From 23c385d61f8570923aa44bcdb28ae2e351b0c166 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Kim <andrew.kim@intel.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Nov 2025 18:34:49 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] Move checksum functions from backend storage to port

This refactoring moves checksum implementation from src/backend/storage/page/ to src/port/
---
 contrib/pageinspect/rawpage.c                 | 2 +-
 src/backend/backup/basebackup.c               | 2 +-
 src/backend/storage/page/Makefile             | 6 +-----
 src/backend/storage/page/bufpage.c            | 2 +-
 src/backend/storage/page/meson.build          | 9 ---------
 src/bin/pg_checksums/pg_checksums.c           | 3 +--
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/file.c                     | 3 +--
 src/include/{storage => port}/checksum.h      | 2 +-
 src/include/{storage => port}/checksum_impl.h | 4 ++--
 src/port/Makefile                             | 6 ++++++
 src/{backend/storage/page => port}/checksum.c | 8 ++++----
 src/port/meson.build                          | 4 ++--
 src/test/modules/test_aio/test_aio.c          | 2 +-
 13 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)
 rename src/include/{storage => port}/checksum.h (94%)
 rename src/include/{storage => port}/checksum_impl.h (98%)
 rename src/{backend/storage/page => port}/checksum.c (73%)

diff --git a/contrib/pageinspect/rawpage.c b/contrib/pageinspect/rawpage.c
index aef442b5db30..7beb7765da94 100644
--- a/contrib/pageinspect/rawpage.c
+++ b/contrib/pageinspect/rawpage.c
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "pageinspect.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "storage/checksum.h"
+#include "port/checksum.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/pg_lsn.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
diff --git a/src/backend/backup/basebackup.c b/src/backend/backup/basebackup.c
index bb7d90aa5d96..d84ced4b47cf 100644
--- a/src/backend/backup/basebackup.c
+++ b/src/backend/backup/basebackup.c
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 #include "replication/walsender.h"
 #include "replication/walsender_private.h"
 #include "storage/bufpage.h"
-#include "storage/checksum.h"
+#include "port/checksum.h"
 #include "storage/dsm_impl.h"
 #include "storage/ipc.h"
 #include "storage/reinit.h"
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/page/Makefile b/src/backend/storage/page/Makefile
index da539b113a69..788fee403f64 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/page/Makefile
+++ b/src/backend/storage/page/Makefile
@@ -12,12 +12,8 @@ subdir = src/backend/storage/page
 top_builddir = ../../../..
 include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
 
-OBJS =  \
+OBJS = \
 	bufpage.o \
-	checksum.o \
 	itemptr.o
 
 include $(top_srcdir)/src/backend/common.mk
-
-# Provide special optimization flags for checksum.c
-checksum.o: CFLAGS += ${CFLAGS_UNROLL_LOOPS} ${CFLAGS_VECTORIZE}
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/page/bufpage.c b/src/backend/storage/page/bufpage.c
index aac6e6959546..73f42dc0c495 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/page/bufpage.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/page/bufpage.c
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include "access/itup.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
-#include "storage/checksum.h"
+#include "port/checksum.h"
 #include "utils/memdebug.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/page/meson.build b/src/backend/storage/page/meson.build
index 112f00ff3655..cf92a8f55f05 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/page/meson.build
+++ b/src/backend/storage/page/meson.build
@@ -1,14 +1,5 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2022-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 
-checksum_backend_lib = static_library('checksum_backend_lib',
-  'checksum.c',
-  dependencies: backend_build_deps,
-  kwargs: internal_lib_args,
-  c_args: vectorize_cflags + unroll_loops_cflags,
-)
-
-backend_link_with += checksum_backend_lib
-
 backend_sources += files(
   'bufpage.c',
   'itemptr.c',
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_checksums/pg_checksums.c b/src/bin/pg_checksums/pg_checksums.c
index 46cb2f36efaa..2e0212c029cd 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_checksums/pg_checksums.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_checksums/pg_checksums.c
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@
 #include "getopt_long.h"
 #include "pg_getopt.h"
 #include "storage/bufpage.h"
-#include "storage/checksum.h"
-#include "storage/checksum_impl.h"
+#include "port/checksum.h"
 
 
 static int64 files_scanned = 0;
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/file.c b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/file.c
index 91ed16acb088..f9a5ed02ee4a 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/file.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/file.c
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@
 #include "common/file_perm.h"
 #include "pg_upgrade.h"
 #include "storage/bufpage.h"
-#include "storage/checksum.h"
-#include "storage/checksum_impl.h"
+#include "port/checksum.h"
 
