } else { + + // ...and disregard older resolution values + maxDepth++; + + then.call( + returned, + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Thrower, special ), + resolve( maxDepth, deferred, Identity, + deferred.notifyWith ) + ); + } + + // Handle all other returned values + } else { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Identity ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ returned ]; + } + + // Process the value(s) + // Default process is resolve + ( special || deferred.resolveWith )( that, args ); + } + }, + + // Only normal processors (resolve) catch and reject exceptions + process = special ? + mightThrow : + function() { + try { + mightThrow(); + } catch ( e ) { + + if ( jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook ) { + jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook( e, + process.stackTrace ); + } + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.4.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-61 + // Ignore post-resolution exceptions + if ( depth + 1 >= maxDepth ) { + + // Only substitute handlers pass on context + // and multiple values (non-spec behavior) + if ( handler !== Thrower ) { + that = undefined; + args = [ e ]; + } + + deferred.rejectWith( that, args ); + } + } + }; + + // Support: Promises/A+ section 2.3.3.3.1 + // https://promisesaplus.com/#point-57 + // Re-resolve promises immediately to dodge false rejection from + // subsequent errors + if ( depth ) { + process(); + } else { + + // Call an optional hook to record the stack, in case of exception + // since it's otherwise lost when execution goes async + if ( jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook ) { + process.stackTrace = jQuery.Deferred.getStackHook(); + } + window.setTimeout( process ); + } + }; + } + + return jQuery.Deferred( function( newDefer ) { + + // progress_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onProgress ) ? + onProgress : + Identity, + newDefer.notifyWith + ) + ); + + // fulfilled_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 1 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onFulfilled ) ? + onFulfilled : + Identity + ) + ); + + // rejected_handlers.add( ... ) + tuples[ 2 ][ 3 ].add( + resolve( + 0, + newDefer, + isFunction( onRejected ) ? + onRejected : + Thrower + ) + ); + } ).promise(); + }, + + // Get a promise for this deferred + // If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object + promise: function( obj ) { + return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise; + } + }, + deferred = {}; + + // Add list-specific methods + jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { + var list = tuple[ 2 ], + stateString = tuple[ 5 ]; + + // promise.progress = list.add + // promise.done = list.add + // promise.fail = list.add + promise[ tuple[ 1 ] ] = list.add; + + // Handle state + if ( stateString ) { + list.add( + function() { + + // state = "resolved" (i.e., fulfilled) + // state = "rejected" + state = stateString; + }, + + // rejected_callbacks.disable + // fulfilled_callbacks.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 2 ].disable, + + // rejected_handlers.disable + // fulfilled_handlers.disable + tuples[ 3 - i ][ 3 ].disable, + + // progress_callbacks.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 2 ].lock, + + // progress_handlers.lock + tuples[ 0 ][ 3 ].lock + ); + } + + // progress_handlers.fire + // fulfilled_handlers.fire + // rejected_handlers.fire + list.add( tuple[ 3 ].fire ); + + // deferred.notify = function() { deferred.notifyWith(...) } + // deferred.resolve = function() { deferred.resolveWith(...) } + // deferred.reject = function() { deferred.rejectWith(...) } + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] ] = function() { + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? undefined : this, arguments ); + return this; + }; + + // deferred.notifyWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.resolveWith = list.fireWith + // deferred.rejectWith = list.fireWith + deferred[ tuple[ 0 ] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; + } ); + + // Make the deferred a promise + promise.promise( deferred ); + + // Call given func if any + if ( func ) { + func.call( deferred, deferred ); + } + + // All done! + return deferred; + }, + + // Deferred helper + when: function( singleValue ) { + var + + // count of uncompleted subordinates + remaining = arguments.length, + + // count of unprocessed arguments + i = remaining, + + // subordinate fulfillment data + resolveContexts = Array( i ), + resolveValues = slice.call( arguments ), + + // the master Deferred + master = jQuery.Deferred(), + + // subordinate callback factory + updateFunc = function( i ) { + return function( value ) { + resolveContexts[ i ] = this; + resolveValues[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? slice.call( arguments ) : value; + if ( !( --remaining ) ) { + master.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues ); + } + }; + }; + + // Single- and empty arguments are adopted like Promise.resolve + if ( remaining <= 1 ) { + adoptValue( singleValue, master.done( updateFunc( i ) ).resolve, master.reject, + !remaining ); + + // Use .then() to unwrap secondary thenables (cf. gh-3000) + if ( master.state() === "pending" || + isFunction( resolveValues[ i ] && resolveValues[ i ].then ) ) { + + return master.then(); + } + } + + // Multiple arguments are aggregated like Promise.all array elements + while ( i-- ) { + adoptValue( resolveValues[ i ], updateFunc( i ), master.reject ); + } + + return master.promise(); + } +} ); + + +// These usually indicate a programmer mistake during development, +// warn about them ASAP rather than swallowing them by default. +var rerrorNames = /^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/; + +jQuery.Deferred.exceptionHook = function( error, stack ) { + + // Support: IE 8 - 9 only + // Console exists when dev tools are open, which can happen at any time + if ( window.console && window.console.warn && error && rerrorNames.test( error.name ) ) { + window.console.warn( "jQuery.Deferred exception: " + error.message, error.stack, stack ); + } +}; + + + + +jQuery.readyException = function( error ) { + window.setTimeout( function() { + throw error; + } ); +}; + + + + +// The deferred used on DOM ready +var readyList = jQuery.Deferred(); + +jQuery.fn.ready = function( fn ) { + + readyList + .then( fn ) + + // Wrap jQuery.readyException in a function so that the lookup + // happens at the time of error handling instead of callback + // registration. + .catch( function( error ) { + jQuery.readyException( error ); + } ); + + return this; +}; + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Is the DOM ready to be used? Set to true once it occurs. + isReady: false, + + // A counter to track how many items to wait for before + // the ready event fires. See #6781 + readyWait: 1, + + // Handle when the DOM is ready + ready: function( wait ) { + + // Abort if there are pending holds or we're already ready + if ( wait === true ? --jQuery.readyWait : jQuery.isReady ) { + return; + } + + // Remember that the DOM is ready + jQuery.isReady = true; + + // If a normal DOM Ready event fired, decrement, and wait if need be + if ( wait !== true && --jQuery.readyWait > 0 ) { + return; + } + + // If there are functions bound, to execute + readyList.resolveWith( document, [ jQuery ] ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.ready.then = readyList.then; + +// The ready event handler and self cleanup method +function completed() { + document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + window.removeEventListener( "load", completed ); + jQuery.ready(); +} + +// Catch cases where $(document).ready() is called +// after the browser event has already occurred. +// Support: IE <=9 - 10 only +// Older IE sometimes signals "interactive" too soon +if ( document.readyState === "complete" || + ( document.readyState !== "loading" && !document.documentElement.doScroll ) ) { + + // Handle it asynchronously to allow scripts the opportunity to delay ready + window.setTimeout( jQuery.ready ); + +} else { + + // Use the handy event callback + document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", completed ); + + // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work + window.addEventListener( "load", completed ); +} + + + + +// Multifunctional method to get and set values of a collection +// The value/s can optionally be executed if it's a function +var access = function( elems, fn, key, value, chainable, emptyGet, raw ) { + var i = 0, + len = elems.length, + bulk = key == null; + + // Sets many values + if ( toType( key ) === "object" ) { + chainable = true; + for ( i in key ) { + access( elems, fn, i, key[ i ], true, emptyGet, raw ); + } + + // Sets one value + } else if ( value !== undefined ) { + chainable = true; + + if ( !isFunction( value ) ) { + raw = true; + } + + if ( bulk ) { + + // Bulk operations run against the entire set + if ( raw ) { + fn.call( elems, value ); + fn = null; + + // ...except when executing function values + } else { + bulk = fn; + fn = function( elem, _key, value ) { + return bulk.call( jQuery( elem ), value ); + }; + } + } + + if ( fn ) { + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + fn( + elems[ i ], key, raw ? + value : + value.call( elems[ i ], i, fn( elems[ i ], key ) ) + ); + } + } + } + + if ( chainable ) { + return elems; + } + + // Gets + if ( bulk ) { + return fn.call( elems ); + } + + return len ? fn( elems[ 0 ], key ) : emptyGet; +}; + + +// Matches dashed string for camelizing +var rmsPrefix = /^-ms-/, + rdashAlpha = /-([a-z])/g; + +// Used by camelCase as callback to replace() +function fcamelCase( _all, letter ) { + return letter.toUpperCase(); +} + +// Convert dashed to camelCase; used by the css and data modules +// Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 +// Microsoft forgot to hump their vendor prefix (#9572) +function camelCase( string ) { + return string.replace( rmsPrefix, "ms-" ).replace( rdashAlpha, fcamelCase ); +} +var acceptData = function( owner ) { + + // Accepts only: + // - Node + // - Node.ELEMENT_NODE + // - Node.DOCUMENT_NODE + // - Object + // - Any + return owner.nodeType === 1 || owner.nodeType === 9 || !( +owner.nodeType ); +}; + + + + +function Data() { + this.expando = jQuery.expando + Data.uid++; +} + +Data.uid = 1; + +Data.prototype = { + + cache: function( owner ) { + + // Check if the owner object already has a cache + var value = owner[ this.expando ]; + + // If not, create one + if ( !value ) { + value = {}; + + // We can accept data for non-element nodes in modern browsers, + // but we should not, see #8335. + // Always return an empty object. + if ( acceptData( owner ) ) { + + // If it is a node unlikely to be stringify-ed or looped over + // use plain assignment + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = value; + + // Otherwise secure it in a non-enumerable property + // configurable must be true to allow the property to be + // deleted when data is removed + } else { + Object.defineProperty( owner, this.expando, { + value: value, + configurable: true + } ); + } + } + } + + return value; + }, + set: function( owner, data, value ) { + var prop, + cache = this.cache( owner ); + + // Handle: [ owner, key, value ] args + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + cache[ camelCase( data ) ] = value; + + // Handle: [ owner, { properties } ] args + } else { + + // Copy the properties one-by-one to the cache object + for ( prop in data ) { + cache[ camelCase( prop ) ] = data[ prop ]; + } + } + return cache; + }, + get: function( owner, key ) { + return key === undefined ? + this.cache( owner ) : + + // Always use camelCase key (gh-2257) + owner[ this.expando ] && owner[ this.expando ][ camelCase( key ) ]; + }, + access: function( owner, key, value ) { + + // In cases where either: + // + // 1. No key was specified + // 2. A string key was specified, but no value provided + // + // Take the "read" path and allow the get method to determine + // which value to return, respectively either: + // + // 1. The entire cache object + // 2. The data stored at the key + // + if ( key === undefined || + ( ( key && typeof key === "string" ) && value === undefined ) ) { + + return this.get( owner, key ); + } + + // When the key is not a string, or both a key and value + // are specified, set or extend (existing objects) with either: + // + // 1. An object of properties + // 2. A key and value + // + this.set( owner, key, value ); + + // Since the "set" path can have two possible entry points + // return the expected data based on which path was taken[*] + return value !== undefined ? value : key; + }, + remove: function( owner, key ) { + var i, + cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + + if ( cache === undefined ) { + return; + } + + if ( key !== undefined ) { + + // Support array or space separated string of keys + if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) { + + // If key is an array of keys... + // We always set camelCase keys, so remove that. + key = key.map( camelCase ); + } else { + key = camelCase( key ); + + // If a key with the spaces exists, use it. + // Otherwise, create an array by matching non-whitespace + key = key in cache ? + [ key ] : + ( key.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [] ); + } + + i = key.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + delete cache[ key[ i ] ]; + } + } + + // Remove the expando if there's no more data + if ( key === undefined || jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ) ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45 + // Webkit & Blink performance suffers when deleting properties + // from DOM nodes, so set to undefined instead + // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=378607 (bug restricted) + if ( owner.nodeType ) { + owner[ this.expando ] = undefined; + } else { + delete owner[ this.expando ]; + } + } + }, + hasData: function( owner ) { + var cache = owner[ this.expando ]; + return cache !== undefined && !jQuery.isEmptyObject( cache ); + } +}; +var dataPriv = new Data(); + +var dataUser = new Data(); + + + +// Implementation Summary +// +// 1. Enforce API surface and semantic compatibility with 1.9.x branch +// 2. Improve the module's maintainability by reducing the storage +// paths to a single mechanism. +// 3. Use the same single mechanism to support "private" and "user" data. +// 4. _Never_ expose "private" data to user code (TODO: Drop _data, _removeData) +// 5. Avoid exposing implementation details on user objects (eg. expando properties) +// 6. Provide a clear path for implementation upgrade to WeakMap in 2014 + +var rbrace = /^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/, + rmultiDash = /[A-Z]/g; + +function getData( data ) { + if ( data === "true" ) { + return true; + } + + if ( data === "false" ) { + return false; + } + + if ( data === "null" ) { + return null; + } + + // Only convert to a number if it doesn't change the string + if ( data === +data + "" ) { + return +data; + } + + if ( rbrace.test( data ) ) { + return JSON.parse( data ); + } + + return data; +} + +function dataAttr( elem, key, data ) { + var name; + + // If nothing was found internally, try to fetch any + // data from the HTML5 data-* attribute + if ( data === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + name = "data-" + key.replace( rmultiDash, "-$&" ).toLowerCase(); + data = elem.getAttribute( name ); + + if ( typeof data === "string" ) { + try { + data = getData( data ); + } catch ( e ) {} + + // Make sure we set the data so it isn't changed later + dataUser.set( elem, key, data ); + } else { + data = undefined; + } + } + return data; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + hasData: function( elem ) { + return dataUser.hasData( elem ) || dataPriv.hasData( elem ); + }, + + data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataUser.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataUser.remove( elem, name ); + }, + + // TODO: Now that all calls to _data and _removeData have been replaced + // with direct calls to dataPriv methods, these can be deprecated. + _data: function( elem, name, data ) { + return dataPriv.access( elem, name, data ); + }, + + _removeData: function( elem, name ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, name ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + data: function( key, value ) { + var i, name, data, + elem = this[ 0 ], + attrs = elem && elem.attributes; + + // Gets all values + if ( key === undefined ) { + if ( this.length ) { + data = dataUser.get( elem ); + + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && !dataPriv.get( elem, "hasDataAttrs" ) ) { + i = attrs.length; + while ( i-- ) { + + // Support: IE 11 only + // The attrs elements can be null (#14894) + if ( attrs[ i ] ) { + name = attrs[ i ].name; + if ( name.indexOf( "data-" ) === 0 ) { + name = camelCase( name.slice( 5 ) ); + dataAttr( elem, name, data[ name ] ); + } + } + } + dataPriv.set( elem, "hasDataAttrs", true ); + } + } + + return data; + } + + // Sets multiple values + if ( typeof key === "object" ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.set( this, key ); + } ); + } + + return access( this, function( value ) { + var data; + + // The calling jQuery object (element matches) is not empty + // (and therefore has an element appears at this[ 0 ]) and the + // `value` parameter was not undefined. An empty jQuery object + // will result in `undefined` for elem = this[ 0 ] which will + // throw an exception if an attempt to read a data cache is made. + if ( elem && value === undefined ) { + + // Attempt to get data from the cache + // The key will always be camelCased in Data + data = dataUser.get( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // Attempt to "discover" the data in + // HTML5 custom data-* attrs + data = dataAttr( elem, key ); + if ( data !== undefined ) { + return data; + } + + // We tried really hard, but the data doesn't exist. + return; + } + + // Set the data... + this.each( function() { + + // We always store the camelCased key + dataUser.set( this, key, value ); + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length > 1, null, true ); + }, + + removeData: function( key ) { + return this.each( function() { + dataUser.remove( this, key ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +jQuery.extend( { + queue: function( elem, type, data ) { + var queue; + + if ( elem ) { + type = ( type || "fx" ) + "queue"; + queue = dataPriv.get( elem, type ); + + // Speed up dequeue by getting out quickly if this is just a lookup + if ( data ) { + if ( !queue || Array.isArray( data ) ) { + queue = dataPriv.access( elem, type, jQuery.makeArray( data ) ); + } else { + queue.push( data ); + } + } + return queue || []; + } + }, + + dequeue: function( elem, type ) { + type = type || "fx"; + + var queue = jQuery.queue( elem, type ), + startLength = queue.length, + fn = queue.shift(), + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, type ), + next = function() { + jQuery.dequeue( elem, type ); + }; + + // If the fx queue is dequeued, always remove the progress sentinel + if ( fn === "inprogress" ) { + fn = queue.shift(); + startLength--; + } + + if ( fn ) { + + // Add a progress sentinel to prevent the fx queue from being + // automatically dequeued + if ( type === "fx" ) { + queue.unshift( "inprogress" ); + } + + // Clear up the last queue stop function + delete hooks.stop; + fn.call( elem, next, hooks ); + } + + if ( !startLength && hooks ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + }, + + // Not public - generate a queueHooks object, or return the current one + _queueHooks: function( elem, type ) { + var key = type + "queueHooks"; + return dataPriv.get( elem, key ) || dataPriv.access( elem, key, { + empty: jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ).add( function() { + dataPriv.remove( elem, [ type + "queue", key ] ); + } ) + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + queue: function( type, data ) { + var setter = 2; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + data = type; + type = "fx"; + setter--; + } + + if ( arguments.length < setter ) { + return jQuery.queue( this[ 0 ], type ); + } + + return data === undefined ? + this : + this.each( function() { + var queue = jQuery.queue( this, type, data ); + + // Ensure a hooks for this queue + jQuery._queueHooks( this, type ); + + if ( type === "fx" && queue[ 0 ] !== "inprogress" ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + dequeue: function( type ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } ); + }, + clearQueue: function( type ) { + return this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + }, + + // Get a promise resolved when queues of a certain type + // are emptied (fx is the type by default) + promise: function( type, obj ) { + var tmp, + count = 1, + defer = jQuery.Deferred(), + elements = this, + i = this.length, + resolve = function() { + if ( !( --count ) ) { + defer.resolveWith( elements, [ elements ] ); + } + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + obj = type; + type = undefined; + } + type = type || "fx"; + + while ( i-- ) { + tmp = dataPriv.get( elements[ i ], type + "queueHooks" ); + if ( tmp && tmp.empty ) { + count++; + tmp.empty.add( resolve ); + } + } + resolve(); + return defer.promise( obj ); + } +} ); +var pnum = ( /[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/ ).source; + +var rcssNum = new RegExp( "^(?:([+-])=|)(" + pnum + ")([a-z%]*)$", "i" ); + + +var cssExpand = [ "Top", "Right", "Bottom", "Left" ]; + +var documentElement = document.documentElement; + + + + var isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ); + }, + composed = { composed: true }; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 12 - 18+, iOS 10.0 - 10.2 only + // Check attachment across shadow DOM boundaries when possible (gh-3504) + // Support: iOS 10.0-10.2 only + // Early iOS 10 versions support `attachShadow` but not `getRootNode`, + // leading to errors. We need to check for `getRootNode`. + if ( documentElement.getRootNode ) { + isAttached = function( elem ) { + return jQuery.contains( elem.ownerDocument, elem ) || + elem.getRootNode( composed ) === elem.ownerDocument; + }; + } +var isHiddenWithinTree = function( elem, el ) { + + // isHiddenWithinTree might be called from jQuery#filter function; + // in that case, element will be second argument + elem = el || elem; + + // Inline style trumps all + return elem.style.display === "none" || + elem.style.display === "" && + + // Otherwise, check computed style + // Support: Firefox <=43 - 45 + // Disconnected elements can have computed display: none, so first confirm that elem is + // in the document. + isAttached( elem ) && + + jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) === "none"; + }; + + + +function adjustCSS( elem, prop, valueParts, tween ) { + var adjusted, scale, + maxIterations = 20, + currentValue = tween ? + function() { + return tween.cur(); + } : + function() { + return jQuery.css( elem, prop, "" ); + }, + initial = currentValue(), + unit = valueParts && valueParts[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ), + + // Starting value computation is required for potential unit mismatches + initialInUnit = elem.nodeType && + ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] || unit !== "px" && +initial ) && + rcssNum.exec( jQuery.css( elem, prop ) ); + + if ( initialInUnit && initialInUnit[ 3 ] !== unit ) { + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Halve the iteration target value to prevent interference from CSS upper bounds (gh-2144) + initial = initial / 2; + + // Trust units reported by jQuery.css + unit = unit || initialInUnit[ 3 ]; + + // Iteratively approximate from a nonzero starting point + initialInUnit = +initial || 1; + + while ( maxIterations-- ) { + + // Evaluate and update our best guess (doubling guesses that zero out). + // Finish if the scale equals or crosses 1 (making the old*new product non-positive). + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + if ( ( 1 - scale ) * ( 1 - ( scale = currentValue() / initial || 0.5 ) ) <= 0 ) { + maxIterations = 0; + } + initialInUnit = initialInUnit / scale; + + } + + initialInUnit = initialInUnit * 2; + jQuery.style( elem, prop, initialInUnit + unit ); + + // Make sure we update the tween properties later on + valueParts = valueParts || []; + } + + if ( valueParts ) { + initialInUnit = +initialInUnit || +initial || 0; + + // Apply relative offset (+=/-=) if specified + adjusted = valueParts[ 1 ] ? + initialInUnit + ( valueParts[ 1 ] + 1 ) * valueParts[ 2 ] : + +valueParts[ 2 ]; + if ( tween ) { + tween.unit = unit; + tween.start = initialInUnit; + tween.end = adjusted; + } + } + return adjusted; +} + + +var defaultDisplayMap = {}; + +function getDefaultDisplay( elem ) { + var temp, + doc = elem.ownerDocument, + nodeName = elem.nodeName, + display = defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ]; + + if ( display ) { + return display; + } + + temp = doc.body.appendChild( doc.createElement( nodeName ) ); + display = jQuery.css( temp, "display" ); + + temp.parentNode.removeChild( temp ); + + if ( display === "none" ) { + display = "block"; + } + defaultDisplayMap[ nodeName ] = display; + + return display; +} + +function showHide( elements, show ) { + var display, elem, + values = [], + index = 0, + length = elements.length; + + // Determine new display value for elements that need to change + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + elem = elements[ index ]; + if ( !elem.style ) { + continue; + } + + display = elem.style.display; + if ( show ) { + + // Since we force visibility upon cascade-hidden elements, an immediate (and slow) + // check is required in this first loop unless we have a nonempty display value (either + // inline or about-to-be-restored) + if ( display === "none" ) { + values[ index ] = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ) || null; + if ( !values[ index ] ) { + elem.style.display = ""; + } + } + if ( elem.style.display === "" && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ) ) { + values[ index ] = getDefaultDisplay( elem ); + } + } else { + if ( display !== "none" ) { + values[ index ] = "none"; + + // Remember what we're overwriting + dataPriv.set( elem, "display", display ); + } + } + } + + // Set the display of the elements in a second loop to avoid constant reflow + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( values[ index ] != null ) { + elements[ index ].style.display = values[ index ]; + } + } + + return elements; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + show: function() { + return showHide( this, true ); + }, + hide: function() { + return showHide( this ); + }, + toggle: function( state ) { + if ( typeof state === "boolean" ) { + return state ? this.show() : this.hide(); + } + + return this.each( function() { + if ( isHiddenWithinTree( this ) ) { + jQuery( this ).show(); + } else { + jQuery( this ).hide(); + } + } ); + } +} ); +var rcheckableType = ( /^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i ); + +var rtagName = ( /<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i ); + +var rscriptType = ( /^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i ); + + + +( function() { + var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(), + div = fragment.appendChild( document.createElement( "div" ) ), + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only + // Check state lost if the name is set (#11217) + // Support: Windows Web Apps (WWA) + // `name` and `type` must use .setAttribute for WWA (#14901) + input.setAttribute( "type", "radio" ); + input.setAttribute( "checked", "checked" ); + input.setAttribute( "name", "t" ); + + div.appendChild( input ); + + // Support: Android <=4.1 only + // Older WebKit doesn't clone checked state correctly in fragments + support.checkClone = div.cloneNode( true ).cloneNode( true ).lastChild.checked; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Make sure textarea (and checkbox) defaultValue is properly cloned + div.innerHTML = ""; + support.noCloneChecked = !!div.cloneNode( true ).lastChild.defaultValue; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE <=9 replaces "; + support.option = !!div.lastChild; +} )(); + + +// We have to close these tags to support XHTML (#13200) +var wrapMap = { + + // XHTML parsers do not magically insert elements in the + // same way that tag soup parsers do. So we cannot shorten + // this by omitting or other required elements. + thead: [ 1, "", "
