images/dman-time.jpg)
+
$(P $(I by Jonathan M Davis))
$(H2 Introduction)
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ $(D_S $(TITLE),
$(P $(STD_DATETIME), on the other hand, is very much an object-oriented
solution, and it's not C-based at all. Rather, its API is based on
- $(WEB www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/doc/html/date_time.html, Boost)'s
+ $(HTTP www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/doc/html/date_time.html, Boost)'s
types for handling dates and times (though they're far from identical).
So, it's a bit of a paradigm shift to move from $(STD_DATE) to
$(STD_DATETIME). Don't expect much to be the same between the two.
@@ -64,9 +66,9 @@ $(D_S $(TITLE),
$(P The duration types can actually be found in $(CORE_TIME). They are
$(DURATION) and $(TICK_DURATION). $(TICK_DURATION) is intended for
- precision timing and is used primarily with $(XREF datetime, StopWatch)
+ precision timing and is used primarily with $(REF_SHORT StopWatch, std,datetime)
and the benchmarking functions found in $(STD_DATETIME) - such as
- $(XREF datetime, benchmark) - and you're unlikely to use it outside of
+ $(REF_SHORT benchmark, std,datetime) - and you're unlikely to use it outside of
using them. $(DURATION), on the other hand, you're likely to use quite a
bit.)
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ $(D_S $(TITLE),
(the $(D total) function).)
$(P Generally, a $(DURATION) is created in one of two ways: by subtracting
- two time points or with the $(FULL_CXREF time, dur) function. So, for
+ two time points or with the $(REF dur, core,time) function. So, for
instance, if you subtracted a time point which represented 17:02 from
a time point which represented 6:07, you'd get a $(DURATION) which
represented 10 hours and 55 minutes. Or, if you wanted to create a
@@ -102,8 +104,8 @@ assert(duration.total!"hnsecs"() == 393_000_000_000);
Phobos which take a duration of time take an actual $(DURATION) rather
than a naked number (most currently take both, though the versions which
take a naked number are going to be deprecated). For instance,
- $(FULL_CXREF thread, sleep) takes a $(DURATION), as does
- $(FULL_XREF concurrency, receiveTimeout). So, durations are used outside
+ $(REF sleep, core,thread) takes a $(DURATION), as does
+ $(REF receiveTimeout, std,concurrency). So, durations are used outside
of just interacting with $(CORE_TIME) and $(STD_DATETIME).)
$(P One particular thing to note here is how both $(D dur) and $(D total)
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ assert(duration.total!"hnsecs"() == 393_000_000_000);
however that very few functions take $(D "nsecs"), because nothing in
$(STD_DATETIME), and very little in $(CORE_TIME), has precision
greater than hnsecs (100 ns). Also, a number of functions (such as
- $(FULL_CXREF time, dur)) do not take $(D "years") or $(D "months"),
+ $(REF dur, core,time)) do not take $(D "years") or $(D "months"),
because it is not possible to convert between years or months and
smaller units without a specific date. So, while you can add a
$(DURATION) to a time point, if you want to add years or months to one,
@@ -170,13 +172,13 @@ assert(tod == dateTime.timeOfDay);
them, but you do risk problems with DST when creating a $(SYSTIME) from
the other 3 time points unless you specifically create the $(SYSTIME)
with a $(TIMEZONE) which doesn't have DST (such as
- $(FULL_XREF datetime, UTC)), since when a time zone has DST, one hour of
+ $(REF UTC, std,datetime)), since when a time zone has DST, one hour of
the year does not exist, and another exists twice. You can also convert
to and from unix time, which is what you're dealing with in C with
$(D time_t).)
$(P The one other related type which I should mention at this point is
- $(FULL_CXREF time, FracSec). It holds fractional seconds, and it is
+ $(REF FracSec, core,time). It holds fractional seconds, and it is
what you get from a $(DURATION) or $(SYSTIME) when you specifically
ask for the fractional portion of the time.)
@@ -234,7 +236,7 @@ assert(stdTime == st.stdTime);
C# uses, so if you need to interface with C# for any reason, converting
between its representation of time and $(STD_DATETIME)'s representation
is extremely easy, since no conversion is necessary.
- $(WEB msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.datetime.aspx,
+ $(HTTP msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.datetime.aspx,
C#'s $(D DateTime)) uses both the same units and epoch for its internal
representation (which it calls $(D Ticks)) as $(SYSTIME), though unlike
$(SYSTIME), it doesn't work with negative values (which would be B.C.)
@@ -253,7 +255,7 @@ assert(stdTime == st.stdTime);
at all or are dealing with anything which needs to worry about DST,
you should use $(SYSTIME). Because it keeps its time internally in UTC,
it avoids problems with DST. And while it does have a time zone
- component, it defaults to $(FULL_XREF datetime, LocalTime) (which
+ component, it defaults to $(REF LocalTime, std,datetime) (which
is the time zone type for the local time of the system), so you don't
generally have to deal directly with time zones if you don't want to.)
@@ -264,7 +266,7 @@ assert(stdTime == st.stdTime);
That's unlikely to be necessary, however (and if you think that you
have come up with such a class which would be generally useful, please
bring it up in the
- $(WEB www.digitalmars.com/NewsGroup.html, digitalmars.D newsgroup),
+ $(HTTP www.digitalmars.com/NewsGroup.html, digitalmars.D newsgroup),
since if it's truly generally useful, we may want some version of it in
$(STD_DATETIME)). Read their documentation for more details. Most
applications shouldn't have to worry about time zones though, beyond
@@ -499,8 +501,8 @@ setTimes("yourfile.txt", sysTime, sysTime + dur!"msecs"(5));
use as discussed previously (such as its std time or its ISO string),
or you're going to have be converting between $(D d_time) and
$(SYSTIME). At present, the functions
- $(FULL_XREF datetime, sysTimeToDTime) and
- $(FULL_XREF datetime, dTimeToSysTime) will do those conversions for you.
+ $(REF sysTimeToDTime, std,datetime) and
+ $(REF dTimeToSysTime, std,datetime) will do those conversions for you.
So, converting between the two formats is easy. However, because
$(D d_time) is going away, those functions will be going away. That
means that you either need to refactor your code so that those functions
@@ -538,8 +540,8 @@ setTimes("yourfile.txt", sysTime, sysTime + dur!"msecs"(5));
Simply calculate the total UTC offset (so add in the DST offset if
it applies for the date in question) in minutes and create a $(SIMPLETZ)
with that. Note that $(STD_DATETIME) treats west of UTC as
- $(I negative) (for some reason, some systems - particularly Posix stuff
- - use a positive offset from UTC when west of UTC, in spite of the fact
+ $(I negative) (for some reason, some systems - particularly Posix stuff -
+ use a positive offset from UTC when west of UTC, in spite of the fact
that when talking about time zones, negative is always used for west of
UTC, and that's what the ISO standard strings do). So, you may have to
adjust your values accordingly. Regardless, be very careful to make
@@ -560,20 +562,20 @@ immutable tzWithoutDST = new SimpleTimeZone(utcOffset);
$(P The last thing that I have to note is some differences in numerical
values between $(STD_DATE) and $(STD_DATETIME).
- $(FULL_XREF date, Date)'s $(D weekday) property gives Sunday a value of
- 1, but $(FULL_XREF date, weekDay) gives Sunday a value of 0.
- $(FULL_XREF datetime, DayOfWeek) gives Sunday a value of 0. So,
+ $(D std.date.Date)'s $(D weekday) property gives Sunday a value of
+ 1, but $(D std.date.weekDay) gives Sunday a value of 0.
+ $(REF DayOfWeek, std,datetime) gives Sunday a value of 0. So,
depending on which part of $(STD_DATE) you're dealing with it, it
may or may not match what $(STD_DATETIME) is doing for the numerical
values of weekdays. Months have a similar problem.
- $(FULL_XREF date, Date)'s $(D month) property gives January a value of
- 1 - which matches what $(FULL_XREF datetime, Month) does - but
- $(FULL_XREF date, monthFromTime) gives January a value of 0. So,
+ $(D std.date.Date)'s $(D month) property gives January a value of
+ 1 - which matches what $(REF Month, std,datetime) does - but
+ $(D std.date.monthFromTime) gives January a value of 0. So,
just as with the days of the week, you have to be careful with the
numerical values of the months. Whether $(STD_DATETIME) matches what
$(STD_DATE) is doing depends on which part of $(STD_DATE) you're using.
And as you'll notice, it's not even consistent as to whether
- $(FULL_XREF date, Date) or the free function in $(STD_DATE) is the one
+ $(D std.date.Date) or the free function in $(STD_DATE) is the one
which matches $(STD_DATETIME). So, you should be very careful when
converting code which uses numerical values for either the days of the
week or the months of the year.)
@@ -581,9 +583,9 @@ immutable tzWithoutDST = new SimpleTimeZone(utcOffset);
$(BOOKTABLE $(H3 std.date symbols and their std.datetime counterparts),
$(TR $(TD $(B $(STD_DATE)))
$(TD $(B $(STD_DATETIME) Equivalent)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, d_time))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D d_time))
$(TD The closest would be $(SYSTIME).))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, d_time_nan))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D d_time_nan))
$(TD There is no equivalent. $(SYSTIME).$(D init), which has a
$(D null) $(TIMEZONE) object, would be the closest, but once
CTFE advances to the point that you can new up class objects
@@ -592,26 +594,26 @@ immutable tzWithoutDST = new SimpleTimeZone(utcOffset);
invalid. $(STD_DATETIME) in general tries to avoid having any
invalid states for any of its types. It's intended that
creating such values be impossible.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date))
$(TD $(SYSTIME)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date).$(D year))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date).$(D year))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D year)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date).$(D month))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date).$(D month))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D month)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date).$(D day))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date).$(D day))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D day)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date).$(D hour))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date).$(D hour))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D hour)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date).$(D minute))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date).$(D minute))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D minute)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date).$(D second))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date).$(D second))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D second)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date).$(D ms))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date).$(D ms))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D fracSec.msecs)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date).$(D weekday))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date).$(D weekday))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D dayOfWeek) - but note that the values are off
by 1.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date).$(D tzcorrection))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date).$(D tzcorrection))
$(TD
--------------------
immutable tz = sysTime.timezone;
@@ -621,40 +623,40 @@ auto tzcorrection = convert!("hnsecs", "minutes")(diff);
However, it looks like $(D tzcorrection) is broken, so you're probably not using
it in your code anyway.
))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, Date).$(D parse))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D Date).$(D parse))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D fromISOString),
$(SYSTIME).$(D fromISOExtString), and
$(SYSTIME).$(D fromSimpleString), but the formats of the
- strings differ from what $(FULL_XREF date, Date).$(D parse)
+ strings differ from what $(D std.date.Date).$(D parse)
accepts.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, ticksPerSecond))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D ticksPerSecond))
$(TD There is no equivalent. It's only relevant to $(D d_time).))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, toISO8601YearWeek))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D toISO8601YearWeek))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D isoWeek)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, hourFromTime))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D hourFromTime))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D hour)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, minFromTime))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D minFromTime))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D minute)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, secFromTime))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D secFromTime))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D second)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, daysInYear))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D daysInYear))
$(TD $(D sysTime.isLeapYear ? 366 : 365)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, dayFromYear))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D dayFromYear))
$(TD $(D (sysTime - SysTime(Date(1970, 1, 1), UTC())).total!"days"())))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, yearFromTime))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D yearFromTime))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D year)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, inLeapYear))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D inLeapYear))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D isLeapYear)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, monthFromTime))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D monthFromTime))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D month) - but note that the values are off by
1.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, dateFromTime))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D dateFromTime))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D day)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, weekDay))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D weekDay))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D dayOfWeek)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, UTCtoLocalTime))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D UTCtoLocalTime))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D toUTC)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, dateFromNthWeekdayOfMonth))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D dateFromNthWeekdayOfMonth))
$(TD
--------------------
//There is no equivalent. This is a possible implementation.
@@ -665,9 +667,9 @@ int dateFromNthWeekdayOfMonth(int year, Month month,
auto target = first;
immutable targetDOTW = target.dayOfWeek;
- if(targetDOTW != dow)
+ if (targetDOTW != dow)
{
- if(targetDOTW < dow)
+ if (targetDOTW < dow)
target += dur!"days"(dow - targetDOTW);
else
{
@@ -678,60 +680,60 @@ int dateFromNthWeekdayOfMonth(int year, Month month,
target += dur!"weeks"(n - 1);
- if(target.month != first.month)
+ if (target.month != first.month)
target -= dur!"weeks"(1);
return cast(int)((target - first).total!"days"()) + 1;
}
--------------------
))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, daysInMonth))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D daysInMonth))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D endOfMonthDay); Actually, this name is overly
easy to confuse with $(D endOfMonth) - which returns a
$(SYSTIME) of the last day of the month. I will probably
rename this to $(D daysInMonth). But if I do, it won't be
until the next release (2.054), and this name will be around
until it's gone through the full deprecation cycle.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, UTCtoString))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D UTCtoString))
$(TD There is no equivalent. You could probably parse and recombine
$(D core.stdc.time.ctime) and
$(SYSTIME).$(D toISOExtString) to create it though. However,
this function appears to be fairly buggy in the first place,
so odds are that your code isn't using it anyway.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, toUTCString))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D toUTCString))
$(TD There is no equivalent. You could probably parse and recombine
$(D core.stdc.time.ctime) and
$(SYSTIME).$(D toISOExtString) to create it though.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, toDateString))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D toDateString))
$(TD There is no equivalent. You could probably parse and recombine
$(D core.stdc.time.ctime) and
$(SYSTIME).$(D toISOExtString) to create it though. However,
this function appears to be fairly buggy in the first place,
so odds are that your code isn't using it anyway.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, toTimeString))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D toTimeString))
$(TD There is no equivalent. You could probably parse and recombine
$(D core.stdc.time.ctime) and
$(SYSTIME).$(D toISOExtString) to create it though. However,
this function appears to be fairly buggy in the first place,
so odds are that your code isn't using it anyway.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, parse).$(D parse))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D parse).$(D parse))
$(TD $(SYSTIME).$(D fromISOString),
$(SYSTIME).$(D fromISOExtString), and
$(SYSTIME).$(D fromSimpleString), but the formats of the
- strings differ from what $(FULL_XREF date, parse) accepts.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, getUTCtime))
+ strings differ from what $(D std.date.parse) accepts.))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D getUTCtime))
$(TD $(D Clock.currTime(UTC())) if you want the $(SYSTIME) to have
its time zone be $(UTC). More likely though, you'll just use
$(D Clock.currTime()). Its internal time is in UTC
regardless.))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, DosFileTime))
- $(TD $(XREF datetime, DosFileTime)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, toDtime))
- $(TD $(XREF datetime, DosFileTimeToSysTime)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, toDosFileTime))
- $(TD $(XREF datetime, SysTimeToDosFileTime)))
- $(TR $(TD $(XREF date, benchmark))
- $(TD $(XREF datetime, benchmark)))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D DosFileTime))
+ $(TD $(REF_SHORT DosFileTime, std,datetime)))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D toDtime))
+ $(TD $(REF_SHORT DosFileTimeToSysTime, std,datetime)))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D toDosFileTime))
+ $(TD $(REF_SHORT SysTimeToDosFileTime, std,datetime)))
+ $(TR $(TD $(D benchmark))
+ $(TD $(REF_SHORT benchmark, std,datetime)))
)
$(P Note that I'm not an expert on what does and doesn't work in
@@ -751,49 +753,41 @@ int dateFromNthWeekdayOfMonth(int year, Month month,
$(STD_DATETIME) and will get you well on your way to being able to
migrate your code from $(STD_DATE) to $(STD_DATETIME). If you have any
further questions, please ask them on the
- $(WEB www.digitalmars.com/NewsGroup.html, digitalmars.D.learn newsgroup).
+ $(HTTP www.digitalmars.com/NewsGroup.html, digitalmars.D.learn newsgroup).
And if there's a major use case of $(STD_DATE) which is not easy to
convert over to $(STD_DATETIME) which I missed in this
article and you think should be in it, please feel free to bring it up
on the
- $(WEB www.digitalmars.com/NewsGroup.html, digitalmars.D newsgroup),
+ $(HTTP www.digitalmars.com/NewsGroup.html, digitalmars.D newsgroup),
and if need be, I'll update this article with the relevant information.)
)
Macros:
- CATEGORY_ARTICLES=$0
- BOOKTABLE = images/dman-rain.jpg)
+
+ $(P
+ The universal reason I've heard from the turncoats was $(DOUBLEQUOTE productivity.) The consensus seems to be that programmers are more productive using Java, C#, Ruby, or Python than they are using C++.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ What are the major impediments to productive programming in C++?
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ $(B Horrible syntax) is one. This is actually more serious than it sounds. A good programmer can probably master some pretty horrible syntaxes given enough time. The problem is that C++ syntax and grammar is not only human-unfriendly but also parser-hostile. The fact that the Java market is saturated with productivity boosting tools is the reflection of the language's parseability. I have to yet see a C++ programming environment that would offer such powerful refactoring tools as are commonplace in Java.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ Language safety is the other major factor. C++ is notorious for presenting a never ending gallery of opportunities to shoot yourself in the foot. In fact C++ not only provides the opportunity to write dangerous code, it $(I encourages ) it. At some point a major C++ compiler vendor marked a portion of STL algorithms as "deprecated" because of safety concerns. In particular the C++ Standard Library, in accordance with the spirit of C++, extends the number of ways a buffer overflow bug might sneak into your program.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ One notorious example is the $(CODE std::swap_ranges) algorithm, which takes three iterators. The first two iterators are supposed to delimit one range, the third one marks the beginning of the second range. No testing is done whether the second range doesn't extend past the end of the container. When it does, virus writers rejoice!
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ The pipe dream of programming language designers is to be able to guarantee that if a program compiles successfully, it will work. Of course you have to be reasonable about your definition of a "working" program. For instance, you might require that the program will never get "stuck"—a term which has a precise meaning in computer science, but loosely means that the program will not GP-fault on you (it is stuck in the sense that there is no well-defined system-independent next step). Languages that have such a property are called "sound".
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ Guess what, there is a well-defined (and meaningful) subset of Java that is sound. Real-life Java programs, for practical reasons, stray outside of this sound subset; but at least the use of unsafe features is less prevalent and easier to spot in a Java program than it is in a C++ program. In practice, a Java compiler will detect more bugs in your program than a C++ compiler, and that translates directly into less time spent debugging—ergo, higher productivity.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ So what are the good features of C++?
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ Performance is one. It's really hard to beat C++ performance. If your program has to be fast and responsive you have little choice but to write it in C++ (or, in rare cases, in C or assembly).
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ Then there are the low-level features of C++ that let you write programs interacting directly with hardware. For instance, C and C++ are still kings of embedded programming.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ C++ offers powerful abstractions, in particular the ability to write generic code. Java and C# have their own generics but they are feeble compared to what C++ has to offer.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ All these features make C++ an ideal language for writing operating
+ systems. Operating systems are huge programs that have to be fast and
+ interact directly with hardware. But even outside operating systems
+ there are a lot of applications that have to be large and fast.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ So it looks like the programming world could be nicely partitioned between C++, Java, C# and the likes. And it all makes sense as long as you believe in the unavoidability of tradeoffs. But there is no law of nature that says, $(I You have to trade productivity for power).
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ What about a language that is built like an onion. It has a reasonably simple and safe core, which is not unlike Java or C#. A programmer can quickly master a safe subset of it and be as productive as a Java programmer (if not more). And what if the safe subset offered performance that was comparable to C++?
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ And then, the same language has outer layers that can be mastered gradually, as the need arises. It offers low-level features to grind the hardware, and high-level features to generate code on demand. It offers modularity and implementation hiding. It has unrivaled compile time features that enable lightning fast runtime performance.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ I'll let you in on a secret, this language is D.
+ )
+
+ $(SECTION2 $(LNAME2 pitfalls, Programming Pitfalls),
+
+
+ $(P
+ Did you know that the famous $(CODE"Hello World!") program, which is usually the first program people write in C, exposes some of the most dangerous features of the language? It contains this statement:
+ )
+
+ $(CCODE
+printf ("Hello World!\n");)
+
+ Consider the signature of $(CODE printf):
+
+ $(CCODE
+int printf (const char * restrict format, ...); )
+
+ $(P
+ ($(CODE restrict) is a new C keyword.) First of all, it's a function that takes a variable number of arguments. The number and the types of arguments are encoded in the format string.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ When is the match between the format and the argument list checked? Not at compile time—the compiler has no understanding of the format string (although some compilers may issue warnings if the string is statically known). At runtime then? Well, guess again. Consider this: If the programmer makes a mistake of calling printf with too few arguments, he or she will not get a nice error code or exception. Here's what the C Standard says about this situation:
+ )
+
+/image/d_harfi.jpg)
+
+BREADCRUMBS=$(BREADCRUMBS_FULL)
+
+BREADCRUMBS_DIV=/image/$0)
+
+DERS_BOLUMU =
+DERS_BOLUMU_CLASS =
+COZUM_BOLUMU = $(H4 $0 Dersi Problem Çözümleri)
+
+UYARI=/image/by-nc-sa.png)
+)
+$(BR)
+/image/rss-icon.png){kind=icon}
)
+$(BR)
+$(LINK2 index.html,
+Download or buy $(IMG book.png))
+
+DUSEY_NAVIGASYON=
+/image/Androgynous_D_coders_5.5x7.png)
+
+
+$(H6 ISBNs)
+$(P
+978-0-692-59943-3 hardcover by IngramSpark$(BR)
+978-0-692-52957-7 paperback by IngramSpark$(BR)
+978-1-515-07460-1 paperback by CreateSpace$(BR)
+978-1-519-95441-1 ePUB by Draft2Digital$(BR)
+)
+
+$(P
+These options have different prices, shipping times, shipping costs, customs and other fees, availability at local book stores, etc.
+)
+
+
)images/faster-gc-1.svg)
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 volatile-load-store, $(D volatileLoad) and $(D volatileStore) intrinsics were added.)
+
+ $(P Calls to $(D volatileLoad) and $(D volatileStore) are recognized by
+ the compiler and guaranteed to not be removed or reordered in the same
+ thread.
+
+ ---------
+ void example(uint* address, uint value)
+ {
+ import core.bitop;
+
+ // store value
+ volatileStore(address, value);
+
+ // wait until value takes affect
+ while (volatileLoad(address) != value)
+ { }
+ }
+ ---------
+ )
+
+ $(P $(B Note:) These intrinsics are currently in core.bitop$(COMMA) but will
+ be moved to core.volatile when $(D volatile) is no longer a keyword.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 gc-options, $(B Experimental:) The garbage collector can now be configured through the command line,
+ the environment or by options embedded into the executable.)
+
+ $(P By default, GC options can only be passed on the command line of the program
+ to run, e.g.
+
+ ---------
+ app "--DRT-gcopt=profile:1 minPoolSize:16" arguments to app
+ ---------
+ )
+ $(P Available GC options are:
+ $(UL
+ $(LI disable:0|1 - start disabled)
+ $(LI profile:0|1 - enable profiling with summary when terminating program)
+ $(LI initReserve:N - initial memory to reserve in MB)
+ $(LI minPoolSize:N - initial and minimum pool size in MB)
+ $(LI maxPoolSize:N - maximum pool size in MB)
+ $(LI incPoolSize:N - pool size increment MB)
+ $(LI heapSizeFactor:N - targeted heap size to used memory ratio)
+ )
+ )
+ $(P In addition, --DRT-gcopt=help will show the list of options and their current settings.
+ )
+ $(P Command line options starting with "--DRT-" are filtered out before calling main,
+ so the program will not see them. They are still available via rt_args().
+ )
+ $(P Configuration via the command line can be disabled by declaring a variable for the
+ linker to pick up before using its default from the runtime:
+ ---------
+ extern(C) __gshared bool rt_cmdline_enabled = false;
+ ---------
+ )
+ $(P Likewise, declare a boolean rt_envvars_enabled to enable configuration via the
+ environment variable "DRT_GCOPT:
+ ---------
+ extern(C) __gshared bool rt_envvars_enabled = true;
+ ---------
+ )
+ $(P Setting default configuration properties in the executable can be done by specifying an
+ array of options named rt_options:
+ ---------
+ extern(C) __gshared string[] rt_options = [ "gcopt=initReserve:100 profile:1" ];
+ ---------
+ )
+ $(P Evaluation order of options is rt_options, then environment variables, then command
+ line arguments, i.e. if command line arguments are not disabled, they can override
+ options specified through the environment or embedded in the executable.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 aa-keyvalue, $(D byKeyValue) was added.)
+
+ $(P Built-in associative arrays now have a $(D .byKeyValue) method that
+ returns a forward range iterating over key/value pairs.)
+
+ ------
+ void main()
+ {
+ auto aa = ["a": 1];
+ foreach (pair; aa.byKeyValue)
+ {
+ assert(pair.key == "a");
+ assert(pair.value == 1);
+ }
+ }
+ ------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-range-enumerate, $(D enumerate) was added.)
+ $(P $(REF_SHORT enumerate, std,range) enables iteration of ranges with an index variable:)
+ ------
+ void main()
+ {
+ import std.stdio : stdin, stdout;
+ import std.range : enumerate;
+
+ foreach (lineNum, line; stdin.byLine().enumerate(1))
+ stdout.writefln("line #%s: %s", lineNum, line);
+ }
+ ------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-exception-handle, $(D handle) was added.)
+ $(P $(REF_SHORT handle, std,exception) enables exception handling in range compositions:)
+ ------
+ import std.algorithm : equal;
+ import std.range : retro;
+ import std.utf : UTFException;
+
+ auto str = "hello\xFFworld"; // 0xFF is an invalid UTF-8 code unit
+
+ auto handled = str.handle!(UTFException, RangePrimitive.access,
+ (e, r) => ' '); // Replace invalid code points with spaces
+
+ assert(handled.equal("hello world")); // `front` is handled,
+ assert(handled.retro.equal("dlrow olleh")); // as well as `back`
+ ------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 logger, An experimental logging system was added.)
+
+------
+import std.experimental.logger;
+
+void main()
+{
+ log("message logging in D");
+}
+------
+)
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 list2067, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D 2.067:))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4890): GC.collect$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) deadlocks multithreaded program.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12381): [REG2.065] [ICE] An internal error in e2ir.c while casting array ops)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12422): [REG2.055] Templated nested function is inferred as `pure` even if it calls impure functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12912): Lambda function is incorrectly inferred as impure if it uses member field or function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13009): [REG2.064] inout overload conflicts with non-inout when used via alias this)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13311): [REG2.065] ICE, CtorDeclaration::semantic$(LPAREN)Scope*$(RPAREN): Assertion `tf $(AMP)$(AMP) tf->ty == Tfunction' failed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13479): [REG2.067a] Templates not emitted when instantiated in mixins mixed in functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13497): [REG2.065] [ICE e2ir 1911] Array op compiler error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13498): Return type is not checked in function template)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13502): [REG2.065] Stray '$(LPAREN)' warning not emitted for documentation of enum templates)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13503): [REG2.065] Bad code with -inline, varargs and auto return)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13514): Druntime no longer builds with -g)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13515): [REG2.064] "Range violation" when writing to array of AAs from static this)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13550): [REG2.067a] Inner functions take outer function attributes erroneously)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13564): [REG2.065] nested struct destructor trying to access members of a global class fail to compile)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13601): [REG2.064] static if $(LPAREN)__ctfe$(RPAREN) should emit error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13640): [REG2.066] can break immutability with inout)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13644): [REG2.066] ICE with foreach over array of Tuples)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13673): ICE$(LPAREN)backend/cod2.d 5114$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13675): enum type used with template causes compiler to segfault)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13694): Typesafe variadic function template overload fails to match to any template)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13714): [REG2.066.1] Assertion failure: '0' on line 2022 in file 'mtype.c')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13729): [REG2.067a] One not detected case of not purity)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13760): [REG2.067a] Cannot deduce function for object.get)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13775): [REG2.067a] Broken explicit casting of dynamic array slices of known size to static array of different type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13776): [REG2.067a] Incorrect "recursive alias declaration" error with `__traits$(LPAREN)compiles, ...$(RPAREN)`)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13807): [REG2.067a] inout$(LPAREN)T$(RPAREN)[] no longer matches string[])
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13827): [REG2.067a] Internal Compiler Error: null field)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13840): [REG2.067a] nothrow attribute affects inside of try-catch block when using foreach with opApply)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13864): [REG2.066] tuple expand causes range violation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13873): 2.066.1 Compiling with -debug -inline generates huge files)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13886): [REG2.066] global.gaggedErrors ICE)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13921): ICE with template instantiation error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13934): Cannot pass 'this' to function by reference)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13937): C++ mangling for template negative parameter not correct for dmc)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13942): [REG2.066] Bad template error message)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13950): [REG2.062] zero-length tuple does not work on function default argument)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13952): [REG2.067a] change in struct ctor lowering triggers codegen bug)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13966): [REG2.067a] dmd: expression.c:3761: size_t StringExp::length$(LPAREN)int$(RPAREN): Assertion `encSize == 1 || encSize == 2 || encSize == 4' failed.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13968): [REG2.067a] constructing and returing union causes segfault)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13969): [REG2.063] [ICE] $(LPAREN)backend\cgcod.c 2309$(RPAREN) with cycle$(LPAREN)iota$(LPAREN)a,b,s$(RPAREN)$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13992): [REG2.067a] CTFE produces strange error with += operator on integer type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13998): Wrong code with -O -inline, loops, and taking address of double)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13999): [REG2.067a] Associative array literal with static array keys must now have matching key lengths)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14038): [REG2.067a] Non-mutable AA initialization segfaults in runtime)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14039): [REG2.067a] function is incorrectly inferred as 'pure')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14044): dmd generates spurious functions in object file created from empty module)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14049): [REG2.064] Wrong purity inference for nested lambda)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14057): [REG2.066] opSlice not working correctly with AliasThis)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14061): Refused array concat at compile-time)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14074): [REG2.067a] non-separate compilation fails, but separate compilation works)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14075): [REG2.067a] Segfault with ambiguous overloading functions without body)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14089): [REG2.064] Assigning to AA has no value when overriding opAssign)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14090): [REG2.067a] Incorrect "recursive alias declaration")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14093): [REG2.065] __traits$(LPAREN)compiles, cast$(LPAREN)Object$(RPAREN)$(LPAREN)tuple$(RPAREN)$(RPAREN) is true even if it doesn't compile.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14104): aa with pointer key type doesn't find existing value)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14106): sort is @safe in release mode, @system in debug mode)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14109): [REG2.066.1] Property-like function call does not work on template value parameter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14126): GITHEAD - GC seemingly corrupting memory)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14130): [REG2.067a] ICE following error in template parameter default value)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14144): [REG2.067a] opAssign seems broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14146): [REG2.067a] ICE with non-empty default constructor in struct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14155): [REG2.066] A defect in DIP29: the return value of some pure functions cannot be unique pointer)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14160): [REG2.066] mutable global data access is wrongly accepted in pure function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14166): [REG2.066] Excess CTFE running for the temporary variable in module level expression)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14169): Template symbol visibility regression)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14173): [REG2.064] Omitting return type with override hides an error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14177): [REG2.066.1] ICE$(LPAREN)statement.c$(RPAREN) recursive aliases)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14198): [REG2.067a] Link failure with Variant)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14199): [REG2.067a] Dwarf Error: mangled line number section)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14218): [REG2.067a] casting null to integer type causes error message)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14220): Bad codegen for optimized std.conv.text in combination with concatenation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14232): redundant attribute 'const')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14235): [REG2.066] full-qualified template instantiation misses its error location)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14262): [REG] [2.067-b3] Can't use class `this` as ref argument)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14267): [REG2.067beta2] ICE when determining if a function can be inlined)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14283): [2.067-b4]: Spurious "this is not an lvalue" deprecation message for "auto ref" arguments)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14285): [REG2.063] alias this to nothing is accepted)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14299): [REG2.067.0-rc1] "ref" parameter in CTFE handled incorrectly for recursive calls)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14301): [2.067-rc1] Private symbols of module conflicts with public from another)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14304): [REG2.067a] ICE with static immutable variable CTFE)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14317): [REG2.066] ICE $(LPAREN)cgcod.c 1767$(RPAREN) when compiing with -profile -O -inline)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 1625): CTFE: cannot evaluate function when return type includes a union)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 1829): Inline assembler cannot get label addresses)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2644): Unresolved template reference)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2834): Struct Destructors are not called by the GC, but called on explicit delete.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3022): scope x = new Foo; does not allocate on stack if Foo has allocator)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3918): Parameter use before its use in an AndAnd expression with reals treats NaN as false)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4062): can call method without this pointer inside is$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4103): opAssign signature rules not enforced on templated opAssign)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4149): refs displayed as pointers in gdb)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4181): GDB prints wrong value of TLS variables)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5314): Wrong error message: struct within immutable member and postblit function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5908): Optimizer generates wrong value with divide-by-zero.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6423): Garbage is returned from `void main$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN)`)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6565): out 2D fixed-sized array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6574): Erroneous recursive call in template instantiation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6810): Strange `tuple used as a type` error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7104): linker error on void main$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN){ typeof$(LPAREN)new class{}$(RPAREN) c; c = new typeof$(LPAREN)c$(RPAREN); })
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7151): [CTFE] cannot compare classes with ==)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7465): Duplicate error message for bad template mixin)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7874): [CTFE] internal error: unsupported assignment $(LPAREN)x OP= y$(RPAREN) = z)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7942): Appending different string types corrupts memory)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8246): tuple fields pollute the linker namespace)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8425): Missing line number and module name that can't use core.simd)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9047): Expression requiring std.math fails with function-local import)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9148): 'pure' is broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9537): auto ref returns a reference its own stack)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9554): Inconsistent stringof and mangleof result for module/package identifier)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9581): Exceptions are too slow)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9620): Error messages of failed pure enforcement)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9685): Context pointer of struct isn't copied when a closure is passed by alias)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9728): Ddoc anchors non-unique across overloads)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9906): filter of static opCall)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10307): Bad error message for not supported array operation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10311): gdb prints wrong value for variable updated from closure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10528): Private constant $(LPAREN)enum$(RPAREN) properties not private)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10855): Missing dmd.conf for FreeBSD in DMD 2.063.2 release)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10915): std.typecons.Nullable throws in writeln$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) if it's null)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10920): template instantiation order dependent link failure problem)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11042): Inconsistent "static condition" behaviors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11260): Assertion `type->ty != Tstruct || $(LPAREN)$(LPAREN)TypeStruct *$(RPAREN)type$(RPAREN)->sym == this' failed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11355): Copy through alias this with @disabled this$(LPAREN)this$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11467): [CTFE] Overlapping array copy is allowed in CT)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11746): invalid enum forward reference pattern not detected)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11888): Incorrect behaviour taking slice from return value)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11902): DMD debuginfo doesn't seem to write classes correctly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11915): Inconsistent overload resolution behaviour between `ref` and `out`)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11916): [IFTI] Disabled by constraint overload with `out` with IFTI breaks overload resolution)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12092): Wrong TLS access in PIC code $(LPAREN)X86_32$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12130): Segmentation fault if HOME environment variable does not exist)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12163): pdb debugging $(LPAREN)win64$(RPAREN): stepping loops points to incorrect lines)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12447): variadic template functions hijack all eponymous enum and alias template overloads)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12495): CTFE slice cast can cause allocation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12500): ICE in codegen when multiplying an incremented size_t by a double)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12502): Some static array casts incorrectly rejected in safe code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12531): forward reference with nested struct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12579): DMD rejects valid function literal)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12636): extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) class that implements D interface segfaults)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12741): DMD accepts functions with contracts and no body)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12776): Wrong type for __vector$(LPAREN)int[4]$(RPAREN).init)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12780): Multiplying integer array by scalar double fails)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12827): [ICE] Segfault on immutable field self-initialization)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12871): inner function returning pointer to outer context local rejected)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12908): [AA] `foreach` by keys and values over associative array in pure function allow impure function calls)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12979): Nothrow violation error is hidden by inline assembler)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12983): overload not recognized depending on order of declaration)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13028): [ICE] CTFE internal error: cannot evaluate at compile time)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13064): Redundant `auto` storage class is allowed for functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13095): Sometimes struct destructor is called if constructor throws)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13120): Body of `foreach` over string with transcoding ignores function attributes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13200): Assertion `protName' failed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13236): Invalid recursive struct field error not gagged in 'is'-expression)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13280): `this.sizeof` rejected as static array length in some cases)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13289): wchar and dchar C++ mangling is incorrect)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13295): [CTFE] Modifications of const user type disappear)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13297): [CTFE] Modifications of user type pointer member passed by ref in function disappear)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13320): Redundant error messages for missing operation on struct instance)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13336): auto ref return deduced to be ref despite return value coercion)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13337): Invalid extern C++ namespace resolution)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13356): [ICE] $(LPAREN)dmd 2.066: statement.c:754$(RPAREN) with recursive Algebraic)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13361): Empty UDA accepted)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13382): [e2ir] compare string to int - leads to ICE in e2ir.c 1902)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13385): ICE with new package$(LPAREN)names$(RPAREN) protection)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13403): [ICE][2.067Alpha] Internal error: backend\type.c 332 with new package protection extension.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13434): [ICE] indexing array with empty tuple causes dmd segfault)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13437): [e2ir] ICE in e2ir.c 4616)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13459): segfault in two auto opSlices$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13465): Segfault by eager semantic2 running in template instantiation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13468): Wrong code when comparing class reference with typeof$(LPAREN)null$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13481): bug with inferring attributes from built-in properties)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13484): Template type deduction from delegate parameter fails)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13485): FP wrong-code with -O)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13490): Can't append to array of structs with alias this as lvalue ternary opoerator result)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13505): No line number with void array in class)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13508): array vararg function safety not inferred)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13521): [D1] -di disables declaration shadowing message)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13528): Internal Compiler Error: CTFE DotType:)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13530): [REG 2.066] D Inline Assembler in nothrow function hides errors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13539): Disallow optional template parameters with C-style syntax)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13563): ICE with opIndexAssign op-overloading and ModuleScopeOperator)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13574): incorrect code for assignment to dollar in slice expression)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13583): Inconsistent naming of template arguments in debug symbols)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13586): Destructors not run when argument list evaluation throws)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13599): [D1] backend/cod1.c ICE with -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13600): ICE in dwarf.c line 1949 with -g enabled and lazy void parameter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13612): Wrong 'this' variable accessed in recursive ctfe member function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13613): Pragma msg affects data structure layout)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13630): Senseless error with foreach over variadic list)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13645): Incorrect ddoc generation for deprecated module)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13661): static array init does not call destructors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13666): Undefined Symbols for __gshared data symbols in templates)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13668): [ICE] unable to compile __traits$(LPAREN)allMembers...$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13669): [CTFE] Destructor call on static array variable is not yet supported in CTFE)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13679): foreach_reverse is allowed for AAs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13701): [REG2.061] Associative array values ignore immutability)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13707): msvc32 C++ struct return ABI not followed for structs with constructors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13739): in CTFE making an array over an array copies the data)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13740): CTFE fails ref foreach over range)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13747): Linux CMSG_NXTHDR is private, since alias doesn't change protection level)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13757): [CTFE] extern$(LPAREN)C$(RPAREN) alias declaration does not work in CTFE)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13779): gdb can't find frame base when using ld.gold)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13783): Function overload with rvalue `inout` parameter not selected when `enum` parameter implicitly converted to its base type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13784): Wrong code with modulo operation and optimisations enabled)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13787): Error without line number when slicing function pointer)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13788): dmd segfault, pragma$(LPAREN)mangle$(RPAREN) and a mixin)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13795): DMD ICE segfault compiling druntime)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13831): DMD crash on newing struct with overlapped fields in CTFE)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13832): delegates that return ref do not output correctly to .di file)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13835): ICE in interpret.c:736 - Issue with static variables.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13841): infinite loop in compiler on simd arithmetic)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13843): Issue when passing a delegate as an class alias template parameter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13847): CTFE internal error: dottype)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13858): Wrong warning about unreachable code with break/goto case)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13860): template required forward reference for typeof$(LPAREN)member$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13861): compiler segfault with nested struct, cannot access frame)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13874): Invalid FunctionTypeOf segfault the compiler)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13879): Default inizialization of function pointers array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13884): No error line number with std.array.array of range of type tuples)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13899): Unwanted warning for pure opApply)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13902): Compiler allows escaping the address of part of a local)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13907): Surrogate pairs in wchar string literal will cause incorrect length match)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13910): Internal error: e2ir.c 1926)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13932): c++ mangling for template negative int parameter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13938): IASM shouldn't be able to access TLS variables)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13939): IASM shouldn't access global symbol with PIC code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13947): Padding in empty structs is compared)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13955): 64 bit C ABI not followed for passing structs with mixed floating types)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13956): 64 bit C ABI not followed for passing empty structs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13959): ICE in e2ir when casting struct to pointer)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13977): Front-end optimizer bug in AndAndExp)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13978): Front-end optimizer bug in OrOrExp)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13982): D1: wrong template instantiation is not rejected)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13987): Invalid struct segfaults)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14009): iasm parser accepts incorrect AsmExp)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14010): Support mangleof property for opaque enum and struct type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14016): Nested inherited class doesn't know the type of its outer object)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14022): [CTFE] postblits/destructors not called on static array field assignment)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14023): [CTFE] postblits/destructors not called on static array index assignment)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14024): [CTFE] unstable postblit/destructor call order on static array assignment)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14028): [CTFE] Possible reinterpret cast to a pointer to static array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14050): `dmd -v` lists imports from failed __traits$(LPAREN)compiles$(RPAREN) blocks)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14055): CTFE internal error with uninitialized array: Assertion failure: '0' on line 318 in file 'interpret.c')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14083): Remained unresolved forward reference issue with template classes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14096): ICE in toir.c: 187)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14116): Assertion failure: 'p->isPkgMod == PKGmodule' on line 143 in file 'import.c')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14132): [ICE] error on arrays)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14141): `pure` member function returning qualified member result is implicitly convertible to unqualified)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14154): [e2ir] Error in e2ir at casting to struct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14163): No line number for error with disabled class constructor)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14165): Link failure on class declaration with @disable this$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN);)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14174): Weird IFTI deduction failure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14179): Posix x86_64 varargs prolog clobbers RDX)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14195): Ice when mangling templated function parameter extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14200): C++ mangling issue with expanded tuples)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14201): fatal error LNK1235: corrupt or invalid COFF symbol table)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14210): invalid merging of template instances)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14229): RAII ordering is wrong)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14272): DMD segfault on invalid circular enum initialization)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14275): Qualified package protection for aggregate member doesn't work)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14276): DWARF debug info for SIMD broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14306): Wrong codegen with -inline for generic lambdas)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14311): Win32 COFF: bad symbols/relocation entries for global data accesses)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14313): [ld.gold] gdb: wrong value of shared variables)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 1317): Document suggested means of overlapping array copy)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2498): make foreach work for any callable symbol)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2529): 'package' access qualifier should allow access to sub-packages)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3449): const and immutable struct members do not behave according to spec)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4567): dmd should print the dmd.conf location with usage statement)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9089): Very restrictive Tuple constructor)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9915): Typeid .name inconsistent between templated classes and structs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10165): No syntax to create thread-local shared variables)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11530): need gdb test suite)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12888): Include template constraints in JSON output)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12985): Better error message for not supported array operation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13019): Different color for "Warning:")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13350): is$(LPAREN)typeof$(LPAREN)fun$(RPAREN)$(RPAREN) causes link error when template fun calls undefined reference)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13388): accept '@' before 'nothrow' and 'pure')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13510): When adding "New issue" there should be no choice among DStress, puremagic, and D. Just leave D.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13609): better error message for missing '}')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13704): Confusing error message when passing the same file on the command line twice)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13756): [AA] Allow ref const index on foreach AA iteration)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13802): Improve pretty-print result for the const$(LPAREN)string$(RPAREN) type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13803): Improve pretty-print result for the wstring an dstring types)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13839): Use new style for alias declarations in di files)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13944): Built-in stringof and mangleof properties are unnecessarily fixed to the type 'string')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13976): Value range propagation to disable some slice bound tests)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14105): strideImpl fails for 0xFF)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14123): cannot compare typeid$(LPAREN)object.Object$(RPAREN) at compile time)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14156): buffer overflow in LibELF)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14211): Compiler should devirtualize calls to members of final class)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14338): Implement DIP25 Sealed References)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13241): [REG2.067a] writeln no longer flushes stdout)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13257): [REG2.067a] Deprecation message when using std.getopt with string[] parameter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13300): pure function 'std.array.Appender!$(LPAREN)T[]$(RPAREN).Appender.ensureAddable' cannot call impure function 'test.T.__fieldPostBlit')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13304): std.algorithm.reduce: "Unable to deduce an acceptable seed type" with float[])