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/include/storage/checksum.h b/src/include/port/checksum.h
similarity index 94%
rename from src/include/storage/checksum.h
rename to src/include/port/checksum.h
index 25d13a798d10..c2faed83ede7 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/checksum.h
+++ b/src/include/port/checksum.h
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * src/include/storage/checksum.h
+ * src/include/port/checksum.h
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h b/src/include/port/checksum_impl.h
similarity index 98%
rename from src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
rename to src/include/port/checksum_impl.h
index da87d61ba524..00cb0549f247 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
+++ b/src/include/port/checksum_impl.h
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@
  *
  * This file exists for the benefit of external programs that may wish to
  * check Postgres page checksums.  They can #include this to get the code
- * referenced by storage/checksum.h.  (Note: you may need to redefine
+ * referenced by port/checksum.h.  (Note: you may need to redefine
  * Assert() as empty to compile this successfully externally.)
  *
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * src/include/storage/checksum_impl.h
+ * src/include/port/checksum_impl.h
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
diff --git a/src/port/Makefile b/src/port/Makefile
index 4274949dfa4c..4f1f460bff2b 100644
--- a/src/port/Makefile
+++ b/src/port/Makefile
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ OBJS = \
 	$(LIBOBJS) \
 	$(PG_CRC32C_OBJS) \
 	bsearch_arg.o \
+	checksum.o \
 	chklocale.o \
 	inet_net_ntop.o \
 	noblock.o \
@@ -90,6 +91,11 @@ pg_crc32c_armv8.o: CFLAGS+=$(CFLAGS_CRC)
 pg_crc32c_armv8_shlib.o: CFLAGS+=$(CFLAGS_CRC)
 pg_crc32c_armv8_srv.o: CFLAGS+=$(CFLAGS_CRC)
 
+# Provide special optimization flags for checksum.c
+checksum.o: CFLAGS += ${CFLAGS_UNROLL_LOOPS} ${CFLAGS_VECTORIZE}
+checksum_shlib.o: CFLAGS += ${CFLAGS_UNROLL_LOOPS} ${CFLAGS_VECTORIZE}
+checksum_srv.o: CFLAGS += ${CFLAGS_UNROLL_LOOPS} ${CFLAGS_VECTORIZE}
+
 #
 # Shared library versions of object files
 #
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/page/checksum.c b/src/port/checksum.c
similarity index 73%
rename from src/backend/storage/page/checksum.c
rename to src/port/checksum.c
index c913459b5a37..de61a46231d4 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/page/checksum.c
+++ b/src/port/checksum.c
@@ -7,16 +7,16 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
  * IDENTIFICATION
- *	  src/backend/storage/page/checksum.c
+ *	  src/port/checksum.c
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
 #include "postgres.h"
 
-#include "storage/checksum.h"
+#include "port/checksum.h"
 /*
- * The actual code is in storage/checksum_impl.h.  This is done so that
+ * The actual code is in port/checksum_impl.h.  This is done so that
  * external programs can incorporate the checksum code by #include'ing
  * that file from the exported Postgres headers.  (Compare our CRC code.)
  */
-#include "storage/checksum_impl.h"	/* IWYU pragma: keep */
+#include "port/checksum_impl.h"		/* IWYU pragma: keep */
diff --git a/src/port/meson.build b/src/port/meson.build
index fc7b059fee50..d3e63bce9e7c 100644
--- a/src/port/meson.build
+++ b/src/port/meson.build
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ replace_funcs_pos = [
   ['pg_crc32c_sb8', 'USE_SLICING_BY_8_CRC32C'],
 ]
 