" ], + col: [ 2, "", "
" ], + tr: [ 2, "", "
" ], + td: [ 3, "", "
" ], + + _default: [ 0, "", "" ] +}; + +wrapMap.tbody = wrapMap.tfoot = wrapMap.colgroup = wrapMap.caption = wrapMap.thead; +wrapMap.th = wrapMap.td; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +if ( !support.option ) { + wrapMap.optgroup = wrapMap.option = [ 1, "" ]; +} + + +function getAll( context, tag ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Use typeof to avoid zero-argument method invocation on host objects (#15151) + var ret; + + if ( typeof context.getElementsByTagName !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.getElementsByTagName( tag || "*" ); + + } else if ( typeof context.querySelectorAll !== "undefined" ) { + ret = context.querySelectorAll( tag || "*" ); + + } else { + ret = []; + } + + if ( tag === undefined || tag && nodeName( context, tag ) ) { + return jQuery.merge( [ context ], ret ); + } + + return ret; +} + + +// Mark scripts as having already been evaluated +function setGlobalEval( elems, refElements ) { + var i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + dataPriv.set( + elems[ i ], + "globalEval", + !refElements || dataPriv.get( refElements[ i ], "globalEval" ) + ); + } +} + + +var rhtml = /<|&#?\w+;/; + +function buildFragment( elems, context, scripts, selection, ignored ) { + var elem, tmp, tag, wrap, attached, j, + fragment = context.createDocumentFragment(), + nodes = [], + i = 0, + l = elems.length; + + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = elems[ i ]; + + if ( elem || elem === 0 ) { + + // Add nodes directly + if ( toType( elem ) === "object" ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, elem.nodeType ? [ elem ] : elem ); + + // Convert non-html into a text node + } else if ( !rhtml.test( elem ) ) { + nodes.push( context.createTextNode( elem ) ); + + // Convert html into DOM nodes + } else { + tmp = tmp || fragment.appendChild( context.createElement( "div" ) ); + + // Deserialize a standard representation + tag = ( rtagName.exec( elem ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase(); + wrap = wrapMap[ tag ] || wrapMap._default; + tmp.innerHTML = wrap[ 1 ] + jQuery.htmlPrefilter( elem ) + wrap[ 2 ]; + + // Descend through wrappers to the right content + j = wrap[ 0 ]; + while ( j-- ) { + tmp = tmp.lastChild; + } + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( nodes, tmp.childNodes ); + + // Remember the top-level container + tmp = fragment.firstChild; + + // Ensure the created nodes are orphaned (#12392) + tmp.textContent = ""; + } + } + } + + // Remove wrapper from fragment + fragment.textContent = ""; + + i = 0; + while ( ( elem = nodes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Skip elements already in the context collection (trac-4087) + if ( selection && jQuery.inArray( elem, selection ) > -1 ) { + if ( ignored ) { + ignored.push( elem ); + } + continue; + } + + attached = isAttached( elem ); + + // Append to fragment + tmp = getAll( fragment.appendChild( elem ), "script" ); + + // Preserve script evaluation history + if ( attached ) { + setGlobalEval( tmp ); + } + + // Capture executables + if ( scripts ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( elem = tmp[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( rscriptType.test( elem.type || "" ) ) { + scripts.push( elem ); + } + } + } + } + + return fragment; +} + + +var + rkeyEvent = /^key/, + rmouseEvent = /^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu|drag|drop)|click/, + rtypenamespace = /^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/; + +function returnTrue() { + return true; +} + +function returnFalse() { + return false; +} + +// Support: IE <=9 - 11+ +// focus() and blur() are asynchronous, except when they are no-op. +// So expect focus to be synchronous when the element is already active, +// and blur to be synchronous when the element is not already active. +// (focus and blur are always synchronous in other supported browsers, +// this just defines when we can count on it). +function expectSync( elem, type ) { + return ( elem === safeActiveElement() ) === ( type === "focus" ); +} + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Accessing document.activeElement can throw unexpectedly +// https://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/13393 +function safeActiveElement() { + try { + return document.activeElement; + } catch ( err ) { } +} + +function on( elem, types, selector, data, fn, one ) { + var origFn, type; + + // Types can be a map of types/handlers + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-Object, selector, data ) + if ( typeof selector !== "string" ) { + + // ( types-Object, data ) + data = data || selector; + selector = undefined; + } + for ( type in types ) { + on( elem, type, selector, data, types[ type ], one ); + } + return elem; + } + + if ( data == null && fn == null ) { + + // ( types, fn ) + fn = selector; + data = selector = undefined; + } else if ( fn == null ) { + if ( typeof selector === "string" ) { + + // ( types, selector, fn ) + fn = data; + data = undefined; + } else { + + // ( types, data, fn ) + fn = data; + data = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } else if ( !fn ) { + return elem; + } + + if ( one === 1 ) { + origFn = fn; + fn = function( event ) { + + // Can use an empty set, since event contains the info + jQuery().off( event ); + return origFn.apply( this, arguments ); + }; + + // Use same guid so caller can remove using origFn + fn.guid = origFn.guid || ( origFn.guid = jQuery.guid++ ); + } + return elem.each( function() { + jQuery.event.add( this, types, fn, data, selector ); + } ); +} + +/* + * Helper functions for managing events -- not part of the public interface. + * Props to Dean Edwards' addEvent library for many of the ideas. + */ +jQuery.event = { + + global: {}, + + add: function( elem, types, handler, data, selector ) { + + var handleObjIn, eventHandle, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.get( elem ); + + // Only attach events to objects that accept data + if ( !acceptData( elem ) ) { + return; + } + + // Caller can pass in an object of custom data in lieu of the handler + if ( handler.handler ) { + handleObjIn = handler; + handler = handleObjIn.handler; + selector = handleObjIn.selector; + } + + // Ensure that invalid selectors throw exceptions at attach time + // Evaluate against documentElement in case elem is a non-element node (e.g., document) + if ( selector ) { + jQuery.find.matchesSelector( documentElement, selector ); + } + + // Make sure that the handler has a unique ID, used to find/remove it later + if ( !handler.guid ) { + handler.guid = jQuery.guid++; + } + + // Init the element's event structure and main handler, if this is the first + if ( !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + events = elemData.events = Object.create( null ); + } + if ( !( eventHandle = elemData.handle ) ) { + eventHandle = elemData.handle = function( e ) { + + // Discard the second event of a jQuery.event.trigger() and + // when an event is called after a page has unloaded + return typeof jQuery !== "undefined" && jQuery.event.triggered !== e.type ? + jQuery.event.dispatch.apply( elem, arguments ) : undefined; + }; + } + + // Handle multiple events separated by a space + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // There *must* be a type, no attaching namespace-only handlers + if ( !type ) { + continue; + } + + // If event changes its type, use the special event handlers for the changed type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // If selector defined, determine special event api type, otherwise given type + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + + // Update special based on newly reset type + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + + // handleObj is passed to all event handlers + handleObj = jQuery.extend( { + type: type, + origType: origType, + data: data, + handler: handler, + guid: handler.guid, + selector: selector, + needsContext: selector && jQuery.expr.match.needsContext.test( selector ), + namespace: namespaces.join( "." ) + }, handleObjIn ); + + // Init the event handler queue if we're the first + if ( !( handlers = events[ type ] ) ) { + handlers = events[ type ] = []; + handlers.delegateCount = 0; + + // Only use addEventListener if the special events handler returns false + if ( !special.setup || + special.setup.call( elem, data, namespaces, eventHandle ) === false ) { + + if ( elem.addEventListener ) { + elem.addEventListener( type, eventHandle ); + } + } + } + + if ( special.add ) { + special.add.call( elem, handleObj ); + + if ( !handleObj.handler.guid ) { + handleObj.handler.guid = handler.guid; + } + } + + // Add to the element's handler list, delegates in front + if ( selector ) { + handlers.splice( handlers.delegateCount++, 0, handleObj ); + } else { + handlers.push( handleObj ); + } + + // Keep track of which events have ever been used, for event optimization + jQuery.event.global[ type ] = true; + } + + }, + + // Detach an event or set of events from an element + remove: function( elem, types, handler, selector, mappedTypes ) { + + var j, origCount, tmp, + events, t, handleObj, + special, handlers, type, namespaces, origType, + elemData = dataPriv.hasData( elem ) && dataPriv.get( elem ); + + if ( !elemData || !( events = elemData.events ) ) { + return; + } + + // Once for each type.namespace in types; type may be omitted + types = ( types || "" ).match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + t = types.length; + while ( t-- ) { + tmp = rtypenamespace.exec( types[ t ] ) || []; + type = origType = tmp[ 1 ]; + namespaces = ( tmp[ 2 ] || "" ).split( "." ).sort(); + + // Unbind all events (on this namespace, if provided) for the element + if ( !type ) { + for ( type in events ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type + types[ t ], handler, selector, true ); + } + continue; + } + + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + type = ( selector ? special.delegateType : special.bindType ) || type; + handlers = events[ type ] || []; + tmp = tmp[ 2 ] && + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ); + + // Remove matching events + origCount = j = handlers.length; + while ( j-- ) { + handleObj = handlers[ j ]; + + if ( ( mappedTypes || origType === handleObj.origType ) && + ( !handler || handler.guid === handleObj.guid ) && + ( !tmp || tmp.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) && + ( !selector || selector === handleObj.selector || + selector === "**" && handleObj.selector ) ) { + handlers.splice( j, 1 ); + + if ( handleObj.selector ) { + handlers.delegateCount--; + } + if ( special.remove ) { + special.remove.call( elem, handleObj ); + } + } + } + + // Remove generic event handler if we removed something and no more handlers exist + // (avoids potential for endless recursion during removal of special event handlers) + if ( origCount && !handlers.length ) { + if ( !special.teardown || + special.teardown.call( elem, namespaces, elemData.handle ) === false ) { + + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, elemData.handle ); + } + + delete events[ type ]; + } + } + + // Remove data and the expando if it's no longer used + if ( jQuery.isEmptyObject( events ) ) { + dataPriv.remove( elem, "handle events" ); + } + }, + + dispatch: function( nativeEvent ) { + + var i, j, ret, matched, handleObj, handlerQueue, + args = new Array( arguments.length ), + + // Make a writable jQuery.Event from the native event object + event = jQuery.event.fix( nativeEvent ), + + handlers = ( + dataPriv.get( this, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) + )[ event.type ] || [], + special = jQuery.event.special[ event.type ] || {}; + + // Use the fix-ed jQuery.Event rather than the (read-only) native event + args[ 0 ] = event; + + for ( i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++ ) { + args[ i ] = arguments[ i ]; + } + + event.delegateTarget = this; + + // Call the preDispatch hook for the mapped type, and let it bail if desired + if ( special.preDispatch && special.preDispatch.call( this, event ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine handlers + handlerQueue = jQuery.event.handlers.call( this, event, handlers ); + + // Run delegates first; they may want to stop propagation beneath us + i = 0; + while ( ( matched = handlerQueue[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + event.currentTarget = matched.elem; + + j = 0; + while ( ( handleObj = matched.handlers[ j++ ] ) && + !event.isImmediatePropagationStopped() ) { + + // If the event is namespaced, then each handler is only invoked if it is + // specially universal or its namespaces are a superset of the event's. + if ( !event.rnamespace || handleObj.namespace === false || + event.rnamespace.test( handleObj.namespace ) ) { + + event.handleObj = handleObj; + event.data = handleObj.data; + + ret = ( ( jQuery.event.special[ handleObj.origType ] || {} ).handle || + handleObj.handler ).apply( matched.elem, args ); + + if ( ret !== undefined ) { + if ( ( event.result = ret ) === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + event.stopPropagation(); + } + } + } + } + } + + // Call the postDispatch hook for the mapped type + if ( special.postDispatch ) { + special.postDispatch.call( this, event ); + } + + return event.result; + }, + + handlers: function( event, handlers ) { + var i, handleObj, sel, matchedHandlers, matchedSelectors, + handlerQueue = [], + delegateCount = handlers.delegateCount, + cur = event.target; + + // Find delegate handlers + if ( delegateCount && + + // Support: IE <=9 + // Black-hole SVG instance trees (trac-13180) + cur.nodeType && + + // Support: Firefox <=42 + // Suppress spec-violating clicks indicating a non-primary pointer button (trac-3861) + // https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#event-type-click + // Support: IE 11 only + // ...but not arrow key "clicks" of radio inputs, which can have `button` -1 (gh-2343) + !( event.type === "click" && event.button >= 1 ) ) { + + for ( ; cur !== this; cur = cur.parentNode || this ) { + + // Don't check non-elements (#13208) + // Don't process clicks on disabled elements (#6911, #8165, #11382, #11764) + if ( cur.nodeType === 1 && !( event.type === "click" && cur.disabled === true ) ) { + matchedHandlers = []; + matchedSelectors = {}; + for ( i = 0; i < delegateCount; i++ ) { + handleObj = handlers[ i ]; + + // Don't conflict with Object.prototype properties (#13203) + sel = handleObj.selector + " "; + + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] === undefined ) { + matchedSelectors[ sel ] = handleObj.needsContext ? + jQuery( sel, this ).index( cur ) > -1 : + jQuery.find( sel, this, null, [ cur ] ).length; + } + if ( matchedSelectors[ sel ] ) { + matchedHandlers.push( handleObj ); + } + } + if ( matchedHandlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: matchedHandlers } ); + } + } + } + } + + // Add the remaining (directly-bound) handlers + cur = this; + if ( delegateCount < handlers.length ) { + handlerQueue.push( { elem: cur, handlers: handlers.slice( delegateCount ) } ); + } + + return handlerQueue; + }, + + addProp: function( name, hook ) { + Object.defineProperty( jQuery.Event.prototype, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + + get: isFunction( hook ) ? + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return hook( this.originalEvent ); + } + } : + function() { + if ( this.originalEvent ) { + return this.originalEvent[ name ]; + } + }, + + set: function( value ) { + Object.defineProperty( this, name, { + enumerable: true, + configurable: true, + writable: true, + value: value + } ); + } + } ); + }, + + fix: function( originalEvent ) { + return originalEvent[ jQuery.expando ] ? + originalEvent : + new jQuery.Event( originalEvent ); + }, + + special: { + load: { + + // Prevent triggered image.load events from bubbling to window.load + noBubble: true + }, + click: { + + // Utilize native event to ensure correct state for checkable inputs + setup: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Claim the first handler + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + // dataPriv.set( el, "click", ... ) + leverageNative( el, "click", returnTrue ); + } + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function( data ) { + + // For mutual compressibility with _default, replace `this` access with a local var. + // `|| data` is dead code meant only to preserve the variable through minification. + var el = this || data; + + // Force setup before triggering a click + if ( rcheckableType.test( el.type ) && + el.click && nodeName( el, "input" ) ) { + + leverageNative( el, "click" ); + } + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + // For cross-browser consistency, suppress native .click() on links + // Also prevent it if we're currently inside a leveraged native-event stack + _default: function( event ) { + var target = event.target; + return rcheckableType.test( target.type ) && + target.click && nodeName( target, "input" ) && + dataPriv.get( target, "click" ) || + nodeName( target, "a" ); + } + }, + + beforeunload: { + postDispatch: function( event ) { + + // Support: Firefox 20+ + // Firefox doesn't alert if the returnValue field is not set. + if ( event.result !== undefined && event.originalEvent ) { + event.originalEvent.returnValue = event.result; + } + } + } + } +}; + +// Ensure the presence of an event listener that handles manually-triggered +// synthetic events by interrupting progress until reinvoked in response to +// *native* events that it fires directly, ensuring that state changes have +// already occurred before other listeners are invoked. +function leverageNative( el, type, expectSync ) { + + // Missing expectSync indicates a trigger call, which must force setup through jQuery.event.add + if ( !expectSync ) { + if ( dataPriv.get( el, type ) === undefined ) { + jQuery.event.add( el, type, returnTrue ); + } + return; + } + + // Register the controller as a special universal handler for all event namespaces + dataPriv.set( el, type, false ); + jQuery.event.add( el, type, { + namespace: false, + handler: function( event ) { + var notAsync, result, + saved = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + + if ( ( event.isTrigger & 1 ) && this[ type ] ) { + + // Interrupt processing of the outer synthetic .trigger()ed event + // Saved data should be false in such cases, but might be a leftover capture object + // from an async native handler (gh-4350) + if ( !saved.length ) { + + // Store arguments for use when handling the inner native event + // There will always be at least one argument (an event object), so this array + // will not be confused with a leftover capture object. + saved = slice.call( arguments ); + dataPriv.set( this, type, saved ); + + // Trigger the native event and capture its result + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // focus() and blur() are asynchronous + notAsync = expectSync( this, type ); + this[ type ](); + result = dataPriv.get( this, type ); + if ( saved !== result || notAsync ) { + dataPriv.set( this, type, false ); + } else { + result = {}; + } + if ( saved !== result ) { + + // Cancel the outer synthetic event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + event.preventDefault(); + return result.value; + } + + // If this is an inner synthetic event for an event with a bubbling surrogate + // (focus or blur), assume that the surrogate already propagated from triggering the + // native event and prevent that from happening again here. + // This technically gets the ordering wrong w.r.t. to `.trigger()` (in which the + // bubbling surrogate propagates *after* the non-bubbling base), but that seems + // less bad than duplication. + } else if ( ( jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {} ).delegateType ) { + event.stopPropagation(); + } + + // If this is a native event triggered above, everything is now in order + // Fire an inner synthetic event with the original arguments + } else if ( saved.length ) { + + // ...and capture the result + dataPriv.set( this, type, { + value: jQuery.event.trigger( + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11+ + // Extend with the prototype to reset the above stopImmediatePropagation() + jQuery.extend( saved[ 0 ], jQuery.Event.prototype ), + saved.slice( 1 ), + this + ) + } ); + + // Abort handling of the native event + event.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + } + } ); +} + +jQuery.removeEvent = function( elem, type, handle ) { + + // This "if" is needed for plain objects + if ( elem.removeEventListener ) { + elem.removeEventListener( type, handle ); + } +}; + +jQuery.Event = function( src, props ) { + + // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword + if ( !( this instanceof jQuery.Event ) ) { + return new jQuery.Event( src, props ); + } + + // Event object + if ( src && src.type ) { + this.originalEvent = src; + this.type = src.type; + + // Events bubbling up the document may have been marked as prevented + // by a handler lower down the tree; reflect the correct value. + this.isDefaultPrevented = src.defaultPrevented || + src.defaultPrevented === undefined && + + // Support: Android <=2.3 only + src.returnValue === false ? + returnTrue : + returnFalse; + + // Create target properties + // Support: Safari <=6 - 7 only + // Target should not be a text node (#504, #13143) + this.target = ( src.target && src.target.nodeType === 3 ) ? + src.target.parentNode : + src.target; + + this.currentTarget = src.currentTarget; + this.relatedTarget = src.relatedTarget; + + // Event type + } else { + this.type = src; + } + + // Put explicitly provided properties onto the event object + if ( props ) { + jQuery.extend( this, props ); + } + + // Create a timestamp if incoming event doesn't have one + this.timeStamp = src && src.timeStamp || Date.now(); + + // Mark it as fixed + this[ jQuery.expando ] = true; +}; + +// jQuery.Event is based on DOM3 Events as specified by the ECMAScript Language Binding +// https://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20030331/ecma-script-binding.html +jQuery.Event.prototype = { + constructor: jQuery.Event, + isDefaultPrevented: returnFalse, + isPropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isImmediatePropagationStopped: returnFalse, + isSimulated: false, + + preventDefault: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isDefaultPrevented = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.preventDefault(); + } + }, + stopPropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isPropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + } + }, + stopImmediatePropagation: function() { + var e = this.originalEvent; + + this.isImmediatePropagationStopped = returnTrue; + + if ( e && !this.isSimulated ) { + e.stopImmediatePropagation(); + } + + this.stopPropagation(); + } +}; + +// Includes all common event props including KeyEvent and MouseEvent specific props +jQuery.each( { + altKey: true, + bubbles: true, + cancelable: true, + changedTouches: true, + ctrlKey: true, + detail: true, + eventPhase: true, + metaKey: true, + pageX: true, + pageY: true, + shiftKey: true, + view: true, + "char": true, + code: true, + charCode: true, + key: true, + keyCode: true, + button: true, + buttons: true, + clientX: true, + clientY: true, + offsetX: true, + offsetY: true, + pointerId: true, + pointerType: true, + screenX: true, + screenY: true, + targetTouches: true, + toElement: true, + touches: true, + + which: function( event ) { + var button = event.button; + + // Add which for key events + if ( event.which == null && rkeyEvent.test( event.type ) ) { + return event.charCode != null ? event.charCode : event.keyCode; + } + + // Add which for click: 1 === left; 2 === middle; 3 === right + if ( !event.which && button !