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13367): Buffer overflow when setting PATH)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13375): Linking failure when importing both std.regex and std.algorithm)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13390): [REG2.066] std.range.cycle ctor fails when empty input passed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13393): [REG2.067a] std.algorithm.joiner Assertion failure in popFront$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) when using with cartesianProduct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13621): inout issue with std.container.Array opSlice)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13716): Phobos std.file fails to build)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13717): `split` no longer defined by std.string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13766): std.container, std.range, std.regex documentation is now broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13774): Multiple definition of `conv_50c_dc8` with three libraries and `std.file` import)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13871): [REG2.067a] Segmentation fault from std/variant.d:609)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14037): Problem with BigInt and std.functional.memoize)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14041): Refused writeln of a fixed size array of chars)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14042): std.conv.to of a immutable char pointer)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14197): "replace" was moved from std.string without alias added)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14212): frexp for const and immutable fails to compile)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14213): Strange deprecated message in std.typecons.Proxy with using method)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14230): [REG2.067b2] std.array.join misses the first element which is empty string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14233): [REG2.067b2] Can't build Algebraic!$(LPAREN)This[]$(RPAREN) anymore)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14253): [REG2.067b3] std.traits.ParameterStorageClassTuple gives compiler errors when encountering 'return' functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14300): [2.067-rc1] DList casting to base type is broken)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 649): concatenation hangs in threaded program)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3141): osx syntax problem with touch)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5036): Remove caching from ranges)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5233): [patch] std.range.put accepts *any* element type when putting to an array.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5698): va_arg sets wrong length for $(LPAREN)u$(RPAREN)short[])
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6256): [patch] std.algorithm.map does not support static arrays and has 'length' for narrow strings.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6339): stdin.byChunk throws with Windows pipes on command line)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7223): Access violation when using rmdirRecurse on folder without modify permissions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7797): std.typelist should be deprecated)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8578): std.demangle.demangle does not parse symbols that are type names)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8708): Documentation for std.process.exec family is inaccurate)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9507): std.range.transposed behaves poorly with jagged ranges of ranges)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10104): std.algorithm.group of a const/immutable array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10125): readln!dchar misdecodes Unicode non-BMP)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10139): std.stdio.writef and friends documentation is severely out of date)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10460): std.algorithm: some of algorithms don't use 'auto ref' for front)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11434): std.file.copy doesn't preserve file attributes $(LPAREN)eg: executable mode etc$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11539): wrong "Orphan format specifier:" error message)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11895): Add Strings Overview page to Phobos documentation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12114): buildNormalizedPath shouldn't normalize current path to empty string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12320): std.stdio.LockingTextReader populates .front in .empty)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12589): std.random.randomCover fails for empty ranges)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12631): std.string.isNumeric uses among without explicit braces when calling 'std.algorithm.among' when compiling with dmd -property flag)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12733): parallelism.amap incorrect assignment without initialization)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12913): Mistake concerning DLists)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12915): RedBlackTree leaks memory)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12969): std.json: Lack of opIndexAssign operator for JSONValue may become a source of runtime errors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13018): std.string.translate needs mutable translation table)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13124): std.algorithm.until with not-boolean predicates too)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13248): std.range.tee unit test prints to stdout)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13315): std.getopt: implicit help option doesn't work without config.passThrough)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13316): std.getopt: implicit help option breaks the next argument)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13317): std.getopt: endOfOptions broken when it doesn't look like an option)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13352): Algebraic does not support binary arithmetic when omitting small number types)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13354): Algebraic.opIndex/opIndexAssign makes wrong assumptions on the index/value type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13391): BigInt division by ulong rejected)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13418): uninitializedArray $(AMP) core.simd.Vector return incorrect type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13425): DList.linearRemove on last element returns non-empty range)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13441): joiner asserts with only$(LPAREN)x$(RPAREN) separator)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13446): Can't use executeShell/escapeShellFileName to redirect to file whose name starts with $(AMP))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13447): Do not escape process parameters unless necessary)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13477): std.process should ignore unnamed service variables on Windows)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13529): std.string.lastIndexOf matches wrong element)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13535): byCodeUnit doesn't satisfy hasSlicing)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13592): std.datetime fails its unittests on Windows 7 - no Belarus Standard Time?)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13594): std.algorithm.nextPermutation should accept ranges of lvalues)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13647): std.traits documentation needs linking correctly and has spurious category value)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13649): uniform01 Assertion failure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13686): Reading unicode string with readf $(LPAREN)"%s"$(RPAREN) produces a wrong string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13689): byCodeUnit fails to be a random access range)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13746): formatValue of delegates with @nogc)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13781): Tuple assign should be @nogc)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13805): Nested struct initialization error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13877): Problem with map+join)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13922): std.range.package.takeOne doesn't accept non-forward ranges)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13931): Missing overflow checks in `std.conv` for negative numbers which start from the most negative number digits)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13935): Problem with std.algorithm.cartesianProduct$(LPAREN)map, map$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13963): BigInt modulo ulong is rejected)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13990): std.algorithm.move incorrectly uses hasAliasing for class references)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14012): std.socket: wrong SocketSet.max on Posix)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14013): std.socket: off-by-one error when automatically resizing on POSIX)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14025): unittests for memoize fail intermittently)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14059): Formatted write with wrong formatting string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14065): std.json not tracking line:column properly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14082): RedBlackTree unittest fails with custom predicate less)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14111): Broken DDOC for std.format)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14124): BigInt %= int can return "-0")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14181): Wrong document for std.mathspecial.normalDistribution)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14223): TimSort algorithm is incorrect)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14231): findRoot fails with trivial bounds)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14297): [2.067-rc1] Broken links in phobos/index.html)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2138): Allow more than 65535 files in Zip archives)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2181): Constant-time std.gc.removeRange)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4493): Add sorting capability to toJSON)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4764): Lazy versions of std.string.split and std.string.splitlines)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5190): std.stdio should have File.fdopen)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5494): [patch,enh] Issues with std.stdarg)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5550): std.range.enumerate$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6147): file scheme uri from file path and vice versa)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6586): feqrel for const values too)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6756): Idea about std.stdio.chunks and std.range.chunks)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6989): Implement toString for std.concurrency.Tid)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7775): std.range.chunks on const array of strings too)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8371): Add a function to make a range from a sequence of elements)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8851): std.string.join should allow 'char' as joiner)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9959): Add functional pattern matching for object references)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11363): std.process should offer a way to run a executable with a given working directory)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11706): Add a TypedefType trait to extract the underlying type of a std.typecons.Typedef)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12409): Add "each" function as found in Ruby and jQuery)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13091): nothrow std.algorithm.cartesianProduct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13157): std.typecons.Unique: Support construction and conversion from compatible types)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13319): tzDatabaseNameToWindowsTZName should return null on failure rather than throw)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13380): Conflict with std.typecons.Identity and std.traits.Identity)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13402): code cleanup: removing c-style array declarations in phobos)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13419): code cleanup in std.uni: removing "comma expressions")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13445): std.process fails to create process with empty $(LPAREN)non-null$(RPAREN) working directory)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13450): Add WindowsException and wenforce to std.exception)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13483): std.range.tee should also accept a function name)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13555): Categorize functions in std.math)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13595): Extend std.algorithm.groupBy to support non-equivalence relations)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13623): std.typecons.Proxy doesn't work inside classes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13662): @safe pure @nogc nothrow findRoot)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13681): @safe empty writeln)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13837): Named tuples with type inference)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13908): @safe write of a $(LPAREN)uint, uint$(RPAREN) tuple)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13909): A problem with immutable zip + assocArray)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14110): std.file.read cannot read files open for writing)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14183): Updates to groupBy)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13748): benchmark druntime/benchmark/aabench/string.d fails)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13809): dup no longer works with types with postblit and destructors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14134): Free of large array does not work)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14192): Access Violation when assigning to shared AA)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14225): [REG2.067a] GDB: error reading variable $(LPAREN)string + dup$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14291): Druntime master no longer builds)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5629): core.time unittest disabled)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8960): DMD tester: Unable to set thread priority)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13052): TypeInfo.getHash should return same hash for different floating point zeros.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13410): Performance problem with associative array byKey/byValue)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13416): dead-lock in FreeBSD suspend handler)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13722): onFinalizeError should not allocate)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13723): onFinalizeError should not be called for Errors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13854): Appending to an interior slice of a large array results in unnecessary 16-byte offset)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13878): Appending to an array block with modified flags loses flag info)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14036): Do not throw FinalizeError on OutOfMemoryError or InvalidMemoryOperationError)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14157): fabsf fabsl for CRuntime_Microsoft)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14247): string within demangled symbol name should be made escape)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14303): rt.util.container.array.Array unittest contains invalid code)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9119): [AA] Forward range addition to associative arrays.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11216): Make synchronized statement `nothrow`)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13401): code cleanup: removing c-style array declarations in druntime)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13559): missing 64-bit version of array short operations)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13725): onInvalidMemoryOperationError et al should not be inlined)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13755): core.sys.linux.stdio, std.stdio.File: fopencookie, fmemopen missing)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14007): shmctl with IPC_STAT returns wrong number of attachments. shmid_ds is defined wrong.)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Optlink bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4831): Optlink rejects paths with invalid characters based on HPFS filesystem instead of NTFS)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Installer bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9392): Misleading text about required OS version)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Website regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14258): SIGSEGV in dpldocs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14280): Links to command line tools have disappeared from navigation)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Website bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8307): inconsistent treatment of auto functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9118): typo in github tools repo)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9535): incomplete documentation for std.range.recurrence and std.range.sequence)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9691): Static void arrays are not documented)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9970): Document the definition and difference between storage class and type constructor)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10232): AndExpression grammar is not correct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10235): Grammar does not contain a rule for function declarations)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10284): dlang.org/phobos/index.html needs redesign)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10285): Enum grammar documentation is incorrect)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12810): PrimaryExpression grammar does not allow type constructors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13093): D ABI change for guaranteed efficient return of fixed size array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13308): AsmPrimaryExp documentation is incorrect)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13310): Old style multiple alias declaration not documented)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13328): Missing link to contracts description from function specification page)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13329): AutoDeclarationX grammar lists '=' token and template parameters in the wrong order)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13436): posix.mak is broken for dlang.org repo)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13448): Class specification misses template classes in base classes list)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13451): Lambda syntax with explicit return type not documented)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13467): A little better std.algorithm.canFind documentation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13523): Auto function declaration does not match any grammar rule)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13525): Redundant SpecialKeyword grammar listd in DefaultInitializerExpression)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13538): Divide old C style syntax from D style grammar rule)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13547): "D is a fully garbage collected language")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13648): ddoc problem with std.random.uniform01)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13664): Grammar does not allow @<template_instance> UDAs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13671): https://dlang.org/const3.html incorrectly calls type qualifiers "type constructors")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13696): Missing entry for unicode code point literals on the lexer page)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13895): Declaration grammar is insufficient)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13941): NewExpression grammar is insufficient)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13979): ForeachType grammar does not allow 'ref' to appear after type constructors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13991): Invariant grammar does not document that parenthesis are optional)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14002): Book link is broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14031): Frame content going outside frame)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14047): "this" missing from AsmPrimaryExp grammar)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14081): Table in the document of std.bigint.BigInt.toString$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) duplicates.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14121): Wiki: "Create account" page completely broken!)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14135): std.uuid.randomUUID breaks @safety)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14153): std.format page displaying incorrectly)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Website enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4954): Clarify documentation of foreach with delegates.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6251): D spec should warn about using foreach_reverse on a delegate)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9469): Keywords list could use linkage; more-humane documentation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10154): Betas should be posted on dlang.org)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10164): std.string.column examples and documentation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13325): __vector not documented in language specification)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14011): Canonical links help message should clarify that 'thread' is invalid)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.067.0
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.067.1.dd b/changelog/2.067.1.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8fc29cff03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.067.1.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Apr 25, 2015, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D 2.067.1:)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14344): [REG2.067] Wrong opBinary call in construction)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14376): [REG2.064] false positive "Error: one path skips field")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14395): [REG2.067] Typesafe variadic function call collapsed if being used for default value)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14424): [REG2.066] dmd crashes with __traits$(LPAREN)getUnitTests$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14440): [REG2.067] [CTFE] Wrong values set in a matrix constructor)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14443): [REG2.067.0] Incorrect double freeing of reference counted struct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14463): [REG2.067] DMD crashes compiling module level immutable struct that takes an array in ctor)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14375): static assert leads to __traits$(LPAREN)allMembers$(RPAREN) retuning an extra empty entry)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14396): [REG2.066] compile error std.conv.parse!int with input range)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14467): arr.capacity sometimes erroneously returns 0)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Website bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14329): [2.067] offline doc - menu broken due to missing jquery-1.7.2.min.js)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.067.1
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.068.0.dd b/changelog/2.068.0.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..160596991d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.068.0.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Aug 09, 2015, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler Changes,
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 fix14828-warning, $(RED Warning:) Change in helper function generation might cause link error.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 profile-gc, The new `-profile=gc` switch enables profiling memory allocation.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 lex-only-unittest, `unittest` blocks no longer parsed unless `-unittest` is specified.))
+$(LI Compiler generated inclusive destructor and postblit functions for
+ $(LINK2 https://wiki.dlang.org/Commonly-Used_Acronyms, UDTs) are now
+ accessible as `.__xdtor` and `.__xpostblit`, see $(DMDPR 4650).)
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Language Changes,
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 pragma-inline, `pragma(inline)` was added.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 attribinference3, attribute inference for auto functions))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 index-type-followed-ident, Indexed type tuples can now be followed by dot identifiers.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 ifti-from-default-arg, Support template parameter deduction from function default arguments.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 invalid-cast-check, Invalid reinterpret casts can be detected in the frontend.))
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 rangified-functions, Many phobos functions were rangified.))
+$(LI $(MREF std,typetuple) was renamed to $(MREF std,meta)
+ but a backwards compatible forwarding module will remain.)
+$(LI $(REF_SHORT TypeTuple, std,typetuple) was renamed to $(REF_SHORT AliasSeq, std,meta)
+ but a backwards compatible alias will remain.)
+$(LI $(REF_SHORT hexString, std,conv) was added to replace core language hex strings.)
+$(LI $(REF_SHORT hasUDA, std,traits) was added to help check
+ for the existence of user-defined attributes on symbols.)
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 gc-api-profile, GC API calls can now be profiled separately.))
+$(LI The runtime implementations of `synchronized` and `synchronized (obj)` were
+ rewritten to fix a race condition during mutex initialization, see $(DRUNTIMEPR 1274).)
+$(LI The handwritten object.di header was replaced by directly using the object.d source file,
+ see $(DRUNTIMEPR 1222) for more details.)
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 aa-open-addressing, The AA implementation now uses open addressing.))
+$(LI Merging code coverage reports was fixed, see $(BUGZILLA 14464) and $(REF_SHORT dmd_coverSetMerge, core,runtime).)
+$(LI $(REF_SHORT executeShell, std,process) now ignores the `SHELL` environment variable and always uses `sh`, see $(BUGZILLA 14282).)
+$(LI $(REF_SHORT byLine, std,stdio) was improved to use `getdelim` where available and is now up to 3x faster, see $(BUGZILLA 11810).)
+$(LI The newly added $(REF_SHORT ordered, std,algorithm_sorting) and $(REF_SHORT strictlyOrdered, std,algorithm_sorting) can be used to test whether a few given values are ordered.)
+$(LI $(REF_SHORT RefCounted, std,typecons) uses the new `return` attribute to enable escape checking for its payload.)
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 list2068, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D 2.068.))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler Changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 fix14828-warning, $(RED Warning:) Change in helper function generation might cause link error.)
+
+ $(P In order to fix $(LINK2 https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14828,
+ Issue 14828) compiler helper functions for array bounds checking and
+ assert are now generated only once when a module is compiled, not
+ everytime they are used. This may lead to link errors when using a
+ module without compiling and linking against it.
+ )
+
+ $(P If you encounter link errors like
+ $(PRE undefined reference to '_D5mylib5mymod7__arrayZ')
+ $(PRE undefined reference to '_D5mylib5mymod8__assertFiZv')
+ $(PRE undefined reference to '_D5mylib5mymod15__unittest_failFiZv') then you're
+ not compiling and/or not linking the module mylib.mymod.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 profile-gc, The new `-profile=gc` switch enables profiling memory allocation.)
+
+
+ $(P When compiling with `-profile=gc` dmd will instrument GC allocations to
+ be traced by the runtime. The runtime accumulates the traces and
+ writes a report to the file $(TT profilegc.log) upon program termination.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ Example:
+ $(PRE
+bytes allocated, type, function, file:line
+ 171 immutable(char)[] example.concat example.d:4
+ 24 closure D main example.d:18
+ 16 example.Klass D main example.d:20
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(P $(RED Note:) GC allocations using the core.memory interface are not profiled.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 lex-only-unittest, `unittest` blocks no longer parsed unless `-unittest` is specified:)
+
+ $(P When the unittest code is not necessary, it will be merely analyzed
+ as the tokens enclosed with paired braces, to speed up compilation.
+ )
+
+ ---
+ unittest { auto r = test(); assert(r); }
+ // If you don't specify -unittest, no AST generated for the unittest block.
+
+ unittest { the contents is just ignored. }
+ // Since 2.067: this had caused parsing error.
+ // From 2.068: no error happens, because it's equivalent with:
+ enum unittest_code = q{ the contents is just ignored. };
+ ---
+)
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Language Changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 pragma-inline, `pragma(inline)` was added:)
+
+ $(P A new pragma was added for more fine-grained control of inlining.
+ It must be used together with the `-inline` switch.
+ )
+ ---
+ pragma(inline, true) // errors if function isn't inlined
+ int double(int val) { return 2 * val; }
+ ---
+ ---
+ pragma(inline, false) // never inline
+ int double(int val) { return 2 * val; }
+ ---
+
+ $(P Read the $(DDSUBLINK spec/pragma, inline, documentation) for more details.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 attribinference3, Attributes for auto return function are now inferred.)
+
+ $(P Just like templated functions, functions with an auto return type must
+ always have a function body. The compiler was changed to take advantage
+ of this fact and now also infers attributes for them.
+ )
+
+ ---
+ auto foo()() {} // template function
+ auto bar() {} // non-template function without return type
+ void baz() {} // non-template function with return type
+
+ static assert(is(typeof(&foo!()) == void function() pure nothrow @nogc @safe));
+ static assert(is(typeof(&bar) == void function() pure nothrow @nogc @safe));
+ static assert(is(typeof(&baz) == void function()));
+ ---
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 index-type-followed-ident, Indexed type tuples can now be followed by dot identifiers.)
+
+ $(P A parsing limitation was lifted and it's now possible to use an indexed
+ type tuple followed by dot identifiers as typename.
+ )
+
+ ---
+ alias TypeTuple(T...) = T;
+
+ struct S
+ {
+ alias T = int;
+ alias U = TypeTuple!(long, string);
+ }
+
+ alias Pair = TypeTuple!(S, S);
+
+ struct X(Types...) // used tuple parameter
+ {
+
+ Types[0].T a; // Types[0] == S, then typeof(a) == S.T == int
+ Types[0].U[1] b; // Types[0].U == S.U, then typeof(b) == S.U[1] == string
+ }
+ alias x = X!Pair;
+ ---
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 ifti-from-default-arg, Support template parameter deduction from function default arguments:)
+
+ $(P When performing $(LINK2 https://wiki.dlang.org/Commonly-Used_Acronyms,
+ IFTI) templated types can now be deduced from a parameter's default argument.
+ This avoids a redundant and error prone declaration of the default type.
+ )
+
+ ---
+ void previously(T=int)(T t = 0) { } // it was necessary to also specify a default type
+ void now(T)(T t = 0) { } // the default type can be deduced from the default argument as int
+ void main() { previously(); now(); }
+ ---
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 invalid-cast-check, Invalid reinterpret casts can be detected in the frontend.)
+
+ $(P Invalid reinterpret casts are now detected in the compiler frontend
+ instead of the backend. This allows to check for possible reinterpret
+ casts during compile time and improves the error messages for invalid
+ casts.
+ )
+
+ ---
+ pragma(msg, is(typeof({ void* x; auto y = cast(void delegate())x; })));
+ // Since 2.067: it prints 'true'
+ // From 2.068: it prints 'false'
+
+ void test() { void* x; auto y = cast(void delegate())x; }
+ // Since 2.067: it had reported internal compiler error "Error: e2ir: cannot cast ..."
+ // From 2.068: it reports proper frontend error.
+ ---
+)
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 rangified-functions, Many phobos functions were rangified.)
+
+ $(P Many phobos functions that allocated GC memory were changed to support
+ ranges or were complemented by an alternative supporting ranges.
+ Using ranges often eliminates GC allocations.
+ )
+
+ ---
+ setExtension("foo.jpg", ".png"); // allocates a new string
+ withExtension("foo.jpg", ".png"); // returns a range without allocating
+ ---
+
+ $(BOOKTABLE Rangified Functions:,
+ $(TR $(TH Module) $(TH Functions)
+ )
+ $(TR $(TD $(MREF std,algorithm,comparison))
+ $(TD
+ $(REF_SHORT levenshteinDistance, std,algorithm_comparison)
+ )
+ )
+ $(TR $(TD $(MREF std,path))
+ $(TD
+ $(REF_SHORT asAbsolutePath, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT asNormalizedPath, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT asRelativePath, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT chainPath, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT dirName, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT driveName, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT filenameCmp, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT globMatch, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT isValidFilename, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT isValidPath, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT pathSplitter, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT rootName, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT stripExtension, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT withDefaultExtension, std,path)
+ $(REF_SHORT withExtension, std,path)
+ )
+ )
+ $(TR $(TD $(MREF std,string))
+ $(TD
+ $(REF_SHORT centerJustifier, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT chomp, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT chompPrefix, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT chop, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT column, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT detabber, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT entabber, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT indexOf, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT leftJustifier, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT makeTransTable, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT rightJustifier, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT soundexer, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT strip, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT stripLeft, std,string)
+ $(REF_SHORT stripRight, std,string)
+ )
+ )
+ $(TR $(TD $(MREF std,uni))
+ $(TD
+ $(REF_SHORT asCapitalized, std,uni)
+ $(REF_SHORT asLowerCase, std,uni)
+ $(REF_SHORT asUpperCase, std,uni)
+ )
+ )
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 gc-api-profile, GC API calls can now be profiled separately.)
+
+ $(P The $(RELATIVE_LINK2 gc-options, GC option) `--DRT-gcopt=profile` has been
+ enhanced to accept an additional level 2 that allows profiling API calls grouped
+ by most common operations.
+ )
+ $(P As this instrumentation has an impact on the GC performance even if unused, you have
+ to recompile the GC module with -debug=PROFILE_API, e.g.
+ )
+ ---
+ dmd test.d -O -inline -debug=PROFILE_API -Ipath-to-druntime/src path-to-druntime/src/gc/gc.d
+ ./test --DRT-gcopt=profile:2
+ ---
+
+ The profiling summary will then look like this:
+ ---
+ malloc: 9768628 calls, 531 ms
+ realloc: 0 calls, 0 ms
+ free: 0 calls, 0 ms
+ extend: 1100 calls, 0 ms
+ other: 826 calls, 0 ms
+ lock time: 160 ms
+ GC API: 692 ms
+ GC summary: 12 MB, 52 GC 331 ms, Pauses 227 ms < 4 ms API 692 ms
+ ---
+ $(P The malloc function includes time for GC collections. Lock time (GC
+ synchronization) is measured separately and not included in the other
+ times.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 aa-open-addressing, The AA implementation now uses open addressing.)
+
+ $(P The runtime implementation for associative arrays was rewritten and now
+ uses open addressing with $(LINK2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_probing, quadratic probing)
+ and triangular numbers. This is much more cache friendly than the old
+ $(LINK2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table#Separate_chaining, separate chaining)
+ implementation and can result in ~25% faster lookups for big AAs. Also see $(DRUNTIMEPR 1229).
+ )
+
+ 
+
+ $(P $(RED Note:) As the allocation pattern changed (the table is bigger, nodes
+ are smaller) you might see a small drop in performance because the GC manages
+ big allocations less efficiently.
+ )
+)
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 list2068, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D 2.068:))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9279): [REG2.055/2.063] Static array return value implicitly converted to immutable dynamic array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12984): [REG2.068a] ICE on forward reference of derived class from other instantiated class)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13816): [REG2.066.0] The compiler crashes with recursive tuple expansion)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14207): [REG2.065] [CTFE] ICE on unsupported reinterpret cast in compile time)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14351): [REG2.063] `inout` base class constructor can't be called)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14390): [REG2.068a] ICE or bad "has forward references" error with circular class structure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14406): [REG2.068a] GIT HEAD ignores forward reference and generates wrong code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14430): [REG2.060] Null parameter is detected as non-null.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14468): [Reg 2.068.0-devel] overload mismatch for template instance with typesafe variadic parameter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14481): [REG2.066] ICE with forward reference of manifest constant on template arguments)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14520): [REG2.067.0] string/alias template overload)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14528): [REG2.058a] can't pass protected member to template by alias)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14546): "ClockType.uptime is not supported by MonoTimeImpl on this system")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14549): isVirtualMethod does not work well with Github DMD)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14552): [REG2.066] SIGSEGV with compile construction nested class in predicate)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14556): [REG2.067] can't instantiate struct that has constructor and static array of enum)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14560): [REG2.058] Strange -inline behavior)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14568): [REG2.067] gaggederrors ICE)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14571): [REG2.064] Large static arrays seem to lock up DMD)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14572): cannot build dmd from source anymore: 'g++ -m64: No such file or directory')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14573): [REG2.067] Extreme memory usage when `synchronized$(LPAREN) object $(RPAREN)` is used)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14587): [REG2.064] generated 64 bit code for switch jump tables is wrong)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14594): [REG2.068a] DDoc for template functions and structs has disappeared)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14606): [REG2.067.0] Bad code with -inline and structs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14609): [REG2.068a] Github HEAD: DMD assertion failure for valid code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14610): [REG2.067] 'null this' assertion missing in 2.067)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14634): dmd crashes without any input)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14642): [REG2.066] ICE in ctfeInterpret)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14666): [REG2.061] Bogus forward reference error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14672): [REG2.067.0] Internal error: e2ir.c 4620 when copying array of derived class to an array of base class)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14805): [REG2.064] Unreasonably slow "new Struct[large]")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14806): [REG2.063] alias this doesn't force elaborate equality, but is followed during it)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14814): ld: GOT load reloc does not point to a movq instruction)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14828): [REG2.067] duplicate symbol __ModuleInfoZ depending on ordering of files passed to dmd)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14829): [REG2.066.0] wrong code with -O -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14834): [REG 2.068-b2] dirEntries with mask stopped working with "-inline -debug")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14836): [REG2.068a] Multiple variadic template argument trick broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14838): [REG 2.066] Wrong attribute inference for auto-generated class destructor with static array of non-POD type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14844): [REG2.068a] __traits$(LPAREN)allMembers$(RPAREN) must not visit yet not instantiated template members)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14851): [REG2.068.0-b2] Cannot assign array operation result to static array variable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14853): [REG2.066] DMD segfaults with the cast from mutable struct new to shared)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14890): [REG 2.068.0-rc1] Can not construct a RedBlackTree of Tuples)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 1759): Closures and With Statements)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2803): template + default argument = doesn't work)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3869): Unreasonable error without line number: "recursive template expansion")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5770): Template constructor bypass access check)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6613): Can't use empty tuple as default value for variadic template function parameter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6766): Forward reference error for default struct/class arguments)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8217): static nested class can reference outer scope by template instantiation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8234): symbols used in CTFE affect the function literal type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9023): CTFE: cannot use ~= on an empty AA.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10158): 'offsetof' property of nested struct does not work properly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10282): Refused assignment of vector op result to const array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10492): Illegal Instruction for mixin template with scope declarations)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10972): aggregate postblit doesn't clean up in case of failure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11166): Forward reference error when alias of template instance is private)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12036): Wrong code with auto-returning function as mixin alias param)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12152): Cannot forward reference subclass member in superclass)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12406): Broken delegate closure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12603): [CTFE] goto does not correctly call dtors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12799): Forward reference to nested enum with struct.sizeof)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12971): Missing REX prefix for 8 bit register access)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13270): ddoc can't find parameters of ditto'd function overloads)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13920): DMD crash when trying to set a delegate from __traits$(LPAREN)getOverloads$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13985): Wrong code when using "super" to call final interface method)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14097): root/async.c: use after free)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14185): [ICE] [mtype.c] compiler segfault in in Type::aliasthisOf)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14243): mixin template scope inconsistency?)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14249): Loose error check for incorrect template mixin)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14264): Destructor not called when struct is returned from a parenthesis-less function call)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14268): Win64: debug info for associative arrays have no type information)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14281): duplicate .debug_info entries for arrays, delegates and AAs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14290): is-expression accepts instantiation of already instantiated template)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14320): Improve diagnostic message for "undefined identifier" error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14321): Unnecessary destructor call with and AAs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14325): [CTFE] Comparison of AAs makes wrong result)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14330): Wrong DWARF type of dynamic array variable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14343): Postfix increment doesn't work on structs with immutable member)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14348): typeof$(LPAREN)x$(RPAREN).ident is not accepted as a symbol)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14352): Two goto cases in one case branch does not work correctly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14357): Match on specType does not check the conflict with already deduced template arguments)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14371): [CTFE] Binary assignment expression makes wrong result in compile-time)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14388): ICE with idup-ed struct literal in template argument)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14398): Segfault when nested struct in static array accesses context)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14407): No protection and attributes check for class/struct allocator in NewExp)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14409): false positive "Error: one path skips constructor")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14416): .sizeof yields 1 for uninstantiated struct templates)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14425): Indirect template instantiation within is expression causes missing linker symbols)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14446): ICE on invalid import)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14510): Bad tail call optimization with static arrays)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14596): Error: e2ir: cannot cast malloc$(LPAREN)42u$(RPAREN) of type void* to type char[])
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14617): PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER does not work on OSX)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14629): Type system breaking and wrong code bugs in casting reference types to typeof$(LPAREN)null$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14649): ICE on invalid array operation with string literals)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14656): "auto" of "auto ref" spills over to other function)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9914): Do attribute inference for auto functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11003): Improve .di generation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14465): CTFE exception stacktrace shows location of Exception constructor)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14547): Ddoc should prefer new Variable Template syntax)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14712): GIT HEAD : std.net.curl regressions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14748): Removing std.stdio import causes 2x increase in "Hello, world" program binary filesize)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14765): [Reg2.068.0] Rangified functions no longer accept types that implicitly cast to string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14842): [REG 2.068-b2] approxEqual does not work with integers)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14881): [REG] posix.mak omits package.d files when building zip file)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12702): [FixIncluded] std.container.RedBlackTree's in operator is not const)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13534): std.variant can violate memory safety)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14282): executeShell should use sh and ignore the SHELL env variable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14373): std.range.refRange doesn't work on mere input ranges)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14408): std.process: Can't start interactive process from Windows GUI application)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14422): std.process: Pipes do not append to files on Win64)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14469): file.readText on Win64 doesn't work for files > 4GB.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14526): GetOptException DDOC needs cleanup)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14544): isForwardRange failed to recognise valid forward range)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14575): compile error with std.range.refRange when front/back isn't implicitly convertible from const to mutable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14585): destructor called on garbage in std.variant)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14194): nothrow emplace for classes needed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14288): std.windows.registry should use std.windows.syserror)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14289): WindowsException should not attempt to parse code 0)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14368): stdio.rawRead underperforms stdio)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14432): move construction for RefCounted)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14457): Algebraic does not allow assignment from subset type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14535): std.net.curl.CurlException should include status line)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14548): std.stdio.File should have sync$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) method $(LPAREN)fsync/FlushFileBuffers wrapper$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14586): can't get an immutable value from a const std.variant.Variant)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14626): [REG2.066] byValue doesn't work with inout AA)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14746): [REG2.068a] Behavior change with struct destructor and alias this)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14863): CLOCK_BOOTTIME should be optional to support <2.6.39 kernels)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6607): critical_.d and critical.c use double check locking the wrong way)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12289): incorrect core.stdc.stdio.fpos_t alias)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14350): Unit test failures are not displayed in Windows GUI programs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14401): typeid$(LPAREN)shared X$(RPAREN).init is empty for class types)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14423): struct destructors not finalized for AA values)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14464): coverage merge doesn't work)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14476): core.thread unit tests failing on FreeBSD 9+)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14511): Profiler does not work with multithreaded programs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14565): dmd -profile produces garbled output for long-running CPU-intensive processes)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12891): add atomicFetchAdd and atomicFetchSub to core.atomic)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14385): AA should use open addressing hash)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12803): __traits$(LPAREN)getFunctionAttributes$(RPAREN) is not documented)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13527): ddoc website documentation does not match the current built-in symbols)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14079): Variable templates' documentation not generated.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14080): No mention of documented unittests on ddoc's page)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14326): syntax highlighting of dpl-docs no longer works)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14418): D-style Variadic Function example does not compile)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13758): RDMD renames directory if -ofNAME is the name of a directory)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14259): rdmd: --build-only / -of / -od incompatible with --dry-run)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Installer bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14801): OS X installer not compatible with OS X 10.11)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14864): windows uninstall during installation pops up spurious warning)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.068.0
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.068.1.dd b/changelog/2.068.1.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e42f60df45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.068.1.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Sep 06, 2015, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 coverage-profile-config, Functions to configure coverage, profile, and profile=gc reports were added.))
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 list2068_1, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D 2.068.1.))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 coverage-profile-config, Functions to configure coverage, profile, and profile=gc reports were added.)
+
+ $(P While they have been accessible through `extern(C)` linkage
+ for a while, the functions to configure coverage, profile, and
+ profile=gc reports where added to $(MREF core,runtime).
+ )
+
+ $(BOOKTABLE,
+ $(TR $(TH Functions) $(TH Decscription))
+ $(TR $(TD $(REF_SHORT dmd_coverSourcePath, core,runtime)) $(TD Set the directory which contains the source files.))
+ $(TR $(TD $(REF_SHORT dmd_coverDestPath, core,runtime)) $(TD Set the directory where to write the -cov reports.))
+ $(TR $(TD $(REF_SHORT dmd_coverSetMerge, core,runtime)) $(TD Set whether or not to merge results with existing -cov reports.))
+ $(TR $(TD $(REF_SHORT trace_setlogfilename, core,runtime)) $(TD Set the output file for the -profile report.))
+ $(TR $(TD $(REF_SHORT trace_setdeffilename, core,runtime)) $(TD Set the output file for the optimized -profile linker script.))
+ $(TR $(TD $(REF_SHORT profilegc_setlogfilename, core,runtime)) $(TD Set the output file for the -profile=gc report.))
+ )
+
+ $(P Note that these functions are specific to dmd, and might not
+ be available on other compilers.
+ )
+)
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 list2068_1, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D 2.068.1:))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14431): [REG 2.067.0] huge slowdown of compilation speed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14621): [REG2.066] ICE: Assertion failure: 'global.gaggedErrors || global.errors' on line 752 in file 'statement.c')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14781): [REG2.067] impure delegate to pure function context should be able to modify context)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14901): [reg 2.067/2.068] template static shared this$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) run multiple times with separate compilation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14911): Compiler found indexing in code "new MyStruct[2].ptr")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14923): [REG2.067] ICE: Assertion failed: $(LPAREN)tret->ty != Tvoid$(RPAREN), function semantic3, file func.c, line 1736.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14926): Programs compiled using dmd 2.068 are generating dummy profilegc.log files)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14929): [REG2.067] ICE: Assertion failure: 'ez->exp $(AMP)$(AMP) ez->exp->op == TOKconstruct' on line 302 in file 'escape.c')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14944): [REG2.064] cannot initialize static array by static this$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14948): [Reg 2.068.0] AA key requirement was broken w/o notice and w/ horrible error message)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14962): [REG2.068] compiler inference of attributes for nested map seems broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14973): [REG2.068] compiler inference of contexts for nested map seems broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14985): [REG2.068.1-b1] Link failure for const TypeInfo of speculative instantiated struct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14986): [REG2.068.1-b2] Assertion failed: $(LPAREN)id->dyncast$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) == DYNCAST_DSYMBOL$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15002): [REG2.064] ICE with invalid static variable initializer while CTFE)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15017): [REG2.068.1-b2] assigning a Variant to be value in a hashmap)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14624): The array operator overloading fallback is not correct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14625): opIndex$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) doesn't work on foreach container iteration)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14696): destructor for temporary called before statement is complete with conditional operator)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14708): destructor for temporary not called during stack unwinding)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14889): ICE: Assertion `o->dyncast$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) == DYNCAST_DSYMBOL' failed.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14900): 2.068.0 change log example does not compile)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13889): mscoff32 libs not available)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14951): Win64: Invalid C++ mangling for __gshared pointer variables)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14904): [REG2.067.0] bad error message in reduce: 'Incompatible function/seed/element')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14920): [REG2.067.0] SList.insertAfter on uninitialized list triggers assertion in _first)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14980): [REG2.068] getAddressInfo$(LPAREN)null$(RPAREN) broken)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Installer bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14897): shared linux libraries from zip package don't work)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.068.1
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.068.2.dd b/changelog/2.068.2.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64f78db4f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.068.2.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Sep 23, 2015, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler Changes,
+
+$(LI The fix for $(BUGZILLA 14708) was reverted: destructor for temporary not called during stack unwinding, see $(DMDPR 5110).)
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D 2.068.2:)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15021): [REG2.068.1] linker error with speculative instantiation and -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15030): [REG2.068.1] ICE with recursive delegate, -unittest, and std.range)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15044): [REG2.068.0] destroy might leak memory)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.068.2
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.069.0.dd b/changelog/2.069.0.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5c3049e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.069.0.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Nov 3, 2015, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler Changes,
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 self-hosted-dmd, DMD has been ported to D.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 objective-c-support, Basic support for Objective-C.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 property-switch-deprecated, The $(TT -property) switch has
+ been deprecated.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 backend-improvements, DMD's codegen has improved.))
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+$(LI The package $(MREF std,experimental,allocator) was added.)
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 more-rangified-functions, More phobos functions were rangified.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 curl-dynamic-loading, libcurl is now loaded dynamically))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 backtraces-with-line-numbers, Backtraces now include file name and line number.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 link-against-vs2015, Support to link against VS2015 libraries.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 documentation-improvements, The documentation for Phobos has been improved.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-algorithm-moveEmplace, `moveEmplace` was added))
+$(LI Use $(REF_SHORT isPermutation, std,algorithm_comparison) to test
+ whether two ranges are permutations of each other.)
+$(LI The new $(REF_SHORT isSameLength, std,algorithm_comparison) can be more
+ efficient than comparing the $(REF_SHORT walkLength, std,range_primitives) of two
+ ranges.)
+$(LI $(REF_SHORT getUDAs, std,traits) was added to help get
+ user-defined attributes of specific types from symbols.)
+$(LI $(REF_SHORT getSymbolsByUDA, std,traits) was
+ added to find symbols with specific user-defined attributes.)
+$(LI $(REF_SHORT cmp, std,math) was added, defining total ordering on
+ floating-point numbers, including NaN.)
+$(LI FreeBSD now also ships with a shared libphobos2.so library ($(LINK2 https://dlang.org/dll-linux.html, usage info)).)
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D 2.069.0.))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler Changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 self-hosted-dmd, DMD has been ported to D.)
+
+ $(P The DMD frontend code has been ported to D. Self-hosting the
+ compiler allows us to benefit from D's improved productivity
+ and modelling power.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 objective-c-support, Basic support for Objective-C.)
+
+ $(P Basic support for Objective-C classes, interfaces and instance methods.
+ This is implemented by adding a new linkage attribute, `Objective-C`,
+ and a compiler recognized UDA, `@selector`. The linkage attribute is to
+ be used on a class or interface. The UDA is attached to a method.
+ See $(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)spec/objc_interface.html, Interfacing to Objective-C)
+ for more information.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 property-switch-deprecated, The $(TT -property) switch has
+ been deprecated.)
+
+ $(P The $(TT -property) switch used to disallow calling non-properties
+ without parentheses. The switch has not been used to build Phobos for
+ some time now. So naturally, code that's incompatible with
+ $(TT -property) has found its way in. This means, the switch has
+ effectively not been supported by D at large.
+ )
+
+ $(P Since the behaviour of the $(TT -property) switch was not well-liked,
+ it's been deprecated and made to have no effect when used.