-pgport_cflags = {'crc': cflags_crc}
-pgport_sources_cflags = {'crc': []}
+pgport_cflags = {'crc': cflags_crc, 'checksum': vectorize_cflags + unroll_loops_cflags}
+pgport_sources_cflags = {'crc': [], 'checksum': [files('checksum.c')]}
 
 foreach f : replace_funcs_neg
   func = f.get(0)
diff --git a/src/test/modules/test_aio/test_aio.c b/src/test/modules/test_aio/test_aio.c
index c55cf6c0aac0..175e491c0bc2 100644
--- a/src/test/modules/test_aio/test_aio.c
+++ b/src/test/modules/test_aio/test_aio.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "storage/aio_internal.h"
 #include "storage/buf_internals.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
-#include "storage/checksum.h"
+#include "port/checksum.h"
 #include "storage/ipc.h"
 #include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"

From 407035a92f1096e5249df7400ce7bde0faac2714 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Kim <andrew.kim@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Nov 2025 00:00:20 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] Move platform-specific checksum code from header to
 source

Key architectural changes:

checksum_impl.h (simplified for external programs):
- Contains only basic FNV-1a implementation
- No platform-specific code (AVX2, CPUID, intrinsics)
- External programs get portable standalone implementation
- Uses static functions (no symbol conflicts with checksum.c)

checksum.c (full implementation for PostgreSQL):
- Includes checksum_impl.h for common definitions
- Contains all platform-specific code (AVX2, CPUID detection)
- Implements runtime dispatch based on CPU features
- Provides public interfaces wrapping the basic implementation

Architecture benefits:
- Follows PostgreSQL principle: platform code belongs in .c files
- No code duplication (checksum.c includes checksum_impl.h)
- Clean separation: external programs vs internal optimization
- Maintains backward compatibility for external tools

Trade-offs:
- External programs use basic implementation only (no AVX2)
- PostgreSQL internal code gets full optimization
---
 config/c-compiler.m4             |  26 ++++
 configure                        |  52 ++++++++
 configure.ac                     |   9 ++
 meson.build                      |  30 +++++
 src/include/pg_config.h.in       |   3 +
 src/include/port/checksum.h      |   6 +
 src/include/port/checksum_impl.h |  13 +-
 src/port/checksum.c              | 200 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 8 files changed, 331 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/config/c-compiler.m4 b/config/c-compiler.m4
index 236a59e8536c..40927d56e6a1 100644
--- a/config/c-compiler.m4
+++ b/config/c-compiler.m4
@@ -581,6 +581,32 @@ fi
 undefine([Ac_cachevar])dnl
 ])# PGAC_SSE42_CRC32_INTRINSICS
 
+# PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT
+# ---------------------------
+# Check if the compiler supports AVX2 target attribute.
+# This is used for optimized checksum calculations with runtime detection.
+#
+# If AVX2 target attribute is supported, sets pgac_avx2_support.
+AC_DEFUN([PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT],
+[define([Ac_cachevar], [AS_TR_SH([pgac_cv_avx2_support])])dnl
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([for AVX2 target attribute support], [Ac_cachevar],
+[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <stdint.h>
+    #if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+    __attribute__((target("avx2")))
+    static int avx2_test(void)
+    {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    #endif],
+  [return avx2_test();])],
+  [Ac_cachevar=yes],
+  [Ac_cachevar=no])])
+if test x"$Ac_cachevar" = x"yes"; then
+  pgac_avx2_support=yes
+fi
+undefine([Ac_cachevar])dnl
+])# PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT
+
 # PGAC_AVX512_PCLMUL_INTRINSICS
 # ---------------------------
 # Check if the compiler supports AVX-512 carryless multiplication
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index f7c24c8f5768..08a046192842 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -17552,6 +17552,58 @@ $as_echo "#define HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS 1" >>confdefs.h
 
