feat: Implemented the Table Inheritance pattern (iluwatar#3105)

* sample classes and tests

* sample classes and tests

* read me addition

* fix violations

* fix quality (coverage)

* fix quality (coverage) iluwatar#2

* resolved comments

Author: HabibaMekay

pom.xml

@@ -218,6 +218,7 @@
     <module>function-composition</module>
     <module>microservices-distributed-tracing</module>
     <module>microservices-idempotent-consumer</module>
+      <module>table-inheritance</module>
   </modules>
   <repositories>
     <repository>

table-inheritance/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+---
+title: "Table Inheritance Pattern in Java: Modeling Hierarchical Data in Relational Databases"
+shortTitle: Table Inheritance
+description: "Explore the Table Inheritance pattern in Java with real-world examples, database schema, and tutorials. Learn how to model class hierarchies elegantly in relational databases."
+category: Data Access Pattern, Structural Pattern
+language: en
+tag:
+- Decoupling
+- Inheritance
+- Polymorphism
+- Object Mapping
+- Persistence
+- Data Transformation
+---
+
+## Also Known As
+- Class Table Inheritance
+---
+
+## Intent of Table Inheritance Pattern
+The Table Inheritance pattern models a class hierarchy in a relational database by creating 
+separate tables for each class in the hierarchy. These tables share a common primary key, which in
+subclass tables also serves as a foreign key referencing the primary key of the base class table. 
+This linkage maintains relationships and effectively represents the inheritance structure. This pattern 
+enables the organization of complex data models, particularly when subclasses have unique properties 
+that must be stored in distinct tables.
+
+---
+
+## Detailed Explanation of Table Inheritance Pattern with Real-World Examples
+
+### Real-World Example
+Consider a **Vehicle Management System** with a `Vehicle` superclass and subclasses like `Car` and `Truck`.
+
+- The **Vehicle Table** stores attributes common to all vehicles, such as `make`, `model`, and `year`. Its primary key (`id`) uniquely identifies each vehicle.
+- The **Car Table** and **Truck Table** store attributes specific to their respective types, such as `numberOfDoors` for cars and `payloadCapacity` for trucks.
+- The `id` column in the **Car Table** and **Truck Table** serves as both the primary key for those tables and a foreign key referencing the `id` in the **Vehicle Table**.
+
+This setup ensures each subclass entry corresponds to a base class entry, maintaining the inheritance relationship while keeping subclass-specific data in their own tables.
+
+### In Plain Words
+In table inheritance, each class in the hierarchy is represented by a separate table, which 
+allows for a clear distinction between shared attributes (stored in the base class table) and 
+specific attributes (stored in subclass tables).
+
+### Martin Fowler Says
+
+Relational databases don't support inheritance, which creates a mismatch when mapping objects. 
+To fix this, Table Inheritance uses a separate table for each class in the hierarchy while maintaining 
+relationships through foreign keys, making it easier to link the classes together in the database.
+
+For more detailed information, refer to Martin Fowler's article on [Class Table Inheritance](https://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/classTableInheritance.html).
+
+
+## Programmatic Example of Table Inheritance Pattern in Java
+
+
+The `Vehicle` class will be the superclass, and we will have `Car` and `Truck` as subclasses that extend 
+`Vehicle`. The `Vehicle` class will store common attributes, while `Car` and `Truck` will store 
+attributes specific to those subclasses.
+
+### Key Aspects of the Pattern:
+
+1. **Superclass (`Vehicle`)**:  
+   The `Vehicle` class stores attributes shared by all vehicle types, such as:
+    - `make`: The manufacturer of the vehicle.
+    - `model`: The model of the vehicle.
+    - `year`: The year the vehicle was manufactured.
+    - `id`: A unique identifier for the vehicle.
+
+   These attributes are stored in the **`Vehicle` table** in the database.
+
+2. **Subclass (`Car` and `Truck`)**:  
+   Each subclass (`Car` and `Truck`) stores attributes specific to that vehicle type:
+    - `Car`: Has an additional attribute `numberOfDoors` representing the number of doors the car has.
+    - `Truck`: Has an additional attribute `payloadCapacity` representing the payload capacity of the truck.
+
+   These subclass-specific attributes are stored in the **`Car` and `Truck` tables**.
+
+3. **Foreign Key Relationship**:  
+   Each subclass (`Car` and `Truck`) contains the `id` field which acts as a **foreign key** that 
+references the primary key (`id`) of the superclass (`Vehicle`). This foreign key ensures the 
+relationship between the common attributes in the `Vehicle` table and the specific attributes in the
+subclass tables (`Car` and `Truck`).
+
+
+```java
+/**
+ * Superclass
+ * Represents a generic vehicle with basic attributes like make, model, year, and ID.
+ */
+public class Vehicle {
+    private String make;
+    private String model;
+    private int year;
+    private int id;
+
+    // Constructor, getters, and setters...
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents a car, which is a subclass of Vehicle.