+ )
+
+ $(P The $(A $(ROOT_DIR)spec/function.html#property-functions,$(D @property)
+ attribute) is not affected, and remains as a mostly cosmetic keyword.
+ Its semantics are going to be revisited in the future.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 backend-improvements, DMD's codegen has improved.)
+
+ $(P Several improvements have been made to the backend's codegen. Parameters
+ and stack frame set up are optimized to use `SUB`/`MOV` instead of `PUSH`,
+ resulting in 30% faster code in some cases. Also, functions marked as
+ `nothrow` no longer generate a BP stack frame on Windows and Linux.
+ )
+)
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 more-rangified-functions, More phobos functions were rangified.)
+
+ $(P Following the work released with $(LINK2 2.068.0.html#rangified-functions,
+ 2.068.0) more phobos functions were rangified.
+ )
+
+ $(BOOKTABLE Rangified Functions:,
+ $(TR $(TH Module) $(TH Functions)
+ )
+ $(TR $(TD $(MREF std,stdio))
+ $(TD
+ $(REF_SHORT File.this, std,stdio)
+ )
+ )
+ $(TR $(TD $(MREF std,file))
+ $(TD
+ $(REF_SHORT append, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT chdir, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT copy, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT exists, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT getAttributes, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT getLinkAttributes, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT getSize, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT getTimes, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT getTimesWin, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT isDir, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT isFile, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT isSymlink, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT mkdir, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT read, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT readText, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT remove, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT rename, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT rmdir, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT setAttributes, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT setTimes, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT timeLastModified, std,file)
+ $(REF_SHORT write, std,file)
+ )
+ )
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 curl-dynamic-loading, libcurl is now loaded dynamically)
+
+ $(P $(MREF std,net,curl) was changed to load curl as shared
+ library at runtime. This simplifies the usage as it's no longer
+ necessary to link against libcurl or to install any development
+ libraries.
+ )
+
+ $(P The implementation will also try to get the needed curl symbols from the
+ executable itself. So it remains possible to link with a specific
+ version of libcurl or with a static libcurl library.
+ )
+
+ $(P To make this work you have to link with $(I --export-dynamic) respectively
+ use a $(I .DEF) file on Windows (see $(LINK2
+ https://wiki.dlang.org/Curl_on_Windows#Using_the_static_lib, wiki) for
+ more info on the latter).
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 backtraces-with-line-numbers, Backtraces now include file name and line number.)
+
+ $(P The default tracehandler on linux and FreeBSD now parses DWARF
+ debug info to add file names and line numbers to backtraces.
+ )
+
+ $(PRE
+std.conv.ConvException@DPL/dmd/src/../../phobos/std/conv.d(1720): Unexpected 'a' when converting from type string to type ulong
+
+DPL/dmd/src/../../phobos/std/conv.d:1720 pure @safe ulong std.conv.toImpl!(ulong, immutable(char)[]).toImpl(immutable(char)[]) [0x43b339]
+DPL/dmd/src/../../phobos/std/conv.d:298 pure @safe ulong std.conv.to!(ulong).to!(immutable(char)[]).to(immutable(char)[]) [0x437717]
+example.d:5 ulong example.foo(immutable(char)[]) [0x4376c7]
+example.d:10 _Dmain [0x4376e5]
+??:? _D2rt6dmain211_d_run_mainUiPPaPUAAaZiZ6runAllMFZ9__lambda1MFZv [0x444576]
+??:? void rt.dmain2._d_run_main(int, char**, extern (C) int function(char[][])*).tryExec(scope void delegate()) [0x4444cc]
+??:? void rt.dmain2._d_run_main(int, char**, extern (C) int function(char[][])*).runAll() [0x444532]
+??:? void rt.dmain2._d_run_main(int, char**, extern (C) int function(char[][])*).tryExec(scope void delegate()) [0x4444cc]
+??:? _d_run_main [0x444429]
+??:? main [0x44039f]
+??:? __libc_start_main [0xc3ae96ff]
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 link-against-vs2015, Support to link against VS2015 libraries.)
+
+ $(P Support for linking against the Microsoft runtime library distributed with VS 2015
+ has been added. This affects both the 64-bit build for Win64 and the 32-bit build
+ targeting the MS runtime (-m32mscoff).
+ )
+
+ $(P The compiler detects the library version to adjust the link command line automatically.
+ If you don't use dmd for linking, make sure to add legacy_stdio_definitions.lib to your
+ command line when linking against the VS2015 runtime.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 documentation-improvements, The documentation for Phobos has been improved)
+
+ $(P A large portion of the functions in Phobos have improved documentation, including but
+ not limited to spelling fixes, clarifications, better explanations of function and template
+ parameters, and better explanations of return values.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-algorithm-moveEmplace, A combined `moveEmplace` was added.)
+
+ $(P $(REF_SHORT moveEmplace, std,algorithm_mutation) efficiently combines
+ $(REF_SHORT move, std,algorithm_mutation) with $(REF_SHORT emplace, std,conv) thus avoids
+ having to initialize and destroy a value before moving into uninitialized data.
+ )
+
+ ------
+ T* moveToHeap(T)(ref T value)
+ {
+ import core.memory : GC;
+
+ auto ptr = cast(T*)GC.malloc(T.sizeof);
+ // move value and emplace it into ptr
+ moveEmplace(value, *ptr);
+ return ptr;
+ }
+ ------
+ $(P There are also $(REF_SHORT moveEmplaceAll, std,algorithm_mutation)
+ and $(REF_SHORT moveEmplaceSome, std,algorithm_mutation) as counterparts of
+ $(REF_SHORT moveAll, std,algorithm_mutation) and $(REF_SHORT moveSome, std,algorithm_mutation).
+ )
+)
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D 2.069.0:))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13720): [REG2.067] Adding trivial destructor to std.datetime causes Internal error: ..\ztc\cgelem.c 2418)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14430): [REG2.060] Null parameter is detected as non-null.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14572): cannot build dmd from source anymore: 'g++ -m64: No such file or directory')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14588): [REG2.067] undefined reference error while linking with -debug option to a static library.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14682): [REG2.037] Incorrect interpretation of ~ [])
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14699): [REG2.062] ICE: segfaults on array with zero size)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14710): VC-built DMD crashes on templated variadic function IFTI)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14731): [REG2.068a] Error location insufficient when CTFE)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14735): [REG2.068-b1] std.string.indexOf cannot deduce function for char argument)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14737): [REG2.058] A concatenation of array literal and static array should make dynamic array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14754): [REG2.068b1] 64bit wrong code with -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14779): incorrect addressing of arguments in require/in-contract)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14829): [REG2.066.0] wrong code with -O -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14886): [REG2.066] std.parallelism.parallel with large static array seems to hang compile)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14926): Programs compiled using dmd 2.068 are generating dummy profilegc.log files)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14952): Redundant REX.W before FSTP confuses Valgrind)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14991): dmd doesn't build under OSX 32 bit)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15045): [Reg 2.069-devel] hasElaborateCopyConstructor is true for struct with opDispatch)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15072): [REG2.069-devel] Re-introducing codegen performance regression 14805)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15079): [REG2.068.1] Assertion `fd->semanticRun == PASSsemantic3done' failed.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15092): [REG2.066.0] ICE on duplicated struct declarations in class members)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15123): [REG2.069.0-devel] segfault when compiling simple SIMD code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15126): [REG2.069-devel] dmd crashes when analyzing array literal)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15138): [REG2.068.2] ICE with basic use of stdx.data.json)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15149): [REG2.068.1] Linker error with separate compilation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15150): [REG2.068.1] Public selective import causes conflict)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15152): [REG2.069.0-devel] template fails to instantiate if argument is itself a template)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15168): [REG2.068.0] std.variant.Algebraic interacts badly with string alias this sub-types)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15176): [REG2.069.0-b1] ICE$(LPAREN)glue.c$(RPAREN):separate compilation with -inline crash in glue.c)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15177): [REG2.069.0-b1] mixin + traits issue with 2.069 beta 1)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15181): SYSCONFDIR is broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15200): [REG2.068.2] ICE$(LPAREN)glue.c$(RPAREN) when compiling with -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15207): [REG2.069.0-b1] Wrong codegen with -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15210): [REG2.064][ICE] $(LPAREN)glue.c at 1489$(RPAREN) with tuples and AAs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15214): [REG2.065.0] ICE in Mangler::mangleFunc)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15251): [REG2.069.0-rc1] std.datetime bug with -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15253): [REG2.069.0-rc1] inliner prevent compilation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15272): [2.069-rc2,inline] nothing written to output when -inline is set)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 1747): class to base interface static cast is incorrect in some cases)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2013): interface to interface dynamic cast is incorrect in some cases)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2091): D2 final cannot be applied to variable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2354): conditional compilation rejects else if the declaration is a single pragma)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3243): instantiated 'static this$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN)' bring on a compiler message ': __gate is thread local')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6417): Wrong context for nested functions in virtual class member function contracts)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7625): inlining only works with explicit else branch)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7979): Alias this does not work with switch)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9383): Wrong context for contracts if closure [dis]appears in override function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9891): Ability to modify immutable using default value of ref/out parameter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12487): DMD correctly reports excessive CTFE recursion, but not template recursion)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12744): auto ref crashes DMD on ASSERT)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13007): Wrong x86 code: long negate)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13203): conflicting aliases allowed with static if)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13244): Wrong code with -inline and foreach/map/all)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13652): 2D Static Array Init produces wrong result $(LPAREN)-m64/-m32$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13792): Segfault with a pointer of opaque enum type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14140): Bad codegen for CTFE union initialisers for immutable structs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14459): String literal merge bug causes incorrect runtime program behavior)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14510): Bad tail call optimization with static arrays)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14541): "duplicate COMDAT" linker error with the template forward reference in Tuple.opAssign)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14653): scoped!range in foreach crashes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14669): auto attribute on function parameter should be error always)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14709): dmd/samples/listener.d socket.accept exception handling is incorrect)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14743): ICE in TemplateInstance::needsTypeInference$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) with template forward reference)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14745): Qualifiers rejected for delegate literals)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14747): compiler insists on unnecessary return statement)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14753): pragma$(LPAREN)inline$(RPAREN) hides the alias "string")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14768): Error: index 174762 overflow for static array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14802): Template argument deduction depends on order of arguments)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14815): Destructor is not called for static array assignment)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14818): Unhelpful "does not match template overload set" error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14846): Insufficient context deduction with implicit nested lambda)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14858): spurious "Error: overload alias 'foo' is not a variable" when overloading template and non-template via aliases)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14860): Destructor is not called for block assignment)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14862): Constructor of overlapped struct does not initialize correctly global variables)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14874): __traits$(LPAREN)getFunctionAttributes$(RPAREN) does not support the new `return` attribute)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14875): A template instance with deprecated symbol/type needlessly repeats "Deprecation:" messages)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14876): Deprecation message is sometimes duplicated)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14906): dmd dumps core at incorrect enum declaration)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14928): Switches -betterC and -m32mscoff do not appear in DMD's help text)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14950): Setting enum value to the last member of another enum causes int overflow error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14996): only$(LPAREN)EnumMembers!T$(RPAREN) eats all my memory when T : string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15001): Duplicate error message without line number on if statement)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15014): Win64: Invalid C++ mangling for multiple long arguments)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15018): Win64: ICE when assigning struct of size 4 to slice)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15019): [ICE] Heisencrash on OS X 32-bit with non-trivial projects)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15065): associative array has no keys property)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15080): extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) classes have wrong static data layout)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15089): Marks wrong line as where error occurs.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15127): Parser assertion on wrong code)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12421): Allow simpler syntax for lambda template declarations)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14717): Ddoc macro recursion limit too low)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14755): Could -profile=gc also give the number of allocations that led to X bytes being allocated?)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14975): DMD refuses to inline even trivial struct constructors)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14564): [REG2.067] dmd -property -unittest combination causes compiler error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14685): [REG2.067] Silent incorrect behavior with enforce and custom exception)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14712): GIT HEAD : std.net.curl regressions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14817): [REG-master] copy$(LPAREN)"foo", "bar"$(RPAREN) std.algorithm/std.file conflict)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14881): [REG] posix.mak omits package.d files when building zip file)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15027): rangified functions no longer work with alias this'ed strings $(LPAREN)e.g. DirEntry$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15039): Algebraic cannot store a Typedef along with Typedef'ed type)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10895): incorrect std.array.join behavior with array of string-like class using alias this)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13650): std.algorithm.copy doesn't work with char/wchar)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13856): std.stdio.readln stomps arrays)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14282): executeShell should use sh and ignore the SHELL env variable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14605): RefAppender fails isOutputRange)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14724): std.getopt: config.required breaks --help)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14760): Clear content-length for libcurl option to eliminate segmentation fault.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14762): Do not use other method options on persistent connection.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14799): Documentation for std.zlib.compress is incorrect)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14868): MmFile destructor seems to corrupt memory)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14880): findSkip summary is wrong)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14884): `among` docs broken link to `find` and `canFind`)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14924): Error in std.uri definition/description)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14925): replaceInPlace fail compilation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14949): Non-descriptive "Enforcement failed" when attempting to write to closed file)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14994): std.mmfile incorrectly handles map failure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14995): std.mmfile incorrectly handles errors in ctor)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15000): Changes to userShell either need to be reverted or the std.process documentation needs to be updated)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15003): assumeSorted Allocates GC Memory in Debug Mode)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15033): Element type of float iota is double)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15115): std.typetuple link to std.meta is 404)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15187): dispose for allocators is broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15188): `deallocate` cause memory leaks)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5945): redBlackTree printing)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12752): std.algorithm.isPermutation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12966): Merge the heapsort code in std with the binary heap in std.range)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13596): permutations range)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14433): std.encoding does not support Central European ISO-8859-2 and CP1250 encodings)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14763): Use optionsData argument for curl options function.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14777): 0 is not the initial value for std.zlib.adler32)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14798): [etc.c.sqlite3] sqlite3_errstr definition missing)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14877): std.net.curl needs PATCH http method)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14938): std.net.curl tests should use localhost or stub any networking)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14940): Can't call logger with more complex objects)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14750): druntime/test/coverage was added to druntime, but not to the MANIFEST - zip file broken again)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14882): [REG] MANIFEST is missing test/common.mak)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14990): No rule to make target `src/core/sys/windows/stdio_msvc12.d', needed by 'druntime.zip'.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14993): Allocating in a destructor segfaults instead of throwing InvalidMemoryOperationError)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15012): Druntime Makefile whitelists compilers)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11414): druntime should run debug unittest)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14327): Unhandled exception from writeln$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) in C++/D application)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14663): shared library test - link_linkdep - segfaults on FreeBSD 10)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14776): shared library test - loadDR - segfaults on FreeBSD 10 when not building with -release)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14785): Some corner cases are not handled properly by core.checkedint.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14870): incorrect use of assert to detect environmental errors in core.time)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15009): Object.destroy calls unnecessary postblits for destruction of static arrays object)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15036): SimpleDllMain assumes various symbols are available unqualified)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15104): Switching fibers in finally blocks breaks EH)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15076): Get ID of current thread)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15137): core.time: Support Duration/Duration and Duration%Duration)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15046): [REG2.068] isForwardRange documentation is documenting issue 14544)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12072): Regex article needs update)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14579): [SPEC] No specification on modifiers in TypeDelegate symbols)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14695): [dlang.org] std.uuid Is Not Listed On The Index Page)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14879): tuple documentation broken link)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15095): Malformed URL in documentation link)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14328): The terms "lvalue" and "rvalue" should be added to the glossary)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14522): Postfix array declaration examples should be removed from arrays.html)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14808): phobos sidebar "D Lib" link is back to homepage)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14933): specifications for the pragma$(LPAREN)mangle$(RPAREN) are vague)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15031): rdmd should force rebuild when --compiler changes)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14715): Add README.md to the tools Repository)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Installer bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13234): Windows installer: when updating, uninstaller reports wrong installation directory)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14801): OS X installer not compatible with OS X 10.11)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Installer enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14714): Add README.md to the Installer Repository)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.069.0
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.069.1.dd b/changelog/2.069.1.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f239ca2e3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.069.1.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Nov 11, 2015, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Installer regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15284): dmd installer hangs when updating installed windows version)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.069.1
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.069.2.dd b/changelog/2.069.2.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dee8aeaf7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.069.2.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Dec 3, 2015, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15292): [REG2.068.0] Segmentation fault with self-referencing struct / inout / alias this)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15296): [REG2.069] cannot inline simple function that calls use non-inlinable statements)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15293): [REG2.069.0] std.stdio.readln$(LPAREN)buffer$(RPAREN) messes up buffer's capacity)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15281): std\experimental\allocator\package.d not included in build script)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15334): [REG 2.069] OS X core.time ticksPerSecond calculation is incorrect)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.069.2
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.070.0.dd b/changelog/2.070.0.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..432a74ddca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.070.0.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Jan 27, 2016, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Language Changes,
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 alias-funclit, Add syntactic support to make an alias to a function literal.))
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+$(LI The package $(D std.experimental.ndslice) was added.
+ It is also available as part of the $(LINK2 https://github.com/DlangScience/mir, Mir library).)
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 core-sys-windows, The `core.sys.windows` package has been
+ greatly expanded.)
+)
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 typeinfo-initializer, `TypeInfo.init` has been renamed to `TypeInfo.initializer`.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 json-encode-control-characters, `std.json` encodes string control characters.))
+$(LI Default LogLevel of FileLogger was changed to LogLevel.all.)
+$(LI Access to the internal `ptr` and `len` fields of $(REF_SHORT BitArray, std,bitmanip) was deprecated.)
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Language Changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 alias-funclit, Add syntactic support to make an alias to a function literal.)
+
+ $(P Example:)
+
+ ---
+ alias less1 = (a, b) => a < b;
+ alias less2 = (a, b) => a > b;
+
+ import std.algorithm : sort, equal;
+
+ int[] arr = [4, 1, 3, 2];
+ assert(equal(sort!less1(arr), [1, 2, 3, 4]));
+ assert(equal(sort!less2(arr), [4, 3, 2, 1]));
+ ---
+)
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 core-sys-windows, The `core.sys.windows` package has been
+ greatly expanded.)
+
+ $(P The `core.sys.windows` package now contains a considerably more
+ comprehensive set of Windows API bindings. The package has been
+ adapted from $(HTTP github.com/smjgordon/bindings, Stewart Gordon's
+ bindings), which were originally adapted from the MinGW project.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 typeinfo-initializer, `TypeInfo.init` has been renamed to
+ `TypeInfo.initializer`.)
+
+ $(P The method `TypeInfo.init` has been renamed to
+ $(REF1 TypeInfo.initializer, object) to resolve
+ a name clash with the type property $(GLINK2 property, init).
+ )
+
+ $(P An alias with the old name was added and will be deprecated
+ over the next releases.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 json-encode-control-characters, `std.json` encodes string control characters.)
+
+ $(P Instead of throwing a $(REF_SHORT JSONException, std,json), $(REF_SHORT toJSON, std,json)
+ encodes now the control characters of a string.
+ )
+
+ ------
+ assert(toJSON(JSONValue("foo\u007fbar")) == `"foo\u007Fbar"`);
+ ------
+)
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13009): [REG2.064] inout overload conflicts with non-inout when used via alias this)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14782): Internal error: backend/cod1.c)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15369): [REG master] id.d$(LPAREN)369$(RPAREN): Error: Outside Unicode code space)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15430): amdMmx hangs up)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15500): default construction disabled for struct constructor with default arguments)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15550): [Reg 2.070.0-b1] compile error while testing template constraint)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3438): struct ctor with defaulted parameters should be rejected)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3913): Bad error message with wrong enum)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4350): $(LPAREN)mixin$(RPAREN) mixed in template identifier is not accessible by "with" statement)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7903): [TDPL] public member variables are supposed to be illegal in synchronized classes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14040): Doesn't use assignment in slice)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14778): ddoc doesnt generate code for enum in template struct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15133): Error message is incomprehensible)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15141): Object.factory allows the creation of derived abstract classes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15156): overload set in eponymous template)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15163): Parser bug on double function call)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15172): ICE$(LPAREN)interpret.c ctfeCompile$(RPAREN) Assertion `!fd->semantic3Errors' failed.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15209): redundant error message on invalid field access)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15233): TypeTuple causes segfault in dmd 2.68.2)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15239): ICE $(LPAREN)assertion failure$(RPAREN) in ctfeInterpret$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) — opDispatch & inline asm)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15260): [dmd-internal] StringExp.compare may cause invalid memory access)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15261): [dmd-internal] Trivial problem in BinExp.checkOpAssignTypes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15262): [dmd-internal] Duplicated initialization in Token struct static constructor)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15309): [dmd-internal] ScopeExp.semantic$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) should set its type always)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15317): Segfault in Type::kind$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) with DMD v2.069.0)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15340): Spurious "overlapped default initialization" errors with auto fields)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15352): template arguments matching error with delegates)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15366): Enum typed as bool behaves as bool even when cast)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15389): extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) forward referencing problem)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15394): [internal] CompileExp and FileExp has same op TOKmixin)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15396): static immutable not recognized as constant within switch statement)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15403): [internal] FileExp represents ImportExpression, the AST class naming is not intuitive)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15404): [internal] DotIdExp$(LPAREN)TOKdot$(RPAREN) and DotExp$(LPAREN)TOKdotexp$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15417): Wrong parameter passing for variadic nested functions within aggregate)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12421): Allow simpler syntax for lambda template declarations)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15015): Win64: interop with C/C++ fails if function return value is a struct of size 8)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15186): Emit better diagnostic for C++ member lookup operators)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15464): Template parameter-dependent attributes)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14861): Error in stdio.d in LockingTextReader.readFront$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15319): [REG2.069] module map is in file std/map.d which cannot be read)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3764): Remove Phobos workarounds for fixed bugs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14786): The built-in exponentiation operator ^^ sometimes returns a value with the wrong sign.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15187): dispose for allocators is broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15188): `deallocate` cause memory leaks)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15220): [REG2.065] std.getopt parses -o=value as "=value")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15238): Heisenbug running std.random unittests)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15313): std.conv.emplace cannot initialize const objects)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15336): std.json: opIn undocumented for JSONValue)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15409): Mallocator cant be used in @nogc code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15420): topN$(LPAREN)Range, Range$(RPAREN) does not respect its less predicate)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15429): [std.stdio] Broken link in documentation)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12987): topN should return the top portion of the range)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15128): "IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP" error in winsock2.d)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15146): std.file.dirEntries$(LPAREN)""$(RPAREN) only works on Windows)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15198): evenChunks - std.range.chunks variant which slices range into N evenly-sized chunks)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15208): Eradicate all uses of "Enforcement failed" in Phobos)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15212): BigInt should implement opCast!long and opCast!int)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15320): static assert$(LPAREN)__traits$(LPAREN)compiles, xyz$(RPAREN)$(RPAREN) considered harmful in unittests)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15385): Apply Andersson91 idea to SortedRange.contains)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15270): use TLS to store Thread.getThis $(LPAREN)pthread_getspecific causes heavy lock contention$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15367): array of delegates comparison fails)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15053): Runtime.cArgs not @nogc)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15268): possible deadlock for Thread.getAll/Thread.opApply w/ GC.collect)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8846): Specs for Inline Assembler don't include cmpxchg16b)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15250): Grammar does not contain rules for multiple slices in an index expression)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13624): Parts of the Overview page is very out of date)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15078): GC documentation should reflect 2.067 changes)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15173): rdmd man page incorrect/outdated)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15174): Add or undocument --tmpdir switch)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15175): rdmd --loop and --eval now complain about std.stream deprecation warnings)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Installer bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15456): sc.ini: Access denied for non-superusers on Windows 10)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15572): Windows installer leaves "sc.ini" inaccessible)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.070.0
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.070.1.dd b/changelog/2.070.1.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd6c73e6ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.070.1.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Feb 27, 2016, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15490): [REG 2.067] Error variable __nrvoretval cannot be modified at compile time when using -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15524): [REG2.069] 64bit app with anon-class crashes in contract)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15661): [REG2.067.0] Destructor called while object still alive)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15674): [REG 2.066] alias this rejected for 'out' parameter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15681): [REG2.067] Nested user type enum not retaining value properly.)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15664): [REG2.064] incorrect initialisation of member of an immutable struct)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.070.1
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.070.2.dd b/changelog/2.070.2.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17811c0d0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.070.2.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Mar 3, 2016, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15665): Templated scope class with constructor don't compile)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.070.2
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.071.0.dd b/changelog/2.071.0.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cccce09b4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.071.0.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Apr 5, 2016, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler Changes,
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 imports-313, Import access checks for fully qualified names were fixed.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 imports-314, Protection for selective and renamed imports were fixed.))
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Language Changes,
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 import-lookup, Imports no longer hide locals declared in outer scopes.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 dip22, Private symbols are no longer visible in other modules.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 extended-deprecated, Manifest constant can now be used for deprecation message.))
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 aa-clear, A `clear` method has been added to associative
+ arrays to remove all elements.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 spinlock, The GC now uses a spinlock instead of a recursive mutex.))
+ $(LI Calls to $(REF_SHORT GC.free, core,memory) are now ignored during finalization instead of throwing an InvalidMemoryOperationError, see $(BUGZILLA 15353).)
+ $(LI $(REF_SHORT GC.addRoot, core,memory) and $(REF_SHORT GC.addRange, core,memory) now use a separate lock.)
+ $(LI $(REF_SHORT GCAllocator.goodAllocSize, std,experimental_allocator_gc_allocator)
+ was added.)
+ $(LI High-level API of $(MREF std,net,curl) now uses $(REF_SHORT Appender, std,array)
+ for received content. Which generally makes all calls slightly faster. Up to 200ms for large
+ amounts of data.)
+ $(LI $(REF_SHORT Repeat, std,meta) was added to obtain a repeating
+ $(REF_SHORT AliasSeq, std,meta) consisting of template arguments.)
+ $(LI $(REF_SHORT fold, std,algorithm_iteration) was added as an alternative to $(REF_SHORT reduce, std,algorithm_iteration)
+ with argument order swapped.)
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 nextPow2, Added nextPow2 and truncPow2 to std.math.))
+ $(LI $(REF_SHORT bsf, core,bitop), $(REF_SHORT bsr, core,bitop), and $(REF_SHORT popcnt, core,bitop) now
+ work with ulongs on 32 bit systems.)
+ $(LI $(REF_SHORT topN, std,algorithm_sorting) is now 5% - 7% faster.)
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 unary, Unary overloads of `startsWith` and `endsWith` were added.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 maxCount, $(REF_SHORT maxCount, std,algorithm_searching) and
+ $(REF_SHORT maxPos, std,algorithm_searching) were added.))
+ $(LI Range support for the convenience wrapper $(REF_SHORT redBlackTree, std,container_rbtree)
+ was added.)
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler Changes,
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 imports-313, Import access checks for fully qualified names were fixed.)
+
+ $(P It is no longer possible to bypass private imports by using fully qualified names, e.g.
+ the following example will fail with `package std.range is not accessible here`.
+ )
+
+ ---
+ import std.algorithm;
+
+ static assert(std.range.isForwardRange!string);
+ ---
+
+ $(P To ease updating existing code, the old behavior was retained but deprecated.
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 imports-314, Protection for selective and renamed imports were fixed.)
+
+ $(P It is no longer possible to use private selective or renamed imports in another module, e.g.
+ the following example will fail with `a.File is not visible from module b`.
+ )
+
+ ---
+ module a;
+ import std.stdio : File; // imports are private by default
+ ---
+ ---
+ module b;
+ import a;
+
+ File f; // File is private
+ ---
+
+ $(P To ease updating existing code, the old behavior was retained but deprecated.
+ This fix relies on the visibility changes introduced with $(RELATIVE_LINK2 dip22, DIP22).
+ )
+ )
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Language Changes,
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 import-lookup, Imports no longer hide locals declared in outer scopes.)
+
+ $(P These changes were made to the name lookup algorithm:
+
+ $(OL
+ $(LI Lookup for unqualified names is change from one pass to two pass. The first
+ pass goes through the scopes but does not check import declarations. If not found,
+ the second pass goes through the scopes and only looks at import declarations.
+ )
+ $(LI Qualified name lookups, base class lookups, and WithStatement lookups no longer
+ search import declarations, unless a module is the subject of the lookup, where the
+ behavior remains as before.
+ )
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(P This can break existing code, although reliance on the previous behavior tends to be
+ unintended, and fixing it improves the comprehensibility of the code. Breakage tends
+ to take the form of a symbol now being flagged as undefined. Fixing the breakage can
+ be done by fully qualifying the name, or adding an alias to the import declaration.
+ )
+
+ $(P The old lookup behavior can be restored using the -transition=import
+ compiler switch. With -transition=checkimports the compiler will issue
+ deprecation warnings when the old and new lookup find different
+ symbols.
+ You can combine both switches to use the old lookup and still get
+ deprecation warnings.
+ )
+
+ $(P See also $(BUGZILLA 10378))
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 dip22, Private symbols are no longer visible in other modules.)
+
+ $(P Protection (private, package, protected) is now already enforced during
+ symbol lookup in order to resolve any conflicts between private and
+ public symbols that could occur with the old access check scheme.
+ )
+
+ $(P The visibility of overloaded symbols with mixed protection is determined
+ by the most visibile member, but additional access check against the exact
+ symbol is performed after overload resolution.
+ )
+
+ $(P To ease updating existing code, a deprecated search for invisible symbols will be performed.
+ For the the old lookup behavior (using the -transition=import or -transition=checkimports compiler switch)
+ symbol visibility is ignored.
+ All existing access checks remain active during the deprecation phase.
+ )
+
+ $(P See also $(LINK2 http://wiki.dlang.org/DIP22, DIP22))
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 extended-deprecated, Manifest constant can now be used for deprecation message.)
+
+ $(P Manifest constants (enum, static immutable) can now be used for deprecation message, as well as concatenated strings.)
+ $(P Example:)
+ ---
+ string generateMessage() { return "Some deprecation message"; }
+ enum DepMsg = generateMessage();
+
+ deprecated(DepMsg) class Foo {}
+ deprecated("Some long deprecation " ~ "message") class Bar {}
+ ---
+ )
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 aa-clear, A `clear` method has been added to associative
+ arrays to remove all elements.)
+
+ $(P One can now use `aa.clear()` to remove all elements from an
+ associative array. This allows removing all elements from all
+ references to the same array (setting to `null` just reset the
+ reference, but did not removed the elements from other references).
+ )
+
+-------
+auto aa = ["first" : "entry", "second": "entry"];
+auto aa2 = aa1; // reference to the same AA
+aa.clear(); // still retains its current capacity for faster imports
+assert(aa2.length == 0); // other references affected
+-------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 spinlock, The GC is no longer wrapped in a pthread_mutex, it
+ now uses a spinlock.)
+
+ $(P This results in a 5% faster GC on average, with the most benefits going
+ to multi-threaded programs that use the GC. See $(DRUNTIMEPR 1447) for
+ more details.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 nextPow2, Added nextPow2 and truncPow2 to std.math.)
+ $(P $(REF_SHORT nextPow2, std,math) and $(REF_SHORT truncPow2, std,math) are functions for
+ rounding numbers to powers of two.
+ )
+------
+import std.math;
+
+assert(nextPow2(10) == 16);
+assert(nextPow2(4000) == 4096);
+
+assert(truncPow2(10) == 8);
+assert(truncPow2(4000) == 2048);
+------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 unary, Unary overloads of `startsWith` and `endsWith` were added.)
+ $(P $(REF_SHORT startsWith, std,algorithm_searching) and $(REF_SHORT endsWith, std,algorithm_searching)
+ can now be used just with a predicate.
+ )
+------
+import std.algorithm.searching;
+import std.ascii : isAlpha;
+
+assert("abc".endsWith!isAlpha);
+assert(!"ab1".endsWith!(a => a.isAlpha));
+
+assert("abc".startsWith!isAlpha);
+assert(!"1ab".startsWith!isAlpha);
+------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 maxPos, $(REF_SHORT maxCount, std,algorithm_searching) and
+ $(REF_SHORT maxPos, std,algorithm_searching) were added.)
+$(P Previous to this addition, in order to get the number of the greatest
+ elements, you had to use `minCount!"a > b"`, which was very confusing.
+ This change adds convenience functions to fix this issue.)
+)
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14965): [REG2.031] Forward reference to inferred return type of function call when using auto return type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14973): [REG2.068] compiler inference of contexts for nested map seems broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15296): [REG2.069] cannot inline simple function that calls use non-inlinable statements)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15422): [REG2.066] associative array of nested struct - crash on usage)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15455): [REG v2.065] Compiler segfault for simple nested structure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15618): [REG-master] Class member layout has been changed, ABI needs to be updated?)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15713): [REG-master] ctfe string concatenation is templates is broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15729): [REG$(LPAREN)master$(RPAREN)] broken debug info for libraries)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15733): [REG2.066] Forward reference issue involving inheritance)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15744): [REG2.067] $(LPAREN)SIGABRT$(RPAREN) Error: overloadset t.Bar.__ctor is aliased to a function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15778): [REG2.064] polysemous string type doesn't work in array operation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15781): [REG2.069] Template type deduction failure with same-type variables with different constness)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15785): [DMD HEAD] Spurious warning when calling protected super)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15788): [REG2.069] ICE assert triggered on overloaded function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15814): [REG-master] Custom deprecation message is not shown)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15815): [REG2.071-devel] deprecation for aliased template instance not shown)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15817): [REG2.068] ICE $(LPAREN)with no stacktrace$(RPAREN) instead of 'cannot index null array counts' with CTFE AA)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15839): [REG2.071-b1] this.outer is of wrong type)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 143): 'package' does not work at all)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 313): [module] Fully qualified names bypass private imports)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 314): [module] Static, renamed, and selective imports are always public)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 1754): module member visibility does not affect conflicts)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2991): [module] Import within aggregate causes conflicts with private identifiers)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3254): [module] Module member visibility depends on declaration order)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6907): ice$(LPAREN)interpret.d$(RPAREN) delete expressions crash interpreter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7516): Postblit not called for structs returned from a ternary operator)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7517): Interface contracts broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11581): Given T..., new T[0] does not work)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12748): ICE: Using typeof$(LPAREN)S.init[0]$(RPAREN) in type name specialization.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12829): Wrong error line number for closure allocation in @nogc function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13702): One missed 'may cause GC allocation' error message)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14442): Wrong this.outer reference in nested classes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14486): delete on classes ignores @nogc)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14603): "cannot alias an expression" when opDispatch results in a template)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14604): "cannot resolve forward reference" when opDispatch results in a template)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14686): Postblit isn't sometimes called on concatenation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14730): Wrong closure var access with -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14788): Incorrect rejection of inout function call)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14895): ICE on array operation when its result is concatenated)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14989): Overload merge sometimes doesn't work)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14992): static array local variables always require .init)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15309): [dmd-internal] ScopeExp.semantic$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) should set its type always)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15310): [dmd-internal] TemplateDeclaration should be converted to TemplateExp always)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15332): ICE in e2ir.c: assert$(LPAREN)irs->sthis$(RPAREN) in visit$(LPAREN)ThisExp$(RPAREN), function literal with keyword 'function' calls method)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15353): std.experimental.allocator cannot free memory in its destructor if the GC is an ancestor)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15384): assignment is sometimes still accepted as a condition)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15389): extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) forward referencing problem)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15407): Assert hit in toElem e2ir.c:1962)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15411): Function literal accessing variable in declaration scope produces bad error message with inline call)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15441): dmd segfaults using std.experimental.ndslice)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15450): ICE during CTFE of legit function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15519): Circular imports leads to fwd ref error with aliased imports)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15535): Emit error on "goto default" in final switch)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15565): Forward reference error with namespaces)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15578): Should have access to namespace private symbols from same module)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15579): extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) interfaces/multiple-inheritance)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15610): extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) multiple inheritance - calling with wrong 'this' ptr)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15623): is$(LPAREN)M!N$(RPAREN) evaluates to true for M!N that fails to instantiate.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15626): extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) calling crash)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15638): no common type for const classes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15647): Casting from one C++ interface in a hierarchy to another is a noop)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15665): Templated scope class with constructor don't compile)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15667): dmd infinite loop on invalid syntax.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15669): Wrong line number in error message)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15688): dmd segfault with an integer call through comma expression)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15784): Overload set constructor call should be supported from inside a constructor)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15789): ICE Assert in TemplateInstance semanticTiargs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15794): Lambda cannot get a chance to run its codegen)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15811): -transition=import and -transition=checkimport have oddly behaviors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15825): dmd's -transition=checkimports reports a false positive for tuple __dollar)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10378): Prevent local imports from hiding local symbols)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12954): deprecated doesn't work with concatenated strings or anything else but a string literal)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14383): [ddoc] documented unittests don't work for module declaration)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15644): Change object layout ABI to MI style)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15222): std.experimental omitted from phobos zip file)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15782): [Reg 2.071-devel] Alias no longer strips qualifiers from user defined types)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15807): Array!bool insertBack is broken)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 1238): Private identifiers in imported modules create conflicts with public ones)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15543): [ndslice] assumeSameStructure has useless flag)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15545): csv Reader line feed '\r' failure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15549): [ndslice] byElement is broken for packed slices)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15553): topN very inefficient [slower than sort, even for topN$(LPAREN)0$(RPAREN)] but should be O$(LPAREN)n$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15561): std.typecons.Proxy gets NaN comparisons wrong)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15639): std.experimental.allocator enables abstract class instantiation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15654): SysTime.toISOString formats the time zones incorrectly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15655): SysTime.from*String incorrectly accept single digit time zones and minutes > 59)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15659): SList: clear$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) can cause crash)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15663): writefln$(LPAREN)"%#o", 0$(RPAREN) should yield "0" instead of "00")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15677): std.experimental.allocators.expandArray overload with init should take the array by ref.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15683): broken link in DDoc)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15686): std.uni overloads documentation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15715): [ndslice] rangeHasMutableElements is not defined)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15721): free error when calling Mallocator.dispose on interfaces)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15772): emplace works with abstract classes but it shouldn't)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15377): std.stdio: Use MSVCRT's _fseeki64 / _ftelli64 on Windows COFF)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15532): [ndslice] iota$(LPAREN)5$(RPAREN).sliced$(LPAREN)2,2$(RPAREN) should throw error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15596): strip with delimiter?)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15714): [ndslice] byElement seems to be missing some slicing primitives)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15224): making 'clean' results in garbage commands)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15779): DWARF EH fails when using stack stomping $(LPAREN)-gx$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15822): InvalidMemoryOperationError when calling GC.removeRange/Root from a finalizer)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15628): Exceptions in fibers never caught with /SAFESEH)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10987): Add documentation for 'extern $(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN)' classes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15344): m32mscoff switch missing from documentation.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15666): Grammar does not allow member function attributes on static constructors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15696): The website logo overlaps the Learn tab when using Microsoft Edge)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15697): The script for This Week in D is served over HTTP even when accessing the website over HTTPs.)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.071.0
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.071.1.dd b/changelog/2.071.1.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3b2ecffbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.071.1.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION June 27, 2016, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15629): [REG2.066.0] wrong code with '-O -inline' but correct with '-O')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15861): [REG 2.069] Wrong double-to-string conversion with -O)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15897): private base class method not seen through derived class)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15898): [REG2.069] Internal error: backend\cgcod.c 1651)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15925): -transition=[check]imports ignores import declaration from mixin templates)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15961): [REG2.066] ICE with instance field introduced by anonymous struct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15998): [REG2.067] Segmentation fault on const folding of arrays of static arrays)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16022): [REG2.069] dmd assertion failure due to misplaced comma operator)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16027): Wrong result of double multiplication)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16080): [REG2.071.0] Internal error: backend\cgobj.c 3406 when building static library)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15856): Confusing error message with -transition=checkimports)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15402): allow private access to package symbols)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15914): [REG 2.071] getopt doesn't accept anymore a character for a bool option)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15941): [REG v2.069] rbtree no longer supports classes)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15911): undefined __Unwind_GetIPInfo for x86_64)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.071.1
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.071.2.dd b/changelog/2.071.2.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..145b5f7417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.071.2.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION September 19, 2016, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15780): [REG2.069] CTFE foreach fails with tuple)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15900): [REG 2.071] $(LPAREN)Import deprecation$(RPAREN) Public import ignored when using fully qualified name)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15907): Unjustified "is not visible from module" deprecation warning when using getMember trait)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16031): [REG2.071] stale DW.ref.name EH symbol used with -lib and -fPIC)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16085): wrong visibility warning for overloaded alias symbol)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16188): [REG2.069] ICE on invalid code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16225): [REG 2.068] Internal error cod1.c 1338 with -O)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16316): [REG 2.071] $(LPAREN)Import deprecation$(RPAREN) fully qualified name of imports in mixin template not accessible)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16348): [REG 2.070.2] ICE with package visibility)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16460): [REG2.071] ICE for package visibility check in function literal)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15857): incorrect checkimports mismatch for overload sets)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.071.2
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.072.0.dd b/changelog/2.072.0.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e014b32ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.072.0.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,1110 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Oct 30, 2016, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Language Changes,
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 deprecated_commaexp, Using the result of a comma expression is deprecated.))
+
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 deprecated_implicit_catch, Implicit catch statement are deprecated.))
+
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 deprecated_implicit_cat, Implicit string concatenation is deprecated.))
+
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 unrestricted_unions, Restrictions of postblits and destructors in union fields have been lifted.))
+
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 align_by_ctfe, Align attribute can be used with CTFEable expression.))
+
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 scope_value_parameters, `scope` is ignored for value parameters without indirections.))
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler Changes,
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 iteration_closure, `opApply` now conservatively allocates a closure unless marked `scope`))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 native_tls_osx, Native TLS on OS X 64 bit.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 deferred_alias, Analysis for aliases in imported modules is deferred.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 __FILE_FULL_PATH__, Special keyword replaced by the source file's absolute file name.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 dash_verrors_spec, Add `-verrors=spec` switch.))
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 TypeInfo.init-deprecated, `TypeInfo.init` has been deprecated.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 drt-oncycle, New druntime switch `--DRT-oncycle`
+ allows specifying what to do on cycle detection in modules.))
+ $(LI Wrong
+ $(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)spec/function.html#trusted-functions, `@trusted`)
+ attributes have been
+ removed from $(MREF etc,c,curl) functions
+ $(REF_ALTTEXT `curl_easy_escape`, curl_easy_escape, etc,c,curl),
+ $(REF_ALTTEXT `curl_escape`, curl_escape, etc,c,curl),
+ $(REF_ALTTEXT `curl_easy_unescape`, curl_easy_unescape, etc,c,curl), and
+ $(REF_ALTTEXT `curl_unescape`, curl_unescape, etc,c,curl).)