 fi
 
+# Check for AVX2 target and intrinsic support
+#
+if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for AVX2 support" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for AVX2 support... " >&6; }
+if ${pgac_cv_avx2_support+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  cat confdefs.h - <<_ACEOF >conftest.$ac_ext
+/* end confdefs.h.  */
+#include <immintrin.h>
+    #include <stdint.h>
+    #if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+    __attribute__((target("avx2")))
+    #endif
+    static int avx2_test(void)
+    {
+      const char buf[sizeof(__m256i)];
+      __m256i accum = _mm256_loadu_si256((const __m256i *) buf);
+	  accum = _mm256_add_epi32(accum, accum);
+      int result = _mm256_extract_epi32(accum, 0);
+      return (int) result;
+    }
+int
+main ()
+{
+return avx2_test();
+  ;
+  return 0;
+}
+_ACEOF
+if ac_fn_c_try_link "$LINENO"; then :
+  pgac_cv_avx2_support=yes
+else
+  pgac_cv_avx2_support=no
+fi
+rm -f core conftest.err conftest.$ac_objext \
+    conftest$ac_exeext conftest.$ac_ext
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $pgac_cv_avx2_support" >&5
+$as_echo "$pgac_cv_avx2_support" >&6; }
+if test x"$pgac_cv_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+  pgac_avx2_support=yes
+fi
+
+  if test x"$pgac_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+
+$as_echo "#define USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK 1" >>confdefs.h
+
+  fi
+fi
+
 # Check for AVX-512 popcount intrinsics
 #
 if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 6c802deaacb1..00a701db1f20 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -2077,6 +2077,15 @@ else
   fi
 fi
 
+# Check for AVX2 target and intrinsic support
+#
+if test x"$host_cpu" = x"x86_64"; then
+  PGAC_AVX2_SUPPORT()
+  if test x"$pgac_avx2_support" = x"yes"; then
+    AC_DEFINE(USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK, 1, [Define to 1 to use AVX2 instructions with a runtime check.])
+  fi
+fi
+
 # Check for XSAVE intrinsics
 #
 PGAC_XSAVE_INTRINSICS()
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index 0f61ff6a7006..55b26814efcc 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -2293,6 +2293,36 @@ int main(void)
 endif
 
 
+###############################################################
+# Check for the availability of AVX2 support
+###############################################################
+
+if host_cpu == 'x86_64'
+
+  prog = '''
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute (target)
+__attribute__((target("avx2")))
+#endif
+static int avx2_test(void)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    return avx2_test();
+}
+'''
+
+  if cc.links(prog, name: 'AVX2 support', args: test_c_args)
+    cdata.set('USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK', 1)
+  endif
+
+endif
+
+
 ###############################################################
 # Check for the availability of AVX-512 popcount intrinsics.
 ###############################################################
diff --git a/src/include/pg_config.h.in b/src/include/pg_config.h.in
index f52f14cc5664..66556985a639 100644
--- a/src/include/pg_config.h.in
+++ b/src/include/pg_config.h.in
@@ -678,6 +678,9 @@
 /* Define to 1 to use AVX-512 CRC algorithms with a runtime check. */
 #undef USE_AVX512_CRC32C_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
 
+/* Define to 1 to use AVX2 instructions with a runtime check. */
+#undef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+
 /* Define to 1 to use AVX-512 popcount instructions with a runtime check. */
 #undef USE_AVX512_POPCNT_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
 
diff --git a/src/include/port/checksum.h b/src/include/port/checksum.h
index c2faed83ede7..531c94404f8a 100644
--- a/src/include/port/checksum.h
+++ b/src/include/port/checksum.h
@@ -21,4 +21,10 @@
  */
 extern uint16 pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno);
 