== undefined && rmouseEvent.test( event.type ) ) { + if ( button & 1 ) { + return 1; + } + + if ( button & 2 ) { + return 3; + } + + if ( button & 4 ) { + return 2; + } + + return 0; + } + + return event.which; + } +}, jQuery.event.addProp ); + +jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( type, delegateType ) { + jQuery.event.special[ type ] = { + + // Utilize native event if possible so blur/focus sequence is correct + setup: function() { + + // Claim the first handler + // dataPriv.set( this, "focus", ... ) + // dataPriv.set( this, "blur", ... ) + leverageNative( this, type, expectSync ); + + // Return false to allow normal processing in the caller + return false; + }, + trigger: function() { + + // Force setup before trigger + leverageNative( this, type ); + + // Return non-false to allow normal event-path propagation + return true; + }, + + delegateType: delegateType + }; +} ); + +// Create mouseenter/leave events using mouseover/out and event-time checks +// so that event delegation works in jQuery. +// Do the same for pointerenter/pointerleave and pointerover/pointerout +// +// Support: Safari 7 only +// Safari sends mouseenter too often; see: +// https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=470258 +// for the description of the bug (it existed in older Chrome versions as well). +jQuery.each( { + mouseenter: "mouseover", + mouseleave: "mouseout", + pointerenter: "pointerover", + pointerleave: "pointerout" +}, function( orig, fix ) { + jQuery.event.special[ orig ] = { + delegateType: fix, + bindType: fix, + + handle: function( event ) { + var ret, + target = this, + related = event.relatedTarget, + handleObj = event.handleObj; + + // For mouseenter/leave call the handler if related is outside the target. + // NB: No relatedTarget if the mouse left/entered the browser window + if ( !related || ( related !== target && !jQuery.contains( target, related ) ) ) { + event.type = handleObj.origType; + ret = handleObj.handler.apply( this, arguments ); + event.type = fix; + } + return ret; + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + on: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn ); + }, + one: function( types, selector, data, fn ) { + return on( this, types, selector, data, fn, 1 ); + }, + off: function( types, selector, fn ) { + var handleObj, type; + if ( types && types.preventDefault && types.handleObj ) { + + // ( event ) dispatched jQuery.Event + handleObj = types.handleObj; + jQuery( types.delegateTarget ).off( + handleObj.namespace ? + handleObj.origType + "." + handleObj.namespace : + handleObj.origType, + handleObj.selector, + handleObj.handler + ); + return this; + } + if ( typeof types === "object" ) { + + // ( types-object [, selector] ) + for ( type in types ) { + this.off( type, selector, types[ type ] ); + } + return this; + } + if ( selector === false || typeof selector === "function" ) { + + // ( types [, fn] ) + fn = selector; + selector = undefined; + } + if ( fn === false ) { + fn = returnFalse; + } + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.remove( this, types, fn, selector ); + } ); + } +} ); + + +var + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11, Edge 12 - 13 only + // In IE/Edge using regex groups here causes severe slowdowns. + // See https://connect.microsoft.com/IE/feedback/details/1736512/ + rnoInnerhtml = /\s*$/g; + +// Prefer a tbody over its parent table for containing new rows +function manipulationTarget( elem, content ) { + if ( nodeName( elem, "table" ) && + nodeName( content.nodeType !== 11 ? content : content.firstChild, "tr" ) ) { + + return jQuery( elem ).children( "tbody" )[ 0 ] || elem; + } + + return elem; +} + +// Replace/restore the type attribute of script elements for safe DOM manipulation +function disableScript( elem ) { + elem.type = ( elem.getAttribute( "type" ) !== null ) + "/" + elem.type; + return elem; +} +function restoreScript( elem ) { + if ( ( elem.type || "" ).slice( 0, 5 ) === "true/" ) { + elem.type = elem.type.slice( 5 ); + } else { + elem.removeAttribute( "type" ); + } + + return elem; +} + +function cloneCopyEvent( src, dest ) { + var i, l, type, pdataOld, udataOld, udataCur, events; + + if ( dest.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + // 1. Copy private data: events, handlers, etc. + if ( dataPriv.hasData( src ) ) { + pdataOld = dataPriv.get( src ); + events = pdataOld.events; + + if ( events ) { + dataPriv.remove( dest, "handle events" ); + + for ( type in events ) { + for ( i = 0, l = events[ type ].length; i < l; i++ ) { + jQuery.event.add( dest, type, events[ type ][ i ] ); + } + } + } + } + + // 2. Copy user data + if ( dataUser.hasData( src ) ) { + udataOld = dataUser.access( src ); + udataCur = jQuery.extend( {}, udataOld ); + + dataUser.set( dest, udataCur ); + } +} + +// Fix IE bugs, see support tests +function fixInput( src, dest ) { + var nodeName = dest.nodeName.toLowerCase(); + + // Fails to persist the checked state of a cloned checkbox or radio button. + if ( nodeName === "input" && rcheckableType.test( src.type ) ) { + dest.checked = src.checked; + + // Fails to return the selected option to the default selected state when cloning options + } else if ( nodeName === "input" || nodeName === "textarea" ) { + dest.defaultValue = src.defaultValue; + } +} + +function domManip( collection, args, callback, ignored ) { + + // Flatten any nested arrays + args = flat( args ); + + var fragment, first, scripts, hasScripts, node, doc, + i = 0, + l = collection.length, + iNoClone = l - 1, + value = args[ 0 ], + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + // We can't cloneNode fragments that contain checked, in WebKit + if ( valueIsFunction || + ( l > 1 && typeof value === "string" && + !support.checkClone && rchecked.test( value ) ) ) { + return collection.each( function( index ) { + var self = collection.eq( index ); + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + args[ 0 ] = value.call( this, index, self.html() ); + } + domManip( self, args, callback, ignored ); + } ); + } + + if ( l ) { + fragment = buildFragment( args, collection[ 0 ].ownerDocument, false, collection, ignored ); + first = fragment.firstChild; + + if ( fragment.childNodes.length === 1 ) { + fragment = first; + } + + // Require either new content or an interest in ignored elements to invoke the callback + if ( first || ignored ) { + scripts = jQuery.map( getAll( fragment, "script" ), disableScript ); + hasScripts = scripts.length; + + // Use the original fragment for the last item + // instead of the first because it can end up + // being emptied incorrectly in certain situations (#8070). + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + node = fragment; + + if ( i !== iNoClone ) { + node = jQuery.clone( node, true, true ); + + // Keep references to cloned scripts for later restoration + if ( hasScripts ) { + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + jQuery.merge( scripts, getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + } + + callback.call( collection[ i ], node, i ); + } + + if ( hasScripts ) { + doc = scripts[ scripts.length - 1 ].ownerDocument; + + // Reenable scripts + jQuery.map( scripts, restoreScript ); + + // Evaluate executable scripts on first document insertion + for ( i = 0; i < hasScripts; i++ ) { + node = scripts[ i ]; + if ( rscriptType.test( node.type || "" ) && + !dataPriv.access( node, "globalEval" ) && + jQuery.contains( doc, node ) ) { + + if ( node.src && ( node.type || "" ).toLowerCase() !== "module" ) { + + // Optional AJAX dependency, but won't run scripts if not present + if ( jQuery._evalUrl && !node.noModule ) { + jQuery._evalUrl( node.src, { + nonce: node.nonce || node.getAttribute( "nonce" ) + }, doc ); + } + } else { + DOMEval( node.textContent.replace( rcleanScript, "" ), node, doc ); + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return collection; +} + +function remove( elem, selector, keepData ) { + var node, + nodes = selector ? jQuery.filter( selector, elem ) : elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( node = nodes[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( !keepData && node.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( node ) ); + } + + if ( node.parentNode ) { + if ( keepData && isAttached( node ) ) { + setGlobalEval( getAll( node, "script" ) ); + } + node.parentNode.removeChild( node ); + } + } + + return elem; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + htmlPrefilter: function( html ) { + return html; + }, + + clone: function( elem, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + var i, l, srcElements, destElements, + clone = elem.cloneNode( true ), + inPage = isAttached( elem ); + + // Fix IE cloning issues + if ( !support.noCloneChecked && ( elem.nodeType === 1 || elem.nodeType === 11 ) && + !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // We eschew Sizzle here for performance reasons: https://jsperf.com/getall-vs-sizzle/2 + destElements = getAll( clone ); + srcElements = getAll( elem ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + fixInput( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } + + // Copy the events from the original to the clone + if ( dataAndEvents ) { + if ( deepDataAndEvents ) { + srcElements = srcElements || getAll( elem ); + destElements = destElements || getAll( clone ); + + for ( i = 0, l = srcElements.length; i < l; i++ ) { + cloneCopyEvent( srcElements[ i ], destElements[ i ] ); + } + } else { + cloneCopyEvent( elem, clone ); + } + } + + // Preserve script evaluation history + destElements = getAll( clone, "script" ); + if ( destElements.length > 0 ) { + setGlobalEval( destElements, !inPage && getAll( elem, "script" ) ); + } + + // Return the cloned set + return clone; + }, + + cleanData: function( elems ) { + var data, elem, type, + special = jQuery.event.special, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = elems[ i ] ) !== undefined; i++ ) { + if ( acceptData( elem ) ) { + if ( ( data = elem[ dataPriv.expando ] ) ) { + if ( data.events ) { + for ( type in data.events ) { + if ( special[ type ] ) { + jQuery.event.remove( elem, type ); + + // This is a shortcut to avoid jQuery.event.remove's overhead + } else { + jQuery.removeEvent( elem, type, data.handle ); + } + } + } + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataPriv.expando ] = undefined; + } + if ( elem[ dataUser.expando ] ) { + + // Support: Chrome <=35 - 45+ + // Assign undefined instead of using delete, see Data#remove + elem[ dataUser.expando ] = undefined; + } + } + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + detach: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector, true ); + }, + + remove: function( selector ) { + return remove( this, selector ); + }, + + text: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + return value === undefined ? + jQuery.text( this ) : + this.empty().each( function() { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + this.textContent = value; + } + } ); + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + append: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.appendChild( elem ); + } + } ); + }, + + prepend: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.nodeType === 1 || this.nodeType === 11 || this.nodeType === 9 ) { + var target = manipulationTarget( this, elem ); + target.insertBefore( elem, target.firstChild ); + } + } ); + }, + + before: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this ); + } + } ); + }, + + after: function() { + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + if ( this.parentNode ) { + this.parentNode.insertBefore( elem, this.nextSibling ); + } + } ); + }, + + empty: function() { + var elem, + i = 0; + + for ( ; ( elem = this[ i ] ) != null; i++ ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Prevent memory leaks + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + + // Remove any remaining nodes + elem.textContent = ""; + } + } + + return this; + }, + + clone: function( dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ) { + dataAndEvents = dataAndEvents == null ? false : dataAndEvents; + deepDataAndEvents = deepDataAndEvents == null ? dataAndEvents : deepDataAndEvents; + + return this.map( function() { + return jQuery.clone( this, dataAndEvents, deepDataAndEvents ); + } ); + }, + + html: function( value ) { + return access( this, function( value ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ] || {}, + i = 0, + l = this.length; + + if ( value === undefined && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + return elem.innerHTML; + } + + // See if we can take a shortcut and just use innerHTML + if ( typeof value === "string" && !rnoInnerhtml.test( value ) && + !wrapMap[ ( rtagName.exec( value ) || [ "", "" ] )[ 1 ].toLowerCase() ] ) { + + value = jQuery.htmlPrefilter( value ); + + try { + for ( ; i < l; i++ ) { + elem = this[ i ] || {}; + + // Remove element nodes and prevent memory leaks + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( elem, false ) ); + elem.innerHTML = value; + } + } + + elem = 0; + + // If using innerHTML throws an exception, use the fallback method + } catch ( e ) {} + } + + if ( elem ) { + this.empty().append( value ); + } + }, null, value, arguments.length ); + }, + + replaceWith: function() { + var ignored = []; + + // Make the changes, replacing each non-ignored context element with the new content + return domManip( this, arguments, function( elem ) { + var parent = this.parentNode; + + if ( jQuery.inArray( this, ignored ) < 0 ) { + jQuery.cleanData( getAll( this ) ); + if ( parent ) { + parent.replaceChild( elem, this ); + } + } + + // Force callback invocation + }, ignored ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( { + appendTo: "append", + prependTo: "prepend", + insertBefore: "before", + insertAfter: "after", + replaceAll: "replaceWith" +}, function( name, original ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( selector ) { + var elems, + ret = [], + insert = jQuery( selector ), + last = insert.length - 1, + i = 0; + + for ( ; i <= last; i++ ) { + elems = i === last ? this : this.clone( true ); + jQuery( insert[ i ] )[ original ]( elems ); + + // Support: Android <=4.0 only, PhantomJS 1 only + // .get() because push.apply(_, arraylike) throws on ancient WebKit + push.apply( ret, elems.get() ); + } + + return this.pushStack( ret ); + }; +} ); +var rnumnonpx = new RegExp( "^(" + pnum + ")(?!px)[a-z%]+$", "i" ); + +var getStyles = function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=11 only, Firefox <=30 (#15098, #14150) + // IE throws on elements created in popups + // FF meanwhile throws on frame elements through "defaultView.getComputedStyle" + var view = elem.ownerDocument.defaultView; + + if ( !view || !view.opener ) { + view = window; + } + + return view.getComputedStyle( elem ); + }; + +var swap = function( elem, options, callback ) { + var ret, name, + old = {}; + + // Remember the old values, and insert the new ones + for ( name in options ) { + old[ name ] = elem.style[ name ]; + elem.style[ name ] = options[ name ]; + } + + ret = callback.call( elem ); + + // Revert the old values + for ( name in options ) { + elem.style[ name ] = old[ name ]; + } + + return ret; +}; + + +var rboxStyle = new RegExp( cssExpand.join( "|" ), "i" ); + + + +( function() { + + // Executing both pixelPosition & boxSizingReliable tests require only one layout + // so they're executed at the same time to save the second computation. + function computeStyleTests() { + + // This is a singleton, we need to execute it only once + if ( !div ) { + return; + } + + container.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;" + + "margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0"; + div.style.cssText = + "position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;" + + "margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;" + + "width:60%;top:1%"; + documentElement.appendChild( container ).appendChild( div ); + + var divStyle = window.getComputedStyle( div ); + pixelPositionVal = divStyle.top !== "1%"; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Firefox <=3 - 44 + reliableMarginLeftVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.marginLeft ) === 12; + + // Support: Android 4.0 - 4.3 only, Safari <=9.1 - 10.1, iOS <=7.0 - 9.3 + // Some styles come back with percentage values, even though they shouldn't + div.style.right = "60%"; + pixelBoxStylesVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.right ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Detect misreporting of content dimensions for box-sizing:border-box elements + boxSizingReliableVal = roundPixelMeasures( divStyle.width ) === 36; + + // Support: IE 9 only + // Detect overflow:scroll screwiness (gh-3699) + // Support: Chrome <=64 + // Don't get tricked when zoom affects offsetWidth (gh-4029) + div.style.position = "absolute"; + scrollboxSizeVal = roundPixelMeasures( div.offsetWidth / 3 ) === 12; + + documentElement.removeChild( container ); + + // Nullify the div so it wouldn't be stored in the memory and + // it will also be a sign that checks already performed + div = null; + } + + function roundPixelMeasures( measure ) { + return Math.round( parseFloat( measure ) ); + } + + var pixelPositionVal, boxSizingReliableVal, scrollboxSizeVal, pixelBoxStylesVal, + reliableTrDimensionsVal, reliableMarginLeftVal, + container = document.createElement( "div" ), + div = document.createElement( "div" ); + + // Finish early in limited (non-browser) environments + if ( !div.style ) { + return; + } + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // Style of cloned element affects source element cloned (#8908) + div.style.backgroundClip = "content-box"; + div.cloneNode( true ).style.backgroundClip = ""; + support.clearCloneStyle = div.style.backgroundClip === "content-box"; + + jQuery.extend( support, { + boxSizingReliable: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return boxSizingReliableVal; + }, + pixelBoxStyles: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelBoxStylesVal; + }, + pixelPosition: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return pixelPositionVal; + }, + reliableMarginLeft: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return reliableMarginLeftVal; + }, + scrollboxSize: function() { + computeStyleTests(); + return scrollboxSizeVal; + }, + + // Support: IE 9 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Behavior in IE 9 is more subtle than in newer versions & it passes + // some versions of this test; make sure not to make it pass there! + reliableTrDimensions: function() { + var table, tr, trChild, trStyle; + if ( reliableTrDimensionsVal == null ) { + table = document.createElement( "table" ); + tr = document.createElement( "tr" ); + trChild = document.createElement( "div" ); + + table.style.cssText = "position:absolute;left:-11111px"; + tr.style.height = "1px"; + trChild.style.height = "9px"; + + documentElement + .appendChild( table ) + .appendChild( tr ) + .appendChild( trChild ); + + trStyle = window.getComputedStyle( tr ); + reliableTrDimensionsVal = parseInt( trStyle.height ) > 3; + + documentElement.removeChild( table ); + } + return reliableTrDimensionsVal; + } + } ); +} )(); + + +function curCSS( elem, name, computed ) { + var width, minWidth, maxWidth, ret, + + // Support: Firefox 51+ + // Retrieving style before computed somehow + // fixes an issue with getting wrong values + // on detached elements + style = elem.style; + + computed = computed || getStyles( elem ); + + // getPropertyValue is needed for: + // .css('filter') (IE 9 only, #12537) + // .css('--customProperty) (#3144) + if ( computed ) { + ret = computed.getPropertyValue( name ) || computed[ name ]; + + if ( ret === "" && !isAttached( elem ) ) { + ret = jQuery.style( elem, name ); + } + + // A tribute to the "awesome hack by Dean Edwards" + // Android Browser returns percentage for some values, + // but width seems to be reliably pixels. + // This is against the CSSOM draft spec: + // https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-values + if ( !support.pixelBoxStyles() && rnumnonpx.test( ret ) && rboxStyle.test( name ) ) { + + // Remember the original values + width = style.width; + minWidth = style.minWidth; + maxWidth = style.maxWidth; + + // Put in the new values to get a computed value out + style.minWidth = style.maxWidth = style.width = ret; + ret = computed.width; + + // Revert the changed values + style.width = width; + style.minWidth = minWidth; + style.maxWidth = maxWidth; + } + } + + return ret !== undefined ? + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // IE returns zIndex value as an integer. + ret + "" : + ret; +} + + +function addGetHookIf( conditionFn, hookFn ) { + + // Define the hook, we'll check on the first run if it's really needed. + return { + get: function() { + if ( conditionFn() ) { + + // Hook not needed (or it's not possible to use it due + // to missing dependency), remove it. + delete this.get; + return; + } + + // Hook needed; redefine it so that the support test is not executed again. + return ( this.get = hookFn ).apply( this, arguments ); + } + }; +} + + +var cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms" ], + emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style, + vendorProps = {}; + +// Return a vendor-prefixed property or undefined +function vendorPropName( name ) { + + // Check for vendor prefixed names + var capName = name[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 ), + i = cssPrefixes.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + name = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName; + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + } +} + +// Return a potentially-mapped jQuery.cssProps or vendor prefixed property +function finalPropName( name ) { + var final = jQuery.cssProps[ name ] || vendorProps[ name ]; + + if ( final ) { + return final; + } + if ( name in emptyStyle ) { + return name; + } + return vendorProps[ name ] = vendorPropName( name ) || name; +} + + +var + + // Swappable if display is none or starts with table + // except "table", "table-cell", or "table-caption" + // See here for display values: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/display + rdisplayswap = /^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/, + rcustomProp = /^--/, + cssShow = { position: "absolute", visibility: "hidden", display: "block" }, + cssNormalTransform = { + letterSpacing: "0", + fontWeight: "400" + }; + +function setPositiveNumber( _elem, value, subtract ) { + + // Any relative (+/-) values have already been + // normalized at this point + var matches = rcssNum.exec( value ); + return matches ? + + // Guard against undefined "subtract", e.g., when used as in cssHooks + Math.max( 0, matches[ 2 ] - ( subtract || 0 ) ) + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) : + value; +} + +function boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, box, isBorderBox, styles, computedVal ) { + var i = dimension === "width" ? 1 : 0, + extra = 0, + delta = 0; + + // Adjustment may not be necessary + if ( box === ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ) ) { + return 0; + } + + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 ) { + + // Both box models exclude margin + if ( box === "margin" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, box + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a content-box, we're seeking "padding" or "border" or "margin" + if ( !isBorderBox ) { + + // Add padding + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + + // For "border" or "margin", add border + if ( box !== "padding" ) { + delta += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + + // But still keep track of it otherwise + } else { + extra += jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + + // If we get here with a border-box (content + padding + border), we're seeking "content" or + // "padding" or "margin" + } else { + + // For "content", subtract padding + if ( box === "content" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "padding" + cssExpand[ i ], true, styles ); + } + + // For "content" or "padding", subtract border + if ( box !