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-digest-murmurhash, Implementation of MurmurHash
+ digest.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 process, Process creation in `std.process` was sped up
+ on Posix.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-algorithm-iteration-cumulativeFold,
+ `algorithm.iteration.cumulativeFold` was added.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 padLeft-padRight, `std.range.padLeft` and
+ `std.range.padRight` were added.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 regex-multiple-patterns, `std.regex.regex` now
+ supports matching multiple patterns in one go.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 regex-with-matches, `std.regex.splitter` now
+ supports keeping the pattern matches in the resulting range.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 optimization, `findLocalMin` was added to `std.numeric`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 slice_ptr, `ptr` property and public constructor were
+ added to `std.experimental.ndslice.slice.Slice`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 slice_toHash, `toHash` method was
+ added to `std.experimental.ndslice.slice.Slice`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 slice_alloc, `slice`, `shape`, `ndarray`, and other
+ utilities were added to `std.experimental.ndslice.slice`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 slice_as, `as` lazy tensor was added to
+ `std.experimental.ndslice.slice`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 slice_iota, `iotaSlice` lazy tensor was added to
+ `std.experimental.ndslice.selection`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 slice_index, `indexSlice` lazy tensor was added to
+ `std.experimental.ndslice.selection`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 slice_repeat, `repeatSlice` lazy tensor was added to
+ `std.experimental.ndslice.selection`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 slice_map, `mapSlice` lazy tensor was added to
+ `std.experimental.ndslice.selection`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 slice_mio, partial support for Math Index Order
+ was added to `std.experimental.ndslice.slice.Slice`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 mutation, `std.algorithm.mutation.swapAt` was
+ exposed))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 iota-length-size_t, `std.range.iota's `.length`
+ property is fixed to `size_t` instead of the type being iterated))
+ $(LI $(REF isNumber, std,uni) and $(REF isPunctuation, std,uni) now use a separate,
+ optimized path for ASCII inputs.)
+ $(LI $(REF isAlphaNum, std,uni), which is analogous to $(REF isAlphaNum, std,ascii)
+ was added.)
+ $(LI $(REF regex, std,regex) now supports inline comments with (?#...) syntax.)
+ $(LI std.regex had numerous optimization applied, compile-time $(REF ctRegex, std,regex)
+ should now be generally faster then the run-time version.)
+ $(LI $(REF moveAt, std,range,primitives) accepts only `size_t` for its index
+ arguments.)
+ $(LI $(REF isStrictlyMonotonic, std,algorithm,sorting) which doesn't allow
+ equal values was added.)
+ $(LI $(REF readLink, std,file) and $(REF symlink, std,file) have been
+ rangified.)
+ $(LI All overloads of `std.conv.toImpl` has been made private. Please use
+ $(REF to, std,conv) instead.)
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 min-max-element,
+ `std.algorithm.searching.{min,max}Element` for ranges have been added.))
+ $(LI $(REF Ternary, std,typecons) was added to represent three valued
+ logic.)
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 quantize, Added `std.math.quantize`, for rounding to
+ the nearest multiple of some number.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 traits, Three new traits were added to `std.traits`.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 generate, `std.range.generate` fixed to be a proper
+ range.))
+ $(LI $(MREF std,numeric) no longer uses `enforce` for verifying
+ contract preconditions.)
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 headconst, `Final` was added to
+ `std.experimental.typecons`))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 inner-class, `std.traits.isInnerClass` was added to
+ identify nested classes with an accessible `outer` pointer))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 emplace-inner-class, `std.conv.emplace` no longer allows
+ to emplace classes directly nested inside other classes without specifying a
+ suitable `outer` pointer))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 gc-runtimeswitch-added, A switch for selecting
+ the GC implementation at runtime was added.))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 manualgc-added, A GC implementation allowing manual
+ memory management was added.))
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Language Changes,
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 deprecated_commaexp, Using the result of a comma expression is deprecated.)
+
+ $(P Comma expressions have proven to be a frequent source of confusion, and bugs -
+ see $(HTTPS issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2659#c2, here) for examples.)
+
+ $(P Using the result of a comma expression will now trigger a deprecation message.)
+
+ $(P Example:)
+
+ ---
+ void main () {
+ // OK, result of increment not directly used
+ for (int i, j; i != 3; i++, j++) {...}
+
+ auto r1 = getRange!int, r2 = getRange!int;
+ // OK
+ for (; !r1.empty && !r2.empty; r1.popFront, r2.popFront) {...}
+ // Deprecated - the loop condition is always used
+ for (; !r1.empty, !r2.empty; r1.popFront, r2.popFront) {...}
+
+ MyContainerClass mc;
+ // OK - expression statement, result not used
+ if (!mc)
+ (mc = new MyContainerClass), mc.append(new Entry);
+
+ int i;
+ // Deprecated
+ mc = (i++, new MyContainerClass);
+ }
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 deprecated_implicit_catch, Implicit catch statement are deprecated.)
+
+ $(P Implicit catch statement are catch statement without type specified.
+ They default to catching `Throwable`, which is something that should always be explicit.)
+
+ $(P Example:)
+
+ ---
+ int[] arr = new int[](10);
+ // This will throw a RangeError
+ try { arr[42]++; }
+ catch { writeln("An error was caught and ignored"); }
+ // The previous line is equivalent to:
+ // catch (Throwable) { writeln("An error was caught and ignored"); }
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 deprecated_implicit_cat, Implicit string concatenation is deprecated.)
+
+ $(P Implicit concatenation of string literal is a very early feature that is now supplanted
+ by the concatenation operator ('~'), the later being more explicit.)
+
+ $(P It could result in hard to spot bug, where one missed a comma in an array expression:)
+
+ ---
+ void foo ()
+ {
+ string[] arr = [ "Hello", "buggy" "World" ];
+ assert(arr.length == 3); // Fail, the length of the array is 2 and the content is [ "Hello", "buggyWorld" ]
+ }
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 unrestricted_unions, Restrictions of postblits and destructors in union fields have been lifted.)
+
+ $(P It is now allowed to have fields with postblits (`this(this)`),
+ destructors (`~this()`), or invariants (`invariant()`) in unions.
+ Actually destructing or blitting the correct field is the duty of the
+ programmer.)
+
+ $(P Example:)
+
+ ---
+ struct S { this(this) {} ~this() {} }
+ union U
+ {
+ int var;
+ S s;
+ }
+
+ unittest
+ {
+ U u; // won't call s.~this when u goes out of scope
+ u = U(); // only copies the memory, use fieldwise assignment instead
+ u.s = S(); // works like normal struct assignment
+ destroy(u.s); // destroy currently used field
+ }
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 align_by_ctfe, Align attribute can be used with CTFEable expression.)
+
+ $(P Example:)
+
+ ---
+ version (D_LP64)
+ enum n = 8;
+ else
+ enum n = 4;
+ align (n) struct Data
+ {
+ align (n == 8 ? 2 : 1):
+ ubyte[3] buffer;
+ int flags;
+ }
+
+ version (D_LP64)
+ static assert(Data.flags.offsetof == 4);
+ else
+ static assert(Data.flags.offsetof == 3);
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 scope_value_parameters, `scope` is now ignored for value parameters without indirections.)
+
+ $(P The `scope` storage class is now ignored for copied value parameters that don't have any indirections.)
+
+ $(P Example:)
+
+ ---
+ import std.traits;
+ void valueParam(scope int param);
+ static assert(ParameterStorageClassTuple!valueParam[0] == ParameterStorageClass.none);
+ void scopeParam(scope int* param);
+ static assert(ParameterStorageClassTuple!scopeParam[0] == ParameterStorageClass.scope_);
+ ---
+ )
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler Changes,
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 native_tls_osx, Native TLS on OS X 64 bit.)
+
+ $(P
+ The compiler has been updated to use native thread local storage
+ (TLS) on OS X when compiling for 64 bit. This means that it's
+ possible to to link with C/C++ TLS variables. This change is an ABI
+ breaking change and requires recompiling libraries.
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ The minimum required version of running the compiler and any
+ produced binary is now Mac OS X Lion (10.7).
+ )
+
+ $(P
+ Xcode 7.3 has a bug causing linker errors for some TLS variables.
+ Xcode 7.3.1 fixes this bug. Any version older than 7.3 works as well.
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 deferred_alias, Analysis for aliases in imported modules is deferred.)
+
+ $(P Example:)
+
+ ---
+ module lib;
+ template ExpensiveApiImpl(int ver)
+ {
+ ...
+ void func() {}
+ pragma(msg, "instantiated ExpensiveApiImpl ", ver);
+ }
+ alias api1 = ExpensiveApiImpl!(1);
+ alias api2 = ExpensiveApiImpl!(2);
+ ---
+
+ ---
+ import lib;
+ void main()
+ {
+ // OK, prints "instantiated ExpensiveApiImpl 1"
+ api1.func();
+
+ // Don't print "instantiated ExpensiveApiImpl 2", because
+ // the alias name 'api2' is not used.
+ }
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 __FILE_FULL_PATH__, Special keyword replaced by the source file's absolute file name.)
+ $(P
+ The __FILE_FULL_PATH__ special keyword is replaced by the absolute path
+ of the current source file by the compiler.
+ )
+ $(P Example:)
+ ---
+ import std.stdio;
+ import std.path;
+ import std.file;
+ void main()
+ {
+ writeln("The main source file lives here: ", __FILE_FULL_PATH__);
+ writeln("The contents are:");
+ foreach(line; File(__FILE_FULL_PATH__, "r").byLine) {
+ writeln(line);
+ }
+ writeln();
+ writeln("Other files in the same directory are:");
+ foreach(entry; dirEntries(__FILE_FULL_PATH__.dirName, SpanMode.shallow)) {
+ writefln(" - %s", entry.name);
+ }
+ }
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 dash_verrors_spec, Add `-verrors=spec` switch.)
+ $(P Shows errors from speculative compiles such as:)
+ ---
+ void foo(int i)
+ {
+ int p;
+ bool b = __traits(compiles, { p = &i; });
+ }
+ ---
+ $(P that are normally not shown:)
+ ---
+ (spec:1) test.d(13): Error: cannot implicitly convert expression (& i) of type int* to int
+ ---
+ $(P The number after `spec:` is the nesting of the speculative compiles.)
+ )
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 TypeInfo.init-deprecated, `TypeInfo.init` has been
+ deprecated.)
+
+ $(P This is a step towards removal of `TypeInfo.init`, which is necessary
+ to resolve a name clash with the type property $(GLINK2 property, init).
+ )
+
+ $(P Use $(REF1 TypeInfo.initializer, object) instead.)
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 drt-oncycle, New druntime switch `--DRT-oncycle` allows
+ specifying what to do on cycle detection in modules.)
+ $(P When module cycles are detected, the default behavior is to print
+ the cycle, and abort execution. However, in many cases, the cycles
+ are not harmful. With the new `--DRT-oncycle` switch, you can effect
+ a different behavior when cycles are detected:)
+ $(DL
+ $(DT `--DRT-oncycle=abort`)
+ $(DD This is the default behavior, and will abort, printing the cycle to `stderr` when the first cycle is detected)
+ $(DT `--DRT-oncycle=print`)
+ $(DD Print all cycles that are detected to `stderr`, but do not halt execution. Order of initialization is arbitrarily chosen based on the order the modules are in the binary)
+ $(DT `--DRT-oncycle=ignore`)
+ $(DD Do not print anything, and do not halt execution. Order of initialization is arbitrarily chosen based on the order the modules are in the binary)
+ )
+ ($P As there were improvements of the cycle detection algorithm implemented within the scope of this release,
+ previously undetected (even harmless) module dependency cycles may start to abort program execution
+ or program may malfunction due to changed call order of module static construction/destruction.
+ In order to preserve the program behaviour without the need to specify `--DRT-oncycle` command line argument,
+ it is possible to instruct the linker by declaring the following array in the source code:)
+
+ ---
+ extern(C) __gshared string[] rt_options = [ "oncycle=ignore" ];
+ ---
+
+ ($P For more information, please consult the D language specification, section Overriding Cycle Detection Abort in chapter 4
+ and chapter 28.7 Configuring the Garbage Collector.)
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 std-digest-murmurhash, Implementation of `std.digest.murmurhash`).
+ $(P $(MREF std,digest,murmurhash) has been added. MurmurHash is a
+ non-cryptographic hash function suitable for general hash-based lookup. It
+ is optimized for x86 architectures.
+ )
+ ------
+ // Computing the 32-bits hash value of an int array using the convenient digest template.
+ import std.digest.murmurhash;
+
+ ubyte[4] hashed = digest!MurmurHash3_32_opt32([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+ ------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 process, Process creation in `std.process` was sped up on Posix.)
+ $(P Previously, Posix systems would attempt to close every file descriptor
+ from 3 to the maximum file descriptor number if `inheritFDs` was not
+ specified with `spawnProcess`, `pipeProcess`, etc.
+ $(MREF std,process) now uses `poll()` to determine which
+ descriptors need closing.
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 std-algorithm-iteration-cumulativeFold,
+ `algorithm.iteration.cumulativeFold` was added.)
+
+ $(P $(REF cumulativeFold, std,algorithm,iteration) returns the successive
+ reduced values of an input range.)
+ ------
+ assert([1, 2, 3, 4, 5].cumulativeFold!((a, b) => a + b).array == [1, 3, 6, 10, 15]);
+ assert([1, 2, 3].cumulativeFold!((a, b) => a + b)(100).array == [101, 103, 106]);
+ ------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 padLeft-padRight, `std.range.padLeft` and `std.range.padRight`
+ were added.)
+ $(P $(REF padLeft, std,range) and $(REF padRight, std,range) are functions for
+ padding ranges to a specified length using the given element.
+ )
+
+ -------
+ import std.range;
+ import std.algorithm.comparison;
+
+ assert([1, 2, 3, 4, 5].padLeft(0, 7).equal([0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]));
+
+ assert("Hello World!".padRight('!', 15).equal("Hello World!!!!"));
+ -------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 regex-multiple-patterns, `std.regex.regex` now supports matching multiple patterns in one go.)
+ -------
+ import std.regex;
+ // multi-pattern regex
+ auto multi = regex([`\d+,\d+`,`(a-z]+):(\d+)`]);
+ auto m = "abc:43 12,34".matchAll(multi);
+ assert(m.front.whichPattern == 2);
+ assert(m.front[1] == "abc");
+ assert(m.front[2] == "43");
+ m.popFront();
+ assert(m.front.whichPattern == 1);
+ assert(m.front[1] == "12");
+ -------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 regex-with-matches, `std.regex.splitter` now supports keeping the
+ pattern matches in the resulting range.)
+ -------
+ import std.regex;
+ import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
+
+ auto pattern = regex(`([\.,])`);
+ assert("2003.04.05"
+ .splitter!(No.keepSeparators)(pattern)
+ .equal(["2003", "04", "05"]));
+ assert("2003.04.05"
+ .splitter!(Yes.keepSeparators)(pattern)
+ .equal(["2003", ".", "04", ".", "05"]));
+ -------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 optimization, `findLocalMin` was added to `std.numeric`.)
+ $(P $(REF findLocalMin, std,numeric) finds a real minimum of a real function `f(x)` via bracketing.)
+ -------
+ import std.numeric, std.math;
+
+ auto ret = findLocalMin((double x) => (x-4)^^2, -1e7, 1e7);
+
+ assert(ret.x.approxEqual(4.0));
+ assert(ret.y.approxEqual(0.0));
+ -------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 slice_ptr, `ptr` property and public constructor were added to
+ `std.experimental.ndslice.slice.Slice`.)
+ $(P `ptr` property allows to access `Slice`'s underlaying pointer or range.
+ Please refer to $(D std.experimental.ndslice.slice.Slice)'s
+ internal binary epresentation before using the property.
+ `ptr` property is used in $(LINK2 https://github.com/libmir/mir, Mir)
+ for $(LINK2 http://docs.mir.dlang.io/latest/mir_sparse.html, sparse tensors).
+ `ndslice` developer mirror in Mir will be removed as
+ soon as LDC (LLVM D compiler) supports D version 2.072.
+ )
+ $(P Public constructor for `Slice` was added to support
+ $(D std.experimental.ndslice) integration
+ with other languages and libraries such as Julia language and NumPy library.
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 slice_toHash, $(P $(D std.experimental.ndslice.slice.Slice.toHash) method was added.))
+ ---
+ import std.experimental.ndslice;
+
+ // hash is the same for allocated data and generated data
+ auto a = iotaSlice(3, 7);
+ auto b = iotaSlice(3, 7).slice;
+
+ assert(a.toHash == b.toHash);
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 slice_alloc, `slice`, `shape`, `ndarray`, and other utilities
+ were added to `std.experimental.ndslice.slice`.)
+ $(P These utility functions have been added to
+ $(D std.experimental.ndslice):)
+ $(UL
+ $(LI $(D std.experimental.ndslice.slice.makeNdarray),)
+ $(LI $(D std.experimental.ndslice.slice.makeSlice),)
+ $(LI $(D std.experimental.ndslice.slice.makeUninitializedSlice),)
+ $(LI $(D std.experimental.ndslice.slice.ndarray),)
+ $(LI $(D std.experimental.ndslice.slice.shape),)
+ $(LI $(D std.experimental.ndslice.slice.slice),)
+ $(LI $(D std.experimental.ndslice.slice.uninitializedSlice).)
+ )
+ $(P Example: Transposing common 2D array using `ndslice`)
+ -----
+ import std.experimental.ndslice;
+
+ auto ar = [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]];
+
+ auto sh = ar.shape; // [2, 3] type of size_t[2]
+ auto sl = slice!int(sh); // allocates slice with corresponding shape
+ sl[] = ar; // fills sl with values from ar
+ ar = sl.transposed.ndarray; // allocates common 2D array
+
+ assert(ar == [[0, 3], [1, 4], [2, 5]]);
+ -----
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 slice_as, $(P $(D std.experimental.ndslice.slice.as)
+ lazy tensor was added.))
+ ---
+ import std.experimental.ndslice;
+
+ auto matrix = slice!double([2, 2], 0);
+ auto stringMatrixView = matrix.as!string;
+ assert(stringMatrixView ==
+ [["0", "0"],
+ ["0", "0"]]);
+
+ matrix.diagonal[] = 1;
+ assert(stringMatrixView ==
+ [["1", "0"],
+ ["0", "1"]]);
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 slice_iota, `iotaSlice` lazy tensor was added to `std.experimental.ndslice.selection`.)
+ $(P $(D std.experimental.ndslice.selection.iotaSlice) is the fastest possible `Slice`.)
+ ---
+ import std.experimental.ndslice;
+
+ auto sl = iotaSlice([2, 3], 10);
+
+ assert(sl.transposed == [[10, 13],
+ [11, 14],
+ [12, 15]]);
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 slice_index, $(P $(D std.experimental.ndslice.selection.indexSlice)
+ lazy tensor was added.))
+ ---
+ import std.experimental.ndslice;
+
+ auto slice = indexSlice(2, 3);
+
+ assert(slice == [[[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2]],
+ [[1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2]]]);
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 slice_repeat, $(P $(D std.experimental.ndslice.selection.repeatSlice)
+ lazy tensor was added.))
+ ---
+ import std.experimental.ndslice;
+
+ auto sl = iotaSlice(3).repeatSlice(4);
+ assert(sl == [[0, 1, 2],
+ [0, 1, 2],
+ [0, 1, 2],
+ [0, 1, 2]]);
+
+ auto m = 4.repeatSlice(2, 3);
+ assert(m == [[4, 4, 4],
+ [4, 4, 4]]);
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 slice_map, $(P $(D std.experimental.ndslice.selection.mapSlice)
+ lazy tensor was added.))
+ ---
+ import std.experimental.ndslice;
+
+ auto s = iotaSlice(2, 3).mapSlice!(a => a * a);
+ assert(s == [[ 0, 1, 4],
+ [ 9, 16, 25]]);
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 slice_mio, partial support for Math Index Order was added to `std.experimental.ndslice.slice.Slice`.)
+ ---
+ import std.experimental.ndslice;
+
+ auto sl = iotaSlice(3, 4);
+
+ assert(sl[2, 3] == 11); // D & C index order
+ assert(sl(3, 2) == 11); // Math & Fortran index order
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 mutation, `std.algorithm.mutation.swapAt` was exposed)
+ $(P $(REF swapAt, std,algorithm,mutation) allows to swap elements
+ of a RandomAccessRange by their indices.
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 iota-length-size_t, `std.range.iota`'s `.length` property is fixed
+ to `size_t` instead of the type being iterated)
+ $(P $(REF iota, std,range)'s `.length` property is now always returned as
+ `size_t`. This means if you are on a 32-bit CPU and you are using
+ iota to iterate 64-bit types, the length will be truncated to `size_t`.
+ In non-release mode, you will get an exception if the length exceeds
+ `size_t.max` in your call to `iota`.
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 min-max-element, `std.algorithm.searching.{min,max}Element`
+ have been added.)
+ $(P $(REF minElement, std,algorithm,searching) and $(REF maxElement, std,algorithm,searching)
+ are functions to search for the minimum and maximum
+ element in a range. They support a custom `map` accessor.
+ )
+
+ -------
+ import std.algorithm.searching;
+ import std.range;
+ import std.typecons;
+ assert([3, 1, 4].minElement == 1);
+ assert([4, 7, 5].enumerate.maxElement!`a.value` == tuple(1, 7));
+ -------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 quantize, Added `std.math.quantize`.)
+ $(P $(REF quantize, std,math) rounds to the nearest multiple of some number.
+ Features:)
+ $(UL
+ $(LI The rounding method can be specified using the `rfunc` parameter. By
+ default, the current rounding mode will be used, which is typically
+ "banker's rounding".)
+ $(LI Overloads are included for the common case of rounding to the $(I Nth)
+ digit place in some base.)
+ $(LI If known at compile time, the base and exponent (digit place) can be
+ supplied as template parameters for better performance.)
+ )
+ ---
+ import std.math;
+
+ assert(12345.6789L.quantize(20.0L) == 12340.0L);
+ assert(12345.6789L.quantize!(10, -2) == 12345.68L);
+ assert(12345.6789L.quantize!(10, floor)(-2) == 12345.67L);
+ ---
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 traits, Three new traits were added to `std.traits`.)
+ $(P $(REF isType, std,traits), $(REF isFunction, std,traits), and
+ $(REF isFinal, std,traits) were added to `std.traits`.
+ )
+
+ -------
+ import std.traits;
+
+ static assert(isType!int);
+
+ struct S {}
+ class C {}
+ interface I {}
+
+ static assert(isType!S);
+ static assert(isType!C);
+ static assert(isType!I);
+ -------
+
+ -------
+ import std.traits;
+
+ void func(){}
+ struct S
+ {
+ @property int prop(){ return 0; }
+ }
+
+ static assert(isFunction!func);
+ static assert(isFunction!(S.prop));
+
+ // is a delegate type, not function type
+ static assert(!isFunction!(typeof(&S.prop)));
+ -------
+
+ -------
+ import std.traits;
+
+ class C
+ {
+ void nf() {}
+ final void ff() {}
+ }
+ final class FC {}
+
+ static assert(!isFinal!(C));
+ static assert( isFinal!(FC));
+ static assert(!isFinal!(C.nf));
+ static assert( isFinal!(C.ff));
+ -------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 generate, `std.range.generate` fixed to be a proper range.)
+ $(P $(REF generate, std, range) was set up to return a different value on each
+ call to `front`. In addition, `popFront` did nothing. This means that
+ manipulation functions like $(REF drop, std, range) did nothing. The new
+ version uses a one-element cache to meet the expectations of the range
+ definition. It preserves the ref-ness of the generator as well.
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 headconst, `Final` was added to `std.experimental.typecons`.)
+ $(P $(REF Final, std, experimental, typecons) can't be mutated directly.
+ However references are typed with their original mutability. This is
+ equivalent to `final` in Java or `readonly` in C#.
+ )
+ -------
+ auto a = makeFinal([1, 2, 3]);
+ assert(a[0] == 1);
+
+ // a = [2, 3]; // Reassignment is illegal,
+ a[0] = 42; // Elements or fields are still mutable.
+
+ assert(a[0] == 42);
+ -------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 inner-class, `std.traits.isInnerClass` was added to identify
+ nested classes with an accessible `outer` pointer)
+ $(P Classes, that are nested inside other classes (and not inside functions)
+ and that don't define any `outer` symbol, have an `outer` field which allows
+ to get and even set the instance of the outer class they are nested in.
+ $(REF isInnerClass, std, traits) allows to identify them. The types satisfying
+ `isInnerClass` are a subset of the ones satisfying `isNested`, as the latter
+ includes classes and structures nested inside functions or that redefine `outer`.
+ )
+ -------
+ class Outer
+ {
+ class Inner1 { }
+ class Inner2
+ {
+ int outer; // redefines outer, so the Outer instance is not accessible
+ }
+ static class Inner3 {} // static, thus not nested
+ }
+ static assert(isInnerClass!(Outer.Inner1));
+ static assert(!isInnerClass!(Outer.Inner2));
+ static assert(!isInnerClass!(Outer.Inner3));
+ -------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 emplace-inner-class, `std.conv.emplace` no longer allows to emplace
+ classes nested directly inside other classes without specifying a suitable `outer`
+ pointer)
+ $(P If a class is nested within another class (there's a new trait
+ $(REF isInnerClass, std, traits) to check for this condition), `emplace` requires
+ now the outer class instance as additional mandatory parameter. Before this
+ change, emplacing did not require this parameter and access to variables of the
+ outer class resulted in segmentation faults.
+ )
+ -------
+ class Outer
+ {
+ int x;
+ class Inner
+ {
+ auto getX() { return x; }
+ }
+ }
+ Outer outer = new Outer();
+
+ // auto inner = buf.emplace!(Outer.Inner)(); // this is no longer allowed
+ auto inner = buf.emplace!(Outer.Inner)(outer); // use this instead
+
+ auto x = inner.getX(); // this used to cause a segmentation fault;
+ // now it works as expected
+ -------
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 gc-runtimeswitch-added, A runtime switch for selecting
+ the GC implementation was added.)
+
+ $(P This allows to select a GC at program startup.)
+ -------
+ ./my_d_exe --DRT-gcopt=gc:conservative # use conservative GC (default)
+ ./my_d_exe --DRT-gcopt=help # list available GC options
+ -------
+ $(P See $(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)spec/garbage.html#gc_config, gc_config) for more information about gcopt.)
+ $(P In a future release it should be possible to extend the list
+ of GCs by linking with an alternative one.
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 manualgc-added, A manual GC was added.)
+
+ $(P Use the `--DRT-gc=gc:manual` option to select the manual GC.)
+
+ $(P This GC is a thin wrapper around malloc and free and does not collect
+ any garbage. It only releases memory explicity freed using $(REF_SHORT GC.free, core,memory).
+ Builtin language constructs such as arrays or delegates that might
+ allocate GC memory can leak. It supersedes the gcstub implementation.
+ )
+
+ $(P The manual GC is useful for applications that deterministically control memory.
+ Use dmd's `-vgc` switch to keep track of hidden allocations that might leak.
+ )
+ $(P It can also be helpful to find memory corruptions with tools like valgrind.)
+ )
+)
+)
+
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15726): [REG2.068.0] forward reference error for circular classes, RefCounted)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15861): [REG 2.069] Wrong double-to-string conversion with -O)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15925): -transition=[check]imports ignores import declaration from mixin templates)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15992): [REG2.072a] ICE with field variable of instantiated struct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16080): [REG2.071.0] Internal error: backend\cgobj.c 3406 when building static library)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16115): [REG2.067] Wrong code with comma operator)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16233): [REG2.069] ICE on wrong code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16254): [REG 2.072-devel] wrong switch skips initialization error with mixed in case labels)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16292): [REG2.069] bogus Error: goto skips declaration of variable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16536): DMD master does not build on OS X 10.11.6/Xcode 7.3.1)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16570): [REG 2.072.0-b1] Enum member with interpreted initializer has type of initializer not enum)
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 1357): Cannot use FFFF and FFFE in Unicode escape sequences.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5305): Cannot take pointer to intrinsic function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10225): core.simd wrong codegen for XMM.STOUPS with __simd_sto)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10591): Error: only one main allowed doesn't show location of conflicting main symbols)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11047): UDA + getAttributes bypass purity/safety check)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11169): __traits$(LPAREN)isAbstractClass$(RPAREN) prematurely sets a class to be abstract)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11585): ICE$(LPAREN)cgcod.c$(RPAREN) with SIMD and -O)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12357): Untyped string variable fails silently. No compiler warning given.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12527): Cannot make @system function/delegate alias in a @safe section)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12537): Templatizing opEquals results in infinite recursion in the compiler)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12558): try/catch allows implicit catching of Errors without specifying any Exception type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12822): Delegate .ptr assignment considered @safe)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12939): More uniform error messages for not nothrow and not @safe functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13116): Should not be able to return ref to 'this')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13147): Wrong codegen for thisptr in naked extern $(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) methods)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13536): Union of delegates breaks @safety)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13537): Unions may break immutability)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13674): ICE$(LPAREN)el.c$(RPAREN) with simd multiplication of short8)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13698): ICE$(LPAREN)e2ir.c$(RPAREN) on on simd call)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13867): Overriding a method from an extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) interface requires extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) on the method definition)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13975): ICE: dmd crash if -gc and enum member is immutable int)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14162): Erratic inference of @safe for lambdas)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14450): Incorrect overloading of immutable constructor for template struct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14496): void initialization of member with indirections must not be @safe)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14504): Regex Optimizer doesn't merge equivalent threads.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14532): switch block allows creating uninitialized variables)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15116): Unreasonable rejection of tuple field access via named mixin)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15117): Unreasonable circular reference error via named mixin)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15144): Bad operand size in asm { movdqa ... } produces bogus ubyte16 initializer error elsewhere.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15191): DIP25: Taking address of ref return is not type checked soundly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15192): DIP25: Nested ref returns are type checked unsoundly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15193): DIP25 $(LPAREN)implementation$(RPAREN): Lifetimes of temporaries tracked incorrectly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15258): Anonymous const union members don't allow for initialization)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15306): Delegates with shared context can have unshared aliasing)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15326): False positive for dangling else warning)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15333): Assertion failed: $(LPAREN)!fd->vthis->csym$(RPAREN), function FuncDeclaration_toObjFile, file glue.c, line 1034.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15372): DMD emits wrong mangling for extern$(LPAREN)C++$(RPAREN) free function templates)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15399): unaligned pointers are not @safe)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15513): Memory Corruption with thread local objects)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15573): -O -inline causes wrong code with idiv instruction)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15607): [ICE] CTFE internal error: bad compare on accessing default-initialized static immutable array of array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15672): Casting from void[] to T[] is erroneously considered @safe)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15680): TypeInfo broken for typeof$(LPAREN)null$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15703): @safe code should not allow certain types of array casts)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15704): @safe code should not allow copying to/from void[])
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15757): D main is a nested function and cannot be accessed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15760): Segfault when compiling when using __gshared and selective import.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15762): Array casts involving const enums can be made @safe)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15799): Misleading error message against the contract followed by semicolon in interface)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15802): $(LPAREN)SIGSEGV$(RPAREN) CppMangleVisitor::source_name)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15816): ICE void ddmd.dclass.__assert$(LPAREN)int$(RPAREN) with error: anonymous classes not allowed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15835): Segfault with typeid call from lazy argument)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15855): "a[{for" causes dmd to segfault)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15913): cannot initialize immutable fixed size array without similar const-code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15922): DMD segfault in functionParameters$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15934): Non-virtual super class member function call ignores 'this' type qualifier)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15957): Disabled postblit + template mixin break opAssign with confusing error message)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15974): Spurious error: argument to mixin must be a string, not $(LPAREN)expression$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN)$(RPAREN) of type string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15999): Inline assembly incorrect sign extension instead of error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16035): Compiler crashes with inout, templates, and recursion)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16094): error: overlapping slice assignment $(LPAREN)CTFE$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16095): a delegate can mutate immutable data and break shared / non-shared enforcements)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16096): Linking to static library: can't parse __DATA/__objc_imageinfo)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16142): Adding a dtor / postblit $(LPAREN)even disabled$(RPAREN) forces opAssign)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16193): opApply$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) doesn't heap allocate closure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16195): delete should be @system)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16226): -dip25 doesn't work if the return type is not explicit)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16228): Insufficient diagnostics for wrong application of DIP25)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16229): [Win64] Crash when generating huge symbols)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16340): case where version$(LPAREN)unittest$(RPAREN) results in an invalid warning about a dangling else)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16365): cannot allow calling function pointer from delegate in @safe code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16439): Non-typesafe variadic functions can never be @safe)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16466): Alignment of reals inside structs on 32 bit OSX should be 16, not 8)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16525): C++ member variables have no mangling)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16530): -O -cov interaction leads to wrong codegen)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16534): RefRange should define opDollar if it defines length)
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2659): Remove the comma operator)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3657): No lexical scope for local variables in debug info)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 3827): Warn against and then deprecate implicit concatenation of adjacent string literals)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9766): align$(LPAREN)n$(RPAREN) with n compile-time constant)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11886): "cannot access frame" error on lambda in lambda)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13242): imported aliases should be analyzed lazily)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14411): switch statement: docs/behavior differ)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15323): Module.members and .deferred3 should use data structure with fast lookup)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16077): [CodeView] no language information in MS-COFF debug information)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16394): TypeInfo.init$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) for static arrays returns single element instead of whole array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16409): Add support for assign-style switches)
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15457): Symbol Undefined __lseeki64)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15918): [2.070] Results from findSplit can no longer be assigned to each other)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16179): [REG2.072] git HEAD: multiSort no longer callable with delegate with context)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16291): phobosinit never gets called $(LPAREN)EncodingScheme.create fails$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16544): Add File.reopen)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16580): [REG 2.072.0-b1] spawnShell segfaults on macOS)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16587): split$(LPAREN)"", "x"$(RPAREN) should be [])
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4509): XML parser in std.xml throws TagException if the attr value is put in apostrophes.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7972): std.file.read allocate a buffer the size of the file even when given a upper limit)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7989): isInputRange and isForwardRange declare unused variables)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11791): std.file.write failed to write huge files)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12368): std.file.write conflicts with std.stdio.write)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12897): std.json.toJSON doesn't translate unicode chars$(LPAREN)>=0x80$(RPAREN) to "\uXXXX")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13572): etc.c.zlib must be nothrow)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14136): std.uni.utfMatcher breaks @safety)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14137): std.socket.getAddressInfo breaks @safety)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14485): .front of empty filtered zip range is accessible)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14615): std.regex.replaceFirstInto throws exception when no match is found)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14966): Comparing two std.xml.Document result in infinite recursion)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15341): segfault with std.signals slots)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15658): isFile isn't a template)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15773): D's treatment of whitespace in character classes in free-form regexes is not the same as Perl's)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15791): Cannot get a stored nested struct object from Variant)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15823): opIndex doesn't work for const std.variant.Variant)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15827): std.variant.Variant can not be initialized with some struct)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15864): chmgen triggers exception in std.regex)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15865): std.file.copy$(LPAREN)from,to$(RPAREN) deletes the file if from and to specify the same file)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15872): [ndslice] indexing a slice with an array causes an error inside ndslice)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15874): getSymbolsByUDA fails if struct has no UDAs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15884): Assigning char[] to std.json.JSONValue creates array, not string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15885): float serialized to JSON loses precision)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15917): std.concurrency module destructor causes useless creation of new MessageBox)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15919): [ndslice] Undetected spell miss in selection.reshape$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15920): std.traits.MemberFunctionsTuple gives a wrong result)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15960): SetUnion should filter duplicates)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15963): Hidden unresolved forward reference issue in std.uni)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15964): The template constraints for std.uni.sicmp are too permissive)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15973): nextPow2 and truncPow2 rely on processor specific behavior)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15980): std.traits.Identity is undocumented but public)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16010): [ndslice] byElement throw assert error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16026): std.math.frexp!float$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) wrong for very small subnormal values)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16036): std.net.isemail - isEmail reurns "valid: false" for any email with EmailStatusCode.none $(LPAREN)default$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16046): ScopedAllocator does not set prev, causing segfaults)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16054): can break immutable with std.typecons.Rebindable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16070): std.meta.{ApplyLeft,ApplyRight} fail with mixed type/value arguments)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16072): std.container.binaryheap should be extendable for arrays)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16090): popFront generates out-of-bounds array index on corrupted utf-8 strings)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16192): std.conv.toChars$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) opSlice wrong for radix other than 10)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16219): std.experimental.allocator.makeArray does unnecessary allocations for ranges with length)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16238): std.string.lastIndexOf fails compilation with -de)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16241): std.xml mistakenly disallows "==" in comments but allows "--")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16331): std.container.array constructor shouldn't check result of emplacement)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16351): Nonstandard output library causes no-argument writeln$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) to fail.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16372): Broken links in documentation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16383): Algebraic visit does not match handlers to const classes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16385): std.range: undefined behaviour when skipping over 0xff in string.popFront)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16386): std.concurrency: destructors called twice on objects passed as Message)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16387): getSymbolsByUDA works with structs but fails with classes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16413): multiSort doesn't work with @system comparison function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16420): Incorrect example in std.getopt docs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16501): packed ndslices does not compile)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16503): [ndslice] prevents fastmath LDC attribute)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16506): segfaults in std.experimental.allocator: FreeTree with GCAllocator or Mallocator)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16507): std.experimental.allocator: FreeTree clears too eagerly)
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos enhancements,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 2104): std.regex: escape function for regular expressions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7551): Regex parsing bug for right bracket in character class)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10777): std.algorithm.multiSort to return a std.range.SortedRange)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11229): std.string.toLower is slow)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12227): Allow matching multiple patterns in one go with std.regex)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12367): std.regex: Recognize $(LPAREN)?# ... $(RPAREN) comment syntax)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12379): Add toFile function which writes its first argument to a file)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13409): std.range.padLeft/Right)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13422): std.ascii has isAlphaNum but std.uni doesn't)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13796): A simple "array head const" struct for Phobos)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15229): BigInt$(LPAREN)Range of chars$(RPAREN) too)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15797): Add Option to Not Drop Matches in std.regex.splitter)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15800): std.conv.to!int does not work with ranges of any char type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15803): std.file should support sub-second file time precision on POSIX)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15860): lockstep should support foreach_reverse)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15991): std.datetime.StopWatch is not @nogc)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15995): std.conv.text and friends can be made faster with std.array.appender)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16308): [ndslice] should always has save primitive)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16311): toHash for Slice is not defined)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16315): [] ?= operations does not work with packed slices [ndslice])
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16319): std.experimental.allocator.make subtly wrong with nested classes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16363): Cannot construct a random access range using frontTransversal)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16364): getUDAs and hasUDA do not give consistent results)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16443): std.getopt: segmentation fault with empty string option)
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 1180): the GC failes to handle large allocation requests propperly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16211): [REG 2.058] Cyclic dependencies broken again)
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime bugs,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6333): The 'capacity' function is not pure/nothrow/@safe.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14601): pthread functions aren't marked @nogc)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15111): hashOf fails for structs that have an alias this to a dynamic array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15838): Many Win32 API callback functions miss extern$(LPAREN)Windows$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15958): Missing extern$(LPAREN)Windows$(RPAREN) of core.sys.windows functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15959): core.sys.windows modules should be modified for x64)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15976): explicite TLS initializes badly in DLLs if other threads exist)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15987): core.sys.windows.msacm remains pseudo definitions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15997): Wrong constant value for ERROR_WINHTTP_CLIENT_AUTH_CERT_NEEDED in winhttp)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16007): Some Win32 API structs has wrong definitions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16049): core.sys.windows structs have wrong sizes and aligns)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16594): module destructors called again if an exception got thrown earlier)
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime enhancements,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14117): core.atomic should be @safe)
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org bugs,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15442): Eponymous template restrictions should be documented)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16004): Document changes to protection attributes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16016): Remove std.concurrencybase from the docs)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16040): Remove Dconf announcement)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16114): [ddox] "Improve this page" links broken for package.d modules)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16167): chm-nav.json generation is broken)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16186): [Programming in D for C Programmers] Backticks should be escaped in explanation of raw string syntax)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16231): Language specification: rename std.regexp -> std.regex)
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org enhancements,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16141): Organizations page unreachable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16152): dpl-docs/ddox doesn't show documentation for eponymous template member)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16464): opCast doco is insufficient)
+)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Installer bugs,
+
+$(P
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16349): better curl retry for install.sh script)
+)
+)
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.072.0
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.072.1.dd b/changelog/2.072.1.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a3c50deeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.072.1.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Nov 30, 2016, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16102): [REG2.070] struct dtor replace value on stack)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16574): [REG 2.072.0-b1] Unexplained errors about functions that overridde anything)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16678): [REG] Fix for issue 16193 creates major breakage)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16699): [REG 2.070] stack corruption with scope$(LPAREN)exit$(RPAREN))
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13927): optimizer hangs in optelem with SIMD initialization)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16193): opApply$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) doesn't heap allocate closure)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16661): [REG2.072] std/format.d$(LPAREN)1070$(RPAREN): Incorrect format specifier: .2f for wstring and dstring)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16663): [REG 2.072] std.unit.toUpper rejects an alias this to a string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16667): [REG] dub test fails on std.conv after upgrade to dmd 2.072.0)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16682): [REG 2.072] "privatization" of symbols in std.stdio breaks DFMT)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16651): atomicOp!"-="$(LPAREN)ulong, uint$(RPAREN) = wrong result/codegen)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.072.1
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.072.2.dd b/changelog/2.072.2.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..847ccda9da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.072.2.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Dec 31, 2016, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 drt-cycle-deprecated, The --DRT-cycle=deprecate runtime switch was added.))
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library Changes,
+
+ $(LI $(LNAME2 drt-cycle-deprecated, The --DRT-cycle=deprecate runtime switch was added.)
+
+ $(P As a follow-up to the fixed module cycle detection in
+ 2.072.0, the $(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)spec/module.html#override_cycle_abort,--DRT-oncycle)
+ runtime switch got a deprecate option.
+ It was made default, instead of --DRT-oncycle=abort, in
+ order to deprecate code that was relying on previously
+ undected module constructor cycles.