+/*
+ * Choose the best available checksum implementation and compute checksum
+ * for a single block.
+ */
+extern uint32 pg_checksum_block_choose(const char *data);
+
 #endif							/* CHECKSUM_H */
diff --git a/src/include/port/checksum_impl.h b/src/include/port/checksum_impl.h
index 00cb0549f247..7993da923252 100644
--- a/src/include/port/checksum_impl.h
+++ b/src/include/port/checksum_impl.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  *
  * checksum_impl.h
- *	  Checksum implementation for data pages.
+ *		Checksum implementation for data pages.
  *
  * This file exists for the benefit of external programs that may wish to
  * check Postgres page checksums.  They can #include this to get the code
@@ -173,6 +173,8 @@ pg_checksum_block(const PGChecksummablePage *page)
 	return result;
 }
 
+#ifndef PG_CHECKSUM_INTERNAL
+
 /*
  * Compute the checksum for a Postgres page.
  *
@@ -182,6 +184,9 @@ pg_checksum_block(const PGChecksummablePage *page)
  * The checksum includes the block number (to detect the case where a page is
  * somehow moved to a different location), the page header (excluding the
  * checksum itself), and the page data.
+ *
+ * This function is only defined when included by external programs.
+ * PostgreSQL internal code uses the optimized version in checksum.c.
  */
 uint16
 pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno)
@@ -196,8 +201,8 @@ pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno)
 	/*
 	 * Save pd_checksum and temporarily set it to zero, so that the checksum
 	 * calculation isn't affected by the old checksum stored on the page.
-	 * Restore it after, because actually updating the checksum is NOT part of
-	 * the API of this function.
+	 * Restore it after, because actually updating the checksum is NOT part
+	 * of the API of this function.
 	 */
 	save_checksum = cpage->phdr.pd_checksum;
 	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = 0;
@@ -213,3 +218,5 @@ pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno)
 	 */
 	return (uint16) ((checksum % 65535) + 1);
 }
+
+#endif /* !PG_CHECKSUM_INTERNAL */
diff --git a/src/port/checksum.c b/src/port/checksum.c
index de61a46231d4..1f684d80db9f 100644
--- a/src/port/checksum.c
+++ b/src/port/checksum.c
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  *
  * checksum.c
- *	  Checksum implementation for data pages.
+ *		Checksum implementation for data pages.
+ *
+ * This file provides the platform-specific optimizations (AVX2, CPUID)
+ * and runtime dispatch logic. It includes checksum_impl.h for the
+ * basic implementation and common definitions.
  *
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
@@ -11,12 +15,198 @@
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
+
 #include "postgres.h"
 