== "margin" ) { + delta -= jQuery.css( elem, "border" + cssExpand[ i ] + "Width", true, styles ); + } + } + } + + // Account for positive content-box scroll gutter when requested by providing computedVal + if ( !isBorderBox && computedVal >= 0 ) { + + // offsetWidth/offsetHeight is a rounded sum of content, padding, scroll gutter, and border + // Assuming integer scroll gutter, subtract the rest and round down + delta += Math.max( 0, Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + computedVal - + delta - + extra - + 0.5 + + // If offsetWidth/offsetHeight is unknown, then we can't determine content-box scroll gutter + // Use an explicit zero to avoid NaN (gh-3964) + ) ) || 0; + } + + return delta; +} + +function getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ) { + + // Start with computed style + var styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-4322). + // Fake content-box until we know it's needed to know the true value. + boxSizingNeeded = !support.boxSizingReliable() || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + valueIsBorderBox = isBorderBox, + + val = curCSS( elem, dimension, styles ), + offsetProp = "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ); + + // Support: Firefox <=54 + // Return a confounding non-pixel value or feign ignorance, as appropriate. + if ( rnumnonpx.test( val ) ) { + if ( !extra ) { + return val; + } + val = "auto"; + } + + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // Use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for when box sizing is unreliable. + // In those cases, the computed value can be trusted to be border-box. + if ( ( !support.boxSizingReliable() && isBorderBox || + + // Support: IE 10 - 11+, Edge 15 - 18+ + // IE/Edge misreport `getComputedStyle` of table rows with width/height + // set in CSS while `offset*` properties report correct values. + // Interestingly, in some cases IE 9 doesn't suffer from this issue. + !support.reliableTrDimensions() && nodeName( elem, "tr" ) || + + // Fall back to offsetWidth/offsetHeight when value is "auto" + // This happens for inline elements with no explicit setting (gh-3571) + val === "auto" || + + // Support: Android <=4.1 - 4.3 only + // Also use offsetWidth/offsetHeight for misreported inline dimensions (gh-3602) + !parseFloat( val ) && jQuery.css( elem, "display", false, styles ) === "inline" ) && + + // Make sure the element is visible & connected + elem.getClientRects().length ) { + + isBorderBox = jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box"; + + // Where available, offsetWidth/offsetHeight approximate border box dimensions. + // Where not available (e.g., SVG), assume unreliable box-sizing and interpret the + // retrieved value as a content box dimension. + valueIsBorderBox = offsetProp in elem; + if ( valueIsBorderBox ) { + val = elem[ offsetProp ]; + } + } + + // Normalize "" and auto + val = parseFloat( val ) || 0; + + // Adjust for the element's box model + return ( val + + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra || ( isBorderBox ? "border" : "content" ), + valueIsBorderBox, + styles, + + // Provide the current computed size to request scroll gutter calculation (gh-3589) + val + ) + ) + "px"; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Add in style property hooks for overriding the default + // behavior of getting and setting a style property + cssHooks: { + opacity: { + get: function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // We should always get a number back from opacity + var ret = curCSS( elem, "opacity" ); + return ret === "" ? "1" : ret; + } + } + } + }, + + // Don't automatically add "px" to these possibly-unitless properties + cssNumber: { + "animationIterationCount": true, + "columnCount": true, + "fillOpacity": true, + "flexGrow": true, + "flexShrink": true, + "fontWeight": true, + "gridArea": true, + "gridColumn": true, + "gridColumnEnd": true, + "gridColumnStart": true, + "gridRow": true, + "gridRowEnd": true, + "gridRowStart": true, + "lineHeight": true, + "opacity": true, + "order": true, + "orphans": true, + "widows": true, + "zIndex": true, + "zoom": true + }, + + // Add in properties whose names you wish to fix before + // setting or getting the value + cssProps: {}, + + // Get and set the style property on a DOM Node + style: function( elem, name, value, extra ) { + + // Don't set styles on text and comment nodes + if ( !elem || elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 || !elem.style ) { + return; + } + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name + var ret, type, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ), + style = elem.style; + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to query the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Gets hook for the prefixed version, then unprefixed version + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // Check if we're setting a value + if ( value !== undefined ) { + type = typeof value; + + // Convert "+=" or "-=" to relative numbers (#7345) + if ( type === "string" && ( ret = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && ret[ 1 ] ) { + value = adjustCSS( elem, name, ret ); + + // Fixes bug #9237 + type = "number"; + } + + // Make sure that null and NaN values aren't set (#7116) + if ( value == null || value !== value ) { + return; + } + + // If a number was passed in, add the unit (except for certain CSS properties) + // The isCustomProp check can be removed in jQuery 4.0 when we only auto-append + // "px" to a few hardcoded values. + if ( type === "number" && !isCustomProp ) { + value += ret && ret[ 3 ] || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ origName ] ? "" : "px" ); + } + + // background-* props affect original clone's values + if ( !support.clearCloneStyle && value === "" && name.indexOf( "background" ) === 0 ) { + style[ name ] = "inherit"; + } + + // If a hook was provided, use that value, otherwise just set the specified value + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || + ( value = hooks.set( elem, value, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + if ( isCustomProp ) { + style.setProperty( name, value ); + } else { + style[ name ] = value; + } + } + + } else { + + // If a hook was provided get the non-computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, false, extra ) ) !== undefined ) { + + return ret; + } + + // Otherwise just get the value from the style object + return style[ name ]; + } + }, + + css: function( elem, name, extra, styles ) { + var val, num, hooks, + origName = camelCase( name ), + isCustomProp = rcustomProp.test( name ); + + // Make sure that we're working with the right name. We don't + // want to modify the value if it is a CSS custom property + // since they are user-defined. + if ( !isCustomProp ) { + name = finalPropName( origName ); + } + + // Try prefixed name followed by the unprefixed name + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ] || jQuery.cssHooks[ origName ]; + + // If a hook was provided get the computed value from there + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks ) { + val = hooks.get( elem, true, extra ); + } + + // Otherwise, if a way to get the computed value exists, use that + if ( val === undefined ) { + val = curCSS( elem, name, styles ); + } + + // Convert "normal" to computed value + if ( val === "normal" && name in cssNormalTransform ) { + val = cssNormalTransform[ name ]; + } + + // Make numeric if forced or a qualifier was provided and val looks numeric + if ( extra === "" || extra ) { + num = parseFloat( val ); + return extra === true || isFinite( num ) ? num || 0 : val; + } + + return val; + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "height", "width" ], function( _i, dimension ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ dimension ] = { + get: function( elem, computed, extra ) { + if ( computed ) { + + // Certain elements can have dimension info if we invisibly show them + // but it must have a current display style that would benefit + return rdisplayswap.test( jQuery.css( elem, "display" ) ) && + + // Support: Safari 8+ + // Table columns in Safari have non-zero offsetWidth & zero + // getBoundingClientRect().width unless display is changed. + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Running getBoundingClientRect on a disconnected node + // in IE throws an error. + ( !elem.getClientRects().length || !elem.getBoundingClientRect().width ) ? + swap( elem, cssShow, function() { + return getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } ) : + getWidthOrHeight( elem, dimension, extra ); + } + }, + + set: function( elem, value, extra ) { + var matches, + styles = getStyles( elem ), + + // Only read styles.position if the test has a chance to fail + // to avoid forcing a reflow. + scrollboxSizeBuggy = !support.scrollboxSize() && + styles.position === "absolute", + + // To avoid forcing a reflow, only fetch boxSizing if we need it (gh-3991) + boxSizingNeeded = scrollboxSizeBuggy || extra, + isBorderBox = boxSizingNeeded && + jQuery.css( elem, "boxSizing", false, styles ) === "border-box", + subtract = extra ? + boxModelAdjustment( + elem, + dimension, + extra, + isBorderBox, + styles + ) : + 0; + + // Account for unreliable border-box dimensions by comparing offset* to computed and + // faking a content-box to get border and padding (gh-3699) + if ( isBorderBox && scrollboxSizeBuggy ) { + subtract -= Math.ceil( + elem[ "offset" + dimension[ 0 ].toUpperCase() + dimension.slice( 1 ) ] - + parseFloat( styles[ dimension ] ) - + boxModelAdjustment( elem, dimension, "border", false, styles ) - + 0.5 + ); + } + + // Convert to pixels if value adjustment is needed + if ( subtract && ( matches = rcssNum.exec( value ) ) && + ( matches[ 3 ] || "px" ) !== "px" ) { + + elem.style[ dimension ] = value; + value = jQuery.css( elem, dimension ); + } + + return setPositiveNumber( elem, value, subtract ); + } + }; +} ); + +jQuery.cssHooks.marginLeft = addGetHookIf( support.reliableMarginLeft, + function( elem, computed ) { + if ( computed ) { + return ( parseFloat( curCSS( elem, "marginLeft" ) ) || + elem.getBoundingClientRect().left - + swap( elem, { marginLeft: 0 }, function() { + return elem.getBoundingClientRect().left; + } ) + ) + "px"; + } + } +); + +// These hooks are used by animate to expand properties +jQuery.each( { + margin: "", + padding: "", + border: "Width" +}, function( prefix, suffix ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ] = { + expand: function( value ) { + var i = 0, + expanded = {}, + + // Assumes a single number if not a string + parts = typeof value === "string" ? value.split( " " ) : [ value ]; + + for ( ; i < 4; i++ ) { + expanded[ prefix + cssExpand[ i ] + suffix ] = + parts[ i ] || parts[ i - 2 ] || parts[ 0 ]; + } + + return expanded; + } + }; + + if ( prefix !== "margin" ) { + jQuery.cssHooks[ prefix + suffix ].set = setPositiveNumber; + } +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + css: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, function( elem, name, value ) { + var styles, len, + map = {}, + i = 0; + + if ( Array.isArray( name ) ) { + styles = getStyles( elem ); + len = name.length; + + for ( ; i < len; i++ ) { + map[ name[ i ] ] = jQuery.css( elem, name[ i ], false, styles ); + } + + return map; + } + + return value !== undefined ? + jQuery.style( elem, name, value ) : + jQuery.css( elem, name ); + }, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + } +} ); + + +function Tween( elem, options, prop, end, easing ) { + return new Tween.prototype.init( elem, options, prop, end, easing ); +} +jQuery.Tween = Tween; + +Tween.prototype = { + constructor: Tween, + init: function( elem, options, prop, end, easing, unit ) { + this.elem = elem; + this.prop = prop; + this.easing = easing || jQuery.easing._default; + this.options = options; + this.start = this.now = this.cur(); + this.end = end; + this.unit = unit || ( jQuery.cssNumber[ prop ] ? "" : "px" ); + }, + cur: function() { + var hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + return hooks && hooks.get ? + hooks.get( this ) : + Tween.propHooks._default.get( this ); + }, + run: function( percent ) { + var eased, + hooks = Tween.propHooks[ this.prop ]; + + if ( this.options.duration ) { + this.pos = eased = jQuery.easing[ this.easing ]( + percent, this.options.duration * percent, 0, 1, this.options.duration + ); + } else { + this.pos = eased = percent; + } + this.now = ( this.end - this.start ) * eased + this.start; + + if ( this.options.step ) { + this.options.step.call( this.elem, this.now, this ); + } + + if ( hooks && hooks.set ) { + hooks.set( this ); + } else { + Tween.propHooks._default.set( this ); + } + return this; + } +}; + +Tween.prototype.init.prototype = Tween.prototype; + +Tween.propHooks = { + _default: { + get: function( tween ) { + var result; + + // Use a property on the element directly when it is not a DOM element, + // or when there is no matching style property that exists. + if ( tween.elem.nodeType !== 1 || + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] != null && tween.elem.style[ tween.prop ] == null ) { + return tween.elem[ tween.prop ]; + } + + // Passing an empty string as a 3rd parameter to .css will automatically + // attempt a parseFloat and fallback to a string if the parse fails. + // Simple values such as "10px" are parsed to Float; + // complex values such as "rotate(1rad)" are returned as-is. + result = jQuery.css( tween.elem, tween.prop, "" ); + + // Empty strings, null, undefined and "auto" are converted to 0. + return !result || result === "auto" ? 0 : result; + }, + set: function( tween ) { + + // Use step hook for back compat. + // Use cssHook if its there. + // Use .style if available and use plain properties where available. + if ( jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ] ) { + jQuery.fx.step[ tween.prop ]( tween ); + } else if ( tween.elem.nodeType === 1 && ( + jQuery.cssHooks[ tween.prop ] || + tween.elem.style[ finalPropName( tween.prop ) ] != null ) ) { + jQuery.style( tween.elem, tween.prop, tween.now + tween.unit ); + } else { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } + } +}; + +// Support: IE <=9 only +// Panic based approach to setting things on disconnected nodes +Tween.propHooks.scrollTop = Tween.propHooks.scrollLeft = { + set: function( tween ) { + if ( tween.elem.nodeType && tween.elem.parentNode ) { + tween.elem[ tween.prop ] = tween.now; + } + } +}; + +jQuery.easing = { + linear: function( p ) { + return p; + }, + swing: function( p ) { + return 0.5 - Math.cos( p * Math.PI ) / 2; + }, + _default: "swing" +}; + +jQuery.fx = Tween.prototype.init; + +// Back compat <1.8 extension point +jQuery.fx.step = {}; + + + + +var + fxNow, inProgress, + rfxtypes = /^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/, + rrun = /queueHooks$/; + +function schedule() { + if ( inProgress ) { + if ( document.hidden === false && window.requestAnimationFrame ) { + window.requestAnimationFrame( schedule ); + } else { + window.setTimeout( schedule, jQuery.fx.interval ); + } + + jQuery.fx.tick(); + } +} + +// Animations created synchronously will run synchronously +function createFxNow() { + window.setTimeout( function() { + fxNow = undefined; + } ); + return ( fxNow = Date.now() ); +} + +// Generate parameters to create a standard animation +function genFx( type, includeWidth ) { + var which, + i = 0, + attrs = { height: type }; + + // If we include width, step value is 1 to do all cssExpand values, + // otherwise step value is 2 to skip over Left and Right + includeWidth = includeWidth ? 1 : 0; + for ( ; i < 4; i += 2 - includeWidth ) { + which = cssExpand[ i ]; + attrs[ "margin" + which ] = attrs[ "padding" + which ] = type; + } + + if ( includeWidth ) { + attrs.opacity = attrs.width = type; + } + + return attrs; +} + +function createTween( value, prop, animation ) { + var tween, + collection = ( Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || [] ).concat( Animation.tweeners[ "*" ] ), + index = 0, + length = collection.length; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( ( tween = collection[ index ].call( animation, prop, value ) ) ) { + + // We're done with this property + return tween; + } + } +} + +function defaultPrefilter( elem, props, opts ) { + var prop, value, toggle, hooks, oldfire, propTween, restoreDisplay, display, + isBox = "width" in props || "height" in props, + anim = this, + orig = {}, + style = elem.style, + hidden = elem.nodeType && isHiddenWithinTree( elem ), + dataShow = dataPriv.get( elem, "fxshow" ); + + // Queue-skipping animations hijack the fx hooks + if ( !opts.queue ) { + hooks = jQuery._queueHooks( elem, "fx" ); + if ( hooks.unqueued == null ) { + hooks.unqueued = 0; + oldfire = hooks.empty.fire; + hooks.empty.fire = function() { + if ( !hooks.unqueued ) { + oldfire(); + } + }; + } + hooks.unqueued++; + + anim.always( function() { + + // Ensure the complete handler is called before this completes + anim.always( function() { + hooks.unqueued--; + if ( !jQuery.queue( elem, "fx" ).length ) { + hooks.empty.fire(); + } + } ); + } ); + } + + // Detect show/hide animations + for ( prop in props ) { + value = props[ prop ]; + if ( rfxtypes.test( value ) ) { + delete props[ prop ]; + toggle = toggle || value === "toggle"; + if ( value === ( hidden ? "hide" : "show" ) ) { + + // Pretend to be hidden if this is a "show" and + // there is still data from a stopped show/hide + if ( value === "show" && dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] !== undefined ) { + hidden = true; + + // Ignore all other no-op show/hide data + } else { + continue; + } + } + orig[ prop ] = dataShow && dataShow[ prop ] || jQuery.style( elem, prop ); + } + } + + // Bail out if this is a no-op like .hide().hide() + propTween = !jQuery.isEmptyObject( props ); + if ( !propTween && jQuery.isEmptyObject( orig ) ) { + return; + } + + // Restrict "overflow" and "display" styles during box animations + if ( isBox && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // Record all 3 overflow attributes because IE does not infer the shorthand + // from identically-valued overflowX and overflowY and Edge just mirrors + // the overflowX value there. + opts.overflow = [ style.overflow, style.overflowX, style.overflowY ]; + + // Identify a display type, preferring old show/hide data over the CSS cascade + restoreDisplay = dataShow && dataShow.display; + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + restoreDisplay = dataPriv.get( elem, "display" ); + } + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + if ( display === "none" ) { + if ( restoreDisplay ) { + display = restoreDisplay; + } else { + + // Get nonempty value(s) by temporarily forcing visibility + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + restoreDisplay = elem.style.display || restoreDisplay; + display = jQuery.css( elem, "display" ); + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + } + + // Animate inline elements as inline-block + if ( display === "inline" || display === "inline-block" && restoreDisplay != null ) { + if ( jQuery.css( elem, "float" ) === "none" ) { + + // Restore the original display value at the end of pure show/hide animations + if ( !propTween ) { + anim.done( function() { + style.display = restoreDisplay; + } ); + if ( restoreDisplay == null ) { + display = style.display; + restoreDisplay = display === "none" ? "" : display; + } + } + style.display = "inline-block"; + } + } + } + + if ( opts.overflow ) { + style.overflow = "hidden"; + anim.always( function() { + style.overflow = opts.overflow[ 0 ]; + style.overflowX = opts.overflow[ 1 ]; + style.overflowY = opts.overflow[ 2 ]; + } ); + } + + // Implement show/hide animations + propTween = false; + for ( prop in orig ) { + + // General show/hide setup for this element animation + if ( !propTween ) { + if ( dataShow ) { + if ( "hidden" in dataShow ) { + hidden = dataShow.hidden; + } + } else { + dataShow = dataPriv.access( elem, "fxshow", { display: restoreDisplay } ); + } + + // Store hidden/visible for toggle so `.stop().toggle()` "reverses" + if ( toggle ) { + dataShow.hidden = !hidden; + } + + // Show elements before animating them + if ( hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ], true ); + } + + /* eslint-disable no-loop-func */ + + anim.done( function() { + + /* eslint-enable no-loop-func */ + + // The final step of a "hide" animation is actually hiding the element + if ( !hidden ) { + showHide( [ elem ] ); + } + dataPriv.remove( elem, "fxshow" ); + for ( prop in orig ) { + jQuery.style( elem, prop, orig[ prop ] ); + } + } ); + } + + // Per-property setup + propTween = createTween( hidden ? dataShow[ prop ] : 0, prop, anim ); + if ( !( prop in dataShow ) ) { + dataShow[ prop ] = propTween.start; + if ( hidden ) { + propTween.end = propTween.start; + propTween.start = 0; + } + } + } +} + +function propFilter( props, specialEasing ) { + var index, name, easing, value, hooks; + + // camelCase, specialEasing and expand cssHook pass + for ( index in props ) { + name = camelCase( index ); + easing = specialEasing[ name ]; + value = props[ index ]; + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + easing = value[ 1 ]; + value = props[ index ] = value[ 0 ]; + } + + if ( index !== name ) { + props[ name ] = value; + delete props[ index ]; + } + + hooks = jQuery.cssHooks[ name ]; + if ( hooks && "expand" in hooks ) { + value = hooks.expand( value ); + delete props[ name ]; + + // Not quite $.extend, this won't overwrite existing keys. + // Reusing 'index' because we have the correct "name" + for ( index in value ) { + if ( !( index in props ) ) { + props[ index ] = value[ index ]; + specialEasing[ index ] = easing; + } + } + } else { + specialEasing[ name ] = easing; + } + } +} + +function Animation( elem, properties, options ) { + var result, + stopped, + index = 0, + length = Animation.prefilters.length, + deferred = jQuery.Deferred().always( function() { + + // Don't match elem in the :animated selector + delete tick.elem; + } ), + tick = function() { + if ( stopped ) { + return false; + } + var currentTime = fxNow || createFxNow(), + remaining = Math.max( 0, animation.startTime + animation.duration - currentTime ), + + // Support: Android 2.3 only + // Archaic crash bug won't allow us to use `1 - ( 0.5 || 0 )` (#12497) + temp = remaining / animation.duration || 0, + percent = 1 - temp, + index = 0, + length = animation.tweens.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( percent ); + } + + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, percent, remaining ] ); + + // If there's more to do, yield + if ( percent < 1 && length ) { + return remaining; + } + + // If this was an empty animation, synthesize a final progress notification + if ( !length ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + } + + // Resolve the animation and report its conclusion + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation ] ); + return false; + }, + animation = deferred.promise( { + elem: elem, + props: jQuery.extend( {}, properties ), + opts: jQuery.extend( true, { + specialEasing: {}, + easing: jQuery.easing._default + }, options ), + originalProperties: properties, + originalOptions: options, + startTime: fxNow || createFxNow(), + duration: options.duration, + tweens: [], + createTween: function( prop, end ) { + var tween = jQuery.Tween( elem, animation.opts, prop, end, + animation.opts.specialEasing[ prop ] || animation.opts.easing ); + animation.tweens.push( tween ); + return tween; + }, + stop: function( gotoEnd ) { + var index = 0, + + // If we are going to the end, we want to run all the tweens + // otherwise we skip this part + length = gotoEnd ? animation.tweens.length : 0; + if ( stopped ) { + return this; + } + stopped = true; + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + animation.tweens[ index ].run( 1 ); + } + + // Resolve when we played the last frame; otherwise, reject + if ( gotoEnd ) { + deferred.notifyWith( elem, [ animation, 1, 0 ] ); + deferred.resolveWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( elem, [ animation, gotoEnd ] ); + } + return this; + } + } ), + props = animation.props; + + propFilter( props, animation.opts.specialEasing ); + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + result = Animation.prefilters[ index ].call( animation, elem, props, animation.opts ); + if ( result ) { + if ( isFunction( result.stop ) ) { + jQuery._queueHooks( animation.elem, animation.opts.queue ).stop = + result.stop.bind( result ); + } + return result; + } + } + + jQuery.map( props, createTween, animation ); + + if ( isFunction( animation.opts.start ) ) { + animation.opts.start.call( elem, animation ); + } + + // Attach callbacks from options + animation + .progress( animation.opts.progress ) + .done( animation.opts.done, animation.opts.complete ) + .fail( animation.opts.fail ) + .always( animation.opts.always ); + + jQuery.fx.timer( + jQuery.extend( tick, { + elem: elem, + anim: animation, + queue: animation.opts.queue + } ) + ); + + return animation; +} + +jQuery.Animation = jQuery.extend( Animation, { + + tweeners: { + "*": [ function( prop, value ) { + var tween = this.createTween( prop, value ); + adjustCSS( tween.elem, prop, rcssNum.exec( value ), tween ); + return tween; + } ] + }, + + tweener: function( props, callback ) { + if ( isFunction( props ) ) { + callback = props; + props = [ "*" ]; + } else { + props = props.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + } + + var prop, + index = 0, + length = props.length; + + for ( ; index < length; index++ ) { + prop = props[ index ]; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ] = Animation.tweeners[ prop ] || []; + Animation.tweeners[ prop ].unshift( callback ); + } + }, + + prefilters: [ defaultPrefilter ], + + prefilter: function( callback, prepend ) { + if ( prepend ) { + Animation.prefilters.unshift( callback ); + } else { + Animation.prefilters.push( callback ); + } + } +} ); + +jQuery.speed = function( speed, easing, fn ) { + var opt = speed && typeof speed === "object" ? jQuery.extend( {}, speed ) : { + complete: fn || !fn && easing || + isFunction( speed ) && speed, + duration: speed, + easing: fn && easing || easing && !isFunction( easing ) && easing + }; + + // Go to the end state if fx are off + if ( jQuery.fx.off ) { + opt.duration = 0; + + } else { + if ( typeof opt.duration !== "number" ) { + if ( opt.duration in jQuery.fx.speeds ) { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds[ opt.duration ]; + + } else { + opt.duration = jQuery.fx.speeds._default; + } + } + } + + // Normalize opt.queue - true/undefined/null -> "fx" + if ( opt.queue == null || opt.queue === true ) { + opt.queue = "fx"; + } + + // Queueing + opt.old = opt.complete; + + opt.complete = function() { + if ( isFunction( opt.old ) ) { + opt.old.call( this ); + } + + if ( opt.queue ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, opt.queue ); + } + }; + + return opt; +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + fadeTo: function( speed, to, easing, callback ) { + + // Show any hidden elements after setting opacity to 0 + return this.filter( isHiddenWithinTree ).css( "opacity", 0 ).show() + + // Animate to the value specified + .end().animate( { opacity: to }, speed, easing, callback ); + }, + animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) { + var empty = jQuery.isEmptyObject( prop ), + optall = jQuery.speed( speed, easing, callback ), + doAnimation = function() { + + // Operate on a copy of prop so per-property easing won't be lost + var anim = Animation( this, jQuery.extend( {}, prop ), optall ); + + // Empty animations, or finishing resolves immediately + if ( empty || dataPriv.get( this, "finish" ) ) { + anim.stop( true ); + } + }; + doAnimation.finish = doAnimation; + + return empty || optall.queue === false ? + this.each( doAnimation ) : + this.queue( optall.queue, doAnimation ); + }, + stop: function( type, clearQueue, gotoEnd ) { + var stopQueue = function( hooks ) { + var stop = hooks.stop; + delete hooks.stop; + stop( gotoEnd ); + }; + + if ( typeof type !== "string" ) { + gotoEnd = clearQueue; + clearQueue = type; + type = undefined; + } + if ( clearQueue ) { + this.queue( type || "fx", [] ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var dequeue = true, + index = type != null && type + "queueHooks", + timers = jQuery.timers, + data = dataPriv.get( this ); + + if ( index ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } else { + for ( index in data ) { + if ( data[ index ] && data[ index ].stop && rrun.test( index ) ) { + stopQueue( data[ index ] ); + } + } + } + + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && + ( type == null || timers[ index ].queue === type ) ) { + + timers[ index ].anim.stop( gotoEnd ); + dequeue = false; + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Start the next in the queue if the last step wasn't forced. + // Timers currently will call their complete callbacks, which + // will dequeue but only if they were gotoEnd. + if ( dequeue || !gotoEnd ) { + jQuery.dequeue( this, type ); + } + } ); + }, + finish: function( type ) { + if ( type !