+ )
+ )
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16747): [Reg 2.072] Cannot have stack allocated classes in @safe code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16980): [REG2.072.0] wrong interface called)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17029): [Reg 2.072] scope variable may not be returned)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16667): [REG] dub test fails on std.conv after upgrade to dmd 2.072.0)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9378): std.internal.digest.sha_SSE3 breaks if compiled with PIC)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16794): dmd not working on Ubuntu 16.10 because of default PIE linking)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16974): [REG2.068] Equal associative arrays with associative array keys are considered unequal)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16948): broken links in std.stdio due to inccorrect use of WEB macro)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14296): RDMD fails at building a lib when the source is in a subdir)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16962): rdmd --build-only --force -c main.d fails: ./main: No such file or directory)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16978): [REG2.072.0] pragma$(LPAREN)lib$(RPAREN) is broken with rdmd)
+)
+
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+Macros:
+ VER=2.072.2
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.073.0.dd b/changelog/2.073.0.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c70048746e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.073.0.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Jan 22, 2017, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 mscrtlib-option,New command line option $(B -mscrtlib=$(I libname)) for Windows MS-COFF object files.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 overhauled_ddoc_theme,The builtin Ddoc theme has been overhauled.))
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-traits-promoted,Added `std.traits.Promoted` to get the result of scalar type promotion in multi-term arithmetic expressions))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-algorithm-searching-maxindex,Added `std.algorithm.searching.maxIndex` to get the index of the maximum element of a range.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-meta-staticissorted,Added `std.meta.staticIsSorted` to check if an `AliasSeq` is sorted according to some template predicate.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-algorithm-searching-minindex,Added `std.algorithm.searching.minIndex` to get the index of the minimum element of a range.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-traits-hasFunctionAttributes,`std.traits.hasFunctionAttributes` has been added))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 ndslice-removal,`std.experimental.ndslice` has been deprecated.))
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Language changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 mcpu_avx,Add `D_AVX` predefined version when $(TT -mcpu=avx) is used.))
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 mscrtlib-option,New command line option $(B -mscrtlib=$(I libname)) for Windows MS-COFF object files.)
+ $(P
+ If building MS-COFF object files with -m64 or -m32mscoff, this option
+ specifies the reference to the C runtime library $(I libname) that is
+ embedded into the object file containing `main`,
+ `DllMain` or `WinMain` for automatic linking. The default is $(TT libcmt)
+ (release version with static linkage), the other usual alternatives are
+ $(TT libcmtd), $(TT msvcrt) and $(TT msvcrtd).
+ If $(I libname) is empty, no C runtime library is automatically linked in.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 overhauled_ddoc_theme,The builtin Ddoc theme has been overhauled.)
+ $(P
+ Dmd will now use more modern looking theme for generated documentation,
+ also see $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/pull/6173, dmd#6173).
+ )
+)
+
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-traits-promoted,Added `std.traits.Promoted` to get the result of scalar type promotion in multi-term arithmetic expressions)
+ $(P
+ `std.traits.Promoted` gets the type to which a scalar type will be promoted
+ in multi-term arithmetic expressions
+ )
+ -------
+ import std.traits : Promoted;
+ static assert(is(typeof(ubyte(3) * ubyte(5)) == Promoted!ubyte));
+ static assert(is(Promoted!ubyte == int));
+ -------
+
+ $(P
+ See the D specification on $(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)spec/type.html#integer-promotions,
+ scalar type promotions) for more information.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-algorithm-searching-maxindex,Added `std.algorithm.searching.maxIndex` to get the index of the maximum element of a range.)
+ $(P
+ `std.algorithm.searching.maxIndex` gets the index of the maximum element of a range,
+ according to a specified predicate. The default predicate is "a > b".
+ )
+
+ -------
+ import std.algorithm.searching : maxIndex;
+ int[] a = [5, 4, 2, 1, 9, 10];
+ assert(a.maxIndex == 5);
+
+ int[] a;
+ assert(a.maxIndex == -1);
+ -------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-meta-staticissorted,Added `std.meta.staticIsSorted` to check if an `AliasSeq` is sorted according to some template predicate.)
+ $(P
+ `std.meta.staticIsSorted` checks whether an `AliasSeq` is
+ sorted according to some template predicate.
+ )
+ ------
+ enum Comp(T1, T2) = T1.sizeof < T2.sizeof;
+
+ import std.meta : staticIsSorted;
+ static assert( staticIsSorted!(Comp, byte, uint, double));
+ static assert(!staticIsSorted!(Comp, bool, long, dchar));
+ ------
+
+ $(P
+ Additionally, the compile-time performance of `std.meta.staticSort` has been
+ greatly improved. Nevertheless, due to compiler limitations it is still an
+ extraordinarily expensive operation to perform on longer sequences; strive to
+ minimize such use.
+ )
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-algorithm-searching-minindex,Added `std.algorithm.searching.minIndex` to get the index of the minimum element of a range.)
+ $(P
+ `std.algorithm.searching.minIndex` gets the index of the minimum element of a range,
+ according to a specified predicate. The default predicate is "a < b".
+ )
+
+ -------
+ import std.algorithm.searching : minIndex;
+ int[] a = [5, 4, 2, 1, 9, 10];
+ assert(a.minIndex == 3);
+
+ int[] a;
+ assert(a.minIndex == -1);
+ -------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-traits-hasFunctionAttributes,`std.traits.hasFunctionAttributes` has been added)
+ $(P
+ It exposes a user-friendly way to query for function attributes:
+ )
+ -------
+ import std.traits : hasFunctionAttributes;
+
+ // manually annotated function
+ real func(real x) pure nothrow @safe
+ {
+ return x;
+ }
+ static assert(hasFunctionAttributes!(func, "@safe", "pure"));
+ static assert(!hasFunctionAttributes!(func, "@trusted"));
+
+ // for templated function types are automatically inferred
+ bool myFunc(T)(T b)
+ {
+ return !b;
+ }
+ static assert(hasFunctionAttributes!(myFunc!bool, "@safe", "pure", "@nogc", "nothrow"));
+ static assert(!hasFunctionAttributes!(myFunc!bool, "shared"));
+ -------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 ndslice-removal,`std.experimental.ndslice` has been deprecated.)
+ $(P
+ The synchronization between Phobos and Mir turned out to be a lot of work
+ with litte gain. Users of `std.experimental.ndslice` are advised to
+ switch to the upstream $(LINK2 https://github.com/libmir/mir-algorithm, mir package).
+ )
+)
+
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Language changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 mcpu_avx,Add `D_AVX` predefined version when $(TT -mcpu=avx) is used.)
+)
+
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16102): [REG2.070] struct dtor replace value on stack)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16278): [REG2.067] undefined reference when class template is instantiated only in 'is' expression)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16574): [REG 2.072.0-b1] Unexplained errors about functions that overridde anything)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16598): [REG2.069] ICE with void ternary + finalizers)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16678): [REG] Fix for issue 16193 creates major breakage)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16699): [REG 2.070] stack corruption with scope$(LPAREN)exit$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16747): [Reg 2.072] Cannot have stack allocated classes in @safe code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16980): [REG2.072.0] wrong interface called)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17029): [Reg 2.072] scope variable may not be returned)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17059): [REG 2.072.2] incorrect circular reference with `is$(LPAREN)Klass : Interface$(RPAREN)`)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17072): [REG 2.073.0-b1] missing symbols with -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17073): [Reg 2.071.0] Priority clash with `void` default initialization of struct fields)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17074): extern$(LPAREN)C++, keyword$(RPAREN) crashes compiler)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17087): [REG2.072] Wrong generated with cfloat and creal when casting from int)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 922): export keyword causes undefined references on linux)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 1761): TypeInfo.toString for function types always indicates no-parameter function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5995): string append negative integer causes segfault)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8838): Slicing static arrays should be considered unsafe $(LPAREN)@system$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10447): Refused increment of double2 with a immutable$(LPAREN)double2$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11118): undefined identifier in template structs functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11961): Can't select CRT to link against)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12430): non compile-time __simd opcode causes ICE)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13927): optimizer hangs in optelem with SIMD initialization)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14238): DIP25: escape checks can be circumvented with delegate)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14613): DMD: Internal error: backend/cod1.c 1567 on '-O' switch)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15544): Escaping fields to a heap delegate must be disallowed in @safe code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15576): extern$(LPAREN)C++, namespace$(RPAREN) wrong mangling of variables $(LPAREN)Windows$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15862): Functions that return types with mutable indirections should be weakly pure, not strongly pure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15989): Initializing manifest constants with CTFE allocated data)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16116): Infinite loop on $(LPAREN)somewhat complex$(RPAREN) simd math)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16146): postblit is not called on struct creation with "{field:value}" syntax)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16381): Wrapping a float4 array leads to segfault.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16488): [spec][optimization] broadcast scalar to simd vector)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16499): Misleading error message for 'in' operator with wrong argument)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16523): [ICE] Internal error: backend/symbol.c 1031)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16589): Taking address of stack variables in @safe code is allowed in some cases)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16679): prefetch on old pentium d results in an illegal instruction)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16743): Intrinsic recognition sometimes fails if a software implementation is available)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16854): Inline assembler has VMOVLHPS and VMOVHLPS swapped)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16967): No switch case fallthrough warnings in in/out contracts)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16977): bad debug info for function default arguments)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17034): DMD 32 bit PIC wrong code)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 768): A switch to print predefined version identifiers)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13474): Discard excess precision for float and double $(LPAREN)x87$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16449): add support for RDTSCP in iasm)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16558): [Mir] Generic unaligned load/store like $(LPAREN)like LDC loadUnaligned and storeUnaligned$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16560): [Mir] Prefetch intrinsics like in LDC)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16703): Support indexing of SIMD vector types)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16798): Extend -Ipath switch to -Imodule=path so path heirarchy doesn't have to match package heirarchy)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16958): replace -mavx switch with -mcpu=id)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16609): std.experimental.ndslice.slice issues warnings when building Phobos)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16661): [REG2.072] std/format.d$(LPAREN)1070$(RPAREN): Incorrect format specifier: .2f for wstring and dstring)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16663): [REG 2.072] std.unit.toUpper rejects an alias this to a string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16667): [REG] dub test fails on std.conv after upgrade to dmd 2.072.0)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16682): [REG 2.072] "privatization" of symbols in std.stdio breaks DFMT)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17066): [REG2.073a] std.regex captures got immutable)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6716): Linking a C program with D library causes DEH errors)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8087): Improve clarity of std.algorithm documentation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9378): std.internal.digest.sha_SSE3 breaks if compiled with PIC)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9391): Constant std.regex.regex)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13314): BinaryHeap assumes Store has dup property)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16048): std.getopt: duplicated options are not detected)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16135): missing std.format import in std.algorithm.comparison)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16255): std.algorithm.iteration.each on opApply doesn't support ref)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16352): dead-lock in std.allocator.free_list unittest)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16419): issue with ndslice.slice toHash)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16478): Don't allow to!T$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) in constraint)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16588): uniq's BidirectionalRange behavior is inconsistent with its InputRange behavior)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16611): std.traits.fullyQualifiedName fails with error 'Unrecognized type const$(LPAREN)void$(RPAREN)')
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16624): std.path.setExtension ddoc comment is strangely formated)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16634): std.math exposes yl2x and yl2xp1 publicly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16653): ParameterDefaultValueTuple fails to compile when function has lazy param)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16724): RandomCover.popFront is a no-op for the first call)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16758): Variant.opIndex result not modified after opAssign)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16794): dmd not working on Ubuntu 16.10 because of default PIE linking)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16955): std.process.spawnProcessImpl can crash due to alloca)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16959): bringToFront fails on char arrays)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16970): Fix deprecations and warnings when compiling Phobos)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16996): std.algorithm.remove with SwapStrategy.unstable removes more entries)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 4125): std.numeric.gcd can use a binary GCD)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16249): std.signals: disconnect$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN) is unsafe during emit$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16571): Unittests should not list /tmp/ recursively)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16628): Special case std.algorithm.equal for known empty or infinite ranges)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16974): [REG2.068] Equal associative arrays with associative array keys are considered unequal)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16651): atomicOp!"-="$(LPAREN)ulong, uint$(RPAREN) = wrong result/codegen)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16654): hashOf returns different hashes for the same string value)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16764): `hashOf` is misleading, error-prone, and useless)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16797): Zero clock resolution lead to division by zero)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16592): Building dlang.org does not work without a preexisting dmd installation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16948): broken links in std.stdio due to inccorrect use of WEB macro)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8799): Give example of Tuple mapped to a function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16147): Provide shiny 404 error pages)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14296): RDMD fails at building a lib when the source is in a subdir)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16962): rdmd --build-only --force -c main.d fails: ./main: No such file or directory)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16978): [REG2.072.0] pragma$(LPAREN)lib$(RPAREN) is broken with rdmd)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16966): rdmd: AssertError@rdmd.d$(LPAREN)489$(RPAREN): should have been created by compileRootAndGetDeps)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16593): Building "tools" produces deprecation warnings)
+)
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+Macros:
+ VER=2.073.0
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.073.1.dd b/changelog/2.073.1.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1bdaf31923
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.073.1.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Feb 16, 2017, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17123): [REG 2.073] Issues with return @safe inference)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17143): [REG2.072.0] Declaration is already defined on global enum = tuple$(LPAREN)...$(RPAREN).expand declaration)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17168): Shift left operator causes segfault when compiling with -O flag)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17169): New default ddoc theme merges all paragraphs except the first)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17161): [REG 2.072.2] Massive Regex Slowdown)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17176): https://dlang.org/phobos/std_stdio.html#.File.tmpfile broken link)
+)
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+Macros:
+ VER=2.073.1
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.073.2.dd b/changelog/2.073.2.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56f3a19a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.073.2.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Mar 09, 2017, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17215): [Reg 2.073] ICE$(LPAREN)cgcod.c:findreg$(RPAREN) with SIMD and -O -inline)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17237): Wrong alignment of 256-bit and 512-bit vectors)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17212): std.regex doesn't ignore whitespace after character classes, even when compiling with "x")
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17198): rdmd does not recompile when --extra-file is added)
+)
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+Macros:
+ VER=2.073.2
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.074.0.dd b/changelog/2.074.0.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd5124d90e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.074.0.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Apr 10, 2017, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Runtime changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 disable-TypeInfo.init,`TypeInfo.init` has been `@disable`d.))
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-range-bitwise,Added `std.range.bitwise` to create a bitwise adapter over an integral type range, consuming the range elements bit by bit.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-variant-genericfunc,Allow a generic function for std.variant.visit.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-utf-decodeBack,Added `std.utf.decodeBack` which decodes the last UTF code point of given character range.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-algorithm-searching-extremum,Performance improvements for `std.algorithm.searching.{min,max}Element`))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-format-formattedWrite,`std.format.formattedWrite` now accepts a compile-time checked format string))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-experimental-checkedint,New: Checked, a lightweight and highly configurable checked integral))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-traits-hasStaticMember,Added `std.traits.hasStaticMember` to check whether a symbol is a static member of a type.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-expertimental-ndslice-removed,`std.experimental.ndslice` has been removed))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-format-formattedRead,`std.format.formattedRead` now accepts `ref` parameters as input arguments.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-stdio-readf-only-pointers,`std.stdio.readf` now accepts `ref` parameters as input arguments.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-random-MersenneTwisterEngine,`MersenneTwisterEngine` has been updated so that its template signature matches the C++11 standard.))
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Runtime changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 disable-TypeInfo.init,`TypeInfo.init` has been `@disable`d.)
+$(P
+$(REF1 TypeInfo.init, object) has been `@disable`d. Use
+$(REF1 TypeInfo.initializer, object) instead.
+)
+
+$(P
+`TypeInfo.init` is a legacy alias of the method that is now called
+$(REF1 TypeInfo.initializer, object). The name change is necessary because
+the name "init" clashes with the type property of the same name
+($(GLINK2 property, init)).
+)
+
+$(P
+The legacy alias has been deprecated since 2.072.0. It's going to be removed in
+2.075.0.
+)
+)
+
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-range-bitwise,Added `std.range.bitwise` to create a bitwise adapter over an integral type range, consuming the range elements bit by bit.)
+$(P
+`std.range.bitwise` creates a bit by bit adapter over an integral type range:
+)
+-------
+import std.range : bitwise;
+ubyte[] arr = [3, 9];
+auto r = arr.bitwise;
+
+r[2] = 1;
+assert(arr[0] == 7);
+-------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-variant-genericfunc,Allow a generic function for std.variant.visit.)
+$(P
+If a lambda with a single generic parameter is provided as a handler
+to std.variant.visit, it is invoked for any type contained in the
+Algebraic which does not have a handler for that type.
+)
+
+$(P
+This allows something like:
+)
+
+-------
+// Assume Circle, Square, and Triangle all define center()
+Algebraic!(Circle, Square, Triangle) someShape;
+auto center = someShape.visit!(x => x.center);
+-------
+
+$(P
+This may be combined with explicitly typed handlers and a single
+fallback handler for an empty variant:
+)
+
+-------
+Algebraic!(int, float, string) something;
+something.visit!((string s) => s.length, // called for string
+ x => x, // called for int/float
+ () => 0); // called if empty
+-------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-utf-decodeBack,Added `std.utf.decodeBack` which decodes the last UTF code point of given character range.)
+-------
+ import std.utf : decodeBack;
+
+ string text = "サイト";
+
+ assert(decodeBack(text) == 'ト');
+ assert(decodeBack(text) == 'イ');
+ assert(decodeBack(text) == 'サ');
+ assert(text.empty);
+-------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-algorithm-searching-extremum,Performance improvements for `std.algorithm.searching.{min,max}Element`)
+$(P
+$(REF minElement, std, algorithm, searching) and $(REF maxElement, std, algorithm, searching)
+are now considerably faster (almost 2x in microbenchmarks)
+as a special path for the identity case is provided. This allows the compiler
+to make use of SSE instructions.
+)
+
+$(P
+The exact improvements are:
+)
+
+$(P
+$(CONSOLE
+% dmd -release -O test.d && ./test
+extremum.before = 54 secs, 12 ms, 347 μs, and 9 hnsecs
+extremum.after = 29 secs, 521 ms, 896 μs, and 5 hnsecs
+)
+)
+
+$(P
+$(CONSOLE
+% ldc -release -O3 test.d && ./test
+extremum.before = 13 secs, 186 ms, 176 μs, and 4 hnsecs
+extremum.after = 2 secs, 241 ms, 454 μs, and 9 hnsecs
+)
+)
+
+$(P
+$(LINK2 https://gist.github.com/wilzbach/9f757fa76200956aadb97059d614df34, See the benchmark code).
+)
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-format-formattedWrite,`std.format.formattedWrite` now accepts a compile-time checked format string)
+$(P
+$(REF formattedWrite, std, format) and related functions now have overloads to
+take the format string as a compile-time argument. This allows the format
+specifiers to be matched against the argument types passed. Any mismatch or
+orphaned specifiers/arguments will cause a compile-time error:
+)
+
+-------
+import std.format, std.stdio;
+
+auto s = format!"%s is %s"("Pi", 3.14);
+assert(s == "Pi is 3.14");
+writefln!"%c is %s"('e', 1.61);
+
+static assert(!__traits(compiles, {s = format!"%l"();})); // missing arg
+static assert(!__traits(compiles, {s = format!""(404);})); // surplus arg
+static assert(!__traits(compiles, {s = format!"%d"(4.03);})); // incompatible arg
+-------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-experimental-checkedint,New: Checked, a lightweight and highly configurable checked integral)
+$(P
+$(REF Checked, std, experimental, checkedint) is a wrapper around any integral
+type that inserts checks against common sources of bugs: overflow in operators,
+mixed-sign comparisons, and casts that lose information.
+)
+
+$(P
+The example below illustrates the basic use of the facility:
+)
+
+-------
+void main()
+{
+ import std.experimental.checkedint, std.stdio;
+ writeln((checked(5) + 7).get); // 12
+ writeln((checked(10) * 1000 * 1000 * 1000).get); // Overflow
+}
+-------
+
+$(P
+By default, all checks are enabled and the program is aborted if any check
+fails. An implementation based on hooks discoverable by using Design by
+Introspection allows unbounded customizations of both the checks to do, and the
+enforcement policy.
+)
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-traits-hasStaticMember,Added `std.traits.hasStaticMember` to check whether a symbol is a static member of a type.)
+-------
+import std.traits : hasStaticMember;
+
+struct S
+{
+ static int staticVar;
+ int nonstaticVar;
+}
+
+assert( hasStaticMember!(S, "staticVar"));
+assert(!hasStaticMember!(S, "nonstaticVar"));
+-------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-expertimental-ndslice-removed,`std.experimental.ndslice` has been removed)
+$(P
+The synchronization between Phobos and Mir turned out to be a high amount of work with little gain.
+Users of `std.experimental.ndslice` are advised to switch to the upstream
+$(LINK2 https://github.com/libmir/mir-algorithm, mir-algorithm package).
+)
+
+$(P
+It comes with a lot of new features
+$(UL
+ $(LI $(LINK2 http://docs.algorithm.dlang.io/latest/mir_ndslice_topology.html, `mir.ndslice.topology`) -
+ Multidimensional `std.range` analog. Includes `bitwise`, `bitpack`, `zip`, `unzip`, `map`, `indexed` and many other features.)
+ $(LI $(LINK2 http://docs.algorithm.dlang.io/latest/mir_ndslice_concatenation.html, `mir.ndslice.concatenation`) -
+ Concatenation and padding)
+ $(LI $(LINK2 http://docs.algorithm.dlang.io/latest/mir_ndslice_algorithm.html, `mir.ndslice.algorithm`) -
+ Slim multidimensional `std.algorithm` analog)
+ $(LI $(LINK2 http://docs.algorithm.dlang.io/latest/mir_ndslice_sorting.html, `mir.ndslice.sorting`) -
+ Multidimensional sorting utilities)
+)
+)
+
+$(P
+`ndslice` design was changed. New ndslices can be created on top of random access iterators including pointers. There are three kinds of ndslice:
+)
+
+$(P
+$(UL
+ $(LI `Contiguous` - Contiguous in memory representation. It does not store strides and can be always flattened to 1 dimensional ndslice on top of the same iterator type. )
+ $(LI `Canonical` - BLAS like. Stride for row dimension assumed to be equal to 1.)
+ $(LI `Universal` - Numpy like. Each dimension has strides. All dimensions can be exchanged without reallocation. The old ndslice ABI corresponds to to the `Universal` ndslice.)
+)
+)
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-format-formattedRead,`std.format.formattedRead` now accepts `ref` parameters as input arguments.)
+$(P
+When $(REF formattedRead, std, format) is used with `ref` parameters it is `@safe`.
+For compatibility it's still possible to use $(REF formattedRead, std, format)
+with pointers:
+)
+
+-------
+import std.format;
+void main() {
+ string text = "1 2 3";
+ int a, b, c;
+ formattedRead(text, "%d %d %d", a, b, c);
+ // pointers can still be used
+ formattedRead(text, "%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
+ // and even combined:
+ formattedRead(text, "%d %d %d", a, &b, c);
+}
+-------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-stdio-readf-only-pointers,`std.stdio.readf` now accepts `ref` parameters as input arguments.)
+-------
+import std.stdio : readf;
+void main() {
+ // assume every line from stdin is similar to "1 2 3";
+ int a, b, c;
+ readf(" %d %d %d", a, b, c);
+ // pointers can still be used
+ readf(" %d %d %d, &a, &b, &c);
+ // and even combined:
+ readf(" %d %d %d, a, &b, c);
+}
+-------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-random-MersenneTwisterEngine,`MersenneTwisterEngine` has been updated so that its template signature matches the C++11 standard.)
+$(P
+`MersenneTwisterEngine` has been updated so that its template signature
+matches the C++11 standard (adding two new template parameters, an extra
+tempering parameter `d` and the initialization multiplier `f`).
+)
+
+$(P
+Handling of the word size `w` has been fixed so that the generator will
+now properly handle cases where it is less than the number of bits in
+the chosen `UIntType`. This has been validated against the behaviour
+of a widely-used implementation of the C++11 standard.
+)
+
+$(P
+For anyone using the standard template instantiation `Mt19937` this will
+have no noticeable effect. However, these will be breaking changes for
+anyone using the `MersenneTwisterEngine` template directly.
+)
+
+$(P
+The internal implementation has been reworked to use Ilya Yaroshenko's
+highly optimized algorithm from $(LINK2 https://github.com/libmir/mir-random, mir-random). This should have a very
+noticeable positive effect for anyone who cares about generating a lot
+of random numbers quickly.
+)
+
+$(P
+A new `Mt19937_64` template instantiation has been added, corresponding
+to the standard 64-bit implementation of the algorithm (MT19937-64).
+This fixes $(LINK https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10900).
+)
+)
+
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15947): [REG 2.069.0?] simple multithreaded program + "-profile=gc" = crash)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16680): dmd doesn't use druntime optimized versions of subtraction array operations)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17117): [REG2.073] erroneous "escaping reference to local variable")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17123): [REG 2.073] Issues with return @safe inference)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17291): [REG 2.074-b1] windows: invalid relocation entries)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17292): [REG 2.069] Windows: dmd causes "out of memory" when using less than 2GB of memory)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6400): opDispatch with WithStatement)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15428): __traits$(LPAREN)compiles, super$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN)$(RPAREN) cause error "multiple constructor calls" later)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15616): missing candidate in error message)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15676): The compiler does not preserve @disable while generating .di files)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16083): AliasSeq loses type of enums that have the same value)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16245): the message emitted when a const function mutates members is misleading)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16346): Enum used as a constructor evaluates to the underlying type, not to the enum type.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16355): __xpostblit incorrectly generated for a struct with a zero-length static array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16382): Passing &this as a CT parameter seg faults dmd)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16483): ICE in expression.d from typeof)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17049): [scope] member methods not escape checked like free functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17057): trait "allMembers" incorrectly includes imports)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17076): [scope] compiling identity function template with -dip1000 causes error)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17086): DMD segfault with multiple template matches and invalid code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17255): Warning when compiling ddmd.backend/ptrntab.c about type-punning)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 14859): static declared array with more than 16MB size should be allowed in struct and class declaration)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16513): Speed up TemplateInstance.findExistingInstance hash)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16697): Extend IsExpression to accept __vector as a TypeSpecialization)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17111): DMD accepts switch statement with non-const case variables)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17282): [REG 2.074.0-b1] std.conv.parse throws with -debug)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8260): * used three or more times on an array inside std.format.formattedRead and not guarded by template constraint)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8471): std.stdio.readf should be @trusted)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9615): std.conv.parse!$(LPAREN)T[]$(RPAREN) fails on trailing comma)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 11703): Typedef properties should not be of the original type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13619): std.container.array capacity not updated when length increases)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16342): std.algorithm.fill can't fill a char[]?)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16442): FrontTransversal fails with empty ranges)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16564): KRRegion.empty sometimes returns Ternary.no)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16642): byCodeUnit doesn't work AutodecodableStrings unless they're actually strings or alias a variable that's a string)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16824): std.experimental.allocator.dispose leaks memory for arrays of more than 1 dimension)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17075): ctRegex BacktrackingMatcher.prevStack: free$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN): invalid pointer)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17102): std.write.file generates a segmentation fault when the file name is a string with a default value)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17116): std.typecons.ReplaceType is not able to process const delegate)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17153): std.container.array.Array cannot be used in @nogc code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17154): std.conv.toChars doesn't support $ in slicing)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17157): ctRegex.matchAll doesn't set last item in Captures)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17177): AutoImplement fails on function overload sets with "cannot infer type from overloaded function symbol")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17217): std.net.isemail.isEmail doesn't work with non char arrays)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17229): File.byChunk $(LPAREN)ubyte$(RPAREN) w/ stdout.lockingTextWriter corrupts utf-8 data $(LPAREN)and is very slow$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17243): std.math.{FloatingPointControl,ieeeFlags} don't work on x86_64)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17247): std.bitmanip.read should not assume sliceable range is assign-copyable to ubyte[].)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10900): Mersenne Twister should have a 64-bit $(LPAREN)ulong$(RPAREN) version)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13017): opEquals for null std.typecons.Nullable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16281): std.format.formattedRead should use ref instead of requiring pointers)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16323): std.utf.decodeBack)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16736): Retrieving cUrl time values is quite cumbersome)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17130): [Reg 2.074] ambiguous implicit super call when inheriting core.sync.mutex.Mutex)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16470): Segfault with negative array length)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8411): core.time: No easy way to check if Duration is empty)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17115): [404 Not Found] std.concurrencybase)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16991): Make writeln documentation palatable)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17139): [BLOCKING] dscanner needs to handle 'scope' function attributes)
+)
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+Macros:
+ VER=2.074.0
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.074.1.dd b/changelog/2.074.1.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71878d3da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.074.1.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION May 30, 2017, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17407): [REG] __traits$(LPAREN)compiles$(RPAREN) triggers assertion failure)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17289): With Xcode 8.3 linker, warnings of "pointer not aligned")
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17330): [REG 2.072] BigInt's constructor used to be pure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17340): [REG 2.074.0] isNumeric!bool should not be true)
+)
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+Macros:
+ VER=2.074.1
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.075.0.dd b/changelog/2.075.0.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8578859eec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.075.0.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Jul 19, 2017, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 changelog17425,add __traits(getParameterStorageClasses, f, i)))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 b6227,Comparison of values belonging to different enums is deprecated.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 removeArrayProps,The deprecated built-in array properties `.sort` and `.reverse` were removed.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 disallowSemiEmpty,Deprecate empty statements made by semicolon))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 changelog17421,add __traits(getFunctionVariadicStyle, f)))
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Runtime changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 scandataseg-precise,Windows: the DATA and TLS segment can now be configured to be scanned precisely.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 fiber-configure,Make fiber stack protection-page size configurable))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 fiber,Add Fiber's stack-protection page for Posix.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 remove-TypeInfo.init,`TypeInfo.init` now refers to type property.))
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-range-has-length,`hasLength` now enforces that `length` has type `size_t`))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 split-std-datetime,std.datetime has been split into a package.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 pattern-deprecate,Several functions in `std.string` have been deprecated))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-digest-digest-secureCompare,Added a constant time comparison function for cryptographic hashes))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-digest-crc64,Added support for 64 bit CRC))
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 changelog17425,add __traits(getParameterStorageClasses, f, i))
+$(P
+$(LINK2 https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17425, Bugzilla 17425)
+)
+
+---
+ref int foo(return ref const int* p, scope int* a, out int b, lazy int c);
+
+pragma(msg, __traits(getParameterStorageClasses, foo, 0));
+
+static assert(__traits(getParameterStorageClasses, foo, 0)[0] == "return");
+static assert(__traits(getParameterStorageClasses, foo, 0)[1] == "ref");
+
+pragma(msg, __traits(getParameterStorageClasses, foo, 1));
+static assert(__traits(getParameterStorageClasses, foo, 1)[0] == "scope");
+static assert(__traits(getParameterStorageClasses, foo, 2)[0] == "out");
+static assert(__traits(getParameterStorageClasses, typeof(&foo), 3)[0] == "lazy");
+---
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 b6227,Comparison of values belonging to different enums is deprecated.)
+$(P
+This change does not affect anonymous enumerations.
+)
+
+---
+enum Status
+{
+ good,
+ bad
+}
+enum OtherStatus
+{
+ ok
+ no,
+}
+
+// Deprecated - Even though both good and ok evaluate to 0 they belong to
+// different enumeration types
+static assert(Status.good == OtherStatus.ok);
+---
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 removeArrayProps,The deprecated built-in array properties `.sort` and `.reverse` were removed.)
+$(P
+Usage of those built-in array properties was deprecated since 2.072.0 and they have now been removed.
+Use $(REF sort, std, algorithm, sorting) and $(REF reverse, std, algorithm, mutation) instead.
+)
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 disallowSemiEmpty,Deprecate empty statements made by semicolon)
+$(P
+Creating empty statements using semicolons, for which
+was previously issued a warning is now causing a deprecation
+hint.
+)
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 changelog17421,add __traits(getFunctionVariadicStyle, f))
+$(P
+$(LINK2 https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17421, Bugzilla 17421)
+)
+
+---
+import core.stdc.stdarg;
+
+void novar() {}
+extern(C) void cstyle(int, ...) {}
+extern(C++) void cppstyle(int, ...) {}
+void dstyle(...) {}
+void typesafe(int[]...) {}
+
+static assert(__traits(getFunctionVariadicStyle, novar) == "none");
+static assert(__traits(getFunctionVariadicStyle, cstyle) == "stdarg");
+static assert(__traits(getFunctionVariadicStyle, cppstyle) == "stdarg");
+static assert(__traits(getFunctionVariadicStyle, dstyle) == "argptr");
+static assert(__traits(getFunctionVariadicStyle, typesafe) == "typesafe");
+
+static assert(__traits(getFunctionVariadicStyle, (int[] a...) {}) == "typesafe");
+static assert(__traits(getFunctionVariadicStyle, typeof(cstyle)) == "stdarg");
+---
+)
+
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Runtime changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 scandataseg-precise,Windows: the DATA and TLS segment can now be configured to be scanned precisely.)
+$(P
+A new runtime option "scanDataSeg" has been added to enable precise scanning of the
+DATA and the TLS segments. This uses information generated by the compiler to
+identify possible pointers inside these segments. Possible option values are
+"conservative" (default) and "precise".
+)
+
+$(P
+As usual, this option can be set by the environment, the command line or by
+embedding the option into the executable similar to the
+$(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)spec/garbage.html#gc_config, GC options).
+)
+
+$(P
+For example add this code to your main module to enable precise scanning:
+)
+---------
+extern(C) __gshared string[] rt_options = [ "scanDataSeg=precise" ];
+---------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 fiber-configure,Make fiber stack protection-page size configurable)
+$(P
+It is now possible to change the guard page size by using
+the new Fiber's constructor argument - guard_page_size. It defaults to
+`PAGE_SIZE` (the same it used to be on Windows), and specifying 0 will
+turn this feature off.
+)
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 fiber,Add Fiber's stack-protection page for Posix.)
+$(P
+The feature already existing for Windows' fiber implementation is now added to
+the systems using mmap to allocate fibers' stacks: After (or before) the last
+page used for the Fiber's stack, the page is allocate which is protected for
+any kind of access. This will cause system to trap immediately on the fiber's
+stack overflow.
+)
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 remove-TypeInfo.init,`TypeInfo.init` now refers to type property.)
+$(P
+`TypeInfo.init` used to refer to the method that is now called
+$(REF1 TypeInfo.initializer, object). The name change was necessary because
+the name "init" would clash with the type property of the same name
+($(GLINK2 property, init)). `TypeInfo.init` now refers to the type property.
+)
+)
+
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-range-has-length,`hasLength` now enforces that `length` has type `size_t`)
+$(P
+Historically `hasLength!R` yielded `true` for types whereby
+`R.length` returns other types convertible to `ulong`, such as `int`, `ushort`,
+`const(size_t)`, user-defined types using `alias this`, or notably `ulong` on
+32-bit systems. This behavior has been deprecated. After December 2017,
+$(REF hasLength, std, range, primitives) will yield `true` only if `R.length`
+yields the exact type `size_t`.
+)
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 split-std-datetime,std.datetime has been split into a package.)
+$(P
+std.datetime is now a package containing the following modules:
+)
+
+$(P
+$(UL
+ $(LI $(MREF std,datetime,date))
+ $(LI $(MREF std,datetime,interval))
+ $(LI $(MREF std,datetime,stopwatch))
+ $(LI $(MREF std,datetime,systime))
+ $(LI $(MREF std,datetime,timezone))
+)
+)
+
+$(P
+The $(MREF std,datetime) package publicly imports all of those modules. So, it
+should be the case that no existing code will break, as everything in
+std.datetime will still be imported by importing std.datetime. New code can
+choose to import the modules individually or to import the entire package.
+)
+
+$(P
+$(MREF std,datetime,date) contains Date, TimeOfDay, DateTime, and the related
+free functions. It also contains DateTimeException.
+)
+
+$(P
+$(MREF std,datetime,interval) contains the *Interval and *IntervalRange types
+as well as the related free functions.
+)
+
+$(P
+$(MREF std,datetime,systime) contains SysTime and the related free functions.
+)
+
+$(P
+$(MREF std,datetime,timezone) contains the time zone types.
+)
+
+$(P
+The $(MREF std,datetime) package contains StopWatch and the benchmarking functions
+(so, they can only be imported via $(D std.datetime) and not via a submodule). As
+those functions use $(REF TickDuration,core,time) (which is being replaced by
+$(REF MonoTime,core,time), they are slated for deprecation).
+)
+
+$(P
+$(MREF std,datetime,stopwatch) has been added. It contains versions of
+StopWatch and benchmark which have almost the same API as the existing symbols,
+but they use $(REF MonoTime,core,time) and $(REF Duration,core,time) instead of
+$(REF TickDuration,core,time). In the next major release, the old functions in
+std.datetime.package will be deprecated, so code which uses the old
+benchmarking functions should be updated to use std.datetime.stopwatch.
+)
+
+$(P
+However, note that in order to avoid irreconcilable symbol conflicts between
+the new and old versions, std.datetime.stopwatch will not be publicly imported
+by std.datetime.package until the old symbols have been removed. So, for the
+time being, code using $(REF StopWatch,std,datetime,stopwatch) or
+$(REF benchmark,std,datetime,stopwatch) will need to import
+std.datetime.stopwatch directly. Code which imports both std.datetime and
+std.datetime.stopwatch will need to either use selective imports or fully
+qualified symbols to reconcile the symbol conflicts, but no code will be
+affected by the changes until it's updated to import std.datetime.stopwatch,
+and when the old symbols are finally removed, the selective imports and fully
+qualified paths to the new symbols will continue to work and won't break
+(though at that point, simply importing std.datetime will work, since
+std.datetime.package will have been updated to publicly import
+std.datetime.stopwatch). Code that simply imporst std.datetime.stopwatch without
+importing std.datetime will not have to worry about symbol conflicts.
+)
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 pattern-deprecate,Several functions in `std.string` have been deprecated)
+$(P
+The functions $(REF inPattern, std, string), $(REF countchars, std, string),
+$(REF removechars, std, string), $(REF squeeze, std, string), and
+$(REF munch, std, string), have all been deprecated. These functions are
+obsolete, as their functionality is better covered by the functions in
+$(MREF std, regex) and $(MREF std, algorithm). They will be removed from
+$(MREF std, string) on May 2018.
+)
+
+$(P
+If you still need to use these, please see $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/undeaD, undeaD).
+)
+
+$(P
+The following are examples of the deprecated functions, and their modern replacements.
+)
+
+$(P
+Use $(REF find, std, algorithm, searching) to replace $(REF munch, std, string):
+)
+-------
+import std.algorithm;
+import std.ascii;
+import std.string;
+import std.utf;
+
+string s = "\tabc";
+
+// old
+s.munch(whitespace);
+
+// new
+s = s.find!(a => !isWhite(a));
+-------
+
+$(P
+Use $(REF matchFirst, std, regex) to replace $(REF inPattern, std, string):
+)
+-------
+import std.string;
+import std.regex;
+
+// old
+if (inPattern('x', "a-z")) { ... }
+
+// new
+if ("x".matchFirst(regex("[a-z]"))) { ... }
+-------
+
+$(P
+Use $(REF replaceAll, std, regex) to replace $(REF removechars, std, string):
+)
+-------
+import std.string;
+import std.regex;
+
+// old
+"abc".removechars("a-z");
+
+// new
+"abc".replaceAll(regex("[a-z]"), "");
+-------
+
+$(P
+Use $(REF uniq, std, algorithm, iteration) to replace $(REF squeeze, std, string):
+)
+-------
+import std.algorithm;
+import std.string;
+
+// old
+"hello".squeeze;
+
+// new
+"hello".uniq;
+-------
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-digest-digest-secureCompare,Added a constant time comparison function for cryptographic hashes)
+$(P
+Added a new function to $(REF secureEqual, std, digest, digest) that compares
+two ranges that represent hashes in a secure manner. The comparison is done in
+constant time regardless of the equality of the two ranges in order to protect
+against timing attacks. For more information on the attack, please refer to
+the docs on $(REF secureEqual, std, digest, digest).
+)
+
+-----
+import std.digest.digest : secureEqual, toHexString;
+import std.digest.hmac : hmac;
+import std.digest.sha : SHA1;
+import std.string : representation;
+
+void main()
+{
+ // a typical HMAC data integrity verification
+ auto secret = "A7GZIP6TAQA6OHM7KZ42KB9303CEY0MOV5DD6NTV".representation;
+ auto data = "data".representation;
+
+ string hex1 = data.hmac!SHA1(secret).toHexString;
+ string hex2 = data.hmac!SHA1(secret).toHexString;
+
+ string hex3 = "data1".representation.hmac!SHA1(secret).toHexString;
+
+ assert( secureEqual(hex1, hex2));
+ assert(!secureEqual(hex1, hex3));
+}
+-----
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 std-digest-crc64,Added support for 64 bit CRC)
+$(P
+Support for both ISO and ECMA 64 bit CRC was added to $(MREF std, digest, crc).