+ */
+public class Car extends Vehicle {
+    private int numberOfDoors;
+
+    // Constructor, getters, and setters...
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents a truck, which is a subclass of Vehicle.
+ */
+public class Truck extends Vehicle {
+    private int payloadCapacity;
+
+    // Constructor, getters, and setters...
+}
+```
+
+
+
+## Table Inheritance Pattern Class Diagram
+
+
+<img src="etc/class-diagram.png" width="400" height="500" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Table Inheritance Pattern Database Schema
+
+### Vehicle Table
+| Column | Description                         |
+|--------|-------------------------------------|
+| id     | Primary key                        |
+| make   | The make of the vehicle            |
+| model  | The model of the vehicle           |
+| year   | The manufacturing year of the vehicle |
+
+### Car Table
+| Column          | Description                         |
+|------------------|-------------------------------------|
+| id              | Foreign key referencing `Vehicle(id)` |
+| numberOfDoors   | Number of doors in the car          |
+
+### Truck Table
+| Column           | Description                         |
+|-------------------|-------------------------------------|
+| id               | Foreign key referencing `Vehicle(id)` |
+| payloadCapacity  | Payload capacity of the truck       |
+
+---
+
+## When to Use the Table Inheritance Pattern in Java
+
+- When your application requires a clear mapping of an object-oriented class hierarchy to relational tables.
+- When subclasses have unique attributes that do not fit into a single base table.
+- When scalability and normalization of data are important considerations.
+- When you need to separate concerns and organize data in a way that each subclass has its own 
+table but maintains relationships with the superclass.
+
+## Table Inheritance Pattern Java Tutorials
+
+- [Software Patterns Lexicon: Class Table Inheritance](https://softwarepatternslexicon.com/patterns-sql/4/4/2/)
+- [Martin Fowler: Class Table Inheritance](http://thierryroussel.free.fr/java/books/martinfowler/www.martinfowler.com/isa/classTableInheritance.html)
+
+---
+
+## Real-World Applications of Table Inheritance Pattern in Java
+
+- **Vehicle Management System**: Used to store different types of vehicles like Car and Truck in separate tables but maintain a relationship through a common superclass `Vehicle`.
+- **E-Commerce Platforms**: Where different product types, such as Clothing, Electronics, and Furniture, are stored in separate tables with shared attributes in a superclass `Product`.
+
+## Benefits and Trade-offs of Table Inheritance Pattern
+
+### Benefits
+
+- **Clear Structure**: Each class has its own table, making the data model easier to maintain and understand.
+- **Scalability**: Each subclass can be extended independently without affecting the other tables, making the system more scalable.
+- **Data Normalization**: Helps avoid data redundancy and keeps the schema normalized.
+
+### Trade-offs
+
+- **Multiple Joins**: Retrieving data that spans multiple subclasses may require joining multiple tables, which could lead to performance issues.
+- **Increased Complexity**: Managing relationships between tables and maintaining integrity can become more complex.
+- **Potential for Sparse Tables**: Subclasses with fewer attributes may end up with tables that have many null fields.
+
+## Related Java Design Patterns
+
+- **Single Table Inheritance** – A strategy where a single table is used to store all classes in an 
+inheritance hierarchy. It stores all attributes of the class and its subclasses in one table.
+- **Singleton Pattern** – Used when a class needs to have only one instance.
+
+
+## References and Credits
+
+- **Martin Fowler** - [*Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture*](https://www.amazon.com/Patterns-Enterprise-Application-Architecture-Martin/dp/0321127420)
+- **Java Persistence with Hibernate** - [Link to book](https://www.amazon.com/Java-Persistence-Hibernate-Christian-Bauer/dp/193239469X)
+- **Object-Relational Mapping on Wikipedia** - [Link to article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_mapping)

table-inheritance/pom.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
+         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
+    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+    <parent>
+        <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
+        <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
+        <version>1.26.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+    </parent>
+
+    <artifactId>table-inheritance</artifactId>
+
+    <dependencies>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
+            <artifactId>junit-jupiter-engine</artifactId>
+            <version>5.7.0</version>
+            <scope>test</scope>
+        </dependency>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
+            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
+            <version>1.18.24</version>
+            <scope>provided</scope>
+        </dependency>
+    </dependencies>
+
+
+
+</project>

table-inheritance/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/table/inheritance/App.java