== false ) { + type = type || "fx"; + } + return this.each( function() { + var index, + data = dataPriv.get( this ), + queue = data[ type + "queue" ], + hooks = data[ type + "queueHooks" ], + timers = jQuery.timers, + length = queue ? queue.length : 0; + + // Enable finishing flag on private data + data.finish = true; + + // Empty the queue first + jQuery.queue( this, type, [] ); + + if ( hooks && hooks.stop ) { + hooks.stop.call( this, true ); + } + + // Look for any active animations, and finish them + for ( index = timers.length; index--; ) { + if ( timers[ index ].elem === this && timers[ index ].queue === type ) { + timers[ index ].anim.stop( true ); + timers.splice( index, 1 ); + } + } + + // Look for any animations in the old queue and finish them + for ( index = 0; index < length; index++ ) { + if ( queue[ index ] && queue[ index ].finish ) { + queue[ index ].finish.call( this ); + } + } + + // Turn off finishing flag + delete data.finish; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "toggle", "show", "hide" ], function( _i, name ) { + var cssFn = jQuery.fn[ name ]; + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return speed == null || typeof speed === "boolean" ? + cssFn.apply( this, arguments ) : + this.animate( genFx( name, true ), speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +// Generate shortcuts for custom animations +jQuery.each( { + slideDown: genFx( "show" ), + slideUp: genFx( "hide" ), + slideToggle: genFx( "toggle" ), + fadeIn: { opacity: "show" }, + fadeOut: { opacity: "hide" }, + fadeToggle: { opacity: "toggle" } +}, function( name, props ) { + jQuery.fn[ name ] = function( speed, easing, callback ) { + return this.animate( props, speed, easing, callback ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.timers = []; +jQuery.fx.tick = function() { + var timer, + i = 0, + timers = jQuery.timers; + + fxNow = Date.now(); + + for ( ; i < timers.length; i++ ) { + timer = timers[ i ]; + + // Run the timer and safely remove it when done (allowing for external removal) + if ( !timer() && timers[ i ] === timer ) { + timers.splice( i--, 1 ); + } + } + + if ( !timers.length ) { + jQuery.fx.stop(); + } + fxNow = undefined; +}; + +jQuery.fx.timer = function( timer ) { + jQuery.timers.push( timer ); + jQuery.fx.start(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.interval = 13; +jQuery.fx.start = function() { + if ( inProgress ) { + return; + } + + inProgress = true; + schedule(); +}; + +jQuery.fx.stop = function() { + inProgress = null; +}; + +jQuery.fx.speeds = { + slow: 600, + fast: 200, + + // Default speed + _default: 400 +}; + + +// Based off of the plugin by Clint Helfers, with permission. +// https://web.archive.org/web/20100324014747/http://blindsignals.com/index.php/2009/07/jquery-delay/ +jQuery.fn.delay = function( time, type ) { + time = jQuery.fx ? jQuery.fx.speeds[ time ] || time : time; + type = type || "fx"; + + return this.queue( type, function( next, hooks ) { + var timeout = window.setTimeout( next, time ); + hooks.stop = function() { + window.clearTimeout( timeout ); + }; + } ); +}; + + +( function() { + var input = document.createElement( "input" ), + select = document.createElement( "select" ), + opt = select.appendChild( document.createElement( "option" ) ); + + input.type = "checkbox"; + + // Support: Android <=4.3 only + // Default value for a checkbox should be "on" + support.checkOn = input.value !== ""; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // Must access selectedIndex to make default options select + support.optSelected = opt.selected; + + // Support: IE <=11 only + // An input loses its value after becoming a radio + input = document.createElement( "input" ); + input.value = "t"; + input.type = "radio"; + support.radioValue = input.value === "t"; +} )(); + + +var boolHook, + attrHandle = jQuery.expr.attrHandle; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + attr: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.attr, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeAttr: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.removeAttr( this, name ); + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + attr: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set attributes on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + // Fallback to prop when attributes are not supported + if ( typeof elem.getAttribute === "undefined" ) { + return jQuery.prop( elem, name, value ); + } + + // Attribute hooks are determined by the lowercase version + // Grab necessary hook if one is defined + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + hooks = jQuery.attrHooks[ name.toLowerCase() ] || + ( jQuery.expr.match.bool.test( name ) ? boolHook : undefined ); + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( value === null ) { + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + return; + } + + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + elem.setAttribute( name, value + "" ); + return value; + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = jQuery.find.attr( elem, name ); + + // Non-existent attributes return null, we normalize to undefined + return ret == null ? undefined : ret; + }, + + attrHooks: { + type: { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( !support.radioValue && value === "radio" && + nodeName( elem, "input" ) ) { + var val = elem.value; + elem.setAttribute( "type", value ); + if ( val ) { + elem.value = val; + } + return value; + } + } + } + }, + + removeAttr: function( elem, value ) { + var name, + i = 0, + + // Attribute names can contain non-HTML whitespace characters + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2 + attrNames = value && value.match( rnothtmlwhite ); + + if ( attrNames && elem.nodeType === 1 ) { + while ( ( name = attrNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + elem.removeAttribute( name ); + } + } + } +} ); + +// Hooks for boolean attributes +boolHook = { + set: function( elem, value, name ) { + if ( value === false ) { + + // Remove boolean attributes when set to false + jQuery.removeAttr( elem, name ); + } else { + elem.setAttribute( name, name ); + } + return name; + } +}; + +jQuery.each( jQuery.expr.match.bool.source.match( /\w+/g ), function( _i, name ) { + var getter = attrHandle[ name ] || jQuery.find.attr; + + attrHandle[ name ] = function( elem, name, isXML ) { + var ret, handle, + lowercaseName = name.toLowerCase(); + + if ( !isXML ) { + + // Avoid an infinite loop by temporarily removing this function from the getter + handle = attrHandle[ lowercaseName ]; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = ret; + ret = getter( elem, name, isXML ) != null ? + lowercaseName : + null; + attrHandle[ lowercaseName ] = handle; + } + return ret; + }; +} ); + + + + +var rfocusable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i, + rclickable = /^(?:a|area)$/i; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + prop: function( name, value ) { + return access( this, jQuery.prop, name, value, arguments.length > 1 ); + }, + + removeProp: function( name ) { + return this.each( function() { + delete this[ jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name ]; + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + prop: function( elem, name, value ) { + var ret, hooks, + nType = elem.nodeType; + + // Don't get/set properties on text, comment and attribute nodes + if ( nType === 3 || nType === 8 || nType === 2 ) { + return; + } + + if ( nType !== 1 || !jQuery.isXMLDoc( elem ) ) { + + // Fix name and attach hooks + name = jQuery.propFix[ name ] || name; + hooks = jQuery.propHooks[ name ]; + } + + if ( value !== undefined ) { + if ( hooks && "set" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.set( elem, value, name ) ) !== undefined ) { + return ret; + } + + return ( elem[ name ] = value ); + } + + if ( hooks && "get" in hooks && ( ret = hooks.get( elem, name ) ) !== null ) { + return ret; + } + + return elem[ name ]; + }, + + propHooks: { + tabIndex: { + get: function( elem ) { + + // Support: IE <=9 - 11 only + // elem.tabIndex doesn't always return the + // correct value when it hasn't been explicitly set + // https://web.archive.org/web/20141116233347/http://fluidproject.org/blog/2008/01/09/getting-setting-and-removing-tabindex-values-with-javascript/ + // Use proper attribute retrieval(#12072) + var tabindex = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "tabindex" ); + + if ( tabindex ) { + return parseInt( tabindex, 10 ); + } + + if ( + rfocusable.test( elem.nodeName ) || + rclickable.test( elem.nodeName ) && + elem.href + ) { + return 0; + } + + return -1; + } + } + }, + + propFix: { + "for": "htmlFor", + "class": "className" + } +} ); + +// Support: IE <=11 only +// Accessing the selectedIndex property +// forces the browser to respect setting selected +// on the option +// The getter ensures a default option is selected +// when in an optgroup +// eslint rule "no-unused-expressions" is disabled for this code +// since it considers such accessions noop +if ( !support.optSelected ) { + jQuery.propHooks.selected = { + get: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent && parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + return null; + }, + set: function( elem ) { + + /* eslint no-unused-expressions: "off" */ + + var parent = elem.parentNode; + if ( parent ) { + parent.selectedIndex; + + if ( parent.parentNode ) { + parent.parentNode.selectedIndex; + } + } + } + }; +} + +jQuery.each( [ + "tabIndex", + "readOnly", + "maxLength", + "cellSpacing", + "cellPadding", + "rowSpan", + "colSpan", + "useMap", + "frameBorder", + "contentEditable" +], function() { + jQuery.propFix[ this.toLowerCase() ] = this; +} ); + + + + + // Strip and collapse whitespace according to HTML spec + // https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-ascii-whitespace + function stripAndCollapse( value ) { + var tokens = value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + return tokens.join( " " ); + } + + +function getClass( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute && elem.getAttribute( "class" ) || ""; +} + +function classesToArray( value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return value; + } + if ( typeof value === "string" ) { + return value.match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + } + return []; +} + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + addClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).addClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + if ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) < 0 ) { + cur += clazz + " "; + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + removeClass: function( value ) { + var classes, elem, cur, curValue, clazz, j, finalValue, + i = 0; + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( j ) { + jQuery( this ).removeClass( value.call( this, j, getClass( this ) ) ); + } ); + } + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + return this.attr( "class", "" ); + } + + classes = classesToArray( value ); + + if ( classes.length ) { + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + curValue = getClass( elem ); + + // This expression is here for better compressibility (see addClass) + cur = elem.nodeType === 1 && ( " " + stripAndCollapse( curValue ) + " " ); + + if ( cur ) { + j = 0; + while ( ( clazz = classes[ j++ ] ) ) { + + // Remove *all* instances + while ( cur.indexOf( " " + clazz + " " ) > -1 ) { + cur = cur.replace( " " + clazz + " ", " " ); + } + } + + // Only assign if different to avoid unneeded rendering. + finalValue = stripAndCollapse( cur ); + if ( curValue !== finalValue ) { + elem.setAttribute( "class", finalValue ); + } + } + } + } + + return this; + }, + + toggleClass: function( value, stateVal ) { + var type = typeof value, + isValidValue = type === "string" || Array.isArray( value ); + + if ( typeof stateVal === "boolean" && isValidValue ) { + return stateVal ? this.addClass( value ) : this.removeClass( value ); + } + + if ( isFunction( value ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).toggleClass( + value.call( this, i, getClass( this ), stateVal ), + stateVal + ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var className, i, self, classNames; + + if ( isValidValue ) { + + // Toggle individual class names + i = 0; + self = jQuery( this ); + classNames = classesToArray( value ); + + while ( ( className = classNames[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Check each className given, space separated list + if ( self.hasClass( className ) ) { + self.removeClass( className ); + } else { + self.addClass( className ); + } + } + + // Toggle whole class name + } else if ( value === undefined || type === "boolean" ) { + className = getClass( this ); + if ( className ) { + + // Store className if set + dataPriv.set( this, "__className__", className ); + } + + // If the element has a class name or if we're passed `false`, + // then remove the whole classname (if there was one, the above saved it). + // Otherwise bring back whatever was previously saved (if anything), + // falling back to the empty string if nothing was stored. + if ( this.setAttribute ) { + this.setAttribute( "class", + className || value === false ? + "" : + dataPriv.get( this, "__className__" ) || "" + ); + } + } + } ); + }, + + hasClass: function( selector ) { + var className, elem, + i = 0; + + className = " " + selector + " "; + while ( ( elem = this[ i++ ] ) ) { + if ( elem.nodeType === 1 && + ( " " + stripAndCollapse( getClass( elem ) ) + " " ).indexOf( className ) > -1 ) { + return true; + } + } + + return false; + } +} ); + + + + +var rreturn = /\r/g; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + val: function( value ) { + var hooks, ret, valueIsFunction, + elem = this[ 0 ]; + + if ( !arguments.length ) { + if ( elem ) { + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ elem.type ] || + jQuery.valHooks[ elem.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + if ( hooks && + "get" in hooks && + ( ret = hooks.get( elem, "value" ) ) !== undefined + ) { + return ret; + } + + ret = elem.value; + + // Handle most common string cases + if ( typeof ret === "string" ) { + return ret.replace( rreturn, "" ); + } + + // Handle cases where value is null/undef or number + return ret == null ? "" : ret; + } + + return; + } + + valueIsFunction = isFunction( value ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + var val; + + if ( this.nodeType !== 1 ) { + return; + } + + if ( valueIsFunction ) { + val = value.call( this, i, jQuery( this ).val() ); + } else { + val = value; + } + + // Treat null/undefined as ""; convert numbers to string + if ( val == null ) { + val = ""; + + } else if ( typeof val === "number" ) { + val += ""; + + } else if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + val = jQuery.map( val, function( value ) { + return value == null ? "" : value + ""; + } ); + } + + hooks = jQuery.valHooks[ this.type ] || jQuery.valHooks[ this.nodeName.toLowerCase() ]; + + // If set returns undefined, fall back to normal setting + if ( !hooks || !( "set" in hooks ) || hooks.set( this, val, "value" ) === undefined ) { + this.value = val; + } + } ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.extend( { + valHooks: { + option: { + get: function( elem ) { + + var val = jQuery.find.attr( elem, "value" ); + return val != null ? + val : + + // Support: IE <=10 - 11 only + // option.text throws exceptions (#14686, #14858) + // Strip and collapse whitespace + // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-and-collapse-whitespace + stripAndCollapse( jQuery.text( elem ) ); + } + }, + select: { + get: function( elem ) { + var value, option, i, + options = elem.options, + index = elem.selectedIndex, + one = elem.type === "select-one", + values = one ? null : [], + max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; + + if ( index < 0 ) { + i = max; + + } else { + i = one ? index : 0; + } + + // Loop through all the selected options + for ( ; i < max; i++ ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + // Support: IE <=9 only + // IE8-9 doesn't update selected after form reset (#2551) + if ( ( option.selected || i === index ) && + + // Don't return options that are disabled or in a disabled optgroup + !option.disabled && + ( !option.parentNode.disabled || + !nodeName( option.parentNode, "optgroup" ) ) ) { + + // Get the specific value for the option + value = jQuery( option ).val(); + + // We don't need an array for one selects + if ( one ) { + return value; + } + + // Multi-Selects return an array + values.push( value ); + } + } + + return values; + }, + + set: function( elem, value ) { + var optionSet, option, + options = elem.options, + values = jQuery.makeArray( value ), + i = options.length; + + while ( i-- ) { + option = options[ i ]; + + /* eslint-disable no-cond-assign */ + + if ( option.selected = + jQuery.inArray( jQuery.valHooks.option.get( option ), values ) > -1 + ) { + optionSet = true; + } + + /* eslint-enable no-cond-assign */ + } + + // Force browsers to behave consistently when non-matching value is set + if ( !optionSet ) { + elem.selectedIndex = -1; + } + return values; + } + } + } +} ); + +// Radios and checkboxes getter/setter +jQuery.each( [ "radio", "checkbox" ], function() { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ] = { + set: function( elem, value ) { + if ( Array.isArray( value ) ) { + return ( elem.checked = jQuery.inArray( jQuery( elem ).val(), value ) > -1 ); + } + } + }; + if ( !support.checkOn ) { + jQuery.valHooks[ this ].get = function( elem ) { + return elem.getAttribute( "value" ) === null ? "on" : elem.value; + }; + } +} ); + + + + +// Return jQuery for attributes-only inclusion + + +support.focusin = "onfocusin" in window; + + +var rfocusMorph = /^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/, + stopPropagationCallback = function( e ) { + e.stopPropagation(); + }; + +jQuery.extend( jQuery.event, { + + trigger: function( event, data, elem, onlyHandlers ) { + + var i, cur, tmp, bubbleType, ontype, handle, special, lastElement, + eventPath = [ elem || document ], + type = hasOwn.call( event, "type" ) ? event.type : event, + namespaces = hasOwn.call( event, "namespace" ) ? event.namespace.split( "." ) : []; + + cur = lastElement = tmp = elem = elem || document; + + // Don't do events on text and comment nodes + if ( elem.nodeType === 3 || elem.nodeType === 8 ) { + return; + } + + // focus/blur morphs to focusin/out; ensure we're not firing them right now + if ( rfocusMorph.test( type + jQuery.event.triggered ) ) { + return; + } + + if ( type.indexOf( "." ) > -1 ) { + + // Namespaced trigger; create a regexp to match event type in handle() + namespaces = type.split( "." ); + type = namespaces.shift(); + namespaces.sort(); + } + ontype = type.indexOf( ":" ) < 0 && "on" + type; + + // Caller can pass in a jQuery.Event object, Object, or just an event type string + event = event[ jQuery.expando ] ? + event : + new jQuery.Event( type, typeof event === "object" && event ); + + // Trigger bitmask: & 1 for native handlers; & 2 for jQuery (always true) + event.isTrigger = onlyHandlers ? 2 : 3; + event.namespace = namespaces.join( "." ); + event.rnamespace = event.namespace ? + new RegExp( "(^|\\.)" + namespaces.join( "\\.(?:.*\\.|)" ) + "(\\.|$)" ) : + null; + + // Clean up the event in case it is being reused + event.result = undefined; + if ( !event.target ) { + event.target = elem; + } + + // Clone any incoming data and prepend the event, creating the handler arg list + data = data == null ? + [ event ] : + jQuery.makeArray( data, [ event ] ); + + // Allow special events to draw outside the lines + special = jQuery.event.special[ type ] || {}; + if ( !onlyHandlers && special.trigger && special.trigger.apply( elem, data ) === false ) { + return; + } + + // Determine event propagation path in advance, per W3C events spec (#9951) + // Bubble up to document, then to window; watch for a global ownerDocument var (#9724) + if ( !onlyHandlers && !special.noBubble && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + bubbleType = special.delegateType || type; + if ( !rfocusMorph.test( bubbleType + type ) ) { + cur = cur.parentNode; + } + for ( ; cur; cur = cur.parentNode ) { + eventPath.push( cur ); + tmp = cur; + } + + // Only add window if we got to document (e.g., not plain obj or detached DOM) + if ( tmp === ( elem.ownerDocument || document ) ) { + eventPath.push( tmp.defaultView || tmp.parentWindow || window ); + } + } + + // Fire handlers on the event path + i = 0; + while ( ( cur = eventPath[ i++ ] ) && !event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement = cur; + event.type = i > 1 ? + bubbleType : + special.bindType || type; + + // jQuery handler + handle = ( + dataPriv.get( cur, "events" ) || Object.create( null ) + )[ event.type ] && + dataPriv.get( cur, "handle" ); + if ( handle ) { + handle.apply( cur, data ); + } + + // Native handler + handle = ontype && cur[ ontype ]; + if ( handle && handle.apply && acceptData( cur ) ) { + event.result = handle.apply( cur, data ); + if ( event.result === false ) { + event.preventDefault(); + } + } + } + event.type = type; + + // If nobody prevented the default action, do it now + if ( !onlyHandlers && !event.isDefaultPrevented() ) { + + if ( ( !special._default || + special._default.apply( eventPath.pop(), data ) === false ) && + acceptData( elem ) ) { + + // Call a native DOM method on the target with the same name as the event. + // Don't do default actions on window, that's where global variables be (#6170) + if ( ontype && isFunction( elem[ type ] ) && !isWindow( elem ) ) { + + // Don't re-trigger an onFOO event when we call its FOO() method + tmp = elem[ ontype ]; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = null; + } + + // Prevent re-triggering of the same event, since we already bubbled it above + jQuery.event.triggered = type; + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.addEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + elem[ type ](); + + if ( event.isPropagationStopped() ) { + lastElement.removeEventListener( type, stopPropagationCallback ); + } + + jQuery.event.triggered = undefined; + + if ( tmp ) { + elem[ ontype ] = tmp; + } + } + } + } + + return event.result; + }, + + // Piggyback on a donor event to simulate a different one + // Used only for `focus(in | out)` events + simulate: function( type, elem, event ) { + var e = jQuery.extend( + new jQuery.Event(), + event, + { + type: type, + isSimulated: true + } + ); + + jQuery.event.trigger( e, null, elem ); + } + +} ); + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + + trigger: function( type, data ) { + return this.each( function() { + jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this ); + } ); + }, + triggerHandler: function( type, data ) { + var elem = this[ 0 ]; + if ( elem ) { + return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, elem, true ); + } + } +} ); + + +// Support: Firefox <=44 +// Firefox doesn't have focus(in | out) events +// Related ticket - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=687787 +// +// Support: Chrome <=48 - 49, Safari <=9.0 - 9.1 +// focus(in | out) events fire after focus & blur events, +// which is spec violation - http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Events/#events-focusevent-event-order +// Related ticket - https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=449857 +if ( !support.focusin ) { + jQuery.each( { focus: "focusin", blur: "focusout" }, function( orig, fix ) { + + // Attach a single capturing handler on the document while someone wants focusin/focusout + var handler = function( event ) { + jQuery.event.simulate( fix, event.target, jQuery.event.fix( event ) ); + }; + + jQuery.event.special[ fix ] = { + setup: function() { + + // Handle: regular nodes (via `this.ownerDocument`), window + // (via `this.document`) & document (via `this`). + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ); + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.addEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + } + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, ( attaches || 0 ) + 1 ); + }, + teardown: function() { + var doc = this.ownerDocument || this.document || this, + attaches = dataPriv.access( doc, fix ) - 1; + + if ( !attaches ) { + doc.removeEventListener( orig, handler, true ); + dataPriv.remove( doc, fix ); + + } else { + dataPriv.access( doc, fix, attaches ); + } + } + }; + } ); +} +var location = window.location; + +var nonce = { guid: Date.now() }; + +var rquery = ( /\?/ ); + + + +// Cross-browser xml parsing +jQuery.parseXML = function( data ) { + var xml; + if ( !data || typeof data !== "string" ) { + return null; + } + + // Support: IE 9 - 11 only + // IE throws on parseFromString with invalid input. + try { + xml = ( new window.DOMParser() ).parseFromString( data, "text/xml" ); + } catch ( e ) { + xml = undefined; + } + + if ( !xml || xml.getElementsByTagName( "parsererror" ).length ) { + jQuery.error( "Invalid XML: " + data ); + } + return xml; +}; + + +var + rbracket = /\[\]$/, + rCRLF = /\r?