+)
+
+-------
+import std.digest.crc;
+
+void main()
+{
+ ubyte[8] hash64ecma = crc64ECMAOf("abc");
+ assert(crcHexString(hash64ecma) == "2CD8094A1A277627");
+
+ ubyte[8] hash64iso = crc64ISOOf("abc");
+ assert(crcHexString(hash64iso) == "3776C42000000000");
+}
+-------
+)
+
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16408): [REG2.065] left-to-right order of evaluation of function arguments not consistently followed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17275): [REG 2.072.0] AssertError@declaration.d$(LPAREN)2121$(RPAREN): Assertion failure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17293): "Using C++ Classes From D" example no longer works)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17338): [Reg 2.075] link failure unsupported symbol section 0xff01)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17352): [REG 2.075a] Internal error: ddmd/backend/elfobj.c 1739 on duplicate definition)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17356): [Reg 2.075] __simd_sto no longer executed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17399): [REG2.071] core.checkedint.addu cannot inline function)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17451): ICE in ddmd/declaration.d$(LPAREN)2179$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17481): [REG 2.069.0] synchronized: Access Violation with dmd -O on win32)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17492): [REG 2.066] [ICE] AssertError@ddmd/dclass.d$(LPAREN)1007$(RPAREN): Assertion failure)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17502): [REG2.064] Out contract in class method causes dmd segfault.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17505): [REG2.075] @safe constructor requires the deconstructor to be safe as well)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17506): [REG2.075] @disable constructor requires members to be initialized)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17545): [REG2.072] __traits$(LPAREN)getAttributes, name$(RPAREN) evaluates name to value prematurely)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17548): [REG2.072.0] Forward reference error with scope function parameters)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17614): [REG2.075.0-b2] __VERSION__ has the wrong value)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7016): local import does not create -deps dependency)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13331): naked asm functions are broken when compiling with -profile)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15896): private ignored when import bindings are used)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15945): sizeof on an invalid type seems to compile.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16244): compiler ICE on complex `typeof$(LPAREN)$(RPAREN)` for method arg type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16566): hasLength should enforce that length has type size_t)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17289): With Xcode 8.3 linker, warnings of "pointer not aligned")
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17317): 2.074.0 release candidate does not have updated backend license)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17335): Function calls in conjunctions do not short circuit when evaluated during compilation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17337): SIGILL for AVX vector initialization)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17339): ambiguous mangling with const alias argument)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17344): ICE with assignment of post inc-/decremented integral vector)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17349): Covariant overrides should be allowed)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17367): CodeView/MSCOFF: bad debug information for enumerators)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17391): SECURITY: XSS through DDOC comments)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17422): [scope] class reference not initialized as scope variable)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17432): [DIP1000] scope delegates change type, but not mangling)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17450): escaping delegate context pointer not detected for member functions)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17468): Internal assertion fails during CTFE)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17491): Compiles on invalid: *&s.init.var is not an lvalue)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17495): __traits$(LPAREN)getParameterStorageClasses$(RPAREN) doesn't work with tuples as parameters)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6227): Comparison of different enums)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16197): Constructors/postblits and destructors don't match up for array initialisation)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16540): Attributes do not propagate correctly in lazy params)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16600): Wrong error message for ambiguous mutable/immutable constructor)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17396): Add colorized syntax highlighting to error messages emitted by dmd)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17419): add __traits$(LPAREN)getLinkage, s$(RPAREN) to the the linkage of symbol s)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17425): add __traits$(LPAREN)getParameterStorageClasses, f, i$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17429): [scope] each scope class references adds another delete call)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17457): Named Return Value Optimization $(LPAREN)NRVO$(RPAREN) not done with return of constructor call)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17494): Do not execute scope$(LPAREN)...$(RPAREN) if an Error exception has been thrown)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17452): Undefined references in std.container.array)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17472): [Reg 2.075] typeof$(LPAREN)stdin$(RPAREN) is no longer a File)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17482): [REG 2.074] comile error: Comparing Nullable!Variant with basic type)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17511): [REG 2.075a] std.xml puts grand-children into items)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17555): [REG2.070.0] Control characters in JSON data are invalid and should cause an exception)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17650): [REG v2.075.0 b1-b4] std.getopt range violation)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 5904): std.json parseString doesn't handle chars outside the BMP)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15517): std.experimental.logger: using 'sharedLog' to change to file logging for default logger does not work)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15534): [std.experimental.logger.core] Documentation mismatch)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15720): iota$(LPAREN)long.max, long.min, step$(RPAREN) does not work properly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 15763): std.math.approxEqual is not symmetric)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16246): cannot call iota with 3 [u]bytes or 3 [u]shorts)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16256): std.experimental.logger cant log a dstring properly)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16326): filter is not lazy enough & has weird save behavior)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17251): Appender.put errors out with const input range elements)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17270): std.experimental.Final fails on pointers)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17283): std.experimental.typecons uses private module members)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17288): formattedWrite error when width/precision provided and no value to format)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17314): BinaryHeap crashes upon insertion if heapified with an array of length 1)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17328): std.experimental.logger: wrong hex formatting for zeros)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17519): RedBlackTree doesn't like const/immutable elements)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17553): std.json should not do UTF decoding when encoding JSON)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17556): std.json encodes non-BMP characters incorrectly with JSONOptions.escapeNonAsciiChars)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17564): std.experimental.allocator.theAllocator is null within shared static this)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos enhancements,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 6621): Superimposition amount for std.range.chunks)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 7102): std.numeric.gcd with BigInts too)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 10001): string formatting with underscores)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16108): `to!string` fails on struct with disabled postblit)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16615): std.process is missing functionality for child processes)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17286): A function for comparing two digests securely)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17327): std.getopt: repeated options unrecognised)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17394): std.file.mkdirRecurse isn't @safe)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17557): std.json should not do UTF decoding when parsing)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Druntime bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 9275): [GC] removeRoot hits assert$(LPAREN)0$(RPAREN) instead of being a no-op $(LPAREN)as documented$(RPAREN))
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 12233): Attempting to use TypeInfo.init results in a compiler error due to lack of 'this'.)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 13186): core/sys/posix/sys/uio.d is not linked into the standard lib)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 16856): D does not work on FreeBSD current $(LPAREN)what will eventually be 12$(RPAREN) due to libunwind)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE dlang.org bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 8107): Float literals are not specified as they are implemented)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17303): type error in the href url under the link Systems Programming)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17469): View source code)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17501): Runnable unittest problem with AST rewrite)
+)
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+Macros:
+ VER=2.075.0
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.075.1.dd b/changelog/2.075.1.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82cc3a6e93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.075.1.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Aug 11, 2017, =================================================,
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(LNAME2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER):))
+
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17622): [REG2.075.0-b1] Wrong code with appender and -inline)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17676): [REG 2.075] bad inlining of functions with multiple return statements)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17677): [REG 2.073.0] ICE when adding ulong to cfloat)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17684): [REG 2.062] `static alias this` bug or incomplete implementation?)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17686): [REG2.075.0] Covariant return types doesn't work with override in some cases)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE DMD Compiler bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17646): dmd segfaults on missing foreach body in import)
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos regressions,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17192): ParameterDefaults fails when parameter is called "i")
+)
+$(BUGSTITLE Phobos bugs,
+
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17667): `regex([r".", r"[\(\{[\]\}\)]"]);`)
+$(LI $(BUGZILLA 17668): `regex(q"<[^]>")`)
+)
+)
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+Macros:
+ VER=2.075.1
+ TITLE=Change Log: $(VER)
diff --git a/changelog/2.076.0.dd b/changelog/2.076.0.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53360883ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/2.076.0.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(CHANGELOG_NAV_INJECT)
+
+$(VERSION Sep 1, 2017, =================================================,
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 staticforeach,Implement DIP 1010 - $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/DIPs/blob/master/DIPs/DIP1010.md, Static foreach)))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 betterc,$(TT -betterC) enhancements))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 avx2,AVX2 was added as $(TT -mcpu=avx2) architecture.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 fix17697,Fix Issue 17697 - Ddoc: automatically highlight URLs outside of macro arguments))
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Runtime changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 unhandled,Print unhandled exception's trace and abort if rt_trapExceptions is false))
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Library changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-base64-base64urlnopadding,`Base64URLNoPadding` (URL-safe Base64 without padding) was added))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-digest-package,`std.digest.digest` was renamed to `std.digest`.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-meta-stride,`std.meta.Stride` was added))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-process-config-detached,`Config.detached` flag for `spawnProcess` has been added))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-range-input-chunks,`std.range.chunks` was extended to support non-forward input ranges.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-socket-abstract,`std.socket.UnixAddress` now supports abstract addresses.))
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 std-typecons-AutoImplement,Added possibility to use a baseclass when auto-implementing an interface))
+
+)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Tools changes,
+
+$(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 b11997,rdmd now checks for a D compiler binary in the directory it's in first))
+
+)
+
+$(BR)$(BIG $(RELATIVE_LINK2 bugfix-list, List of all bug fixes and enhancements in D $(VER).))
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(BUGSTITLE Compiler changes,
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 staticforeach,Implement DIP 1010 - $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/DIPs/blob/master/DIPs/DIP1010.md, Static foreach))
+$(P
+Support for `static foreach` has been added.
+)
+
+$(P
+`static foreach` is a conditional compilation construct that is to `foreach` what `static if` is to `if`.
+It is a convenient way to generate declarations and statements by iteration.
+)
+
+---
+import std.conv: to;
+
+static foreach(i; 0 .. 10)
+{
+
+ // a `static foreach` body does not introduce a nested scope
+ // (similar to `static if`).
+
+ // The following mixin declaration is at module scope:
+ mixin(`enum x` ~ to!string(i) ~ ` = i;`); // declares 10 variables x0, x1, ..., x9
+}
+
+import std.range: iota;
+// all aggregate types that can be iterated with a standard `foreach`
+// loop are also supported by static foreach:
+static foreach(i; iota(10))
+{
+ // we access the declarations generated in the first `static foreach`
+ pragma(msg, "x", i, ": ", mixin(`x` ~ to!string(i)));
+ static assert(mixin(`x` ~ to!string(i)) == i);
+}
+
+void main()
+{
+ import std.conv: text;
+ import std.typecons: tuple;
+ import std.algorithm: map;
+ import std.stdio: writeln;
+
+ // `static foreach` has both declaration and statement forms
+ // (similar to `static if`).
+
+ static foreach(x; iota(3).map!(i => tuple(text("x", i), i)))
+ {
+ // generates three local variables x0, x1 and x2.
+ mixin(text(`int `,x[0],` = x[1];`));
+
+ scope(exit) // this is within the scope of `main`
+ {
+ writeln(mixin(x[0]));
+ }
+ }
+
+ writeln(x0," ",x1," ",x2); // first runtime output
+}
+---
+)
+
+$(LI $(LNAME2 betterc,$(TT -betterC) enhancements)
+$(P
+Many improvements were added to the dmd's $(TT -betterC) implementation, most
+notably programs compiled with $(TT -betterC) will no longer reference unused
+druntime symbols, asserts are implemented as C `- `);
- foreach (child; nav.children)
- dumpNav(child, level+1);
- f.writeln(t, `
- `);
- dumpNav(nav);
- f.writeln(`
- `);
- foreach (keyNorm;keywordList)
- {
- auto urlList = keywords[keyNorm];
- f.writeln(
-`
- `); - } - f.writeln( -`
Access Control
- - $(P Access to class members is controlled using $(GLINK2 attribute, ProtectionAttribute)s. - The default protection attribute is $(D public). - Access control does not affect visibility. - ) - -Fields
- - $(P Class members are always accessed with the . operator. - ) - - $(P Members of a base class can be accessed by prepending the name of - the base class followed by a dot:) - ---- -class A { int a; } -class B : A { int a; } - -void foo(B b) { - b.a = 3; // accesses field B.a - b.A.a = 4; // accesses field A.a ---- - - $(P The D compiler is free to rearrange the order of fields in a class to - optimally pack them in an implementation-defined manner. - Consider the fields much like the local - variables in a function - - the compiler assigns some to registers and shuffles others around all to - get the optimal - stack frame layout. This frees the code designer to organize the fields - in a manner that - makes the code more readable rather than being forced to organize it - according to - machine optimization rules. Explicit control of field layout is provided - by struct/union - types, not classes. - ) - -Field Properties
- - $(P The $(B .offsetof) property gives the offset in bytes of the field - from the beginning of the class instantiation. - $(B .offsetof) can only be applied to - expressions which produce the type of - the field itself, not the class type: - ) - ------- -class Foo { - int x; -} -... -void test(Foo foo) { - size_t o; - - o = Foo.x$(B .offsetof); // error, Foo.x needs a 'this' reference - o = foo.x$(B .offsetof); // ok -} ------- - -Class Properties
- - $(P The $(B .tupleof) property returns an $(I ExpressionTuple) - of all the fields - in the class, excluding the hidden fields and the fields in the - base class. - ) ---- -class Foo { int x; long y; } -void test(Foo foo) { - foo.tupleof[0] = 1; // set foo.x to 1 - foo.tupleof[1] = 2; // set foo.y to 2 - foreach (x; foo.tupleof) - writef(x); // prints 12 -} ---- - - $(P The properties $(B .__vptr) and $(B .__monitor) give access - to the class object's vtbl[] and monitor, respectively, but - should not be used in user code. - ) - -Super Class
- - All classes inherit from a super class. If one is not specified, - it inherits from Object. Object forms the root of the D class - inheritance hierarchy. - -$(LNAME2 member-functions, Member Functions)
- - $(P Non-static member functions have an extra hidden parameter - called $(I this) through which the class object's other members - can be accessed. - ) - -$(V2 - $(P Non-static member functions can have, in addition to the usual - $(GLINK2 declaration, FunctionAttribute)s, the attributes - $(D const), $(D immutable), $(D shared), or $(D inout). - These attributes apply to the hidden $(I this) parameter. - ) ---- -class C { - int a; - const void foo() { - a = 3; // error, 'this' is const - } - void foo() immutable { - a = 3; // error, 'this' is immutable - } ---- -) - -$(LNAME2 synchronized-functions, Synchronized Functions)
- - $(P Synchronized class member functions have the storage class - $(CODE synchronized). - A static member function is synchronized on the $(I classinfo) - object for the class, which means that one monitor is used - for all static synchronized member functions for that class. - For non-static synchronized functions, the monitor used is - part of the class object. For example: - ) - ---- -class Foo { - synchronized void bar() { ...statements... } -} ---- - - $(P is equivalent to (as far as the monitors go): - ) - ---- -class Foo { - void bar() { - synchronized (this) { ...statements... } - } -} ---- - - $(P Structs do not have synchronized member functions.) - -$(LNAME2 constructors, Constructors)
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME Constructor): - $(B this) $(GLINK2 declaration, Parameters) $(GLINK2 function, FunctionBody) -$(V2 $(GLINK2 template, TemplatedConstructor)) -) - - $(P Members are always initialized to the - $(LNAME2 class-default-initializer, default initializer) - for their type, which is usually 0 for integer types and - NAN for floating point types. - This eliminates an entire - class of obscure problems that come from - neglecting to initialize a member in one of the constructors. - In the class definition, - there can be a static initializer to be - used instead of the default: - ) ------- -class Abc { - int a; // default initializer for a is 0 - long b = 7; // default initializer for b is 7 - float f; // default initializer for f is NAN -} ------- - - This static initialization is done before any constructors are - called. -- - Constructors are defined with a function name of $(B this) - and having no return value: - ------- -class Foo { - $(B this)(int x) // declare constructor for Foo - { ... - } - $(B this)() - { ... - } -} ------- - - Base class construction is done by calling the base class - constructor by the name $(B super): - ------- -class A { this(int y) { } } - -class B : A { - int j; - this() { - ... - $(B super)(3); // call base constructor A.this(3) - ... - } -} ------- - - $(P Constructors can also call other constructors for the same class - in order to share common initializations - $(LNAME2 delegating-constructors, (this is called delegating constructors)): - ) - ------- -class C { - int j; - this() { - ... - } - this(int i) { - $(B this)(); - j = i; - } -} ------- - - If no call to constructors via $(B this) or $(B super) appear - in a constructor, and the base class has a constructor, a call - to $(B super)() is inserted at the beginning of the constructor. -
- - If there is no constructor for a class, but there is a constructor - for the base class, a default constructor of the form: - ------- -this() { } ------- - - $(P is implicitly generated.) - - $(P Class object construction is very flexible, but some restrictions - apply:) - - $(OL - $(LI It is illegal for constructors to mutually call each other, - although the compiler is not required to detect it. It will result - in undefined behavior. - ------- -this() { this(1); } -this(int i) { this(); } // illegal, cyclic constructor calls ------- - ) - - $(LI If any constructor call appears inside a constructor, any - path through the constructor must make exactly one constructor - call: - ------- -this() { a || super(); } // illegal - -this() { (a) ? this(1) : super(); } // ok - -this() { - for (...) { - super(); // illegal, inside loop - } -} ------- - ) - - $(LI It is illegal to refer to $(B this) implicitly or explicitly - prior to making a constructor call.) - - $(LI Constructor calls cannot appear after labels (in order to make - it easy to check for the previous conditions in the presence of goto's).) - - ) - - $(P Instances of class objects are created with $(I NewExpression)s:) - ------- -A a = new A(3); ------- - - $(P The following steps happen:) - -$(OL - $(LI Storage is allocated for the object. - If this fails, rather than return $(B null), an - $(B OutOfMemoryError) is thrown. - Thus, tedious checks for null references are unnecessary. - ) - - $(LI The raw data is statically initialized using the values provided - in the class definition. - The pointer to the vtbl[] (the array of pointers to virtual functions) - is assigned. - This ensures that constructors are - passed fully formed objects for which virtual functions can be called. - This operation is equivalent to doing a memory copy of a static - version of the object onto the newly allocated one, - although more advanced compilers - may be able to optimize much of this away. - ) - - $(LI If there is a constructor defined for the class, - the constructor matching the - argument list is called. - ) - - $(LI If class invariant checking is turned on, the class invariant - is called at the end of the constructor. - ) -) - -
$(LNAME2 destructors, Destructors)
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME Destructor): - $(B ~ this ( )) $(GLINK2 function, FunctionBody) -) - - The garbage collector calls the destructor function when the object - is deleted. The syntax - is: - ------- -class Foo { - ~this() // destructor for Foo - { - } -} ------- - - $(P There can be only one destructor per class, the destructor - does not have any parameters, - and has no attributes. It is always virtual. - ) - - $(P The destructor is expected to release any resources held by the - object. - ) - - $(P The program can explicitly inform the garbage collector that an - object is no longer referred to (with the delete expression), and - then the garbage collector calls the destructor - immediately, and adds the object's memory to the free storage. - The destructor is guaranteed to never be called twice. - ) - - $(P The destructor for the super class automatically gets called when - the destructor ends. There is no way to call the super destructor - explicitly. - ) - - $(P The garbage collector is not guaranteed to run the destructor - for all unreferenced objects. Furthermore, the order in which the - garbage collector calls destructors for unreference objects - is not specified. - This means that - when the garbage collector calls a destructor for an object of a class - that has - members that are references to garbage collected objects, those - references may no longer be valid. This means that destructors - cannot reference sub objects. - This rule does not apply to auto objects or objects deleted - with the $(I DeleteExpression), as the destructor is not being run - by the garbage collector, meaning all references are valid. - ) - - $(P Objects referenced from the data segment never get collected - by the gc. - ) - -Static Constructors
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME StaticConstructor): - $(B static this ( )) $(GLINK2 function, FunctionBody) -) - - $(P - $(V1 A static constructor is a function that performs - initializations before the $(D main()) function gets control.) - - $(V2 A static constructor is a function that performs - initializations of thread local data before the $(D main()) function gets control for - the main thread, and upon thread startup.) - - Static constructors are used to initialize - static class members - with values that cannot be computed at compile time. - ) - - $(P Static constructors in other languages are built implicitly by using - member - initializers that can't be computed at compile time. The trouble with - this stems from not - having good control over exactly when the code is executed, for example: - ) - ------- -class Foo { - static int a = b + 1; - static int b = a * 2; -} ------- - - What values do a and b end up with, what order are the initializations - executed in, what - are the values of a and b before the initializations are run, is this a - compile error, or is this - a runtime error? Additional confusion comes from it not being obvious if - an initializer is - static or dynamic. -- - D makes this simple. All member initializations must be determinable by - the compiler at - compile time, hence there is no order-of-evaluation dependency for - member - initializations, and it is not possible to read a value that has not - been initialized. Dynamic - initialization is performed by a static constructor, defined with - a special syntax $(D static this()). - ------- -class Foo { - static int a; // default initialized to 0 - static int b = 1; - static int c = b + a; // error, not a constant initializer - - $(B static this)() // static constructor - { - a = b + 1; // a is set to 2 - b = a * 2; // b is set to 4 - } -} ------- - - $(P - $(V1 - If $(D main()) returns normally - (does not throw an exception), the static destructor is added - to the list of functions to be - called on program termination. - ) - $(V2 - If $(D main()) or the thread returns normally, - (does not throw an exception), the static destructor is added - to the list of functions to be - called on thread termination. - ) - Static constructors have empty parameter lists. - ) - - $(P - Static constructors within a module are executed in the lexical - order in which they appear. - All the static constructors for modules that are directly or - indirectly imported - are executed before the static constructors for the importer. - ) - - $(P - The $(B static) in the static constructor declaration is not - an attribute, it must appear immediately before the $(B this): - ) - ------- -class Foo { - static this() { ... } // a static constructor - static private this() { ... } // not a static constructor - static { - this() { ... } // not a static constructor - } - static: - this() { ... } // not a static constructor -} ------- - -
Static Destructors
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME StaticDestructor): - $(B static ~ this ( )) $(GLINK2 function, FunctionBody) -) - - A static destructor is defined as a special static function with the - syntax $(D static ~this()). - ------- -class Foo { - static ~this() // static destructor - { - } -} ------- - - $(P - A static destructor gets called on $(V1 program)$(V2 thread) termination, - but only if the static constructor - completed successfully. - Static destructors have empty parameter lists. - Static destructors get called in the reverse order that the static - constructors were called in. - ) - - $(P - The $(B static) in the static destructor declaration is not - an attribute, it must appear immediately before the $(B ~this): - ) - ------- -class Foo { - static ~this() { ... } // a static destructor - static private ~this() { ... } // not a static destructor - static - { - ~this() { ... } // not a static destructor - } - static: - ~this() { ... } // not a static destructor -} ------- - -$(V2 -Shared Static Constructors
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME SharedStaticConstructor): - $(B shared static this ( )) $(GLINK2 function, FunctionBody) -) - - $(P Shared static constructors are executed before any $(GLINK StaticConstructor)s, - and are intended for initializing any shared global data. - ) - -Shared Static Destructors
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME SharedStaticDestructor): - $(B shared static ~ this ( )) $(GLINK2 function, FunctionBody) -) - - $(P Shared static destructors are executed at program termination - in the reverse order that - $(GLINK SharedStaticConstructor)s were executed. - ) -) - -$(LNAME2 invariants, Class Invariants)
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME Invariant): - $(B invariant ( )) $(GLINK2 statement, BlockStatement) -) - - Class invariants are used to specify characteristics of a class that always - must be true (except while executing a member function). For example, a - class representing a date might have an invariant that the day must be 1..31 - and the hour must be 0..23: - ------- -class Date { - int day; - int hour; - - $(B invariant()) { - assert(1 <= day && day <= 31); - assert(0 <= hour && hour < 24); - } -} ------- - - $(P The class invariant is a contract saying that the asserts must hold - true. - The invariant is checked when a class constructor completes, - at the start of the class destructor. For public or exported functions, - the order of execution is: - ) - - $(OL - $(LI preconditions) - $(LI invariant) - $(LI body) - $(LI invariant) - $(LI postconditions) - ) - - $(P The code in the invariant may not call any public non-static members - of the - class, either directly or indirectly. - Doing so will result in a stack overflow, as the invariant will wind - up being called in an infinitely recursive manner. - ) - - $(V2 $(P Invariants are implicitly const.)) - - $(P Since the invariant is called at the start of public or - exported members, such members should not be called from - constructors. - ) - ------- -class Foo { - public void f() { } - private void g() { } - - $(B invariant()) { - f(); // error, cannot call public member function from invariant - g(); // ok, g() is not public - } -} ------- - - The invariant - can be checked when a class object is the argument to an -assert() expression, as:
-
-------
-Date mydate;
-...
-assert(mydate); // check that class Date invariant holds
-------
-
- Invariants contain assert expressions, and so when they fail,
- they throw a $(D AssertError)s.
- Class invariants are inherited, that is,
- any class invariant is implicitly anded with the invariants of its base
- classes.
- - - There can be only one $(I Invariant) per class. -
- - When compiling for release, the invariant code is not generated, and the compiled program - runs at maximum speed. - -
$(LNAME2 allocators, Class Allocators)
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME ClassAllocator): - $(B new) $(GLINK2 declaration, Parameters) $(GLINK2 function, FunctionBody) -) - - A class member function of the form: - ------- -new(uint size) { - ... -} ------- - - is called a class allocator. - The class allocator can have any number of parameters, provided - the first one is of type uint. - Any number can be defined for a class, the correct one is - determined by the usual function overloading rules. - When a new expression: - ------- -new Foo; ------- - - is executed, and Foo is a class that has - an allocator, the allocator is called with the first argument - set to the size in bytes of the memory to be allocated for the - instance. - The allocator must allocate the memory and return it as a - $(D void*). - If the allocator fails, it must not return a $(B null), but - must throw an exception. - If there is more than one parameter to the allocator, the - additional arguments are specified within parentheses after - the $(B new) in the $(I NewExpression): - ------- -class Foo { - this(char[] a) { ... } - - new(uint size, int x, int y) { - ... - } -} - -... - -new(1,2) Foo(a); // calls new(Foo.sizeof,1,2) ------- - - $(P Derived classes inherit any allocator from their base class, - if one is not specified. - ) - - $(P The class allocator is not called if the instance is created - on the stack. - ) - - $(P See also - $(DPLLINK memory.html#newdelete, Explicit Class Instance Allocation). - ) - -$(LNAME2 deallocators, Class Deallocators)
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME ClassDeallocator): - $(B delete) $(GLINK2 declaration, Parameters) $(GLINK2 function, FunctionBody) -) - - A class member function of the form: - ------- -delete(void *p) { - ... -} ------- - - is called a class deallocator. - The deallocator must have exactly one parameter of type $(D void*). - Only one can be specified for a class. - When a delete expression: - ------- -delete f; ------- - - $(P is executed, and f is a reference to a class instance that has - a deallocator, the deallocator is called with a pointer to the - class instance after the destructor (if any) for the class is - called. It is the responsibility of the deallocator to free - the memory. - ) - - $(P Derived classes inherit any deallocator from their base class, - if one is not specified. - ) - - $(P The class allocator is not called if the instance is created - on the stack. - ) - - $(P See also - $(DPLLINK memory.html#newdelete, Explicit Class Instance Allocation). - ) - -$(V2 -$(LNAME2 AliasThis, Alias This)
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME AliasThis): - $(B alias) $(I Identifier) $(B this;) -) - - $(P An $(I AliasThis) declaration names a member to subtype. - The $(I Identifier) names that member. - ) - - $(P A class or struct can be implicitly converted to the $(I AliasThis) - member. - ) - ---- -struct S { - int x; - alias x this; -} - -int foo(int i) { return i * 2; } - -void test() { - S s; - s.x = 7; - int i = -s; // i == -7 - i = s + 8; // i == 15 - i = s + s; // i == 14 - i = 9 + s; // i == 16 - i = foo(s); // implicit conversion to int -} ---- - - $(P If the member is a class or struct, undefined lookups will - be forwarded to the $(I AliasThis) member. - ) - ---- -struct Foo -{ - int baz = 4; - int get() { return 7; } -} - -class Bar -{ - Foo foo; - alias foo this; -} - -void test() { - auto bar = new Bar; - int i = bar.baz; // i == 4 - i = bar.get(); // i == 7 -} ---- - - $(P If the $(I Identifier) refers to a property member - function with no parameters, conversions and undefined - lookups are forwarded to the return value of the function. - ) - ---- -struct S -{ - int x; - @property int get() { - return x * 2; - } - alias get this; -} - -void test() { - S s; - s.x = 2; - int i = s; // i == 4 -} ---- - - $(P Multiple $(I AliasThis) are allowed. For implicit conversions - and forwarded lookups, all $(I AliasThis) declarations are attempted; - if more than one $(I AliasThis) is eligible, the ambiguity is - disallowed by raising an error. - ) -) - -$(LNAME2 auto, Scope Classes)
- - A scope class is a class with the $(B scope) attribute, as in: - ------- -scope class Foo { ... } ------- - - The scope characteristic is inherited, so if any classes derived - from a scope class are also scope. -- - An scope class reference can only appear as a function local variable. - It must be declared as being $(B scope): - ------- -scope class Foo { ... } - -void func() { - Foo f; // error, reference to scope class must be scope - scope Foo g = new Foo(); // correct -} ------- - - When an scope class reference goes out of scope, the destructor - (if any) for it is automatically called. This holds true even if - the scope was exited via a thrown exception. - -
$(LNAME2 final, Final Classes)
- - $(P Final classes cannot be subclassed:) - ---- -final class A { } -class B : A { } // error, class A is final ---- - -$(LNAME2 nested, Nested Classes)
- - A $(I nested class) is a class that is declared inside the scope - of a function or another class. - A nested class has access to the variables and other symbols - of the classes and functions it is nested inside: - ------- -class Outer { - int m; - - class Inner { - int foo() { - return m; // Ok to access member of Outer - } - } -} - -void func() { - int m; - - class Inner { - int foo() { - return m; // Ok to access local variable m of func() - } - } -} ------- - - If a nested class has the $(B static) attribute, then it can - not access variables of the enclosing scope that are local to the - stack or need a $(B this): - ------- -class Outer { - int m; - static int n; - - static class Inner { - int foo() { - return m; // Error, Inner is static and m needs a $(B this) - return n; // Ok, n is static - } - } -} - -void func() { - int m; - static int n; - - static class Inner { - int foo() { - return m; // Error, Inner is static and m is local to the stack - return n; // Ok, n is static - } - } -} ------- - - Non-static nested classes work by containing an extra hidden member - (called the context pointer) - that is the frame pointer of the enclosing function if it is nested - inside a function, or the $(B this) of the enclosing class's instance - if it is nested inside a class. -- - When a non-static nested class is instantiated, the context pointer - is assigned before the class's constructor is called, therefore - the constructor has full access to the enclosing variables. - A non-static nested class can only be instantiated when the necessary - context pointer information is available: - ------- -class Outer { - class Inner { } - - static class SInner { } -} - -void func() { - class Nested { } - - Outer o = new Outer; // Ok - Outer.Inner oi = new Outer.Inner; // Error, no 'this' for Outer - Outer.SInner os = new Outer.SInner; // Ok - - Nested n = new Nested; // Ok -} ------- - -$(V1 - While a non-static nested class can access the stack variables - of its enclosing function, that access becomes invalid once - the enclosing function exits: - ------- -class Base { - int foo() { return 1; } -} - -Base func() { - int m = 3; - - class Nested : Base { - int foo() { return m; } - } - - Base b = new Nested; - - assert(b.foo() == 3); // Ok, func() is still active - return b; -} - -int test() { - Base b = func(); - return b.foo(); // Error, func().m is undefined -} ------- - - If this kind of functionality is needed, the way to make it work - is to make copies of the needed variables within the nested class's - constructor: - ------- -class Base { - int foo() { return 1; } -} - -Base func() { - int m = 3; - - class Nested : Base { - int m_; - - this() { m_ = m; } - int foo() { return m_; } - } - - Base b = new Nested; - - assert(b.foo() == 3); // Ok, func() is still active - return b; -} - -int test() { - Base b = func(); - return b.foo(); // Ok, using cached copy of func().m -} ------- -) - - $(P A $(I this) can be supplied to the creation of an - inner class instance by prefixing it to the $(I NewExpression): - ) - ---------- -class Outer { - int a; - - class Inner { - int foo() { - return a; - } - } -} - -int bar() { - Outer o = new Outer; - o.a = 3; - Outer.Inner oi = $(B o).new Inner; - return oi.foo(); // returns 3 -} ---------- - - $(P Here $(B o) supplies the $(I this) to the outer class - instance of $(B Outer). - ) - - $(P The property $(B .outer) used in a nested class gives the - $(B this) pointer to its enclosing class. If the enclosing - context is not a class, the $(B .outer) will give the pointer - to it as a $(B void*) type. - ) - ----- -class Outer { - class Inner { - Outer foo() { - return this.$(B outer); - } - } - - void bar() { - Inner i = new Inner; - assert(this == i.foo()); - } -} - -void test() { - Outer o = new Outer; - o.bar(); -} ----- - -
$(LNAME2 anonymous, Anonymous Nested Classes)
- - $(P An anonymous nested class is both defined and instantiated with - a $(I NewAnonClassExpression): - ) - -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME NewAnonClassExpression): - $(B new) $(GLINK2 expression, AllocatorArguments)$(OPT) $(B class) $(I ClassArguments)$(OPT) $(GLINK SuperClass)$(OPT) $(GLINK Interfaces)$(OPT) $(GLINK ClassBody) - -$(GNAME ClassArguments): - $(B $(LPAREN)) $(GLINK2 expression, ArgumentList)$(OPT) $(B $(RPAREN)) -) - - $(P which is equivalent to: - ) - ------- -class $(I Identifier) : $(I SuperClass) $(I Interfaces) - $(I ClassBody) - -new ($(I ArgumentList)) $(I Identifier) ($(I ArgumentList)); ------- - - $(P where $(I Identifier) is the name generated for the anonymous - nested class. - ) - -$(V2 -$(SECTION3 Const Immutable and Shared Classes, - $(P If a $(I ClassDeclaration) has a $(CODE const), $(CODE immutable) - or $(CODE shared) storage class, then it is as if each member of the class - was declared with that storage class. - If a base class is const, immutable or shared, then all classes derived - from it are also const, immutable or shared. - ) -) -) - -) -) - -Macros: - TITLE=Classes - WIKI=Class - CATEGORY_SPEC=$0 - FOO= - diff --git a/community.dd b/community.dd new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f20306229c --- /dev/null +++ b/community.dd @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Ddoc + +$(D_S Community, $(NAVIGATION_COMMUNITY)) + +Macros: + TITLE=Community diff --git a/comparison.dd b/comparison.dd index fbf0742eb3..9737a7ccee 100644 --- a/comparison.dd +++ b/comparison.dd @@ -1,595 +1,149 @@ Ddoc -$(COMMUNITY $(B D) vs Other Languages, - - $(BLOCKQUOTE William Nerdspeare, - To D, or not to D. - ) - - $(P This table is a quick and rough list of various features of - $(B D) - that can be used to compare with other languages. - While many capabilities are available with standard libraries, this - table is for features built in to the core language itself. - $(LINK2 builtin.html, Rationale). - ) - -| Feature | -$(B D) | - ) - - - - - $(TR - $(TD Garbage Collection) - $(YES1 garbage.html) - ) - - $(TR -Functions | - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Function delegates) - $(YES1 type.html#delegates) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Function overloading) - $(YES1 function.html#function-overloading) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Out function parameters) - $(YES1 function.html#parameters) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Nested functions) - $(YES1 function.html#nested) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Function literals) - $(YES1 expression.html#FunctionLiteral) - ) - - $(TR - $(V1 $(TD Dynamic closures)) - $(V2 $(TD Closures)) - $(YES1 function.html#closures) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Typesafe variadic arguments) - $(YES1 function.html#variadic) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Lazy function argument evaluation) - $(YES1 lazy-evaluation.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Compile time function evaluation) - $(YES1 function.html#interpretation) - ) - - $(TR -Arrays | - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Lightweight arrays) - $(YES1 arrays.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Resizeable arrays) - $(YES1 arrays.html#resize) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Built-in strings) - $(YES1 arrays.html#strings) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Array slicing) - $(YES1 arrays.html#slicing) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Array bounds checking) - $(YES1 arrays.html#bounds) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Array literals) - $(YES1 expression.html#ArrayLiteral) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Associative arrays) - $(YES1 arrays.html#associative) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Strong typedefs) - $(YES1 declaration.html#typedef) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD String switches) - $(YES1 statement.html#SwitchStatement) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Aliases) - $(YES1 declaration.html#alias) - ) - - $(TR -OOP | - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Object Oriented) - $(YES) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Multiple Inheritance) - $(NO) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Interfaces) - $(YES1 interface.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Operator overloading) - $(YES1 operatoroverloading.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Modules) - $(YES1 module.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Dynamic class loading) - $(NO) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Nested classes) - $(YES1 class.html#nested) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Inner (adaptor) classes) - $(YES1 class.html#nested) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Covariant return types) - $(YES1 function.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Properties) - $(YES1 property.html#classproperties) - ) - - $(TR -Performance | - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Inline assembler) - $(YES1 iasm.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Direct access to hardware) - $(YES) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Lightweight objects) - $(YES1 struct.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Explicit memory allocation control) - $(YES1 memory.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Independent of VM) - $(YES) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Direct native code gen) - $(YES) - ) - - $(TR -Generic Programming | - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Class Templates) - $(YES1 template.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Function Templates) - $(YES1 template.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Implicit Function Template Instantiation) - $(YES1 template.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Partial and Explicit Specialization) - $(YES1 template.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Value Template Parameters) - $(YES1 template.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Template Template Parameters) - $(YES1 template.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Variadic Template Parameters) - $(YES1 template.html) - ) -$(V2 - $(TR - $(TD Template Constraints) - $(YES1 concepts.html) - ) -) - $(TR - $(TD Mixins) - $(YES1 template-mixin.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD static if) - $(YES1 version.html#staticif) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD is expressions) - $(YES1 expression.html#IsExpression) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD typeof) - $(YES1 declaration.html#Typeof) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD foreach) - $(YES1 statement.html#ForeachStatement) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Implicit Type Inference) - $(YES1 declaration.html#AutoDeclaration) - ) - - $(TR -Reliability | - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Contract Programming) - $(YES1 dbc.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Unit testing) - $(YES1 unittest.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Static construction order) - $(YES1 module.html#staticorder) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Guaranteed initialization) - $(YES1 statement.html#DeclarationStatement) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD RAII (automatic destructors)) - $(YES1 memory.html#raii) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Exception handling) - $(YES1 statement.html#TryStatement) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Scope guards) - $(YES1 statement.html#ScopeGuardStatement) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD try-catch-finally blocks) - $(YES1 statement.html#TryStatement) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Thread synchronization primitives) - $(YES1 statement.html#SynchronizedStatement) - ) - - $(TR -Compatibility | - ) - - $(TR - $(TD C-style syntax) - $(YES) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Enumerated types) - $(YES1 enum.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Support all C types) - $(YES1 type.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD 80 bit floating point) - $(YES1 type.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Complex and Imaginary) - $(YES1 type.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Direct access to C) - $(YES1 attribute.html#linkage) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Use existing debuggers) - $(YES) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Struct member alignment control) - $(YES1 attribute.html#align) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Generates standard object files) - $(YES) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Macro text preprocessor) - $(NO1 pretod.html) - ) - - $(TR -Other | - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Conditional compilation) - $(YES1 version.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Unicode source text) - $(YES1 lex.html) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Documentation comments) - $(YES1 ddoc.html) - ) - - - -
|---|
-
-
-
- Object Oriented -
- This means support for classes, member functions,
- inheritance, and virtual function dispatch.
-
- -
- Inline assembler -
- Many C and C++ compilers support an inline assembler, but
- this is not a standard part of the language, and implementations
- vary widely in syntax and quality.
-
- -
- Interfaces -
- Support in C++ for interfaces is weak enough that an
- IDL (Interface Description Language) was invented to compensate.
-
- -
- Modules -
- Many correctly argue that C++ doesn't really have modules.
- But C++ namespaces coupled with header files share many features
- with modules.
-
- -
- Garbage Collection -
- The Hans-Boehm garbage collector can be successfully used
- with C and C++, but it is not a standard part of the language.
-
- -
- Implicit Type Inference -
- This refers to the ability to pick up the type of a
- declaration from its initializer.
-
- -
- Contract Programming -
- The Digital Mars C++ compiler supports
- Contract Programming
- as an extension.
- Compare some C++ techniques for
- doing Contract Programming with D.
-
- -
- Resizeable arrays -
- Part of the standard library for C++ implements resizeable
- arrays, however, they are not part of the core language.
- A conforming freestanding implementation of C++ (C++98 17.4.1.3) does
- not need to provide these libraries.
-
- -
- Built-in Strings -
- Part of the standard library for C++ implements strings,
- however, they are not part of the core language.
- A conforming freestanding implementation of C++ (C++98 17.4.1.3) does
- not need to provide these libraries.
- $(REDO Here's a comparison of C++ strings
- and D built-in strings.)
-
- -
- Strong typedefs -
- Strong typedefs can be emulated in C/C++ by wrapping a type
- in a struct. Getting this to work right requires much tedious
- programming, and so is considered as not supported.
-
- -
- Use existing debuggers -
- By this is meant using common debuggers that can operate
- using debug data in common formats embedded in the executable.
- A specialized debugger useful only with that language is not required.
-
- -
- Struct member alignment control -
- Although many C/C++ compilers contain pragmas to specify
- struct alignment, these are nonstandard and incompatible from
- compiler to compiler.
- The C# standard ECMA-334 25.5.8 says only this about struct member - alignment: - $(I "The order in which members are packed - into a struct is unspecified. For alignment purposes, there may be - unnamed padding at the beginning of a struct, within a struct, and at - the end of the struct. The contents of the bits used as padding are - indeterminate.") - Therefore, although Microsoft may - have extensions to support specific member alignment, they are not an - official part of standard C#. -- -
- Support all C types -
- C99 adds many new types not supported by C++.
-
- -
- 80 bit floating point -
- While the standards for C and C++ specify long doubles, few
- compilers (besides Digital Mars C/C++) actually implement
- 80 bit (or longer) floating point types.
-
- -
- Mixins -
- Mixins have many different meanings in different programming
- languages. D mixins mean taking an arbitrary
- sequence of declarations
- and inserting (mixing) them into the current scope. Mixins can be done
- at the global, class, struct, or local level.
-
- -
- C++ Mixins -
- C++ mixins refer to a couple different techniques. The first
- is analogous to D's interface classes. The second is to create
- a template of the form:
-$(CPPCODE
-template <class Base> class Mixin : public Base
-{
- ... mixin body ...
-}
-)
- D mixins are different.
-
- -
- Static If -
- The C and C++ preprocessor directive #if would appear to
- be equivalent to the D static if. But there are major and crucial
- differences - the #if does not have access to any of the constants,
- types, or symbols of the program. It can only access preprocessor
- macros.
- See this example.
-
- -
- Is Expressions -
- $(I Is expressions) enable conditional compilation based
- on the characteristics of a type. This is done after a fashion in
- C++ using template parameter pattern matching.
- See this example
- for a comparison of the different approaches.
-
- -
- Inner (adaptor) classes -
- A $(I nested class) is one whose definition is within the scope
- of another class. An $(I inner class) is a nested class that
- can also reference the members and fields of the lexically
- enclosing class; one can think of it as if it contained a 'this'
- pointer to the enclosing class.