 #include "port/checksum.h"
+#include "storage/bufpage.h"
+
+/* Prevent duplicate pg_checksum_page definition from checksum_impl.h */
+#define PG_CHECKSUM_INTERNAL
+
+/* Include the basic implementation and common definitions */
+#include "port/checksum_impl.h"
+
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID) || defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID_COUNT)
+#include <cpuid.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(HAVE__CPUID) || defined(HAVE__CPUIDEX)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+
+/*
+ * Does CPUID say there's support for XSAVE instructions?
+ */
+static inline bool
+xsave_available(void)
+{
+	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID)
+	__get_cpuid(1, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
+#elif defined(HAVE__CPUID)
+	__cpuid(exx, 1);
+#else
+#error cpuid instruction not available
+#endif
+	return (exx[2] & (1 << 27)) != 0;	/* osxsave */
+}
+
 /*
- * The actual code is in port/checksum_impl.h.  This is done so that
- * external programs can incorporate the checksum code by #include'ing
- * that file from the exported Postgres headers.  (Compare our CRC code.)
+ * Does XGETBV say the YMM registers are enabled?
+ *
+ * NB: Caller is responsible for verifying that xsave_available() returns true
+ * before calling this.
  */
-#include "port/checksum_impl.h"		/* IWYU pragma: keep */
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+pg_attribute_target("xsave")
+#endif
+static inline bool
+ymm_regs_available(void)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_XSAVE_INTRINSICS
+	return (_xgetbv(0) & 0x06) == 0x06;
+#else
+	return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check for AVX2 support using CPUID detection
+ */
+static inline bool
+avx2_available(void)
+{
+	unsigned int exx[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+	if (!xsave_available() || !ymm_regs_available())
+		return false;
+
+#if defined(HAVE__GET_CPUID_COUNT)
+	__get_cpuid_count(7, 0, &exx[0], &exx[1], &exx[2], &exx[3]);
+#elif defined(HAVE__CPUIDEX)
+	__cpuidex(exx, 7, 0);
+#else
+#error cpuid instruction not available
+#endif
+	return (exx[1] & (1 << 5)) != 0;	/* avx2 */
+}
+
+/*
+ * AVX2-optimized block checksum algorithm.
+ * Same algorithm as default, but compiled with AVX2 target for auto-vectorization.
+ */
+pg_attribute_target("avx2")
+static uint32
+pg_checksum_block_avx2(const PGChecksummablePage *page)
+{
+	uint32		sums[N_SUMS];
+	uint32		result = 0;
+	uint32		i,
+				j;
+
+	/* ensure that the size is compatible with the algorithm */
+	Assert(sizeof(PGChecksummablePage) == BLCKSZ);
+
+	/* initialize partial checksums to their corresponding offsets */
+	memcpy(sums, checksumBaseOffsets, sizeof(checksumBaseOffsets));
+
+	/* main checksum calculation */
+	for (i = 0; i < (uint32) (BLCKSZ / (sizeof(uint32) * N_SUMS)); i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], page->data[i][j]);
+
+	/* finally add in two rounds of zeroes for additional mixing */
+	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+		for (j = 0; j < N_SUMS; j++)
+			CHECKSUM_COMP(sums[j], 0);
+
+	/* xor fold partial checksums together */
+	for (i = 0; i < N_SUMS; i++)
+		result ^= sums[i];
+
+	return result;
+}
+#endif							/* USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK */
+
+/* Function pointer for the checksum implementation */
+static uint32 (*pg_checksum_block_impl) (const PGChecksummablePage *page) = NULL;
+
+/*
+ * Initialize the checksum implementation based on available CPU features.
+ */
+static void
+pg_checksum_init(void)
+{
+	if (pg_checksum_block_impl != NULL)
+		return;					/* already initialized */
+
+#ifdef USE_AVX2_WITH_RUNTIME_CHECK
+	if (avx2_available())
+		pg_checksum_block_impl = pg_checksum_block_avx2;
+	else
+#endif
+		pg_checksum_block_impl = pg_checksum_block;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Choose the best available checksum implementation.
+ * This follows the naming pattern of pg_crc32c_choose.
+ */
+uint32
+pg_checksum_block_choose(const char *data)
+{
+	const PGChecksummablePage *page = (const PGChecksummablePage *) data;
+
+	/* Initialize the implementation if not done already */
+	if (pg_checksum_block_impl == NULL)
+		pg_checksum_init();
+
+	return pg_checksum_block_impl(page);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compute the checksum for a Postgres page.
+ *
+ * The page must be adequately aligned (at least on a 4-byte boundary).
+ * Beware also that the checksum field of the page is transiently zeroed.
+ *
+ * The checksum includes the block number (to detect the case where a page is
+ * somehow moved to a different location), the page header (excluding the
+ * checksum itself), and the page data.
+ */
+uint16
+pg_checksum_page(char *page, BlockNumber blkno)
+{
+	PGChecksummablePage *cpage = (PGChecksummablePage *) page;
+	uint16		save_checksum;
+	uint32		checksum;
+
+	/* We only calculate the checksum for properly-initialized pages */
+	Assert(!PageIsNew((Page) page));
+
+	/*
+	 * Save pd_checksum and temporarily set it to zero, so that the checksum
+	 * calculation isn't affected by the old checksum stored on the page.
+	 * Restore it after, because actually updating the checksum is NOT part
+	 * of the API of this function.
+	 */
+	save_checksum = cpage->phdr.pd_checksum;
+	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = 0;
+	checksum = pg_checksum_block_choose((const char *) cpage);
+	cpage->phdr.pd_checksum = save_checksum;
+
+	/* Mix in the block number to detect transposed pages */
+	checksum ^= blkno;
+
+	/*
+	 * Reduce to a uint16 (to fit in the pd_checksum field) with an offset of
+	 * one. That avoids checksums of zero, which seems like a good idea.
+	 */
+	return (uint16) ((checksum % 65535) + 1);
+}