\n/g, + rsubmitterTypes = /^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i, + rsubmittable = /^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i; + +function buildParams( prefix, obj, traditional, add ) { + var name; + + if ( Array.isArray( obj ) ) { + + // Serialize array item. + jQuery.each( obj, function( i, v ) { + if ( traditional || rbracket.test( prefix ) ) { + + // Treat each array item as a scalar. + add( prefix, v ); + + } else { + + // Item is non-scalar (array or object), encode its numeric index. + buildParams( + prefix + "[" + ( typeof v === "object" && v != null ? i : "" ) + "]", + v, + traditional, + add + ); + } + } ); + + } else if ( !traditional && toType( obj ) === "object" ) { + + // Serialize object item. + for ( name in obj ) { + buildParams( prefix + "[" + name + "]", obj[ name ], traditional, add ); + } + + } else { + + // Serialize scalar item. + add( prefix, obj ); + } +} + +// Serialize an array of form elements or a set of +// key/values into a query string +jQuery.param = function( a, traditional ) { + var prefix, + s = [], + add = function( key, valueOrFunction ) { + + // If value is a function, invoke it and use its return value + var value = isFunction( valueOrFunction ) ? + valueOrFunction() : + valueOrFunction; + + s[ s.length ] = encodeURIComponent( key ) + "=" + + encodeURIComponent( value == null ? "" : value ); + }; + + if ( a == null ) { + return ""; + } + + // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array of form elements. + if ( Array.isArray( a ) || ( a.jquery && !jQuery.isPlainObject( a ) ) ) { + + // Serialize the form elements + jQuery.each( a, function() { + add( this.name, this.value ); + } ); + + } else { + + // If traditional, encode the "old" way (the way 1.3.2 or older + // did it), otherwise encode params recursively. + for ( prefix in a ) { + buildParams( prefix, a[ prefix ], traditional, add ); + } + } + + // Return the resulting serialization + return s.join( "&" ); +}; + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + serialize: function() { + return jQuery.param( this.serializeArray() ); + }, + serializeArray: function() { + return this.map( function() { + + // Can add propHook for "elements" to filter or add form elements + var elements = jQuery.prop( this, "elements" ); + return elements ? jQuery.makeArray( elements ) : this; + } ) + .filter( function() { + var type = this.type; + + // Use .is( ":disabled" ) so that fieldset[disabled] works + return this.name && !jQuery( this ).is( ":disabled" ) && + rsubmittable.test( this.nodeName ) && !rsubmitterTypes.test( type ) && + ( this.checked || !rcheckableType.test( type ) ); + } ) + .map( function( _i, elem ) { + var val = jQuery( this ).val(); + + if ( val == null ) { + return null; + } + + if ( Array.isArray( val ) ) { + return jQuery.map( val, function( val ) { + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ); + } + + return { name: elem.name, value: val.replace( rCRLF, "\r\n" ) }; + } ).get(); + } +} ); + + +var + r20 = /%20/g, + rhash = /#.*$/, + rantiCache = /([?&])_=[^&]*/, + rheaders = /^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/mg, + + // #7653, #8125, #8152: local protocol detection + rlocalProtocol = /^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/, + rnoContent = /^(?:GET|HEAD)$/, + rprotocol = /^\/\//, + + /* Prefilters + * 1) They are useful to introduce custom dataTypes (see ajax/jsonp.js for an example) + * 2) These are called: + * - BEFORE asking for a transport + * - AFTER param serialization (s.data is a string if s.processData is true) + * 3) key is the dataType + * 4) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 5) execution will start with transport dataType and THEN continue down to "*" if needed + */ + prefilters = {}, + + /* Transports bindings + * 1) key is the dataType + * 2) the catchall symbol "*" can be used + * 3) selection will start with transport dataType and THEN go to "*" if needed + */ + transports = {}, + + // Avoid comment-prolog char sequence (#10098); must appease lint and evade compression + allTypes = "*/".concat( "*" ), + + // Anchor tag for parsing the document origin + originAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + originAnchor.href = location.href; + +// Base "constructor" for jQuery.ajaxPrefilter and jQuery.ajaxTransport +function addToPrefiltersOrTransports( structure ) { + + // dataTypeExpression is optional and defaults to "*" + return function( dataTypeExpression, func ) { + + if ( typeof dataTypeExpression !== "string" ) { + func = dataTypeExpression; + dataTypeExpression = "*"; + } + + var dataType, + i = 0, + dataTypes = dataTypeExpression.toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || []; + + if ( isFunction( func ) ) { + + // For each dataType in the dataTypeExpression + while ( ( dataType = dataTypes[ i++ ] ) ) { + + // Prepend if requested + if ( dataType[ 0 ] === "+" ) { + dataType = dataType.slice( 1 ) || "*"; + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).unshift( func ); + + // Otherwise append + } else { + ( structure[ dataType ] = structure[ dataType ] || [] ).push( func ); + } + } + } + }; +} + +// Base inspection function for prefilters and transports +function inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( structure, options, originalOptions, jqXHR ) { + + var inspected = {}, + seekingTransport = ( structure === transports ); + + function inspect( dataType ) { + var selected; + inspected[ dataType ] = true; + jQuery.each( structure[ dataType ] || [], function( _, prefilterOrFactory ) { + var dataTypeOrTransport = prefilterOrFactory( options, originalOptions, jqXHR ); + if ( typeof dataTypeOrTransport === "string" && + !seekingTransport && !inspected[ dataTypeOrTransport ] ) { + + options.dataTypes.unshift( dataTypeOrTransport ); + inspect( dataTypeOrTransport ); + return false; + } else if ( seekingTransport ) { + return !( selected = dataTypeOrTransport ); + } + } ); + return selected; + } + + return inspect( options.dataTypes[ 0 ] ) || !inspected[ "*" ] && inspect( "*" ); +} + +// A special extend for ajax options +// that takes "flat" options (not to be deep extended) +// Fixes #9887 +function ajaxExtend( target, src ) { + var key, deep, + flatOptions = jQuery.ajaxSettings.flatOptions || {}; + + for ( key in src ) { + if ( src[ key ] !== undefined ) { + ( flatOptions[ key ] ? target : ( deep || ( deep = {} ) ) )[ key ] = src[ key ]; + } + } + if ( deep ) { + jQuery.extend( true, target, deep ); + } + + return target; +} + +/* Handles responses to an ajax request: + * - finds the right dataType (mediates between content-type and expected dataType) + * - returns the corresponding response + */ +function ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ) { + + var ct, type, finalDataType, firstDataType, + contents = s.contents, + dataTypes = s.dataTypes; + + // Remove auto dataType and get content-type in the process + while ( dataTypes[ 0 ] === "*" ) { + dataTypes.shift(); + if ( ct === undefined ) { + ct = s.mimeType || jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" ); + } + } + + // Check if we're dealing with a known content-type + if ( ct ) { + for ( type in contents ) { + if ( contents[ type ] && contents[ type ].test( ct ) ) { + dataTypes.unshift( type ); + break; + } + } + } + + // Check to see if we have a response for the expected dataType + if ( dataTypes[ 0 ] in responses ) { + finalDataType = dataTypes[ 0 ]; + } else { + + // Try convertible dataTypes + for ( type in responses ) { + if ( !dataTypes[ 0 ] || s.converters[ type + " " + dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ) { + finalDataType = type; + break; + } + if ( !firstDataType ) { + firstDataType = type; + } + } + + // Or just use first one + finalDataType = finalDataType || firstDataType; + } + + // If we found a dataType + // We add the dataType to the list if needed + // and return the corresponding response + if ( finalDataType ) { + if ( finalDataType !== dataTypes[ 0 ] ) { + dataTypes.unshift( finalDataType ); + } + return responses[ finalDataType ]; + } +} + +/* Chain conversions given the request and the original response + * Also sets the responseXXX fields on the jqXHR instance + */ +function ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ) { + var conv2, current, conv, tmp, prev, + converters = {}, + + // Work with a copy of dataTypes in case we need to modify it for conversion + dataTypes = s.dataTypes.slice(); + + // Create converters map with lowercased keys + if ( dataTypes[ 1 ] ) { + for ( conv in s.converters ) { + converters[ conv.toLowerCase() ] = s.converters[ conv ]; + } + } + + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + // Convert to each sequential dataType + while ( current ) { + + if ( s.responseFields[ current ] ) { + jqXHR[ s.responseFields[ current ] ] = response; + } + + // Apply the dataFilter if provided + if ( !prev && isSuccess && s.dataFilter ) { + response = s.dataFilter( response, s.dataType ); + } + + prev = current; + current = dataTypes.shift(); + + if ( current ) { + + // There's only work to do if current dataType is non-auto + if ( current === "*" ) { + + current = prev; + + // Convert response if prev dataType is non-auto and differs from current + } else if ( prev !== "*" && prev !== current ) { + + // Seek a direct converter + conv = converters[ prev + " " + current ] || converters[ "* " + current ]; + + // If none found, seek a pair + if ( !conv ) { + for ( conv2 in converters ) { + + // If conv2 outputs current + tmp = conv2.split( " " ); + if ( tmp[ 1 ] === current ) { + + // If prev can be converted to accepted input + conv = converters[ prev + " " + tmp[ 0 ] ] || + converters[ "* " + tmp[ 0 ] ]; + if ( conv ) { + + // Condense equivalence converters + if ( conv === true ) { + conv = converters[ conv2 ]; + + // Otherwise, insert the intermediate dataType + } else if ( converters[ conv2 ] !== true ) { + current = tmp[ 0 ]; + dataTypes.unshift( tmp[ 1 ] ); + } + break; + } + } + } + } + + // Apply converter (if not an equivalence) + if ( conv !== true ) { + + // Unless errors are allowed to bubble, catch and return them + if ( conv && s.throws ) { + response = conv( response ); + } else { + try { + response = conv( response ); + } catch ( e ) { + return { + state: "parsererror", + error: conv ? e : "No conversion from " + prev + " to " + current + }; + } + } + } + } + } + } + + return { state: "success", data: response }; +} + +jQuery.extend( { + + // Counter for holding the number of active queries + active: 0, + + // Last-Modified header cache for next request + lastModified: {}, + etag: {}, + + ajaxSettings: { + url: location.href, + type: "GET", + isLocal: rlocalProtocol.test( location.protocol ), + global: true, + processData: true, + async: true, + contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8", + + /* + timeout: 0, + data: null, + dataType: null, + username: null, + password: null, + cache: null, + throws: false, + traditional: false, + headers: {}, + */ + + accepts: { + "*": allTypes, + text: "text/plain", + html: "text/html", + xml: "application/xml, text/xml", + json: "application/json, text/javascript" + }, + + contents: { + xml: /\bxml\b/, + html: /\bhtml/, + json: /\bjson\b/ + }, + + responseFields: { + xml: "responseXML", + text: "responseText", + json: "responseJSON" + }, + + // Data converters + // Keys separate source (or catchall "*") and destination types with a single space + converters: { + + // Convert anything to text + "* text": String, + + // Text to html (true = no transformation) + "text html": true, + + // Evaluate text as a json expression + "text json": JSON.parse, + + // Parse text as xml + "text xml": jQuery.parseXML + }, + + // For options that shouldn't be deep extended: + // you can add your own custom options here if + // and when you create one that shouldn't be + // deep extended (see ajaxExtend) + flatOptions: { + url: true, + context: true + } + }, + + // Creates a full fledged settings object into target + // with both ajaxSettings and settings fields. + // If target is omitted, writes into ajaxSettings. + ajaxSetup: function( target, settings ) { + return settings ? + + // Building a settings object + ajaxExtend( ajaxExtend( target, jQuery.ajaxSettings ), settings ) : + + // Extending ajaxSettings + ajaxExtend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, target ); + }, + + ajaxPrefilter: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters ), + ajaxTransport: addToPrefiltersOrTransports( transports ), + + // Main method + ajax: function( url, options ) { + + // If url is an object, simulate pre-1.5 signature + if ( typeof url === "object" ) { + options = url; + url = undefined; + } + + // Force options to be an object + options = options || {}; + + var transport, + + // URL without anti-cache param + cacheURL, + + // Response headers + responseHeadersString, + responseHeaders, + + // timeout handle + timeoutTimer, + + // Url cleanup var + urlAnchor, + + // Request state (becomes false upon send and true upon completion) + completed, + + // To know if global events are to be dispatched + fireGlobals, + + // Loop variable + i, + + // uncached part of the url + uncached, + + // Create the final options object + s = jQuery.ajaxSetup( {}, options ), + + // Callbacks context + callbackContext = s.context || s, + + // Context for global events is callbackContext if it is a DOM node or jQuery collection + globalEventContext = s.context && + ( callbackContext.nodeType || callbackContext.jquery ) ? + jQuery( callbackContext ) : + jQuery.event, + + // Deferreds + deferred = jQuery.Deferred(), + completeDeferred = jQuery.Callbacks( "once memory" ), + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode = s.statusCode || {}, + + // Headers (they are sent all at once) + requestHeaders = {}, + requestHeadersNames = {}, + + // Default abort message + strAbort = "canceled", + + // Fake xhr + jqXHR = { + readyState: 0, + + // Builds headers hashtable if needed + getResponseHeader: function( key ) { + var match; + if ( completed ) { + if ( !responseHeaders ) { + responseHeaders = {}; + while ( ( match = rheaders.exec( responseHeadersString ) ) ) { + responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] = + ( responseHeaders[ match[ 1 ].toLowerCase() + " " ] || [] ) + .concat( match[ 2 ] ); + } + } + match = responseHeaders[ key.toLowerCase() + " " ]; + } + return match == null ? null : match.join( ", " ); + }, + + // Raw string + getAllResponseHeaders: function() { + return completed ? responseHeadersString : null; + }, + + // Caches the header + setRequestHeader: function( name, value ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + name = requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] = + requestHeadersNames[ name.toLowerCase() ] || name; + requestHeaders[ name ] = value; + } + return this; + }, + + // Overrides response content-type header + overrideMimeType: function( type ) { + if ( completed == null ) { + s.mimeType = type; + } + return this; + }, + + // Status-dependent callbacks + statusCode: function( map ) { + var code; + if ( map ) { + if ( completed ) { + + // Execute the appropriate callbacks + jqXHR.always( map[ jqXHR.status ] ); + } else { + + // Lazy-add the new callbacks in a way that preserves old ones + for ( code in map ) { + statusCode[ code ] = [ statusCode[ code ], map[ code ] ]; + } + } + } + return this; + }, + + // Cancel the request + abort: function( statusText ) { + var finalText = statusText || strAbort; + if ( transport ) { + transport.abort( finalText ); + } + done( 0, finalText ); + return this; + } + }; + + // Attach deferreds + deferred.promise( jqXHR ); + + // Add protocol if not provided (prefilters might expect it) + // Handle falsy url in the settings object (#10093: consistency with old signature) + // We also use the url parameter if available + s.url = ( ( url || s.url || location.href ) + "" ) + .replace( rprotocol, location.protocol + "//" ); + + // Alias method option to type as per ticket #12004 + s.type = options.method || options.type || s.method || s.type; + + // Extract dataTypes list + s.dataTypes = ( s.dataType || "*" ).toLowerCase().match( rnothtmlwhite ) || [ "" ]; + + // A cross-domain request is in order when the origin doesn't match the current origin. + if ( s.crossDomain == null ) { + urlAnchor = document.createElement( "a" ); + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11, Edge 12 - 15 + // IE throws exception on accessing the href property if url is malformed, + // e.g. http://example.com:80x/ + try { + urlAnchor.href = s.url; + + // Support: IE <=8 - 11 only + // Anchor's host property isn't correctly set when s.url is relative + urlAnchor.href = urlAnchor.href; + s.crossDomain = originAnchor.protocol + "//" + originAnchor.host !== + urlAnchor.protocol + "//" + urlAnchor.host; + } catch ( e ) { + + // If there is an error parsing the URL, assume it is crossDomain, + // it can be rejected by the transport if it is invalid + s.crossDomain = true; + } + } + + // Convert data if not already a string + if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data !== "string" ) { + s.data = jQuery.param( s.data, s.traditional ); + } + + // Apply prefilters + inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( prefilters, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If request was aborted inside a prefilter, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // We can fire global events as of now if asked to + // Don't fire events if jQuery.event is undefined in an AMD-usage scenario (#15118) + fireGlobals = jQuery.event && s.global; + + // Watch for a new set of requests + if ( fireGlobals && jQuery.active++ === 0 ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" ); + } + + // Uppercase the type + s.type = s.type.toUpperCase(); + + // Determine if request has content + s.hasContent = !rnoContent.test( s.type ); + + // Save the URL in case we're toying with the If-Modified-Since + // and/or If-None-Match header later on + // Remove hash to simplify url manipulation + cacheURL = s.url.replace( rhash, "" ); + + // More options handling for requests with no content + if ( !s.hasContent ) { + + // Remember the hash so we can put it back + uncached = s.url.slice( cacheURL.length ); + + // If data is available and should be processed, append data to url + if ( s.data && ( s.processData || typeof s.data === "string" ) ) { + cacheURL += ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + s.data; + + // #9682: remove data so that it's not used in an eventual retry + delete s.data; + } + + // Add or update anti-cache param if needed + if ( s.cache === false ) { + cacheURL = cacheURL.replace( rantiCache, "$1" ); + uncached = ( rquery.test( cacheURL ) ? "&" : "?" ) + "_=" + ( nonce.guid++ ) + + uncached; + } + + // Put hash and anti-cache on the URL that will be requested (gh-1732) + s.url = cacheURL + uncached; + + // Change '%20' to '+' if this is encoded form body content (gh-2658) + } else if ( s.data && s.processData && + ( s.contentType || "" ).indexOf( "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ) === 0 ) { + s.data = s.data.replace( r20, "+" ); + } + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + if ( jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-Modified-Since", jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] ); + } + if ( jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "If-None-Match", jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] ); + } + } + + // Set the correct header, if data is being sent + if ( s.data && s.hasContent && s.contentType !== false || options.contentType ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( "Content-Type", s.contentType ); + } + + // Set the Accepts header for the server, depending on the dataType + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( + "Accept", + s.dataTypes[ 0 ] && s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] ? + s.accepts[ s.dataTypes[ 0 ] ] + + ( s.dataTypes[ 0 ] !== "*" ? ", " + allTypes + "; q=0.01" : "" ) : + s.accepts[ "*" ] + ); + + // Check for headers option + for ( i in s.headers ) { + jqXHR.setRequestHeader( i, s.headers[ i ] ); + } + + // Allow custom headers/mimetypes and early abort + if ( s.beforeSend && + ( s.beforeSend.call( callbackContext, jqXHR, s ) === false || completed ) ) { + + // Abort if not done already and return + return jqXHR.abort(); + } + + // Aborting is no longer a cancellation + strAbort = "abort"; + + // Install callbacks on deferreds + completeDeferred.add( s.complete ); + jqXHR.done( s.success ); + jqXHR.fail( s.error ); + + // Get transport + transport = inspectPrefiltersOrTransports( transports, s, options, jqXHR ); + + // If no transport, we auto-abort + if ( !transport ) { + done( -1, "No Transport" ); + } else { + jqXHR.readyState = 1; + + // Send global event + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxSend", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + } + + // If request was aborted inside ajaxSend, stop there + if ( completed ) { + return jqXHR; + } + + // Timeout + if ( s.async && s.timeout > 0 ) { + timeoutTimer = window.setTimeout( function() { + jqXHR.abort( "timeout" ); + }, s.timeout ); + } + + try { + completed = false; + transport.send( requestHeaders, done ); + } catch ( e ) { + + // Rethrow post-completion exceptions + if ( completed ) { + throw e; + } + + // Propagate others as results + done( -1, e ); + } + } + + // Callback for when everything is done + function done( status, nativeStatusText, responses, headers ) { + var isSuccess, success, error, response, modified, + statusText = nativeStatusText; + + // Ignore repeat invocations + if ( completed ) { + return; + } + + completed = true; + + // Clear timeout if it exists + if ( timeoutTimer ) { + window.clearTimeout( timeoutTimer ); + } + + // Dereference transport for early garbage collection + // (no matter how long the jqXHR object will be used) + transport = undefined; + + // Cache response headers + responseHeadersString = headers || ""; + + // Set readyState + jqXHR.readyState = status > 0 ? 4 : 0; + + // Determine if successful + isSuccess = status >= 200 && status < 300 || status === 304; + + // Get response data + if ( responses ) { + response = ajaxHandleResponses( s, jqXHR, responses ); + } + + // Use a noop converter for missing script + if ( !isSuccess && jQuery.inArray( "script", s.dataTypes ) > -1 ) { + s.converters[ "text script" ] = function() {}; + } + + // Convert no matter what (that way responseXXX fields are always set) + response = ajaxConvert( s, response, jqXHR, isSuccess ); + + // If successful, handle type chaining + if ( isSuccess ) { + + // Set the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match header, if in ifModified mode. + if ( s.ifModified ) { + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "Last-Modified" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.lastModified[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + modified = jqXHR.getResponseHeader( "etag" ); + if ( modified ) { + jQuery.etag[ cacheURL ] = modified; + } + } + + // if no content + if ( status === 204 || s.type === "HEAD" ) { + statusText = "nocontent"; + + // if not modified + } else if ( status === 304 ) { + statusText = "notmodified"; + + // If we have data, let's convert it + } else { + statusText = response.state; + success = response.data; + error = response.error; + isSuccess = !error; + } + } else { + + // Extract error from statusText and normalize for non-aborts + error = statusText; + if ( status || !statusText ) { + statusText = "error"; + if ( status < 0 ) { + status = 0; + } + } + } + + // Set data for the fake xhr object + jqXHR.status = status; + jqXHR.statusText = ( nativeStatusText || statusText ) + ""; + + // Success/Error + if ( isSuccess ) { + deferred.resolveWith( callbackContext, [ success, statusText, jqXHR ] ); + } else { + deferred.rejectWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText, error ] ); + } + + // Status-dependent callbacks + jqXHR.statusCode( statusCode ); + statusCode = undefined; + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( isSuccess ? "ajaxSuccess" : "ajaxError", + [ jqXHR, s, isSuccess ? success : error ] ); + } + + // Complete + completeDeferred.fireWith( callbackContext, [ jqXHR, statusText ] ); + + if ( fireGlobals ) { + globalEventContext.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [ jqXHR, s ] ); + + // Handle the global AJAX counter + if ( !( --jQuery.active ) ) { + jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" ); + } + } + } + + return jqXHR; + }, + + getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, data, callback, "json" ); + }, + + getScript: function( url, callback ) { + return jQuery.get( url, undefined, callback, "script" ); + } +} ); + +jQuery.each( [ "get", "post" ], function( _i, method ) { + jQuery[ method ] = function( url, data, callback, type ) { + + // Shift arguments if data argument was omitted + if ( isFunction( data ) ) { + type = type || callback; + callback = data; + data = undefined; + } + + // The url can be an options object (which then must have .url) + return jQuery.ajax( jQuery.extend( { + url: url, + type: method, + dataType: type, + data: data, + success: callback + }, jQuery.isPlainObject( url ) && url ) ); + }; +} ); + +jQuery.ajaxPrefilter( function( s ) { + var i; + for ( i in s.headers ) { + if ( i.toLowerCase() === "content-type" ) { + s.contentType = s.headers[ i ] || ""; + } + } +} ); + + +jQuery._evalUrl = function( url, options, doc ) { + return jQuery.ajax( { + url: url, + + // Make this explicit, since user can override this through ajaxSetup (#11264) + type: "GET", + dataType: "script", + cache: true, + async: false, + global: false, + + // Only evaluate the response if it is successful (gh-4126) + // dataFilter is not invoked for failure responses, so using it instead + // of the default converter is kludgy but it works. + converters: { + "text script": function() {} + }, + dataFilter: function( response ) { + jQuery.globalEval( response, options, doc ); + } + } ); +}; + + +jQuery.fn.extend( { + wrapAll: function( html ) { + var wrap; + + if ( this[ 0 ] ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + html = html.call( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + // The elements to wrap the target around + wrap = jQuery( html, this[ 0 ].ownerDocument ).eq( 0 ).clone( true ); + + if ( this[ 0 ].parentNode ) { + wrap.insertBefore( this[ 0 ] ); + } + + wrap.map( function() { + var elem = this; + + while ( elem.firstElementChild ) { + elem = elem.firstElementChild; + } + + return elem; + } ).append( this ); + } + + return this; + }, + + wrapInner: function( html ) { + if ( isFunction( html ) ) { + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapInner( html.call( this, i ) ); + } ); + } + + return this.each( function() { + var self = jQuery( this ), + contents = self.contents(); + + if ( contents.length ) { + contents.wrapAll( html ); + + } else { + self.append( html ); + } + } ); + }, + + wrap: function( html ) { + var htmlIsFunction = isFunction( html ); + + return this.each( function( i ) { + jQuery( this ).wrapAll( htmlIsFunction ? 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These materials copyright Christopher H. Barker