-
- -
- Documentation comments -
- Documentation comments refer to a standardized way to produce - documentation from the source code file using specialized - comments. - -
Overloading based on Constraints
- - $(P Given a list of overloaded templates with the same name, - constraints act as a yes/no filter to determine the list - of candidates for a match. - Overloading based on constraints can thus be achieved by - setting up constraint expressions that are mutually exclusive. - For example, overloading template $(CODE Foo) so that one - takes odd integers and the other even: - ) ---- -template Foo(int N) if (N & 1) { ... } // A -template Foo(int N) if (!(N & 1)) { ... } // B -... -Foo!(3) // instantiates A -Foo!(64) // instantiates B ---- - - $(P Constraints are not involved with determining which - template is more specialized than another. - ) - ---- -void foo(T, int N)() if (N & 1) { ... } // A -void foo(T : int, int N)() if (N > 3) { ... } // B -... -foo!(int, 7)(); // picks B, more specialized -foo!(int, 1)(); // picks A, as it fails B's constraint -foo!("a", 7)(); // picks A -foo!("a", 4)(); // error, no match ---- - -References
- - $(UL - $(LI $(LINK2 http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n2081.pdf, Concepts (Revision 1)) - by Douglas Gregor and Bjarne Stroustrup - ) - ) - -) - -Macros: - TITLE=Template Constraints - WIKI=Constraints -META_KEYWORDS=D Programming Language, constraints, template, concepts, C++ -META_DESCRIPTION=Going beyond type patterns to constrain template instantiations. - - - diff --git a/const-faq.dd b/const-faq.dd deleted file mode 100644 index a48fa24043..0000000000 --- a/const-faq.dd +++ /dev/null @@ -1,294 +0,0 @@ -Ddoc - -$(D_S const(FAQ), - - $(P D's $(D const)/$(D immutable) system is unique, and so there - are a lot of questions about it. ) - - $(UL - - $(ITEMR const, Why does D have const?) - $(ITEMR principles, What principles drove the D const design?) - $(ITEMR transitive-const, What is $(I transitive const)?) - $(ITEMR head-const, What is $(I head const)?) - $(ITEMR tail-const, What is $(I tail const)?) - $(ITEMR logical-const, What is $(I logical const)?) - $(ITEMR readonly, Why not use $(I readonly) to mean read only view?) - $(ITEMR java-const, Why did Java reject const?) - $(ITEMR cpp-const, How does const differ in C++?) - $(ITEMR invariant-strings, Why are strings immutable?) - $(ITEMR const-parameters, Why aren't function parameters const by default?) - $(ITEMR static-members, Are static class members covered by transitive const?) - $(ITEMR invariant, What is $(I immutable) good for?) - ) - -$(ITEM const, Why does D have const?) - - $(P People often express frustration with const and immutable - in D 2.0 and wonder if it is worth it. - ) - - $(OL - - $(LI It makes function interfaces more self-documenting. Without - transitive const, for all pointer/reference parameters one must rely on - the documentation (which is always missing, out of date, or wrong). Note - that without transitivity, C++ const is nearly useless for such - self-documentation, which is why C++ programmers tend to rely on - convention instead. - ) - - $(LI It makes for interfaces that can be relied upon, which becomes - increasingly important the more people that are involved with the code. - In other words, it scales very well. People who are involved with - projects with large teams of programmers say that lack of const - makes their lives difficult because they cannot rely on the compiler to - enforce convention. The larger the team, the worse it gets. Managing - APIs is critical to a large project - it's why BASIC doesn't scale (for - an extreme example). - ) - - $(LI Const transitivity makes for some interesting optimization - opportunities. The value of this has not been explored or exploited. - ) - - $(LI Here's the biggie. Points 1..3 are insignificant in comparison. The - future of programming will be multicore, multithreaded. Languages that - make it easy to program them will supplant languages that don't. - Transitive const is key to bringing D into this paradigm. The surge in - use of Haskell and Erlang is evidence of this coming trend (the killer - feature of those languages is they make it easy to do multiprogramming). - C++ cannot be retrofitted to supporting multiprogramming in a manner - that makes it accessible. D isn't there yet, but it will be, and - transitive const will be absolutely fundamental to making it work. - ) - ) - - $(P Of course, for writing single-threaded one man programs of - fairly modest size, const is not particularly useful. - And in D const can be effectively ignored by just not using it, or - by using D 1.0. The only place const is imposed is with the immutable - string type. - ) - -$(ITEM principles, What principles drove the D const design?) - - $(OL - $(LI It will be mathematically sound. That means there - are no legal escapes from it.) - $(LI Any type can be wrapped in a struct and the resulting - struct can still exhibit the same const behavior - in other - words, no magic behavior for certain types.) - $(LI Const behavior will be transitive.) - $(LI Const behavior for type T will be equivalent for all types T.) - ) - -$(ITEM transitive-const, What is $(I transitive const)?) - - $(P Transitive const means that once const is applied to a type, - it applies recursively to every sub-component of that type. Hence: - ) - ---- -const(int*)** p; -p += 1; // ok, p is mutable -*p += 1; // ok, *p is mutable -**p += 1; // error, **p is const -***p += 1; // error, ***p is const ---- - - $(P With transitivity, there is no way to have a - $(I const pointer to mutable int). - ) - - $(P C++ const is not transitive.) - -$(ITEM head-const, What is $(I head const)?) - - $(P Head const is where the const applies only to the component - of the type adjacent to the const. For example: - ) - ---- -headconst(int**) p; ---- - $(P would be read as p being a: $(I const pointer to mutable pointer - to mutable int.) D does not have head const (the $(CODE headconst) is - there just for illustrative purposes), but C++ const is - a head const system. - ) - -$(ITEM tail-const, What is $(I tail const)?) - - $(P Tail const is the complement of head const - everything reachable - from the const type is also const except for the top level. For - example: - ) - ---- -tailconst(int**) p; ---- - $(P would be read as p being a: $(I mutable pointer to const pointer - to const int.) Head const combined with tail const yields transitive - const. - D doesn't have $(CODE tailconst) (the keyword is there just for - illustrative purposes) as a distinct type constructor. - ) - -$(ITEM logical-const, What is $(I logical const)?) - - $(P $(I Logical const) refers to data that appears to be constant - to an observer, but is not actually const. An example would be - an object that does lazy evaluation:) - ---- -struct Foo { - mutable int len; - mutable bool len_done; - const char* str; - int length() - { if (!len_done) - { len = strlen(str); - len_done = true; - } - return len; - } - this(char* str) { this.str = str; } -} -const Foo f = Foo("hello"); -bar(f.length); ---- - - $(P The example evaluates $(CODE f.len) only if it is needed. - $(CODE Foo) is logically const, because to the observer of the object - its return values never change after construction. - The $(CODE mutable) qualifier says that even if an instance - of $(CODE Foo) is const, those fields can still change. - While C++ supports the notion of logical const, D does not, - and D does not have a $(CODE mutable) qualifier. - ) - - $(P The problem with logical const is that const is no longer - transitive. Not being transitive means there is the potential - for threading race conditions, and there is no way to determine - if an opaque const type has mutable members or not. - ) - - $(P Reference: - $(LINK2 http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/programming_books/thinking_in_c++/Chapter08_025.html, mutable: bitwise vs. logical const) - ) - -$(ITEM readonly, Why not use $(I readonly) to mean read only view?) - - $(P $(I Readonly) has a well established meaning in software to - mean ROM, or Read Only Memory that can never be changed. - For computers with hardware protection for memory pages, readonly - also means that the memory contents cannot be altered. - Using readonly in D to mean a read only view of memory that could - be altered by another alias or thread runs counter to this. - ) - -$(ITEM java-const, Why did Java reject const?) - - $(P $(LINK http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=4211070) - ) - -$(ITEM cpp-const, How does const differ in C++?) - - $(P C++ has a const system that is closer to D's than any other - language, but it still has huge differences:) - - $(OL - $(LI const is not transitive) - $(LI no immutables) - $(LI const objects can have mutable members) - $(LI const can be legally cast away and the data modified) - $(LI $(CODE const T) and $(CODE T) are not always distinct types) - ) - -$(ITEM invariant-strings, Why are strings immutable?) - - $(P $(LINK2 http://drdobbs.com/blogs/architecture-and-design/228700475, Immutable Strings) - ) - -$(ITEM const-parameters, Why aren't function parameters const by default?) - - $(P Since most (nearly all?) function parameters will not be modified, - it would seem to make sense to make them all const by default, - and one would have to specifically mark as mutable those that would - be changed. The problems with this are: - ) - - $(OL - - $(LI It would be a huge break from past D practice, and practice - in C, C++, Java, C#, etc.) - $(LI It would require a new keyword, say $(CODE mutable).) - $(LI And worst, it would make declarations inconsistent: ---- -void foo(int* p) { - int* q; - ... -} ---- - $(CODE p) points to const, and $(CODE q) points to mutable. - This kind of inconsistency leads to all sorts of mistakes. - It also makes it very hard to write generic code that deals with - types. - ) - ) - - $(P Using $(CODE in) can mitigate the ugliness of having to annotate - with $(CODE const):) ---- -void str_replace(in char[] haystack, in char[] needle); ---- - -$(ITEM static-members, Are static class members covered by transitive const?) - - $(P A static class member is part of the global state of a program, - not part of the state of an object. Thus, a class having a mutable - static member does not violate the transitive constness of an object - of that class. - ) - -$(ITEM invariant, What is $(I immutable) good for?) - - $(P Immutable data, once initialized, is never changed. - This has many uses: - ) - - $(UL - $(LI Access to immutable data need not be synchronized - when multiple threads read it.) - $(LI Data races, tearing, sequential consistency, and - cache consistency are all non-issues when working with - immutable data.) - $(LI Pure functions can only accept immutable parameters.) - $(LI When doing a $(I deep copy) of a data structure, - the immutable portions need not be copied.) - $(LI Invariance allows a large chunk of data to be treated - as a value type even if it is passed around by reference - (strings are the most common case of this).) - $(LI Immutable type provides more self-documenting information - to the programmer.) - $(LI Immutable data can be placed in hardware protected read-only - memory, or even in ROMs.) - $(LI If immutable data does change, it is a sure sign of a memory - corruption bug, and it is possible to automatically check for - such data integrity.) - $(LI Immutable types provide for many program optimization - opportunities.) - ) - - $(P $(I const) acts as a bridge between the mutable and immutable - worlds, so a single function can be used to accept both types - of arguments.) -) - -Macros: - TITLE=const(FAQ) - WIKI=constFAQ - CATEGORY_FAQ=$0 - ITEMR=$(LI $(LINK2 #$1, $+)) - ITEM=$+
diff --git a/const3.dd b/const3.dd deleted file mode 100644 index c8d2b28ea9..0000000000 --- a/const3.dd +++ /dev/null @@ -1,592 +0,0 @@ -Ddoc - -$(D_S Const and Immutable, - - $(P When examining a data structure or interface, it is very - helpful to be able to easily tell which data can be expected to not - change, which data might change, and who may change that data. - This is done with the aid of the language typing system. - Data can be marked as const or immutable, with the default being - changeable (or $(I mutable)). - ) - - $(P $(I immutable) applies to data that cannot change. - Immutable data values, once constructed, remain the same for - the duration of the program's - execution. - Immutable data can be placed in ROM (Read Only Memory) or in - memory pages marked by the hardware as read only. - Since immutable data does not change, it enables many opportunities - for program optimization, and has applications in functional - style programming. - ) - - $(P $(I const) applies to data that cannot be changed by - the const reference to that data. It may, however, be changed - by another reference to that same data. - Const finds applications in passing data through interfaces - that promise not to modify them. - ) - - $(P Both immutable and const are $(I transitive), which means - that any data reachable through an immutable reference is also - immutable, and likewise for const. - ) - -$(SECTION2 Immutable Storage Class, - - $(P - The simplest immutable declarations use it as a storage class. - It can be used to declare manifest constants. - ) - ---- -immutable int x = 3; // x is set to 3 -x = 4; // error, x is immutable -char[x] s; // s is an array of 3 char's ---- - - $(P The type can be inferred from the initializer: - ) ---- -immutable y = 4; // y is of type int -y = 5; // error, y is immutable ---- - - $(P If the initializer is not present, the immutable can - be initialized from the corresponding constructor: - ) - ---- -immutable int z; -void test() { - z = 3; // error, z is immutable -} -static this() { - z = 3; // ok, can set immutable that doesn't - // have static initializer -} ---- - $(P - The initializer for a non-local immutable declaration must be - evaluatable - at compile time: - ) - ---- -int foo(int f) { return f * 3; } -int i = 5; -immutable x = 3 * 4; // ok, 12 -immutable y = i + 1; // error, cannot evaluate at compile time -immutable z = foo(2) + 1; // ok, foo(2) can be evaluated at compile time, 7 ---- - - $(P The initializer for a non-static local immutable declaration - is evaluated at run time: - ) ---- -int foo(int f) -{ - immutable x = f + 1; // evaluated at run time - x = 3; // error, x is immutable -} ---- - - $(P - Because immutable is transitive, data referred to by an immutable is - also immutable: - ) - ---- -immutable char[] s = "foo"; -s[0] = 'a'; // error, s refers to immutable data -s = "bar"; // error, s is immutable ---- - - $(P Immutable declarations can appear as lvalues, i.e. they can - have their address taken, and occupy storage. - ) -) - -$(SECTION2 Const Storage Class, - - $(P - A const declaration is exactly like an immutable declaration, - with the following differences: - ) - - $(UL - $(LI Any data referenced by the const declaration cannot be - changed from the const declaration, but it might be changed - by other references to the same data.) - - $(LI The type of a const declaration is itself const.) - ) - -$(COMMENT -$(TABLE1 - -$(TR $(TH ) $(TH AddrOf) $(TH CTFEInit) $(TH Static) $(TH Field) $(TH Stack) $(TH Ctor)) - -$(TR $(TD ) - $(TD Can the address be taken?) - $(TD Is compile time function evaluation done on the initializer?) - $(TD allocated as static data?) - $(TD allocated as a per-instance field?) - $(TD allocated on the stack?) - $(TD Can the variable be assigned to in a constructor?) -) - - -$(TR $(TH Global data)) - -$(TR $(TD1 const T x;) $(Y) $(N) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(Y)) -$(TR $(TD1 const T x = 3;) $(N) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(N) $(N)) -$(TR $(TD1 static const T x;) $(Y) $(N) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(Y)) -$(TR $(TD1 static const T x = 3;) $(Y) $(Y) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(N)) - - -$(TR $(TH Class Members)) - -$(TR $(TD1 const T x;) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(Y) $(N) $(Y)) -$(TR $(TD1 const T x = 3;) $(N) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(N) $(N)) -$(TR $(TD1 static const T x;) $(Y) $(N) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(Y)) -$(TR $(TD1 static const T x = 3;) $(Y) $(Y) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(N)) - - -$(TR $(TH Local Variables)) - -$(TR $(TD1 const T x;) $(Y) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(Y) $(N)) -$(TR $(TD1 const T x = 3;) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(N) $(Y) $(N)) -$(TR $(TD1 static const T x;) $(Y) $(Y) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(N)) -$(TR $(TD1 static const T x = 3;) $(Y) $(Y) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(N)) - -$(TR $(TH Function Parameters)) - -$(TR $(TD1 const T x;) $(Y) $(N) $(N) $(N) $(Y) $(N)) -) - - -$(P Notes:) - -$(OL -$(LI If CTFEInit is true, then the initializer can also be used for -constant folding.) -) - - -$(TABLE1 -Removing Immutable With A Cast
- - $(P - The immutable type can be removed with a cast: - ) - ---- -immutable int* p = ...; -int* q = cast(int*)p; ---- - - $(P - This does not mean, however, that one can change the data: - ) - ---- -*q = 3; // allowed by compiler, but result is undefined behavior ---- - - $(P - The ability to cast away immutable-correctness is necessary in - some cases where the static typing is incorrect and not fixable, such - as when referencing code in a library one cannot change. - Casting is, as always, a blunt and effective instrument, and - when using it to cast away immutable-correctness, one must assume - the responsibility to ensure the immutableness of the data, as - the compiler will no longer be able to statically do so. - ) -) - - -$(SECTION2 Immutable Member Functions, - - $(P - Immutable member functions are guaranteed that the object - and anything referred to by the $(CODE this) reference is immutable. - They are declared as: - ) - ---- -struct S { - int x; - - void foo() immutable { - x = 4; // error, x is immutable - this.x = 4; // error, x is immutable - } -} ---- - $(P Note that using $(D_KEYWORD immutable) on the left hand side of a method does not apply to the return type: - ) - ---- -struct S { - immutable int[] bar() // bar is still immutable, return type is not! - { - } -} ---- - $(P To make the return type $(D_KEYWORD immutable), you need to surround the return type with parentheses: - ) - ---- -struct S { - immutable(int[]) bar() // bar is now mutable, return type is immutable. - { - } -} ---- - $(P To make both the return type and the method $(D_KEYWORD immutable), you can write: - ) ---- -struct S { - immutable(int[]) bar() immutable - { - } -} ---- -) - - -$(SECTION2 Const Type, - - $(P - Const types are like immutable types, except that const - forms a read-only $(I view) of data. Other aliases to that - same data may change it at any time. - ) -) - - -$(SECTION2 Const Member Functions, - - $(P - Const member functions are functions that are not allowed to - change any part of the object through the member function's - this reference. - ) -) - - -$(SECTION2 Implicit Conversions, - - $(P - Mutable and immutable types can be implicitly converted to const. - Mutable types cannot be implicitly converted to immutable, - and vice versa. - ) -) - - -$(SECTION2 Comparing D Immutable and Const with C++ Const, - -$0- CPPCODE2 =
$0- ERROR = $(RED $(B error)) - COMMA=, -META_KEYWORDS=D Programming Language, const, immutable -META_DESCRIPTION=Comparison of const between the -D programming language, C++, and C++0x - diff --git a/contributing.dd b/contributing.dd new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..67bf5fda4b --- /dev/null +++ b/contributing.dd @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Ddoc + +$(D_S Contributing, + +$(NOTE To search the bug tracker or report issues, see $(LINK2 bugstats.html, Issues).) + +$(H2 $(LNAME2 github, GitHub Projects)) + +* $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang, dlang) - dmd, phobos, dub, dlang.org etc +* $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang-community, dlang-community) - dfmt, dscanner etc + + +$(H2 $(LNAME2 see-also, Getting Started)) + +* Please read: $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#solving-bugs--submitting-pull-requests, + Solving bugs / Submitting pull requests) +* Get involved: $(HTTPS wiki.dlang.org/Get_involved) + +) + +Macros: + TITLE=Contributing diff --git a/cpp0x.dd b/cpp0x.dd deleted file mode 100644 index c53bcd6206..0000000000 --- a/cpp0x.dd +++ /dev/null @@ -1,737 +0,0 @@ -Ddoc - -$(COMMUNITY D and C++0x, - - - $(P - C++ is undergoing an upgrade to a new standard, commonly referred - to as C++0x. - This article covers the highlights of - $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2597.html, C++0x core language changes) - and compares them with what is available in D. - Since C++0x is far from being finalized, - this article is subject to being obsoleted by new proposals and - revisions to existing ones. - C++0x standard library changes are not addressed here. - TBD means To Be Determined. - ) - -$(SECTION3 Proposed C++0x Features, - - $(UL - $(LI $(LINK2 #rvalue-reference, A Proposal to Add an Rvalue Reference to the C++ Language)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #class-rvalue, Clarification of Initialization of Class Objects by rvalues)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #move-semantics, Extending Move Semantics To *this (Revision 2))) - $(LI $(LINK2 #static-assert, static_assert)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #template-aliases, Template aliases for C++)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #extern-template, Extern template)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #variadic-templates, Variadic Templates)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #variadic-template-templates, Extending Variadic Template Template Parameters)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #nullptr, A name for the null pointer: nullptr)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #strong-enums, Strongly Typed Enums)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #extended-friends, Extended friend Declarations)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #constant-expressions, Generalized Constant Expressions)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #namespace-association, Namespace Association ("Strong Using"))) - $(LI $(LINK2 #c99-preprocessor, Synchronizing the C++ preprocessor with C99)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #alignment, Adding Alignment Support to the C++ Programming Language)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #conditional, Conditionally-Supported Behavior)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #undefined-behavior, Changing Undefined Behavior into Diagnosable Errors)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #long-long, Adding the long long type to C++)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #extended-integer-types, Adding extended integer types to C++)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #delegating-ctors, Delegating Constructors)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #explicit-conversion, Explicit Conversion Operators)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #char16_t, New Character Types in C++)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #right-angle-brackets, Right Angle Brackets)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #type-deduction, Deducing the type of variable from its initializer expression)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #auto-declarations, The Syntax of auto Declarations)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #inheriting-ctors, Inheriting Constructors)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #sequence-points, A finer-grained alternative to sequence points)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #lambda, (monomorphic) Lambda expressions and closures for C++)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #__func__, Proposed addition of __func__ predefined identifier from C99)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #atomic, Atomic operations with multi-threaded environments)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #concurrency, Sequencing and the concurrency memory model)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #raw-strings, Raw String Literals)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #pod, PODs unstrung)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #exceptions, Propagating exceptions when joining threads)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #decltype, Decltype)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #sizeof, Extending sizeof)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #utf8-literals, UTF8 Literals)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #ucs-in-literals, Universal Character Names in Literals)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #defaulted, Defaulted and Deleted Functions)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #unions, Unrestricted Unions)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #library, A Multi-threading Library for Standard C++)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #abandoning, Abandoning a Process)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #return-types, New function declaration syntax for deduced return types)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #atomic-signals, Allow atomics use in signal handlers)) - ) - - $(UL - $(LI $(LINK2 #local-classes, Making Local Classes more Useful)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #initializer-lists, Initializer lists)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #thread-local-storage, Thread-Local Storage)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #member-initializers, Member Initializers)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #concepts, Concepts (unified proposal))) - $(LI $(LINK2 #for-loop, Proposal for new for-loop)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #general-attributes, General Attributes for C++)) - ) - - $(UL - $(LI $(LINK2 #extensible-literals, Extensible Literals)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #dynamic-concurrency, Dynamic initialization and concurrency)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #garbage-collection, Minimal Support for Garbage Collection and Reachability-Based Leak Detection)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #forward-enums, Forward declaration of enumerations)) - ) -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 rvalue-reference, A Proposal to Add an Rvalue Reference to the C++ Language), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2005/n1770.html, N1770): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 class-rvalue, Clarification of Initialization of Class Objects by rvalues), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2004/n1610.html, N1610): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 move-semantics, Extending Move Semantics To *this (Revision 2)), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2439.htm, N2439): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 static-assert, static_assert), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2004/n1720.html, N1720): - $(LINK2 version.html#StaticAssert, static assert) is - part of D. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 template-aliases, Template aliases for C++), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2258.pdf, N2258): - Both $(LINK2 template.html, templates and template instantiations) - can be $(LINK2 declaration.html#alias, aliased): - ) ---- -struct S(T) { T int; } -alias S X; // alias template -alias S!(int) Y; // alias template instantiation -X!(int) x; -Y y; // x and y are the same type ---- -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 extern-template, Extern template), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2006/n1987.htm, N1987): - This is a workaround for problems in the traditional compile/link - build model. - The D compiler deals with this by if multiple modules are compiled - at the same time, only one instance of a template is generated - for all the generated object files rather than one instance in each - object file. Further improvements are planned for generating library - modules that avoid multiple redundant template instantiations. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 variadic-templates, Variadic Templates), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2242.pdf, N2242): - D's $(LINK2 template.html#variadic-templates, variadic templates). - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 variadic-template-templates, Extending Variadic Template Template Parameters), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2555.pdf, N2555): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 nullptr, A name for the null pointer: nullptr), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2431.pdf, N2431): - D has the $(LINK2 expression.html#null, null) equivalent. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 strong-enums, Strongly Typed Enums), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2347.pdf, N2347): - D $(LINK2 enum.html, enums) are: - ) - - $(OL - $(LI Comparisons between different enum types should be an error, - but is not: ---- -void main() { - enum Color { ClrRed, ClrOrange, ClrYellow, ClrGreen, ClrBlue, ClrViolet }; - enum Alert { CndGreen, CndYellow, CndRed }; - Color c = Color.ClrRed; - Alert a = Alert.CndGreen; - a = c; // error - a = Color.ClrYellow; // error - bool armWeapons = ( a >= Color.ClrYellow ); // ok; oops -} ---- - ) - $(LI The underlying type can be specified.) - $(LI Named enums are strongly scoped. Anonymous enum members are - declared in the enclosing scope.) - $(LI Explicit qualification is needed to specify a named enum - member.) - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 extended-friends, Extended friend Declarations), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2005/n1791.pdf, N1791): - All code in a module has - $(LINK2 attribute.html#ProtectionAttribute, access) - to private members - of any struct or class declared in that module that is in - scope. - Package protected members can be accessed by any code in the - same package. - There is no need in D to have friend declarations or - complex lookup rules for them. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 constant-expressions, Generalized Constant Expressions), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2235.pdf, N2235): - D has $(LINK2 function.html#interpretation, compile time function execution) - (CTFE). CTFE is much more flexible, as functions to be evaluated - at compile time: - ) - - $(OL - $(LI do not require a special keyword (C++0x requires $(CODE constexpr))) - $(LI can have multiple statements in the function) - $(LI can be recursive) - $(LI can modify local variables) - $(LI can have out parameters) - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 namespace-association, Namespace Association ("Strong Using")), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2535.html, N2535): - D doesn't have namespaces, - so this is irrelevant. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 c99-preprocessor, Synchronizing the C++ preprocessor with C99), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2004/n1653.htm, N1653): - D does not have a preprocessor, - so this is not relevant to D. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 alignment, Adding Alignment Support to the C++ Programming Language), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2341.pdf, N2341): - D has the $(LINK2 attribute.html#align, align) - attribute to specify the alignment - of declarations, and the $(LINK2 property.html#alignof, .alignof) - property to - determine the alignment size of an expression or type. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 conditional, Conditionally-Supported Behavior), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2004/n1627.pdf, N1627): - There are some allowed vendor specific behaviors in D, - such as $(LINK2 pragma.html, pragmas). - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 undefined-behavior, Changing Undefined Behavior into Diagnosable Errors), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2004/n1727.pdf, N1727): - D does not have undefined behavior with integer literal types, - character escapes, or passing non-POD objects to ellipses. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 long-long, Adding the long long type to C++), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2005/n1811.pdf, N1811): - D's $(LINK2 type.html, long) type is equivalent. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 extended-integer-types, Adding extended integer types to C++), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2006/n1988.pdf, N1988): - D has the $(LINK2 type.html, cent and - ucent) types for - 128 bit integral types (not implemented in dmd or gdc). - 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< >, there are no parsing ambiguities and - no fixes are necessary. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 type-deduction, Deducing the type of variable from its initializer expression), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2006/n1984.pdf, N1984): - D has $(LINK2 declaration.html#AutoDeclaration, type inference) - from initializers. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 auto-declarations, The Syntax of auto Declarations), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2546.html, N2546): - D $(LINK2 attribute.html#auto, auto declarations) - do not have syntactic issues. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 inheriting-ctors, Inheriting Constructors), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2540.html, N2540): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 sequence-points, A finer-grained alternative to sequence points), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2239.htm, N2239): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 lambda, (monomorphic) Lambda expressions and closures for C++), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2550.pdf, N2550): - D has $(GLINK2 expression, FunctionLiteral)s (lambda expressions) and - $(LINK2 function.html#closures, closures). - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 __func__, Proposed addition of __func__ predefined identifier from C99), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2340.html, N2340): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 atomic, Atomic operations with multi-threaded environments), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2427.html, N2427): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 concurrency, Sequencing and the concurrency memory model), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2429.htm, N2429): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 raw-strings, Raw String Literals), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2442.html, N2442): - D has $(LINK2 lex.html#StringLiteral, wysiwyg and delimited strings), - and all strings are Unicode. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 pod, PODs unstrung), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2294.html, N2294): - All D $(LINK2 struct.html, structs) are - $(LINK2 glossary.html#pod, POD (Plain Old Data)). - D $(LINK2 class.html, classes) are reference, polymorphic types. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 exceptions, Propagating exceptions when joining threads), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2179.html, N2179): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 decltype, Decltype), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2343.pdf, N2343): - The equivalent D construct is $(LINK2 declaration.html#typeof, typeof). - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 sizeof, Extending sizeof), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2253.html, N2253): - Using $(LINK2 property.html#sizeof, sizeof) without a $(I this) object: ---- -struct S { - int a; - static int foo() { - return a.sizeof; - } -} - -void test() { - int x = S.a.sizeof; -} ---- - works correctly in D. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 utf8-literals, UTF-8 Literals), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2442.html, N2442): - $(LINK2 lex.html#StringLiteral, Char string literals) - are in UTF-8 format. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 ucs-in-literals, Universal Character Names in Literals), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2170.html, N2170): - All Unicode characters are allowed in - $(LINK2 lex.html#StringLiteral, string literals). - Surrogate pair halves are not allowed unless hex literal notation - is used. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 defaulted, Defaulted and Deleted Functions), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2326.html#delete, N2326): - D alows individual functions to be marked as $(LINK2 attribute.html#disable, disabled). - ) - -) - - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 unions, Unrestricted Unions), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2544.pdf, N2544): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 library, A Multi-threading Library for Standard C++), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2447.html, N2447): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 abandoning, Abandoning a Process), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2440.html, N2440): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 return-types, New function declaration syntax for deduced return types), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2445.html, N2445): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 atomic-signals, Allow atomics use in signal handlers), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2547.htm, N2547): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 local-classes, Making Local Classes more Useful), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2402.pdf, N2402): - D has no restrictions on using local classes as template - parameters. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 initializer-lists, Initializer lists), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2531.pdf, N2531): - D has - $(LINK2 struct.html#StructLiteral, struct literals), - $(LINK2 expression.html#ArrayLiteral, array literals), - and $(LINK2 expression.html#AssocArrayLiteral, associative array literals). - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 thread-local-storage, Thread-Local Storage), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2280.html, N2280): - Thread-local storage is the default for statics and globals - in D. Thread-global storage is done by using the - $(LINK2 migrate-to-shared.html, $(B shared)) - storage class. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 member-initializers, Member Initializers), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2426.htm, N2426): - D has - $(LINK2 class.html#class-default-initializer, member initializers), - which are called $(I default initializers). - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 concepts, Concepts (unified proposal)), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2006/n2081.pdf, N2081): - The D equivalent of C++ concepts are $(LINK2 concepts.html, constraints). - (As of $(LINK2 http://www.ddj.com/cpp/218600111, July 2009), - Concepts have been dropped from C++0x.) - ) - - $(TABLE2 Concepts and Constraints, - - $(TR - $(TH Description) - $(TH D Constraints) - $(TH C++0x Concepts) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Overloading based on concepts/constraints) - $(TD Yes) - $(TD Yes) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Concepts/constraints on template type parameters) - $(TD Yes) - $(TD Yes) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Concepts/constraints on template value parameters) - $(TD Yes) - $(TD No) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Concepts/constraints on template template/alias parameters) - $(TD Yes) - $(TD No) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Composition and refinement of concepts/constraints) - $(TD Yes) - $(TD Yes) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Multi-type concepts/constraints) - $(TD Yes) - $(TD Yes) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Expression of concepts/constraints) - $(TD Done with compile time expressions) - $(TD Done by enumeration of function signatures) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Axioms) - $(TD Yes (as static asserts and function preconditions)) - $(TD Yes) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD new keywords) - $(TD No) - $(TD Yes: where, concept, concept_map, axiom, late_check) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Semantic analysis of template bodies) - $(TD Lazy (done at instantiation time)) - $(TD Eager (done at definition time)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Template body checked against concept/constraint) - $(TD No) - $(TD Yes) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Concept maps) - $(TD No (but could be done with proxy objects)) - $(TD Yes) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD All operations on constrained types must be specified in - concept/constraint) - $(TD No) - $(TD Yes) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD Complexity) - $(TD $(CODE if (expression)) added to template grammar) - $(TD quite a bit of new grammar and semantics added) - ) - - - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 for-loop, Proposal for new for-loop), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2394.html, N2394): - This is equivalent to the D - $(LINK2 statement.html#ForeachRangeStatement, $(I ForeachRangeStatement)). - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 general-attributes, General Attributes for C++), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2418.pdf, N2418): - Vendor specific attributes can be applied to statements - and declarations with - $(LINK2 pragma.html, pragmas). - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 extensible-literals, Extensible Literals), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2007/n2378.pdf, N2378): - D does not have user extensible literals. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 dynamic-concurrency, Dynamic initialization and concurrency), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2513.html, N2513): TBD - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 garbage-collection, Minimal Support for Garbage Collection and Reachability-Based Leak Detection), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2527.html, N2527): - Garbage collection is optional in C++0x, - D $(LINK2 garbage.html, requires it). - The problem with an optional garbage collector is that in order - to write general purpose libraries, one must assume that there is - no garbage collector, therefore none of the productivity enhancing - advantages of it are available. - ) - -) - -$(SECTION3 $(LNAME2 forward-enums, Forward declaration of enumerations), - - $(P $(LINK2 $(NDOCS)2008/n2499.pdf, N2499): - Forward declarations are not necessary in D, as all declarations - are resolved essentially in parallel. - Incomplete $(LINK2 enum.html, enum) types, however, are possible: - ) ---- -enum E : int; ---- - $(P where the member values are hidden from the user. - ) - -) - -) - -Macros: - TITLE=D and C++0x - WIKI=Cpp0x - DOLLAR=$ - NDOCS=http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/ - FOO= - - diff --git a/cpp_interface.dd b/cpp_interface.dd deleted file mode 100644 index 2cb6b17a93..0000000000 --- a/cpp_interface.dd +++ /dev/null @@ -1,605 +0,0 @@ -Ddoc - -$(SPEC_S Interfacing to C++, - - $(P - While D is fully capable of - $(DDLINK interfaceToC, Interfacing to C, interfacing to C), - its ability to interface to C++ is much more limited. - There are three ways to do it: - ) - - $(OL - - $(LI Use C++'s ability to create a C interface, and then - use D's ability to - $(DDLINK interfaceToC, Interfacing to C, interface with C) - to access that interface. - ) - - $(LI Use C++'s ability to create a COM interface, and then - use D's ability to - $(DPLLINK COM.html, interface with COM) - to access that interface. - ) - - $(LI Use the limited ability described here to connect - directly to C++ functions and classes. - ) - - ) - -
The General Idea
- - $(P Being 100% compatible with C++ means more or less adding - a fully functional C++ compiler front end to D. - Anecdotal evidence suggests that writing such is a minimum - of a 10 man-year project, essentially making a D compiler - with such capability unimplementable. - Other languages looking to hook up to C++ face the same - problem, and the solutions have been: - ) - - $(OL - $(LI Support the COM interface (but that only works for Windows).) - $(LI Laboriously construct a C wrapper around - the C++ code.) - $(LI Use an automated tool such as SWIG to construct a - C wrapper.) - $(LI Reimplement the C++ code in the other language.) - $(LI Give up.) - ) - - $(P D takes a pragmatic approach that assumes a couple - modest accommodations can solve a significant chunk of - the problem: - ) - - $(UL - $(LI matching C++ name mangling conventions) - $(LI matching C++ function calling conventions) - $(LI matching C++ virtual function table layout for single inheritance) - ) - -Calling C++ Global Functions From D
- - $(P Given a C++ function in a C++ source file:) - -$(CPPCODE -#include <iostream> - -using namespace std; - -int foo(int i, int j, int k) { - cout << "i = " << i << endl; - cout << "j = " << j << endl; - cout << "k = " << k << endl; - - return 7; -} -) - - $(P In the corresponding D code, $(CODE foo) - is declared as having C++ linkage and function calling conventions: - ) - ------- -extern (C++) int foo(int i, int j, int k); ------- - - $(P and then it can be called within the D code:) - ------- -extern (C++) int foo(int i, int j, int k); - -void main() { - foo(1,2,3); -} ------- - - $(P Compiling the two files, the first with a C++ compiler, - the second with a D compiler, linking them together, - and then running it yields:) - -$(CONSOLE -i = 1 -j = 2 -k = 3 -) - - $(P There are several things going on here:) - - $(UL - $(LI D understands how C++ function names are "mangled" and the - correct C++ function call/return sequence.) - - $(LI Because modules are not part of C++, each function with - C++ linkage must be globally unique within the program.) - - $(LI There are no __cdecl, __far, __stdcall, __declspec, or other - such nonstandard C++ extensions in D.) - - $(LI There are no volatile type modifiers in D.) - - $(LI Strings are not 0 terminated in D. See "Data Type Compatibility" - for more information about this. However, string literals in D are - 0 terminated.) - - ) - - $(P C++ functions that reside in namespaces cannot be - direcly called from D. - ) - - -Calling Global D Functions From C++
- - $(P To make a D function accessible from C++, give it - C++ linkage:) - ---- -import std.stdio; - -extern (C++) int foo(int i, int j, int k) { - writefln("i = %s", i); - writefln("j = %s", j); - writefln("k = %s", k); - return 1; -} - -extern (C++) void bar(); - -void main() { - bar(); -} ---- - - $(P The C++ end looks like:) - -$(CPPCODE -int foo(int i, int j, int k); - -void bar() { - foo(6, 7, 8); -} -) - - $(P Compiling, linking, and running produces the output:) - -$(CONSOLE -i = 6 -j = 7 -k = 8 -) - - -Classes
- - $(P D classes are singly rooted by Object, and have an - incompatible layout from C++ classes. - D interfaces, however, are very similar to C++ single - inheritance class heirarchies. - So, a D interface with the attribute of $(CODE extern (C++)) - will have a virtual function pointer table (vtbl[]) that - exactly matches C++'s. - A regular D interface has a vtbl[] that differs in that - the first entry in the vtbl[] is a pointer to D's RTTI info, - whereas in C++ the first entry points to the first virtual - function. - ) - -Calling C++ Virtual Functions From D
- - $(P Given C++ source code defining a class like:) - -$(CPPCODE -#include <iostream> - -using namespace std; - -class D { - public: - virtual int bar(int i, int j, int k) - { - cout << "i = " << i << endl; - cout << "j = " << j << endl; - cout << "k = " << k << endl; - return 8; - } -}; - -D *getD() { - D *d = new D(); - return d; -} -) - - $(P We can get at it from D code like:) - ---- -extern (C++) { - interface D { - int bar(int i, int j, int k); - } - - D getD(); -} - -void main() { - D d = getD(); - d.bar(9,10,11); -} ---- - -Calling D Virtual Functions From C++
- - $(P Given D code like:) - ---- -extern (C++) int callE(E); - -extern (C++) interface E { - int bar(int i, int j, int k); -} - -class F : E { - extern (C++) int bar(int i, int j, int k) - { - writefln("i = ", i); - writefln("j = ", j); - writefln("k = ", k); - return 8; - } -} - -void main() { - F f = new F(); - callE(f); -} ---- - - $(P The C++ code to access it looks like:) - -$(CPPCODE -class E { - public: - virtual int bar(int i, int j, int k); -}; - - -int callE(E *e) { - return e->bar(11,12,13); -} -) - - $(P Note:) - - $(UL - $(LI non-virtual functions, and static member functions, - cannot be accessed.) - - $(LI class fields can only be accessed via virtual getter - and setter methods.) - ) - -Function Overloading