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package com.iluwatar.table.inheritance;
+
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * The main entry point of the application demonstrating the use of vehicles.
+ *
+ * <p>The Table Inheritance pattern models a class hierarchy in a relational database by creating
+ * separate tables for each class in the hierarchy. These tables share a common primary key, which in
+ * subclass tables also serves as a foreign key referencing the primary key of the base class table.
+ * This linkage maintains relationships and effectively represents the inheritance structure. This
+ * pattern enables the organization of complex data models, particularly when subclasses have unique
+ * properties that must be stored in distinct tables.
+ */
+
+public class App {
+  /**
+   * Manages the storage and retrieval of Vehicle objects, including Cars and Trucks.
+   *
+   * <p>This example demonstrates the **Table Inheritance** pattern, where each vehicle type
+   * (Car and Truck) is stored in its own separate table. The `VehicleDatabase` simulates
+   * a simple database that manages these entities, with each subclass (Car and Truck)
+   * being stored in its respective table.
+   *
+   * <p>The `VehicleDatabase` contains the following tables:
+   * - `vehicleTable`: Stores all vehicle objects, including both `Car` and `Truck` objects.
+   * - `carTable`: Stores only `Car` objects, with fields specific to cars.
+   * - `truckTable`: Stores only `Truck` objects, with fields specific to trucks.
+   *
+   * <p>The example demonstrates:
+   * 1. Saving instances of `Car` and `Truck` to their respective tables in the database.
+   * 2. Retrieving vehicles (both cars and trucks) from the appropriate table based on their ID.
+   * 3. Printing all vehicles stored in the database.
+   * 4. Showing how to retrieve specific types of vehicles (`Car` or `Truck`) by their IDs.
+   *
+   * <p>In the **Table Inheritance** pattern, each subclass has its own table, making it easier
+   * to manage specific attributes of each subclass.
+   *
+   * @param args command-line arguments
+   */
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+    final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(App.class.getName());
+
+    VehicleDatabase database = new VehicleDatabase();
+
+    Car car = new Car(2020, "Toyota", "Corolla", 4, 1);
+    Truck truck = new Truck(2018, "Ford", "F-150", 60, 2);
+
+    database.saveVehicle(car);
+    database.saveVehicle(truck);
+
+    database.printAllVehicles();
+
+    Vehicle vehicle = database.getVehicle(car.getId());
+    Car retrievedCar = database.getCar(car.getId());
+    Truck retrievedTruck = database.getTruck(truck.getId());
+
+    logger.info(String.format("Retrieved Vehicle: %s", vehicle));
+    logger.info(String.format("Retrieved Car: %s", retrievedCar));
+    logger.info(String.format("Retrieved Truck: %s", retrievedTruck));
+
+  }
+}

table-inheritance/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/table/inheritance/Car.java

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package com.iluwatar.table.inheritance;
+import lombok.Getter;
+/**
+ * Represents a car with a specific number of doors.
+ */
+
+@Getter
+public class Car extends Vehicle {
+  private int numDoors;
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a Car object.
+   *
+   * @param year     the manufacturing year
+   * @param make     the make of the car
+   * @param model    the model of the car
+   * @param numDoors the number of doors
+   * @param id       the unique identifier for the car
+   */
+  public Car(int year, String make, String model, int numDoors, int id) {
+    super(year, make, model, id);
+    if (numDoors <= 0) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Number of doors must be positive.");
+    }
+    this.numDoors = numDoors;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the number of doors for the car.
+   *
+   * @param doors the number of doors
+   */
+  public void setNumDoors(int doors) {
+    if (doors <= 0) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Number of doors must be positive.");
+    }
+    this.numDoors = doors;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return "Car{"
+        + "id=" + getId()
+        + ", make='" + getMake() + '\''
+        + ", model='" + getModel() + '\''
+        + ", year=" + getYear()
+        + ", numberOfDoors=" + getNumDoors()
+        + '}';
+  }
+}