From 71d173ee65c722b67ebb46d640d96449f4b7558a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Kim <andrew.kim@intel.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Nov 2025 14:37:29 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] Benchmark code for postgres checksums

Add pg_checksum_bench extension for performance testing of checksum
implementations with AVX2 optimization.

Key features:
- PostgreSQL extension for benchmarking checksum performance
- Tests pg_checksum_block_choose() with runtime AVX2 dispatch
---
 contrib/meson.build                           |  1 +
 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build         | 23 ++++++++++
 .../pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql                |  8 ++++
 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c | 42 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../pg_checksum_bench.control                 |  4 ++
 .../sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql                 | 17 ++++++++
 6 files changed, 95 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
 create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
 create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
 create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
 create mode 100644 contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql

diff --git a/contrib/meson.build b/contrib/meson.build
index ed30ee7d639f..fe5149aadff1 100644
--- a/contrib/meson.build
+++ b/contrib/meson.build
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ contrib_doc_args = {
   'install_dir': contrib_doc_dir,
 }
 
+subdir('pg_checksum_bench')
 subdir('amcheck')
 subdir('auth_delay')
 subdir('auto_explain')
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..32ccd9efa0fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+pg_checksum_bench_sources = files(
+  'pg_checksum_bench.c',
+)
+
+if host_system == 'windows'
+  pg_checksum_bench_sources += rc_lib_gen.process(win32ver_rc, extra_args: [
+    '--NAME', 'pg_checksum_bench',
+    '--FILEDESC', 'pg_checksum_bench',])
+endif
+
+pg_checksum_bench = shared_module('pg_checksum_bench',
+  pg_checksum_bench_sources,
+  kwargs: contrib_mod_args,
+)
+contrib_targets += pg_checksum_bench
+
+install_data(
+  'pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql',
+  'pg_checksum_bench.control',
+  kwargs: contrib_data_args,
+)
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5f13cbe3c5e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/* contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench--1.0.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+-- \echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION pg_checksum_bench" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION drive_pg_checksum(page_count int)
+	RETURNS pg_catalog.void
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C;
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dc20395a5907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.c
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#include "postgres.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "port/checksum.h"
+#include "port/checksum_impl.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
+
+#define REPEATS 1000000
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(drive_pg_checksum);
+Datum
+drive_pg_checksum(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	int			page_count = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
+	PGChecksummablePage *pages;
+	int			i;
+	size_t		j;
+
+	pages = palloc(page_count * sizeof(PGChecksummablePage));
+	srand(0);
+	for (j = 0; j < page_count * sizeof(PGChecksummablePage); j++)
+	{
+		char	   *byte_ptr = (char *) pages;
+
+		byte_ptr[j] = rand() % 256;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < REPEATS; i++)
+	{
+		const PGChecksummablePage *test_page = pages + (i % page_count);
+		volatile uint32 result = pg_checksum_block_choose((const char *) test_page);
+
+		(void) result;
+	}
+
+	pfree((void *) pages);
+
+	PG_RETURN_VOID();
+}
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4a4e2c9363c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/pg_checksum_bench.control
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+comment = 'pg_checksum benchmark'
+default_version = '1.0'
+module_pathname = '$libdir/pg_checksum_bench'
+relocatable = true
diff --git a/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4b347699953e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/pg_checksum_bench/sql/pg_checksum_bench.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+CREATE EXTENSION pg_checksum_bench;
+
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(-1);
+
+\timing on
+
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(1);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(2);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(4);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(8);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(16);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(32);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(64);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(128);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(256);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(512);
+SELECT drive_pg_checksum(1024);