+

Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License.

+

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode

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+

Interfacing C and Python

+

Sorry, not much here yet.

+

NOTE: this is all about the CPython interpreter – not PyPy, IronPython, JPython, etc.

+
+

Documentation:

+

Core docs for the C API:

+

https://docs.python.org/3/extending/

+
+
+

Interfacing methods:

+

There a bunch of ways to interface C and Python:

+
+

Hand write against the C API:

+

The python interpeter exposes a full API to all the python objects, etc. You can essentially do anything, but it’s a lot of hand-work.

+

And reference counting is really hard to get right!

+

http://docs.python.org/3/c-api/

+
+
+

Cython:

+

Cython can be described as a “python-like language for writing python extensions”

+

It can be used essentially to speed up Python, but also to call Python from C.

+

https://cython.org/

+
+
+

ctypes

+

Ctypes comes with PYthon out of the box.

+
+
+

SWIG, SIP, ETC.

+

Auto wrapper generators.

+
+
+
+

EXAMPLE:

+

Same as the one for fortran: a automatic gain control filter:

+

agc_example.zip

+
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
+

+ + © Copyright 2014, Christopher Barker + +

+
+ + + + Built with Sphinx using a + + theme + + provided by Read the Docs. + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/interfacing_with_c/fortran_python.html b/interfacing_with_c/fortran_python.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99ab260 --- /dev/null +++ b/interfacing_with_c/fortran_python.html @@ -0,0 +1,376 @@ + + + + + + + + + + Interfacing Fortran and Python — Python Topics 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Interfacing Fortran and Python

+
+

Documentation:

+

A nice reference for Python for Fortran programmers:

+

http://fortran90.org/src/rosetta.html

+

Fortran best practices (including interfacing with Python)

+

http://fortran90.org/src/best-practices.html

+

http://fortran90.org/src/best-practices.html#interfacing-with-python

+
+
+

Interfacing methods:

+

There a a handful of ways to interface Fortran and Python:

+
+

f2py:

+

http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/user/c-info.python-as-glue.html#f2py

+

Been around a long time, and maintained (at least a little) as part of the numpy project – but more useful with older fortran – not up to modern fortran standards. Perhaps the best option for interfacing with old-style fortran.

+
+
+

fwrap:

+

http://fwrap.sourceforge.net/

+

Very promising, but its development has stalled out – so probably not a good bet unless you want to actually work on it yourself.

+
+
+

Cython and iso_c_binding:

+

http://fortran90.org/src/best-practices.html#interfacing-with-python

+

By using the iso_binding calls to extend a C interace to your fortran code, you can call it with Cython. And Cython is very useful for calling C, optimizing Python, and adding “thick” wrappers to either C or fortran.

+
+
+
+

An Example:

+

The following is an example of using Cython to call fortran from Python.

+

The problem at hand is an automatic gain control function function, expressed in fortran as:

+
subroutine AGC(nAGC,npts,amp,ampAGC)
+real fmax,amp(npts),absamp(npts),ampAGC(npts)
+integer i,j,npts,nAGC,nAGC2
+
+do i=1,npts
+   ampAGC(i)=0.
+   absamp(i)=abs(amp(i))
+enddo
+
+nAGC2=nAGC/2
+
+do i=nAGC2+1,npts-nAGC2
+   fmax=0.
+   do j=i-nAGC2,i+nAGC2
+      if (absamp(j).gt.fmax) fmax=absamp(j)
+   enddo
+   ampAGC(i)=amp(i)/fmax
+enddo
+
+return
+
+end
+
+
+
+

f2py:

+

f2py is a command line utility that comes with numpy. You can build a default simple wrapper with the f2py command:

+
f2py -m agc_subroutine agc_subroutine.f
+
+
+

This will result in the file agc_subroutinemodule.c, which is hte c source for a python extension module. Or you can have f2py build the module itself all at once:

+
f2py -m -c agc_subroutine agc_subroutine.f
+
+
+

This will generate a compiled python extension named agc_subroutine that can be imported in python as:

+
import agc_subroutine
+
+
+

f2p automatically generates a docstring for the function it created:

+
agc - Function signature:
+  agc(nagc,amp,ampagc,[npts])
+Required arguments:
+  nagc : input int
+  amp : input rank-1 array('f') with bounds (npts)
+  ampagc : input rank-1 array('f') with bounds (npts)
+Optional arguments:
+  npts := len(amp) input int
+
+
+

So it can be called like so:

+
agc_subroutine.agc(5, signal, filtered)
+
+
+

where signal and filtered are 1-d arrays of float32 values, both of the same length.

+
+

Giving f2py extra information:

+

f2py can build an interface to a fortran subroutine, but it can’t do it all that well without some extra information. For instnce, note from the docstring that the argument ampagc is listed as an input argument, when it is really intended to be used for output.

+

To get f2py to generate an interface file use the -h option:

+
f2py -h agc_subroutine.pyf -m agc_subroutine agc_subroutine.f
+
+
+

This command leaves the file agc_subroutine.pyf in the current directory, which contains:

+
!    -*- f90 -*-
+! Note: the context of this file is case sensitive.
+
+ python module agc_subroutine ! in
+    interface  ! in :agc_subroutine
+       subroutine agc(nagc,npts,amp,ampagc) ! in :agc_subroutine:agc_subroutine.f
+           integer :: nagc
+           integer, optional,check(len(amp)>=npts),depend(amp) ::  npts=len(amp)
+           real dimension(npts) :: amp
+           real dimension(npts),depend(npts) :: ampagc
+       end subroutine agc
+   end interface
+end python module agc_subroutine
+
+! This file was auto-generated with f2py (version:2).
+! See http://cens.ioc.ee/projects/f2py2e/
+
+
+

You can then add to the interface file by placing intent directives and checking code. This will clean up the interface quite a bit so that the Python module method is both easier to use and more robust. This is the edited version:

+
!    -*- f90 -*-
+! Note: the context of this file is case sensitive.
+
+ python module agc_subroutine ! in
+    interface  ! in :agc_subroutine
+       subroutine agc(nagc,npts,amp,ampagc) ! in :agc_subroutine:agc_subroutine.f
+           integer :: nagc
+           integer, optional,intent(hide),check(len(amp)>=npts),depend(amp) ::  npts=len(amp)
+           real dimension(npts) :: amp
+           real dimension(npts),intent(out),depend(npts) :: ampagc
+       end subroutine agc
+   end interface
+end python module agc_subroutine
+
+! This file was auto-generated with f2py (version:2).
+! Then hand edited for a better interface.
+! See http://cens.ioc.ee/projects/f2py2e/
+
+
+

The intent directive, intent(out) is used to tell f2py that ampagc is an output variable and should be created by the interface before being passed to the underlying code. The intent(hide) directive tells f2py to not allow the user to specify the variable, npts, but instead to get it from the size of amp.

+
+
+

Inserting directives in the Fortran source

+

Directives can alternatively be inserted in the fortran source as special comments:

+
c
+c  Subrooutine to compute an automatic gain control filter.
+c
+c
+      subroutine AGC(nAGC,npts,amp,ampAGC)
+
+CF2PY INTENT(OUT) :: ampAGC
+CF2PY INTENT(HIDE) :: npts
+
+      real fmax,amp(npts),absamp(npts),ampAGC(npts)
+      integer i,j,npts,nAGC,nAGC2
+
+
+

This is probably an easier and clearer option if you maintaining the fortran source yourself.

+

Either way, you get a nicer, more pythonic and safer interface:

+
agc - Function signature:
+  ampagc = agc(nagc,amp)
+Required arguments:
+  nagc : input int
+  amp : input rank-1 array('f') with bounds (npts)
+Return objects:
+  ampagc : rank-1 array('f') with bounds (npts)
+
+
+

called like so:

+
filtered = agc_subroutine.agc(10, signal)
+
+
+

You can see that you don’t need (and can’t) specify the length of the array, and the output array is automatically created by the wrappers, and memory-managed by python.

+
+
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+ + © Copyright 2014, Christopher Barker + +

+
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+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Persistence and Serialization

+
+

Overview

+

Persistence and Serialization are closely related.

+

Serialization means taking a potentially complex data structure and converting it into a single string of bytes.

+

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialization

+

Persistence is storing data in a way that it will persist beyond the run-time of your program.

+

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science)

+

They are closely related, because most forms of persistent storage – simple text files, databases, etc., require that it be turned into a simple string of bytes first. After all, at the end of the day, everything done with computers is ultimately a serial string of bytes.

+

Serialization is also very useful for transmitting information between systems – over the network, etc.

+
+

Serialization

+

Today is less about concepts

+

More about learning to use a given module

+

So less talk, more coding

+

I’m focusing on methods available in the Python standard library

+

Serialization is the process of putting your potentially complex +(and nested) python data structures into a linear (serial) form .. i.e. a string of bytes.

+

The serial form can be saved to a file, pushed over the wire, etc.

+
+
+

Persistence

+

Persistence is saving your python data structure(s) to disk – so they +will persist once the python process is finished.

+

Any serial form can provide persistence (by dumping/loading it to/from +a file), but not all persistence mechanisms are serial (i.e RDBMS)

+

http://wiki.python.org/moin/PersistenceTools

+
+
+
+

Python Specific Formats

+
+

Python Literals

+

Putting plain old python literals in your file

+

Gives a nice, human-editable form for config files, etc.

+

Don’t use for untrusted sources!!!

+
+
+

Python Literals

+

Good for basic python types. +(can work for your own classes, too – if you write a good __repr__ )

+

In theory, repr() always gives a form that can be re-constructed.

+

Often str() form works too.

+

pprint (pretty print) module can make it easier to read:

+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/pprint.html

+
+
+

Python Literal Example

+
# a list of dicts
+data = [{'this':5, 'that':4}, {'spam':7, 'eggs':3.4}]
+In [51]: s = repr(data) # save a string version:
+In [52]: data2 = eval(s) # re-construct with eval:
+In [53]: data2 == data # they are equal
+Out[53]: True
+In [54]: data is data2 # but not the same object
+Out[54]: False
+
+
+

You can save the string to a file and even use import

+

(NOTE: ast.literal_eval is safer than eval: https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/ast.html#ast-helpers)

+
+
+

pretty print

+
In [69]: import pprint
+In [71]: repr(data)
+Out[71]: "[{'this': 5, 'that': 4}, {'eggs': 3.4, 'spam': 7}, {'foo': 86, 'bar': 4.5}, {'fun': 43, 'baz': 6.5}]"
+In [72]: s = pprint.pformat(data)
+In [73]: print(s)
+[{'that': 4, 'this': 5},
+ {'eggs': 3.4, 'spam': 7},
+ {'bar': 4.5, 'foo': 86},
+ {'baz': 6.5, 'fun': 43}]
+
+
+
+
+

Pickle

+

Pickle is a binary format for python objects

+

You can essentially dump any python object to disk (or string, or socket, or…

+
In [87]: import pickle
+In [83]: data
+Out[83]:
+[{'that': 4, 'this': 5},
+ {'eggs': 3.4, 'spam': 7},
+ {'bar': 4.5, 'foo': 86},
+ {'baz': 6.5, 'fun': 43}]
+In [84]: pickle.dump(data, open('data.pkl', 'wb'))
+In [85]: data2 = pickle.load(open('data.pkl', 'rb'))
+In [86]: data2 == data
+Out[86]: True
+
+
+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/pickle.html

+
+
+

Shelve

+

A “shelf” is a persistent, dictionary-like object.

+

(It’s also a place you can put a jar of pickles…)

+

The values (not the keys!) can be essentially arbitrary Python objects (anything picklable)

+

NOTE: will not reflect changes in mutable objects without re-writing them to the db. (or use writeback=True)

+

If less that 100s of MB – just use a dict and pickle it.

+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/shelve.html

+

shelve presents a dict interface:

+
import shelve
+d = shelve.open(filename)
+d[key] = data   # store data at key
+data = d[key]   # retrieve a COPY of data at key
+del d[key]      # delete data stored at key
+flag = d.has_key(key)   # true if the key exists
+d.close()       # close it
+
+
+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/shelve.html

+
+
+

LAB

+

Here are two datasets embedded in Python:

+

add_book_data.py +add_book_data_flat.py

+

They can be loaded with:

+
from add_book_data import AddressBook
+
+
+

They have address book data – one with a nested dict, one “flat”

+
    +

  • Write a module that saves the data as python literals in a file

    +
      +

    • and reads it back in

      • +
    +
    • +

  • Write a module that saves the data as a pickle in a file

    +
      +

    • and reads it back in

      • +
    +
    • +

  • Write a module that saves the data in a shelve

    +
      +

    • and accesses it one by one.

      • +
    +
    • +
+
+
+
+

Interchange Formats

+
+

INI

+

INI files

+

(the old Windows config files)

+
[Section1]
+int = 15
+bool = true
+float = 3.1415
+[Section2]
+int = 32
+...
+
+
+

Good for configuration data, etc.

+
+
+

ConfigParser

+

Writing ini files:

+
import configparser
+config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+config.add_section('Section1')
+config.set('Section1', 'int', '15')
+config.set('Section1', 'bool', 'true')
+config.set('Section1', 'float', '3.1415')
+# Writing our configuration file to 'example.cfg'
+config.write(open('example.cfg', 'w'))
+
+
+

Note: all keys and values are strings

+

Reading ini files:

+
>>> config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+>>> config.read('example.cfg')
+>>> config.sections()
+['Section1', 'Section2']
+>>> config.get('Section1', 'float')
+'3.1415'
+>>> config.items('Section1')
+[('int', '15'), ('bool', 'true'), ('float', '3.1415')]
+
+
+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/configparser.html

+
+
+

CSV

+

CSV (Comma Separated Values) format is the most common import and export format for spreadsheets and databases.

+

No real standard – the Python csv package more or less follows MS Excel “standard” (with other “dialects” available)

+

Can use delimiters other than commas… (I like tabs better)

+

Most useful for simple tabular data

+
+
+

CSV module

+

Reading CSV files:

+
>>> import csv
+>>> spamReader = csv.reader( open('eggs.csv', 'rb') )
+>>> for row in spamReader:
+...     print ', '.join(row)
+Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Baked Beans
+Spam, Lovely Spam, Wonderful Spam
+
+
+

csv module takes care of string quoting, etc. for you

+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/csv.html

+

Writing CSV files:

+
>>> import csv
+>>> outfile = open('eggs.csv', 'w')
+>>> spam_writer = csv.writer(outfile,
+                            quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
+>>> spam_writer.writerow(['Spam'] * 5 + ['Baked Beans'])
+>>> spam_writer.writerow(['Spam', 'Lovely Spam', 'Wonderful Spam'])
+
+
+

csv module takes care of string quoting, etc for you

+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/csv.html

+
+
+

JSON

+

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a subset of JavaScript syntax used as a lightweight data interchange format.

+

Python module has an interface similar to pickle

+

Can handle the standard Python data types

+

Specializable encoding/decoding for other types – but I wouldn’t do that!

+

Presents a similar interface as pickle

+

http://www.json.org/

+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/json.html

+
+
+

Python json module

+
In [94]: s = json.dumps(data)
+Out[95]: '[{"this": 5, "that": 4}, {"eggs": 3.4, "spam": 7},
+           {"foo": 86, "bar": 4.5}, {"fun": 43, "baz": 6.5}]'
+    # looks a lot like python literals...
+In [96]: data2 = json.loads(s)
+Out[97]:
+[{u'that': 4, u'this': 5},
+ {u'eggs': 3.4, u'spam': 7},
+...
+In [98]: data2 == data
+Out[98]: True # they are the same
+
+
+

(also json.dump() and json.load() for files)

+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/json.html

+
+
+

XML

+

XML is a standardized version of SGML, designed for use as a data storage / interchange format.

+

NOTE: HTML is also SGML, and modern versions conform to the XML standard.

+
+
+

XML in the python std lib

+

xml.dom

+

xml.sax

+

xml.parsers.expat

+

xml.etree

+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html

+
+
+

elementtree

+

The Element type is a flexible container object, designed to store hierarchical data structures in memory.

+

Essentially an in-memory XML – can be read from / written-to XML

+

an ElementTree is an entire XML doc

+

an Element is a node in that tree

+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html

+
+
+

LAB

+

Use the same addressbook data:

+
# load with:
+from add_book_data import AddressBook
+
+
+

They have address book data – one with a nested dict, one “flat”

+
    +

  • Write a module that saves the data as an INI file

    +
    +
      +

    • and reads it back in

      • +
    +
    +
    • +

  • Write a module that saves the data as a CSV file

    +
    +
      +

    • and reads it back in

      • +
    +
    +
    • +

  • Write a module that saves the data in JSON

    +
    +
      +

    • and reads it back in

      • +
    +
    +
    • +

  • Write a module that saves the data in XML

    +
    +
      +

    • and reads it back in

      • +

    • this gets ugly!

      • +
    +
    +
    • +
+
+
+
+

DataBases

+
+

anydbm

+

dbm is a generic interface to variants of the DBM database

+

Suitable for storing data that fits well into a python dict with strings as both keys and values

+

Note: dbm will use the dbm system that works on your system – this may be different on different systems – so the db files may NOT be compatible! whichdb will try to figure it out, but it’s not guaranteed

+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/dbm.html

+
+
+

dbm module

+

Writing data:

+
#creating a dbm file:
+import dbm
+dbm.open(filename, 'n')
+
+
+

flag options are:

+
    +

  • ‘r’ – Open existing database for reading only (default)

    • +

  • ‘w’ – Open existing database for reading and writing

    • +

  • ‘c’ – Open database for reading and writing, creating it if it doesn’t exist

    • +

  • ‘n’ – Always create a new, empty database, open for reading and writing

    • +
+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/dbm.html

+
+
+

anydbm module

+

dbm provides dict-like interface:

+
db = dbm.open("dbm", "c")
+db["first"] = "bruce"
+db["second"] = "micheal"
+db["third"] = "fred"
+db["second"] = "john" #overwrite
+db.close()
+# read it:
+db = dbm.open("dbm", "r")
+for key in db.keys():
+    print(key, db[key])
+
+
+

http://docs.python.org/library/anydbm.html

+
+
+

sqlite

+

SQLite: C library provides a lightweight disk-based single-file database

+

Nonstandard variant of the SQL query language

+

Very broadly used as as an embedded databases for storing application-specific data etc.

+

Firefox plug-in:

+

https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/sqlite-manager/

+
+
+

python sqlite module

+

sqlite3 Python module wraps C lib – provides standard DB-API interface

+

Allows (and requires) SQL queries

+

Can provide high performance, flexible, portable storage for your app

+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/sqlite3.html

+

Example:

+
import sqlite3
+# open a connection to a db file:
+conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
+# or build one in-memory
+conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
+# create a cursor
+c = conn.cursor()
+
+
+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/sqlite3.html

+
+
+

python sqlite module

+

Execute SQL with the cursor:

+
# Create table
+c.execute("'CREATE TABLE stocks (date text, trans text, symbol text, qty real, price real)'")
+# Insert a row of data
+c.execute("INSERT INTO stocks VALUES ('2006-01-05','BUY','RHAT',100,35.14)")
+# Save (commit) the changes
+conn.commit()
+# Close the cursor if we are done with it
+c.close()
+
+
+

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/sqlite3.html

+
+
+

python sqlite module

+

SELECT creates an cursor that can be iterated:

+
>>> for row in c.execute('SELECT * FROM stocks ORDER BY price'):
+        print row
+('2006-01-05', 'BUY', 'RHAT', 100, 35.14)
+('2006-03-28', 'BUY', 'IBM', 1000, 45.0)
+...
+
+
+

Or you can get the rows one by one or in a list:

+
c.fetchone()
+c.fetchall()
+
+
+
+
+

python sqlite module

+

Good idea to use the DB-API’s parameter substitution:

+
t = (symbol,)
+c.execute('SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol=?', t)
+print c.fetchone()
+# Larger example that inserts many records at a time
+purchases = [('2006-03-28', 'BUY', 'IBM', 1000, 45.00),
+             ('2006-04-05', 'BUY', 'MSFT', 1000, 72.00),
+             ('2006-04-06', 'SELL', 'IBM', 500, 53.00),
+            ]
+c.executemany('INSERT INTO stocks VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)', purchases)
+
+
+

http://xkcd.com/327/

+
+
+

DB-API

+

The DB-API spec (PEP 249) is a specification for interaction between Python and Relational Databases.

+

Support for a large number of third-party Database drivers:

+
+
    +

  • MySQL

    • +

  • PostgreSQL

    • +

  • Oracle

    • +

  • MSSQL (?)

    • +

  • …

    • +
+
+

http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249}

+
+
+
+

Other Options

+
+

Object-Relation Mappers

+

Systems for mapping Python objects to tables

+

Saves you writing that glue code (and the SQL)

+
+
Usually deal with mapping to variety of back-ends:

– test with SQLite, deploy with PostreSQL

+

SQL Alchemy +– http://www.sqlalchemy.org/

+
+
+

Django ORM +https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/db/

+
+
+

Object Databases

+

Directly store and retrieve Python Objects.

+

Kind of like shelve, but more flexible, and give you searching, etc.

+

ZODB: (http://www.zodb.org/)

+
+
+

NoSQL

+

Map-Reduce, etc.

+

….Big deal for “Big Data”: Amazon, Google, etc.

+

Document-Oriented Storage

+
    +

  • MongoDB (BSON interface, JSON documents)

    • +

  • CouchDB (Apache):

    +
      +

    • JSON documents

      • +

    • Javascript querying (MapReduce)

      • +

    • HTTP API

      • +
    +
    • +
+
+
+

LAB

+
+
::

# load with: +from add_book_data import AddressBook

+
+
+
    +

  • Write a module that saves the data in a dbm datbase

    +
      +

    • and reads it back in

      • +
    +
    • +

  • Write a module that saves the data in an SQLitE datbase

    +
      +

    • and reads it back in

      • +

    • helps to know SQL here…

      • +
    +
    • +
+
+
+
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
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+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/searchindex.js b/searchindex.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8485fd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/searchindex.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ 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diff --git a/weak_references.html b/weak_references.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cbafe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/weak_references.html @@ -0,0 +1,547 @@ + + + + + + + + + + Python Memory Management and Weak References — Python Topics 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + +
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  • »
    • + +
  • Python Memory Management and Weak References
    • + + +
  • + + + View page source + + +
    • + +
+ + +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Python Memory Management and Weak References

+

Chris Barker

+

PythonCHB@gmail.com

+

https://github.com/PythonCHB

+
+

Memory Management

+
    +

  • You don’t want python objects that are no longer in use taking up memory.

    • +

  • You don’t want to keep track of all that yourself.

    • +

  • Most “scripting languages” or “virtual machines” have some sort of +automated memory management

    • +
+

Many ways to do “Garbage Collection”

+
+

Reference Counting

+
+
How memory is managed is not part of the Python language spec:
    +

  • Jython uses the JVM

    • +

  • Iron Python uses the CLR +- Both are garbage collected

    • +

  • PyPy uses Minimark

    • +
+
+
The CPython interpreter uses a reference counting scheme:
    +

  • Every time there is a new reference to a Python object, its reference +count is increased

    • +

  • Every time a reference is removed – the count is decreased

    • +

  • When the reference count goes to zero: the object is deleted +(memory freed)

    • +
+
+
+
+
+

What makes a reference?

+
    +

  • Binding to a name:

    +
    x = an_object
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • Putting it in a container:

    +
    l.append(an_object)
+
    +
    +
    • +

  • Passing it to a function:

    +
    func(an_object)
+
    +
    +
    • +
+

Most of the time, you don’t need to think about this at all.

+
+
+

How do I see what’s going on?

+
import sys
+sys.getrefcount(object)
+
+
+

NOTE: This will always return one more than you’d expect, as passing the object to the function increases its refcount by one:

+
In [5]: a = []
+
+In [6]: sys.getrefcount(a)
+Out[6]: 2
+
+
+
+
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle:
    +

  • you can’t observe it without altering it

    • +
+
+
+
+
+

Playing with References

+

(live demo)

+
In [7]: a = []
+
+In [8]: sys.getrefcount(a)
+Out[8]: 2
+
+In [9]: b = a
+
+In [10]: sys.getrefcount(a)
+Out[10]: 3
+
+In [11]: l = [1,2,3,a]
+
+In [12]: sys.getrefcount(a)
+Out[12]: 4
+
+
+
In [13]: del b
+
+In [14]: sys.getrefcount(a)
+Out[14]: 3
+
+
+In [15]: del l
+
+In [16]: sys.getrefcount(a)
+Out[16]: 2
+
+
+
# function local variables
+
+    In [17]: def test(x):
+       ....:     print "x has a refcount of:", sys.getrefcount(x)
+       ....:
+
+    In [18]: sys.getrefcount(a)
+    Out[18]: 2
+
+    In [19]: test(a)
+    x has a refcount of: 4
+
+    In [20]: sys.getrefcount(a)
+    Out[20]: 2
+
+
+
In [21]: x = 3
+
+In [22]: sys.getrefcount(x)
+Out[22]: 428
+
+
+

WHOA!!

+

(hint: interning….)

+
+
+

The Power of Reference Counting

+
    +

  • You don’t need to think about it most of the time.

    • +

  • Code that creates objects doesn’t need to delete them

    • +

  • Objects get deleted right away

    +
    +

    . They can “clean up” on deletion (files, for instance) – and it will happen right away.

    +
    +
    • +

  • Performance is predictable

    • +
+
+
+

The Limits of Reference Counting

+
    +

  • Performance overhead on all operations. But the big one:

    • +
+

Circular references

+

If a python object somehow references itself – i.e. it references another object that references the first +object:

+

You have a circular reference …

+
+
+
+

Circular References

+
In [8]: l1 = [1,] ; l2 = [2,]
+
+In [9]: l1.append(l2); l2.append(l1)
+
+In [10]: l1
+Out[10]: [1, [2, [...]]]
+
+In [11]: l2
+Out[11]: [2, [1, [...]]]
+
+In [12]: l1[1]
+Out[12]: [2, [1, [...]]]
+
+In [13]: l2[1][1][1]
+Out[13]: [1, [2, [...]]]
+
+
+

(demo) – simple_circular.py

+
+

The Garbage Collector

+

As of Python 2.0 – a garbage collector was added.

+
+
+

It can find and clean up “unreachable” references.

+

It is turned on by default:

+
In [1]: import gc
+In [2]: gc.isenabled()
+Out[2]: True
+
+
+

or you can force it:

+
In [4]: gc.collect()
+Out[4]: 64
+
+
+

But it can be slow, and doesn’t always work!

+

How does the garbage collector work?

+
+
    +

  • Not a full “mark and sweep” type.

    • +
+
+

It searches for reference cycles – then cleans those up.

+
+
    +

  • It doesn’t have to bother checking non-container types (ints, strings, etc.)

    • +

  • Faster, and not as dependent on having a clear “root” namespace.

    • +
+
+

Details here:

+

http://arctrix.com/nas/python/gc/ (or in the source!)

+

Big issue: classes that define a __del__ method are not cleaned up.

+
+
    +

  • __del__ methods often act on references that may no be there if +they are cleaned up in the wrong order.

    • +
+
+

NOTE: you can work with gc.garbage() – but tricky and messy

+
+
+
+

Tools

+

If these objects are no longer “reachable” – how do you find out what’s going on?

+

We saw sys.getrefcount() – but you need a reference to the object to use it.

+

You can see what the refcount is before you delete the last reference, but that isn’t always easy.

+
+

Process Memory Use

+

A really coarse way to find a memory leak is to see if the process memory +is growing.

+

It can be subtle –python (and the OS) do tricks to re-use memory, etc.

+

But if you have a “real” leak – you’ll see it. (Example to follow)

+

mem_check.py

+

provides functions that report the memory use of the current running process.

+

(*nix and Windows code)

+
+
+

id checks

+

As it happens, the Python id() function returns a memory address.

+

It’s really dangerous, but that means we can examine an object if we know +its id, even if we don’t hold a reference to it.

+

Bill Bumgarner wrote a nifty extension module that returns the python +object pointed to by an id (memory address) – “di”:

+

http://www.friday.com/bbum/2007/08/24/python-di/

+

I added a function that returns the reference count of an object from its id.

+

https://github.com/PythonCHB/di_refcount

+

NOTE: it would be a really bad idea to use these in production code!

+
+
+

Examples

+

simple_circular_di.py

+

uses the ref_by_id() function to see what’s going on with a circular +reference and garbage collection.

+

More real examples in iPython notebook:

+

CircularReferenceExample.ipynb

+

Or: circular.py

+

memcount.py is a test +file that show memory growth if circular references are not cleaned up.

+

( mem_check.py ) +is code that reports process memory use.

+

You can find this code in the main repo here:

+

https://github.com/PythonCHB/PythonTopics/tree/master/Sources/code/weak_references

+
+
+

Weak References

+

For times when you don’t want to keep objects alive, Python provides +“weak references” – we saw this in the examples.

+

(https://docs.python.org/2/library/weakref.html)

+
    +

  1. The built-in containers:

    2. +
+
+
    +

  • WeakKeyDictionary

    • +

  • WeakValueDictionary

    • +

  • WeakSet

    • +
+
+
    +

  1. Proxy objects

    2. +
+
+
    +

  • act much like regular references – client code doesn’t know the difference

    • +
+
+
    +

  1. WeakRef objects

    2. +
+
+
    +

  • When you want to control what happens when the referenced object is gone.

    • +
+
+
+
+
+

Exercise

+

Build a “weak cache”:

+

For large objects that are expensive to create:

+
    +

  • Use a WeakValueDictionay to hold references to (probably large) objects.

    • +

  • When the client requests an object that doesn’t exist – one is created, returned, and cached (weakly).

    • +

  • If the object is in the cache, it is returned.

    • +

  • when no other references exist to the object, it is NOT retained by the cache.

    • +
+
+
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/where_to_put_tests.html b/where_to_put_tests.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d78738b --- /dev/null +++ b/where_to_put_tests.html @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ + + + + + + + + + + Where to Put Tests? — Python Topics 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Where to Put Tests?

+
+

TL; DR

+

If your package and test code are small and self contained, put the tests in with the package.

+

If the tests are large or complex, or require reading/writing files, or significant sample data, put your tests outside the package.

+
+

Test system recommendations

+

pytest has a bit of discussion of the issue here:

+

https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/goodpractices.html

+

For nose, read https://nose.readthedocs.io/en/latest/finding_tests.html

+

and for unittest read https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html#test-discovery.

+
+
+

Two Options

+

In Python packaging, there is no consensus on where you should put your test suite. This thread:

+

https://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/2015-October/027003.html

+

makes that clear :-)

+

There are essentially two recommended approaches:

+
    +

  1. Put all your test code outside the package, and have it all designed to import from an installed base:

    +
    from my_package import the_module_to_test
+
    +
    +
    2. +
+

to do that, you need to install your package under development in “develop” mode:

+
python setup.py develop
+
+
+

or:

+
pip install -e .   # install package using setup.py in editable mode
+
+
+

That means that you do need a setup.py – though it can be very minimal. See:

+

https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/

+

for recommendations.

+

In the this case, the directory with all the tests should not be a python package – this is, it should not have a __init__.py file.

+
    +

  1. The other options is to put your test code in a sub-package inside your package. In this case, it should be inside your package, and be a python package itself (i.e. have an __init__.py):

    +
    my_package
+    __init__.py
+    module_1.py
+    module_2.py
+    test
+        __init_.py
+        test_1.py
+        test_2.py
+
    +
    +
    2. +
+
+
+

Self Contained

+

The advantage of keeping test code self-contained is that you can have a large suite of tests with sample data and who knows what, and it won’t bloat and complicate the installed package (and test code can write to the test dirs, etc. Also, you can then run the test suite against an installed version that may not be exactly the same as the current live code.

+
+
+

Sub-package

+

The advantage of test being a sub-package is that your test code gets installed with the package, so users (including yourself, if you are deploying the code) can install the package, and run the test to make sure the install all went well. You can also have the tests use relative imports, so you can run it all without installing (though with develop mode I don’t think that is much of an advantage)

+
+
+
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/where_to_put_your_code.html b/where_to_put_your_code.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..947846a --- /dev/null +++ b/where_to_put_your_code.html @@ -0,0 +1,372 @@ + + + + + + + + + + Where to put your custom code? — Python Topics 1.0.0 documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+
+ +
+

Where to put your custom code?

+
+

A Package Just for You!

+

(You can find this page at: http://bit.ly/JustPackage)

+
+

Note

+

This page is generated from a Sphinx document managed in this gitHub repo: https://github.com/PythonCHB/PythonTopics. I welcome questions, comments, and, of course, Pull Requests.

+
+

A suggestion for how to manage your personal library of python functions you might use for scripting, data analysis, etc.

+
+
+

TL; DR

+

If you have a collection of your own code you want to access for various projects:

+

Make a “package” out of it so you can manage it in one place, and use it in other places.

+

You DO NOT NEED TO PUT IT ON PYPI !

+
+

Introduction

+

Many scientists and engineers that do a little coding find they have a collection of little scripts and utilities that they want to be able to use and re-use for various projects.

+
+
+

Options for Handling Your Code Collection:

+

(1) Keep your code in one place and copy and paste the functions you need into each new project.

+

+DON’T DO THAT!

+REALLY!

It is really NOT a good idea to simply copy and paste code around for use with each project. You will end up with multiple versions scattered all over the place …

+

+You will regret that!

(2) Put your code in a single directory and add it to the PYTHONPATH environment variable

+

+DON’T DO THAT!

+REALLY!

PYTHONPATH is shared by all installs of Python. What with Python2, Python3, virtual environments, etc – it’s really not a good idea.

+

If you don’t believe me: Google It

+
+
+

What you should do is make a “package”

+

The best way to do this with Python is to use the Python package mechanism.

+

A Python “package” is a collection of modules and scripts – we usually think of these as something carefully developed for a particular purpose and distributed to a wide audience for re-use – the packages you can install with pip.

+

Indeed that is the case, but the “collection of modules and scripts” part can be used for your own code that no one else is ever going to touch, and the overhead is small if you use it only this way.

+
+

Why Don’t People Tend to Figure This out for Themselves?

+

The packaging documentation is mostly about making a “proper” package for distribution to a wide audience.

+

So newbies tend to either:

+
    +

  • Think: “I don’t want/need to do all that”, and then move on and copy and past their code around like they have already been doing.

    • +
+

or

+
    +

  • Go ahead and follow all the instructions, and end up putting their tiny little not-useful-to-anyone-else package up on PyPi.

    • +
+

The challenge is that most of the documentation about python packaging is focused on creating a package of a library that you want to distribute to the community. In that case, it’s very important to have full and proper meta data, tests, documentation, etc. As a result, the packaging documentation makes the whole process seem complicated and cumbersome.

+

Making a simple package just for your own use can be very simple, and very useful.

+
+
+
+

Step by Step:

+
    +

  1. Create a directory in your user (or home, or … ) dir for your code. Let’s call it “my_code”.

    2. +

  2. This is going to seem odd, but create another dir with the same name inside that – this is where the actual code goes. (it’s a convention to name the top directory the same thing as the “package” name, but you don’t have to follow that convention. But the inner name does matter – that is the name of your package, and how you will import it into Python.

    3. +
+

Be thoughtful about what you name your package: you want a easy to remember and fairly easy to type name, but also one that is not used already for any of the standard library or commonly used third party packages. Once you come up with a name, google “the_name python” just to make sure it’s not already in use.

+
    +

  1. In that dir, put in an empty, for now, file called __init__.py.

    2. +

  2. In the outer dir, put in a file (we’ll fill it in later) called setup.py.

    3. +
+

So you should have:

+
my_code
+    my_code
+        __init__.py
+        some_code.py
+    setup.py
+
+
+

The inner my_code dir is now a python “package” – any directory with a __init__.py file is a package. But how to use it?

+

The setup.py file is where you specify for python how this package is setup. You can do a lot in there, and if you ever want to share your code with anyone else, you should follow:

+

https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/distributing-packages/

+

But for now, we are going to make it as simple as possible:

+
from setuptools import setup
+
+setup(name='my_code',
+      packages=['my_code'],
+      )
+
+
+

That’s it – really! There is a lot you can do here to support multiple packages, scripts, etc, but this is enough to get you started.

+

Here: make_my_package.py is a little script that will build an empty package for you:

+
python make_my_package.py your_package_name
+
+
+

will do it for you.

+
+
+

Putting in your code

+

Now put some code in there!

+

Create a file for your code, and put it in the inner my_code dir:

+

some_code.py:

+
#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Just an example, but this could be a collection of utility functions, etc.
+
+Here would be documentation of what's in this file
+
+In this case, just one function to make sure it works.
+"""
+
+def test_fun():
+    print("yup -- this worked!!")
+
+
+

OK – now you have a (useless) package with some code in it - how to use it?

+

To use this package, you need to “install” it into the python environment that you want to use. Some of us have a single python install – maybe Anaconda’s root environment, or the python.org python installer, or …

+

Some of us use virtualenv, or pipenv, or conda environments. In any case, get yourself into that environment at a command line and put yourself (cd in Terminal, DOS box, etc…) in the outer my_code dir (where the setup.py is), and type:

+
pip install -e .
+
+
+

pip install installs a package. -e means “do an editable install”, and the dot (.) tells pip to install the package in the current directory. pip will look for a setup.py file in the current working dir. An editable install is like install, but instead of copying the code into the python environment, it adds it to the Python search path (only that particular environment’s Python) so you can import it, but it will always be importing the current version of the files if you change things.

+

This means you can be actively maintaining your shared code, and other projects that use it will always get the latest version.

+

Now you can fire up Python (or iPython, or a Jupyter notebook, or write code in a script, or…) and do:

+
In [2]: from test_package import test_code
+
+In [3]: test_code.test_fun()
+
+yup -- this worked!!
+
+
+

And you are good to go!

+
+
+

NOTES:

+

If you have only a little bit of code, you can do all this with a single module, rather than a package, and have an easier import. But I think most folks have enough stuff that it’s better to have multiple modules with related stuff in them.

+

If you have more than a few modules, it would probably make sense to keep them in separate packages, organized by functionality.

+
+
This is only the very simplest way to do it. What you really SHOULD do is be more formal about the process:
    +

  • Do some versioning of the package

    • +

  • Keep it in source code version control system (like git, etc)

    • +

  • Add tests of your code…

    • +
+
+
+

and others. But this is enough to get you started, and you can extend it as you develop more software carpentry skills.

+

Look up “Software Carpentry” for many more ideas about how better to manage your Software for Science.

+
+
+
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file