- - $(P C++ and D follow different rules for function overloading. - D source code, even when calling $(CODE extern (C++)) functions, - will still follow D overloading rules. - ) - - -Storage Allocation
- - $(P C++ code explicitly manages memory with calls to - $(CODE ::operator new()) and $(CODE ::operator delete()). - D allocates memory using the D garbage collector, - so no explicit delete's are necessary. - D's new and delete are not compatible with C++'s - $(CODE ::operator new) and $(CODE::operator delete). - Attempting to allocate memory with C++ $(CODE ::operator new) - and deallocate it with D's $(CODE delete), or vice versa, will - result in miserable failure. - ) - - $(P D can still explicitly allocate memory using std.c.stdlib.malloc() - and std.c.stdlib.free(), these are useful for connecting to C++ - functions that expect malloc'd buffers, etc. - ) - - $(P If pointers to D garbage collector allocated memory are passed to - C++ functions, it's critical to ensure that that memory will not - be collected by the garbage collector before the C++ function is - done with it. This is accomplished by: - ) - - $(UL - - $(LI Making a copy of the data using std.c.stdlib.malloc() and passing - the copy instead.) - - $(LI Leaving a pointer to it on the stack (as a parameter or - automatic variable), as the garbage collector will scan the stack.) - - $(LI Leaving a pointer to it in the static data segment, as the - garbage collector will scan the static data segment.) - - $(LI Registering the pointer with the garbage collector with the - std.gc.addRoot() or std.gc.addRange() calls.) - - ) - - $(P An interior pointer to the allocated memory block is sufficient - to let the GC - know the object is in use; i.e. it is not necessary to maintain - a pointer to the beginning of the allocated memory. - ) - - $(P The garbage collector does not scan the stacks of threads not - created by the D Thread interface. Nor does it scan the data - segments of other DLL's, etc. - ) - -Data Type Compatibility
- - $(TABLE2 D And C Type Equivalence, - - $(TR - $(TH D type) - $(TH C type) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B void)) - $(TD $(B void)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B byte)) - $(TD $(B signed char)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B ubyte)) - $(TD $(B unsigned char)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B char)) - $(TD $(B char) (chars are unsigned in D)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B wchar)) - $(TD $(B wchar_t) (when sizeof(wchar_t) is 2)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B dchar)) - $(TD $(B wchar_t) (when sizeof(wchar_t) is 4)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B short)) - $(TD $(B short)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B ushort)) - $(TD $(B unsigned short)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B int)) - $(TD $(B int)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B uint)) - $(TD $(B unsigned)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B long)) - $(TD $(B long long)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B ulong)) - $(TD $(B unsigned long long)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B float)) - $(TD $(B float)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B double)) - $(TD $(B double)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B real)) - $(TD $(B long double)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B ifloat)) - $(TD no equivalent) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B idouble)) - $(TD no equivalent) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B ireal)) - $(TD no equivalent) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B cfloat)) - $(TD no equivalent) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B cdouble)) - $(TD no equivalent) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B creal)) - $(TD no equivalent) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B struct)) - $(TD $(B struct)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B union)) - $(TD $(B union)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B enum)) - $(TD $(B enum)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(B class)) - $(TD no equivalent) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(I type)$(B *)) - $(TD $(I type) $(B *)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD no equivalent) - $(TD $(I type) $(B &)) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(I type)$(B [)$(I dim)$(B ])) - $(TD $(I type)$(B [)$(I dim)$(B ])) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(I type)$(B [)$(I dim)$(B ]*)) - $(TD $(I type)$(B (*)[)$(I dim)$(B ])) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(I type)$(B [])) - $(TD no equivalent) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(I type)$(B [)$(I type)$(B ])) - $(TD no equivalent) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(I type) $(B function)$(B $(LPAREN))$(I parameters)$(B $(RPAREN))) - $(TD $(I type)$(B (*))$(B $(LPAREN))$(I parameters)$(B $(RPAREN))) - ) - - $(TR - $(TD $(I type) $(B delegate)$(B $(LPAREN))$(I parameters)$(B $(RPAREN))) - $(TD no equivalent) - ) - - ) - - $(P These equivalents hold for most 32 bit C++ compilers. - The C++ standard - does not pin down the sizes of the types, so some care is needed. - ) - -Structs and Unions
- - $(P D structs and unions are analogous to C's. - ) - - $(P C code often adjusts the alignment and packing of struct members - with a command line switch or with various implementation specific - #pragma's. D supports explicit alignment attributes that correspond - to the C compiler's rules. Check what alignment the C code is using, - and explicitly set it for the D struct declaration. - ) - - $(P D does not support bit fields. If needed, they can be emulated - with shift and mask operations. - $(DPLLINK htod.html, htod) will convert bit fields to inline functions that - do the right shift and masks. - ) - -Object Construction and Destruction
- - $(P Similarly to storage allocation and deallocation, objects - constructed in D code should be destructed in D, - and objects constructed - in C++ should be destructed in C++ code. - ) - -Special Member Functions
- - $(P D cannot call C++ special member functions, and vice versa. - These include constructors, destructors, conversion operators, - operator overloading, and allocators. - ) - -Runtime Type Identification
- - $(P D runtime type identification - uses completely different techniques than C++. - The two are incompatible.) - -C++ Class Objects by Value
- - $(P D can access POD (Plain Old Data) C++ structs, and it can - access C++ class virtual functions by reference. - It cannot access C++ classes by value. - ) - -C++ Templates
- - $(P D templates have little in common with C++ templates, - and it is very unlikely that any sort of reasonable method - could be found to express C++ templates in a link-compatible - way with D. - ) - - $(P This means that the C++ STL, and C++ Boost, likely will - never be accessible from D. - ) - -Exception Handling
- - $(P D and C++ exception handling are completely different. - Throwing exceptions across the boundaries between D - and C++ code will likely not work. - ) - -Future Developments
- - $(P How the upcoming C++0x standard will affect this is not - known.) - - $(P Over time, more aspects of the C++ ABI may be accessible - directly from D.) - -) - -Macros: - TITLE=Interfacing to C++ - WIKI=InterfaceToCPP - - - CATEGORY_SPEC=$0 diff --git a/cppdbc.dd b/cppdbc.dd deleted file mode 100644 index e1d1d81aea..0000000000 --- a/cppdbc.dd +++ /dev/null @@ -1,503 +0,0 @@ -Ddoc - -$(COMMUNITY D's Contract Programming vs C++'s, - - Many people have written me saying that D's Contract Programming - (DbC) does not add anything that C++ does not already support. - They go on to illustrate their point with a technique for doing DbC in - C++. -- - It makes sense to review what DbC is, how it is done in D, - and stack that up with what each of the various C++ DbC techniques - can do. -
- - Digital Mars C++ adds - extensions to C++ - to support DbC, but they are not covered here because they are not - part of standard C++ and are not supported by any other C++ compiler. - -
Contract Programming in D
- - This is more fully documented in the D - Contract Programming document. - To sum up, DbC in D has the following characteristics: - - $(OL - - $(LI The $(I assert) is the basic contract. - ) - - $(LI When an assert contract fails, it throws an exception. - Such exceptions can be caught and handled, or allowed to - terminate the program. - ) - - $(LI Classes can have $(I class invariants) which are - checked upon entry and exit of each public class member function, - the exit of each constructor, and the entry of the destructor. - ) - - $(LI Assert contracts on object references check the class - invariant for that object. - ) - - $(LI Class invariants are inherited, that means that a derived - class invariant will implicitly call the base class invariant. - ) - - $(LI Functions can have $(I preconditions) and $(I postconditions). - ) - - $(LI For member functions in a class inheritance hierarchy, the - precondition of a derived class function are OR'd together - with the preconditions of all the functions it overrides. - The postconditions are AND'd together. - ) - - $(LI By throwing a compiler switch, DbC code can be enabled - or can be withdrawn from the compiled code. - ) - - $(LI Code works semantically the same with or without DbC - checking enabled. - ) - - ) - -Contract Programming in C++
- -The $(D assert) Macro
- - C++ does have the basic $(D assert) macro, which tests its argument - and if it fails, aborts the program. $(D assert) can be turned - on and off with the $(D NDEBUG) macro. -- - $(D assert) does not know anything about class invariants, - and does not throw an exception when it fails. It just aborts - the program after writing a message. $(D assert) relies on - a macro text preprocessor to work. -
- - $(D assert) is where explicit support for DbC in Standard C++ - begins and ends. - -
Class Invariants
- - Consider a class invariant in D: - ----------- -class A -{ - $(B invariant)() { ...contracts... } - - this() { ... } // constructor - ~this() { ... } // destructor - - void foo() { ... } // public member function -} - -class B : A -{ - $(B invariant)() { ...contracts... } - ... -} ----------- - - To accomplish the equivalent in C++ (thanks to Bob Bell for providing - this): - -$(CCODE -templatePreconditions and Postconditions
- - Consider the following in D: - ----------- -void foo() - in { ...preconditions... } - out { ...postconditions... } - body - { - ...implementation... - } ----------- - - This is nicely handled in C++ with the nested Sentry struct: - -$(CCODE -void foo() -{ - struct Sentry - { Sentry() { ...preconditions... } - ~Sentry() { ...postconditions... } - } sentry; - ...implementation... -} -) - - If the preconditions and postconditions consist of nothing - more than $(D assert) macros, the whole doesn't need to - be wrapped in a $(D #ifdef) pair, since a good C++ compiler will - optimize the whole thing away if the $(D assert)s are turned off. -- - But suppose $(D foo()) sorts an array, and the postcondition needs - to walk the array and verify that it really is sorted. Now - the shebang needs to be wrapped in $(D #ifdef): - -$(CCODE -void foo() -{ -#ifdef DBC - struct Sentry - { Sentry() { ...preconditions... } - ~Sentry() { ...postconditions... } - } sentry; -#endif - ...implementation... -} -) - - (One can make use of the C++ rule that templates are only - instantiated when used can be used to avoid the $(D #ifdef), by - putting the conditions into a template function referenced - by the $(D assert).) -
- - Let's add a return value to $(D foo()) that needs to be checked in - the postconditions. In D: - ----------- -int foo() - in { ...preconditions... } - out (result) { ...postconditions... } - body - { - ...implementation... - if (...) - return bar(); - return 3; - } ----------- - - In C++: - -$(CCODE -int foo() -{ -#ifdef DBC - struct Sentry - { int result; - Sentry() { ...preconditions... } - ~Sentry() { ...postconditions... } - } sentry; -#endif - ...implementation... - if (...) - { int i = bar(); -#ifdef DBC - sentry.result = i; -#endif - return i; - } -#ifdef DBC - sentry.result = 3; -#endif - return 3; -} -) - - Now add a couple parameters to $(D foo()). In D: - ----------- -int foo(int a, int b) - in { ...preconditions... } - out (result) { ...postconditions... } - body - { - ...implementation... - if (...) - return bar(); - return 3; - } ----------- - - In C++: - -$(CCODE -int foo(int a, int b) -{ -#ifdef DBC - struct Sentry - { int a, b; - int result; - Sentry(int a, int b) - { this->a = a; - this->b = b; - ...preconditions... - } - ~Sentry() { ...postconditions... } - } sentry(a,b); -#endif - ...implementation... - if (...) - { int i = bar(); -#ifdef DBC - sentry.result = i; -#endif - return i; - } -#ifdef DBC - sentry.result = 3; -#endif - return 3; -} -) - -
Preconditions and Postconditions for Member Functions
- - Consider the use of preconditions and postconditions for a - polymorphic function in D: - ----------- -class A -{ - void foo() - in { ...Apreconditions... } - out { ...Apostconditions... } - body - { - ...implementation... - } -} - -class B : A -{ - void foo() - in { ...Bpreconditions... } - out { ...Bpostconditions... } - body - { - ...implementation... - } -} ----------- - - The semantics for a call to $(D B.foo()) are: - - $(UL - $(LI Either Apreconditions or Bpreconditions must be satisfied.) - $(LI Both Apostconditions and Bpostconditions must be satisfied.) - ) - - Let's get this to work in C++: - -$(CCODE -class A -{ -protected: - #if DBC - int foo_preconditions() { ...Apreconditions... } - void foo_postconditions() { ...Apostconditions... } - #else - int foo_preconditions() { return 1; } - void foo_postconditions() { } - #endif - - void foo_internal() - { - ...implementation... - } - -public: - virtual void foo() - { - foo_preconditions(); - foo_internal(); - foo_postconditions(); - } -}; - -class B : A -{ -protected: - #if DBC - int foo_preconditions() { ...Bpreconditions... } - void foo_postconditions() { ...Bpostconditions... } - #else - int foo_preconditions() { return 1; } - void foo_postconditions() { } - #endif - - void foo_internal() - { - ...implementation... - } - -public: - virtual void foo() - { - assert(foo_preconditions() || A::foo_preconditions()); - foo_internal(); - A::foo_postconditions(); - foo_postconditions(); - } -}; -) - - Something interesting has happened here. The preconditions can - no longer be done using $(D assert), since the results need - to be OR'd together. I'll leave as a reader exercise adding - in a class invariant, function return values for $(D foo()), - and parameters - for $(D foo()). - -Conclusion
- - These C++ techniques can work up to a point. But, aside from - $(D assert), they are not standardized and so will vary from - project to project. Furthermore, they require much tedious - adhesion to a particular convention, and add significant clutter - to the code. Perhaps that's why it's rarely seen in practice. -- - By adding support for DbC into the language, D offers an easy - way to use DbC and get it right. Being in the language standardizes - the way it will be used from project to project. - -
References
- - Chapter C.11 introduces the theory and rationale of - Contract Programming in - - Object-Oriented Software Construction -- Bertrand Meyer, Prentice Hall -
-
- Chapters 24.3.7.1 to 24.3.7.3 discuss Contract Programming in C++ in
-
- The C++ Programming Language Special Edition
-
- Bjarne Stroustrup, Addison-Wesley
-
- -) - -Macros: - TITLE=D's Contract Programming vs C++'s - WIKI=CppDbc - - - CATEGORY_OVERVIEW=$0 diff --git a/cppstrings.dd b/cppstrings.dd deleted file mode 100644 index 17b1aae2e2..0000000000 --- a/cppstrings.dd +++ /dev/null @@ -1,583 +0,0 @@ -Ddoc - -$(COMMUNITY D Strings vs C++ Strings, - - -Why have strings built-in to the core language of D rather than entirely in -a library as in C++ Strings? What's the point? Where's the improvement? - -
Concatenation Operator
- -$(P C++ Strings are stuck with overloading existing operators. The - obvious choice for concatenation is += and +. - But someone just looking at the code will see + and think "addition". - He'll have to look up the types (and types are frequently buried - behind multiple typedef's) to see that it's a string type, and - it's not adding strings but concatenating them. -) -$(P Additionally, if one has an array of floats, is $(SINGLEQUOTE +) overloaded to - be the same as a vector addition, or an array concatenation? -) -$(P In D, these problems are avoided by introducing a new binary - operator ~ as the concatenation operator. It works with - arrays (of which strings are a subset). ~= is the corresponding - append operator. ~ on arrays of floats would concatenate them, - + would imply a vector add. Adding a new operator makes it possible - for orthogonality and consistency in the treatment of arrays. - (In D, strings are simply arrays of characters, not a special - type.) -) - -Interoperability With C String Syntax
- -$(P Overloading of operators only really works if one of the operands - is overloadable. So the C++ string class cannot consistently - handle arbitrary expressions containing strings. Consider: -) - -$(CCODE -const char abc[5] = "world"; -string str = "hello" + abc; -) - -$(P That isn't going to work. But it does work when the core language - knows about strings: -) - -$(CCODE -const char[5] abc = "world"; -char[] str = "hello" ~ abc; -) - -Consistency With C String Syntax
- -$(P - There are three ways to find the length of a string in C++: -) - -$(CCODE -const char abc[] = "world"; : sizeof(abc)/sizeof(abc[0])-1 - : strlen(abc) -string str; : str.length() -) - -$(P - That kind of inconsistency makes it hard to write generic templates. - Consider D: -) - ------------------------ -char[5] abc = "world"; : abc.length -char[] str : str.length ------------------------ - -Checking For Empty Strings
- -$(P - C++ strings use a function to determine if a string is empty: -) - -$(CCODE -string str; -if (str.empty()) - // string is empty -) - -$(P - In D, an empty string has zero length: -) - ------------------------ -char[] str; -if (!str.length) - // string is empty ------------------------ - - -Resizing Existing String
- -$(P - C++ handles this with the resize() member function: -) - -$(CCODE -string str; -str.resize(newsize); -) - -$(P - D takes advantage of knowing that str is an array, and - so resizing it is just changing the length property: -) - ------------------------ -char[] str; -str.length = newsize; ------------------------ - -Slicing a String
- -$(P - C++ slices an existing string using a special constructor: -) - -$(CCODE -string s1 = "hello world"; -string s2(s1, 6, 5); // s2 is "world" -) - -$(P - D has the array slice syntax, not possible with C++: -) - ------------------------ -string s1 = "hello world"; -string s2 = s1[6 .. 11]; // s2 is "world" ------------------------ - -$(P - Slicing, of course, works with any array in D, not just strings. -) - -Copying a String
- -$(P - C++ copies strings with the replace function: -) - -$(CCODE -string s1 = "hello world"; -string s2 = "goodbye "; -s2.replace(8, 5, s1, 6, 5); // s2 is "goodbye world" -) - -$(P - D uses the slice syntax as an lvalue: -) - ------------------------ -char[] s1 = "hello world".dup; -char[] s2 = "goodbye ".dup; -s2[8..13] = s1[6..11]; // s2 is "goodbye world" ------------------------ - - $(P The $(CODE .dup) is needed because string literals are - read-only in D, the $(CODE .dup) will create a copy - that is writable. - ) - - -Conversions to C Strings
- -$(P - This is needed for compatibility with C API's. In C++, this - uses the c_str() member function: -) - -$(CCODE -void foo(const char *); -string s1; -foo(s1.c_str()); -) - -$(P - In D, strings can be converted to char* using the .ptr property: -) - ------------------------ -void foo(char*); -char[] s1; -foo(s1.ptr); ------------------------ - $(P although for this to work where $(D foo) expects a 0 terminated - string, $(D s1) must have a terminating 0. Alternatively, the - function $(D std.string.toStringz) will ensure it:) - ------------------------ -void foo(char*); -char[] s1; -foo(std.string.$(B toStringz)(s1)); ------------------------ - - -Array Bounds Checking
- -$(P - In C++, string array bounds checking for [] is not done. - In D, array bounds checking is on by default and it can be turned off - with a compiler switch after the program is debugged. -) - -String Switch Statements
- -$(P - Are not possible in C++, nor is there any way to add them - by adding more to the library. In D, they take the obvious - syntactical forms: -) - ------------------------ -switch (str) -{ - case "hello": - case "world": - ... -} ------------------------ - -$(P - where str can be any of literal "string"s, fixed string arrays - like char[10], or dynamic strings like char[]. A quality implementation - can, of course, explore many strategies of efficiently implementing - this based on the contents of the case strings. -) - -Filling a String
- -$(P - In C++, this is done with the replace() member function: -) - -$(CCODE -string str = "hello"; -str.replace(1,2,2,'?'); // str is "h??lo" -) - -$(P - In D, use the array slicing syntax in the natural manner: -) - ------------------------ -char[5] str = "hello"; -str[1..3] = '?'; // str is "h??lo" ------------------------ - -Value vs Reference
- -$(P - C++ strings, as implemented by STLport, are by value and are - 0-terminated. [The latter is an implementation choice, but - STLport seems to be the most popular implementation.] - This, coupled with no garbage collection, has - some consequences. First of all, any string created must make - its own copy of the string data. The $(SINGLEQUOTE owner) of the string - data must be kept track of, because when the owner is deleted - all references become invalid. If one tries to avoid the - dangling reference problem by treating strings as value types, - there will be a lot of overhead of memory allocation, - data copying, and memory deallocation. Next, the 0-termination - implies that strings cannot refer to other strings. String - data in the data segment, stack, etc., cannot - be referred to. -) - -$(P - D strings are reference types, and the memory is garbage collected. - This means that only references need to be copied, not the - string data. D strings can refer to data in the static data - segment, data on the stack, data inside other strings, objects, - file buffers, etc. There's no need to keep track of the $(SINGLEQUOTE owner) - of the string data. -) - -$(P - The obvious question is if multiple D strings refer to the same - string data, what happens if the data is modified? All the - references will now point to the modified data. This can have - its own consequences, which can be avoided if the copy-on-write - convention is followed. All copy-on-write is is that if - a string is written to, an actual copy of the string data is made - first. -) - -$(P - The result of D strings being reference only and garbage collected - is that code that does a lot of string manipulating, such as - an lzw compressor, can be a lot more efficient in terms of both - memory consumption and speed. -) - -Benchmark
- -$(P - Let's take a look at a small utility, wordcount, that counts up - the frequency of each word in a text file. In D, it looks like this: -) - ------------------------ -import std.file; -import std.stdio; - -int main (char[][] args) -{ - int w_total; - int l_total; - int c_total; - int[char[]] dictionary; - - writefln(" lines words bytes file"); - for (int i = 1; i < args.length; ++i) - { - char[] input; - int w_cnt, l_cnt, c_cnt; - int inword; - int wstart; - - input = cast(char[])std.file.read(args[i]); - - for (int j = 0; j < input.length; j++) - { char c; - - c = input[j]; - if (c == '\n') - ++l_cnt; - if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') - { - } - else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' || - c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') - { - if (!inword) - { - wstart = j; - inword = 1; - ++w_cnt; - } - } - else if (inword) - { char[] word = input[wstart .. j]; - - dictionary[word]++; - inword = 0; - } - ++c_cnt; - } - if (inword) - { char[] w = input[wstart .. input.length]; - dictionary[w]++; - } - writefln("%8s%8s%8s %s", l_cnt, w_cnt, c_cnt, args[i]); - l_total += l_cnt; - w_total += w_cnt; - c_total += c_cnt; - } - - if (args.length > 2) - { - writefln("--------------------------------------%8s%8s%8s total", - l_total, w_total, c_total); - } - - writefln("--------------------------------------"); - - foreach (char[] word1; dictionary.keys.sort) - { - writefln("%3d %s", dictionary[word1], word1); - } - return 0; -} ------------------------ - - $(P (An $(LINK2 wc.html, alternate implementation) that - uses buffered file I/O to handle larger files.)) - - $(P - Two people have written C++ implementations using the C++ standard - template library, - wccpp1 - and - $(LINK2 #wccpp2, wccpp2). - The input file - $(LINK2 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11/old/alice30.txt, alice30.txt) - is the text of "Alice in Wonderland." - The D compiler, - dmd, - and the C++ compiler, - dmc, - share the same - optimizer and code generator, which provides a more apples to - apples comparison of the efficiency of the semantics of the languages - rather than the optimization and code generator sophistication. - Tests were run on a Win XP machine. dmc uses STLport for the template - implementation. - ) - - $(TABLE1 - $(TR - $(TH Program) - $(TH Compile) - $(TH Compile Time) - $(TH Run) - $(TH Run Time) - ) - $(TR - $(TD D wc) - $(TD dmd wc -O -release) - $(TD 0.0719) - $(TD wc alice30.txt >log) - $(TD 0.0326) - ) - $(TR - $(TD C++ wccpp1) - $(TD dmc wccpp1 -o -I\dm\stlport\stlport) - $(TD 2.1917) - $(TD wccpp1 alice30.txt >log) - $(TD 0.0944) - ) - $(TR - $(TD C++ wccpp2) - $(TD dmc wccpp2 -o -I\dm\stlport\stlport) - $(TD 2.0463) - $(TD wccpp2 alice30.txt >log) - $(TD 0.1012) - ) - ) - - $(P - The following tests were run on linux, again comparing a D compiler ($(B gdc)) - and a C++ compiler ($(B g++)) that share a common optimizer and - code generator. The system is Pentium III 800MHz running RedHat Linux 8.0 - and gcc 3.4.2. - The Digital Mars D compiler for linux ($(B dmd)) - is included for comparison. - ) - - - $(TABLE1 - $(TR - $(TH Program) - $(TH Compile) - $(TH Compile Time) - $(TH Run) - $(TH Run Time) - ) - $(TR - $(TD D wc) - $(TD gdc -O2 -frelease -o wc wc.d) - $(TD 0.326) - $(TD wc alice30.txt > /dev/null) - $(TD 0.041) - ) - $(TR - $(TD D wc) - $(TD dmd wc -O -release) - $(TD 0.235) - $(TD wc alice30.txt > /dev/null) - $(TD 0.041) - ) - $(TR - $(TD C++ wccpp1) - $(TD g++ -O2 -o wccpp1 wccpp1.cc) - $(TD 2.874) - $(TD wccpp1 alice30.txt > /dev/null) - $(TD 0.086) - ) - $(TR - $(TD C++ wccpp2) - $(TD g++ -O2 -o wccpp2 wccpp2.cc) - $(TD 2.886) - $(TD wccpp2 alice30.txt > /dev/null) - $(TD 0.095) - ) - ) - - $(P - These tests compare gdc with g++ on a PowerMac G5 2x2.0GHz - running MacOS X 10.3.5 and gcc 3.4.2. (Timings are a little - less accurate.) - ) - - $(TABLE1 - $(TR - $(TH Program) - $(TH Compile) - $(TH Compile Time) - $(TH Run) - $(TH Run Time) - ) - $(TR - $(TD D wc) - $(TD gdc -O2 -frelease -o wc wc.d) - $(TD 0.28) - $(TD wc alice30.txt > /dev/null) - $(TD 0.03) - ) - $(TR - $(TD C++ wccpp1) - $(TD g++ -O2 -o wccpp1 wccpp1.cc) - $(TD 1.90) - $(TD wccpp1 alice30.txt > /dev/null) - $(TD 0.07) - ) - $(TR - $(TD C++ wccpp2) - $(TD g++ -O2 -o wccpp2 wccpp2.cc) - $(TD 1.88) - $(TD wccpp2 alice30.txt > /dev/null) - $(TD 0.08) - ) - ) --
wccpp2 by Allan Odgaard
- -$(CCODE -#include <algorithm> -#include <cstdio> -#include <fstream> -#include <iterator> -#include <map> -#include <vector> - -bool isWordStartChar (char c) { return isalpha(c); } -bool isWordEndChar (char c) { return !isalnum(c); } - -int main (int argc, char const* argv[]) -{ - using namespace std; - printf("Lines Words Bytes File:\n"); - - map<string, int> dict; - int tLines = 0, tWords = 0, tBytes = 0; - for(int i = 1; i < argc; i++) - { - ifstream file(argv[i]); - istreambuf_iterator<char> from(file.rdbuf()), to; - vector<char> v(from, to); - vector<char>::iterator first = v.begin(), last = v.end(), bow, eow; - - int numLines = count(first, last, '\n'); - int numWords = 0; - int numBytes = last - first; - - for(eow = first; eow != last; ) - { - bow = find_if(eow, last, isWordStartChar); - eow = find_if(bow, last, isWordEndChar); - if(bow != eow) - ++dict[string(bow, eow)], ++numWords; - } - - printf("%5d %5d %5d %s\n", numLines, numWords, numBytes, argv[i]); - - tLines += numLines; - tWords += numWords; - tBytes += numBytes; - } - - if(argc > 2) - printf("-----------------------\n%5d %5d %5d\n", tLines, tWords, tBytes); - printf("-----------------------\n\n"); - - for(map<string, int>::const_iterator it = dict.begin(); it != dict.end(); ++it) - printf("%5d %s\n", it->second, it->first.c_str()); - - return 0; -} -) - -) - -Macros: - TITLE=D Strings vs C++ Strings - WIKI=CPPstrings - CATEGORY_OVERVIEW=$0 diff --git a/cpptod.dd b/cpptod.dd deleted file mode 100644 index 0bafe9fed0..0000000000 --- a/cpptod.dd +++ /dev/null @@ -1,818 +0,0 @@ -Ddoc - -$(COMMUNITY Programming in D for C++ Programmers, - - - -Every experienced C++ programmer accumulates a series of idioms and techniques -which become second nature. Sometimes, when learning a new language, those -idioms can be so comfortable it's hard to see how to do the equivalent in the -new language. So here's a collection of common C++ techniques, and how to do the -corresponding task in D. -- -See also: Programming in D for C Programmers - -$(UL - $(LI $(LINK2 #constructors, Defining Constructors)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #baseclass, Base class initialization)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #structcmp, Comparing structs)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #typedefs, Creating a new typedef'd type)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #friends, Friends)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #operatoroverloading, Operator overloading)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #usingdeclaration, Namespace using declarations)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #raii, RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization))) - $(LI $(LINK2 #properties, Properties)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #recursivetemplates, Recursive Templates)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #metatemplates, Meta Templates)) - $(LI $(LINK2 #typetraits, Type Traits)) -) - - -
- -
Defining constructors
- -The C++ Way
- - Constructors have the same name as the class: - -$(CPPCODE -class Foo -{ - Foo(int x); -}; -) - -The D Way
- - Constructors are defined with the this keyword: - ------- -class Foo -{ - this(int x) { } -} ------- - - which reflects how they are used in D. - --
Base class initialization
- -The C++ Way
- - Base constructors are called using the base initializer syntax. - -$(CPPCODE -class A { A() {... } }; -class B : A -{ - B(int x) - : A() // call base constructor - { ... - } -};) - -The D Way
- - The base class constructor is called with the super syntax: - ------- -class A { this() { ... } } -class B : A -{ - this(int x) - { ... - super(); // call base constructor - ... - } -} ------- - - It's superior to C++ in that the base constructor call can be flexibly placed anywhere in the derived - constructor. D can also have one constructor call another one: - ------- -class A -{ int a; - int b; - this() { a = 7; b = foo(); } - this(int x) - { - this(); - a = x; - } -} ------- - - Members can also be initialized to constants before the constructor is ever called, so the above example is - equivalently written as: - ------- -class A -{ int a = 7; - int b; - this() { b = foo(); } - this(int x) - { - this(); - a = x; - } -} ------- - --
Comparing structs
- -The C++ Way
- - While C++ defines struct assignment in a simple, convenient manner: - -$(CPPCODE -struct A x, y; -... -x = y; -) - - it does not for struct comparisons. Hence, to compare two struct - instances for equality: - -$(CPPCODE -#include <string.h> - -struct A x, y; - -inline bool operator==(const A& x, const A& y) -{ - return (memcmp(&x, &y, sizeof(struct A)) == 0); -} -... -if (x == y) - ... -) - - Note that the operator overload must be done for every struct - needing to be compared, and the implementation of that overloaded - operator is free of any language help with type checking. - The C++ way has an additional problem in that just inspecting the - (x == y) does not give a clue what is actually happening, you have - to go and find the particular overloaded operator==() that applies - to verify what it really does. -- - There's a nasty bug lurking in the memcmp() implementation of operator==(). - The layout of a struct, due to alignment, can have $(SINGLEQUOTE holes) in it. - C++ does not guarantee those holes are assigned any values, and so - two different struct instances can have the same value for each member, - but compare different because the holes contain different garbage. -
- - To address this, the operator==() can be implemented to do a memberwise - compare. Unfortunately, this is unreliable because (1) if a member is added - to the struct definition one may forget to add it to operator==(), and - (2) floating point nan values compare unequal even if their bit patterns - match. -
- - There just is no robust solution in C++. - -
The D Way
- - D does it the obvious, straightforward way: - ------- -A x, y; -... -if (x == y) - ... ------- - --
Creating a new typedef'd type
- -The C++ Way
- - Typedef's in C++ are weak, that is, they really do not introduce - a new type. The compiler doesn't distinguish between a typedef - and its underlying type. - -$(CPPCODE -#define HANDLE_INIT ((Handle)(-1)) -typedef void *Handle; -void foo(void *); -void bar(Handle); - -Handle h = HANDLE_INIT; -foo(h); // coding bug not caught -bar(h); // ok -) - - The C++ solution is to create a dummy struct whose sole - purpose is to get type checking and overloading on the new type. - -$(CPPCODE -#define HANDLE_INIT ((void *)(-1)) -struct Handle -{ void *ptr; - - // default initializer - Handle() { ptr = HANDLE_INIT; } - - Handle(int i) { ptr = (void *)i; } - - // conversion to underlying type - operator void*() { return ptr; } -}; -void bar(Handle); - -Handle h; -bar(h); -h = func(); -if (h != HANDLE_INIT) - ... -) - -The D Way
- - No need for idiomatic constructions like the above. Just write: - ------- -typedef void* Handle = cast(void*)-1; -void bar(Handle); - -Handle h; -bar(h); -h = func(); -if (h != Handle.init) - ... ------- - - Note how a default initializer can be supplied for the typedef as - a value of the underlying type. - --
Friends
- -The C++ Way
- - Sometimes two classes are tightly related but not by inheritance, - but need to access each other's private members. This is done - using $(D friend) declarations: - -$(CPPCODE -class A -{ - private: - int a; - - public: - int foo(B *j); - friend class B; - friend int abc(A *); -}; - -class B -{ - private: - int b; - - public: - int bar(A *j); - friend class A; -}; - -int A::foo(B *j) { return j->b; } -int B::bar(A *j) { return j->a; } - -int abc(A *p) { return p->a; } -) - -The D Way
- - In D, friend access is implicit in being a member of the same - module. It makes sense that tightly related classes should be - in the same module, so implicitly granting friend access to - other module members solves the problem neatly: - ------- -module X; - -class A -{ - private: - static int a; - - public: - int foo(B j) { return j.b; } -} - -class B -{ - private: - static int b; - - public: - int bar(A j) { return j.a; } -} - -int abc(A p) { return p.a; } ------- - - The $(D private) attribute prevents other modules from - accessing the members. - --
Operator overloading
- -The C++ Way
- - Given a struct that creates a new arithmetic data type, - it's convenient to overload the comparison operators so - it can be compared against integers: - -$(CPPCODE -struct A -{ - int operator < (int i); - int operator <= (int i); - int operator > (int i); - int operator >= (int i); -}; - -int operator < (int i, A &a) { return a > i; } -int operator <= (int i, A &a) { return a >= i; } -int operator > (int i, A &a) { return a < i; } -int operator >= (int i, A &a) { return a <= i; } -) - - A total of 8 functions are necessary. - -The D Way
- - D recognizes that the comparison operators are all fundamentally - related to each other. So only one function is necessary: - ------- -struct A -{ - int opCmp(int i); -} ------- - - The compiler automatically interprets all the - <, <=, > and >= - operators in terms of the $(D cmp) function, as well - as handling the cases where the left operand is not an - object reference. -- - Similar sensible rules hold for other operator overloads, - making using operator overloading in D much less tedious and less - error prone. Far less code needs to be written to accomplish - the same effect. - -
-
Namespace using declarations
- -The C++ Way
- - A $(I using-declaration) in C++ is used to bring a name from - a namespace scope into the current scope: - -$(CPPCODE -namespace foo -{ - int x; -} -using foo::x; -) - -The D Way
- - D uses modules instead of namespaces and #include files, and - alias declarations take the place of using declarations: - ------- -/** Module foo.d **/ -module foo; -int x; - -/** Another module **/ -import foo; -alias foo.x x; ------- - - Alias is a much more flexible than the single purpose using - declaration. Alias can be used to rename symbols, refer to - template members, refer to nested class types, etc. - --
RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)
- -The C++ Way
- - In C++, resources like memory, etc., all need to be handled - explicitly. Since destructors automatically get called when - leaving a scope, RAII is implemented by putting the resource - release code into the destructor: - -$(CPPCODE -class File -{ Handle *h; - - ~File() - { - h->release(); - } -}; -) - -The D Way
- - The bulk of resource release problems are simply keeping track - of and freeing memory. This is handled automatically in D by - the garbage collector. The second common resources used are semaphores - and locks, handled automatically with D's $(D synchronized) - declarations and statements. -- - The few RAII issues left are handled by $(I scope) classes. - Scope classes get their destructors run when they go out of scope. - ------- -scope class File -{ Handle h; - - ~this() - { - h.release(); - } -} - -void test() -{ - if (...) - { scope f = new File(); - ... - } // f.~this() gets run at closing brace, even if - // scope was exited via a thrown exception -} ------- - -
-
Properties
- -The C++ Way
- - It is common practice to define a field, - along with object-oriented - get and set functions for it: - -$(CPPCODE -class Abc -{ - public: - void setProperty(int newproperty) { property = newproperty; } - int getProperty() { return property; } - - private: - int property; -}; - -Abc a; -a.setProperty(3); -int x = a.getProperty(); -) - - All this is quite a bit of typing, and it tends to make - code unreadable by filling - it with getProperty() and setProperty() calls. - -The D Way
- - Properties can be get and set using the normal field syntax, - yet the get and set will invoke methods instead. - ------- -class Abc -{ - // set - void property(int newproperty) { myprop = newproperty; } - - // get - int property() { return myprop; } - - private: - int myprop; -} ------- - - which is used as: - ------- -Abc a; -a.property = 3; // equivalent to a.property(3) -int x = a.property; // equivalent to int x = a.property() ------- - - Thus, in D a property can be treated like it was a simple field name. - A property can start out actually being a simple field name, - but if later if becomes - necessary to make getting and setting it function calls, - no code needs to be modified other - than the class definition. - It obviates the wordy practice of defining get and set properties - $(SINGLEQUOTE just in case) a derived class should need to override them. - It's also a way to have interface classes, which do not have - data fields, behave syntactically as if they did. - --
Recursive Templates
- -The C++ Way
- - An advanced use of templates is to recursively expand - them, relying on specialization to end it. A template - to compute a factorial would be: - -$(CPPCODE -template<int n> class factorial -{ - public: - enum { result = n * factorial<n - 1>::result }; -}; - -template<> class factorial<1> -{ - public: - enum { result = 1 }; -}; - -void test() -{ - printf("%d\n", factorial<4>::result); // prints 24 -} -) - -The D Way
- - The D version is analogous, though a little simpler, taking - advantage of promotion of single template members to the - enclosing name space: - ------- -template factorial(int n) -{ - enum { factorial = n * .factorial!(n-1) } -} - -template factorial(int n : 1) -{ - enum { factorial = 1 } -} - -void test() -{ - writefln("%d", factorial!(4)); // prints 24 -} ------- - -- -
Meta Templates
- - The problem: create a typedef for a signed integral type that is at - least $(I nbits) in size. - -The C++ Way
- - This example is simplified and adapted from one written by - Dr. Carlo Pescio in - - Template Metaprogramming: Make parameterized integers portable with this novel technique. -- - There is no way in C++ to do conditional compilation based - on the result of an expression based on template parameters, so - all control flow follows from pattern matching of the template - argument against various explicit template specializations. - Even worse, there is no way to do template specializations based - on relationships like "less than or equal to", so the example - uses a clever technique where the template is recursively expanded, - incrementing the template value argument by one each time, until - a specialization matches. - If there is no match, the result is an unhelpful recursive compiler - stack overflow or internal error, or at best a strange syntax - error. -
- - A preprocessor macro is also needed to make up for the lack - of template typedefs. - -$(CPPCODE -#include <limits.h> - -template< int nbits > struct Integer -{ - typedef Integer< nbits + 1 > :: int_type int_type ; -} ; - -struct Integer< 8 > -{ - typedef signed char int_type ; -} ; - -struct Integer< 16 > -{ - typedef short int_type ; -} ; - -struct Integer< 32 > -{ - typedef int int_type ; -} ; - -struct Integer< 64 > -{ - typedef long long int_type ; -} ; - -// If the required size is not supported, the metaprogram -// will increase the counter until an internal error is -// signaled, or INT_MAX is reached. The INT_MAX -// specialization does not define a int_type, so a -// compiling error is always generated -struct Integer< INT_MAX > -{ -} ; - -// A bit of syntactic sugar -#define Integer( nbits ) Integer< nbits > :: int_type - -#include <stdio.h> - -int main() -{ - Integer( 8 ) i ; - Integer( 16 ) j ; - Integer( 29 ) k ; - Integer( 64 ) l ; - printf("%d %d %d %d\n", - sizeof(i), sizeof(j), sizeof(k), sizeof(l)); - return 0 ; -} -) - -
The C++ Boost Way
- - This version uses the C++ Boost library. It was provided - by David Abrahams. - -$(CPPCODE -#include <boost/mpl/if.hpp> -#include <boost/mpl/assert.hpp> - -template <int nbits> struct Integer - : mpl::if_c<(nbits <= 8), signed char - , mpl::if_c<(nbits <= 16), short - , mpl::if_c<(nbits <= 32), long - , long long>::type >::type > -{ - BOOST_MPL_ASSERT_RELATION(nbits, <=, 64); -} - -#include <stdio.h> - -int main() -{ - Integer< 8 > i ; - Integer< 16 > j ; - Integer< 29 > k ; - Integer< 64 > l ; - printf("%d %d %d %d\n", - sizeof(i), sizeof(j), sizeof(k), sizeof(l)); - return 0 ; -} -) - -The D Way
- - The D version could also be written with recursive templates, - but there's a better way. - Unlike the C++ example, this one is fairly easy to - figure out what is going on. - It compiles quickly, and gives a sensible compile time message - if it fails. - ------- -import std.stdio; - -template Integer(int nbits) -{ - static if (nbits <= 8) - alias byte Integer; - else static if (nbits <= 16) - alias short Integer; - else static if (nbits <= 32) - alias int Integer; - else static if (nbits <= 64) - alias long Integer; - else - static assert(0); -} - -int main() -{ - Integer!(8) i ; - Integer!(16) j ; - Integer!(29) k ; - Integer!(64) l ; - writefln("%d %d %d %d", - i.sizeof, j.sizeof, k.sizeof, l.sizeof); - return 0; -} ------- - -- -
Type Traits
- - Type traits are another term for being able to find out - properties of a type at compile time. - -The C++ Way
- - The following template comes from - - C++ Templates: The Complete Guide, David Vandevoorde, Nicolai M. Josuttis - pg. 353 which determines if the template's argument type - is a function: - -$(CPPCODE -template<typename T> class IsFunctionT -{ - private: - typedef char One; - typedef struct { char a[2]; } Two; - template<typename U> static One test(...); - template<typename U> static Two test(U (*)[1]); - public: - enum { Yes = sizeof(IsFunctionT<T>::test<T>(0)) == 1 }; -}; - -void test() -{ - typedef int (fp)(int); - - assert(IsFunctionT<fp>::Yes == 1); -} -) - - This template relies on the $(SFINAE) principle. - Why it works is a fairly advanced template topic. - -The D Way
- - $(ACRONYM SFINAE, Substitution Failure Is Not An Error) - can be done in D without resorting to template argument - pattern matching: - ------- -template IsFunctionT(T) -{ - static if ( is(T[]) ) - const int IsFunctionT = 0; - else - const int IsFunctionT = 1; -} - -void test() -{ - typedef int fp(int); - - assert(IsFunctionT!(fp) == 1); -} ------- - - The task of discovering if a type is a function doesn't need a - template at all, nor does it need the subterfuge of attempting to - create the invalid array of functions type. - The $(ISEXPRESSION) expression can test it directly: - ------- -void test() -{ - alias int fp(int); - - assert( is(fp == function) ); -} ------- - - -) - -Macros: - TITLE=Programming in D for C++ Programmers - WIKI=CPPtoD - CATEGORY_OVERVIEW=$0 diff --git a/css/codemirror.css b/css/codemirror.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1067b3ee6b --- /dev/null +++ b/css/codemirror.css @@ -0,0 +1,334 @@ +/* BASICS */ + +.CodeMirror { + /* Set height, width, borders, and global font properties here */ + font-family: monospace; + height: 300px; + color: black; +} + +/* PADDING */ + +.CodeMirror-lines { + padding: 4px 0; /* Vertical padding around content */ +} +.CodeMirror pre { + padding: 0 4px; /* Horizontal padding of content */ +} + +.CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler, .CodeMirror-gutter-filler { + background-color: white; /* The little square between H and V scrollbars */ +} + +/* GUTTER */ + +.CodeMirror-gutters { + border-right: 1px solid #ddd; + background-color: #f7f7f7; + white-space: nowrap; +} +.CodeMirror-linenumbers {} +.CodeMirror-linenumber { + padding: 0 3px 0 5px; + min-width: 20px; + text-align: right; + color: #999; + white-space: nowrap; +} + +.CodeMirror-guttermarker { color: black; } +.CodeMirror-guttermarker-subtle { color: #999; } + +/* CURSOR */ + +.CodeMirror-cursor { + border-left: 1px solid black; + border-right: none; + width: 0; +} +/* Shown when moving in bi-directional text */ +.CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-secondarycursor { + border-left: 1px solid silver; +} +.cm-fat-cursor .CodeMirror-cursor { + width: auto; + border: 0; + background: #7e7; +} +.cm-fat-cursor div.CodeMirror-cursors { + z-index: 1; +} + +.cm-animate-fat-cursor { + width: auto; + border: 0; + -webkit-animation: blink 1.06s steps(1) infinite; + -moz-animation: blink 1.06s steps(1) infinite; + animation: blink 1.06s steps(1) infinite; + background-color: #7e7; +} +@-moz-keyframes blink { + 0% {} + 50% { background-color: transparent; } + 100% {} +} +@-webkit-keyframes blink { + 0% {} + 50% { background-color: transparent; } + 100% {} +} +@keyframes blink { + 0% {} + 50% { background-color: transparent; } + 100% {} +} + +/* Can style cursor different in overwrite (non-insert) mode */ +.CodeMirror-overwrite .CodeMirror-cursor {} + +.cm-tab { display: inline-block; text-decoration: inherit; } + +.CodeMirror-ruler { + border-left: 1px solid #ccc; + position: absolute; +} + +/* DEFAULT THEME */ + +.cm-s-default .cm-header {color: blue;} +.cm-s-default .cm-quote {color: #090;} +.cm-negative {color: #d44;} +.cm-positive {color: #292;} +.cm-header, .cm-strong {font-weight: bold;} +.cm-em {font-style: italic;} +.cm-link {text-decoration: underline;} +.cm-strikethrough {text-decoration: line-through;} + +.cm-s-default .cm-keyword {color: #708;} +.cm-s-default .cm-atom {color: #219;} +.cm-s-default .cm-number {color: #164;} +.cm-s-default .cm-def {color: #00f;} +.cm-s-default .cm-variable, +.cm-s-default .cm-punctuation, +.cm-s-default .cm-property, +.cm-s-default .cm-operator {} +.cm-s-default .cm-variable-2 {color: #05a;} +.cm-s-default .cm-variable-3 {color: #085;} +.cm-s-default .cm-comment {color: #a50;} +.cm-s-default .cm-string {color: #a11;} +.cm-s-default .cm-string-2 {color: #f50;} +.cm-s-default .cm-meta {color: #555;} +.cm-s-default .cm-qualifier {color: #555;} +.cm-s-default .cm-builtin {color: #30a;} +.cm-s-default .cm-bracket {color: #997;} +.cm-s-default .cm-tag {color: #170;} +.cm-s-default .cm-attribute {color: #00c;} +.cm-s-default .cm-hr {color: #999;} +.cm-s-default .cm-link {color: #00c;} + +.cm-s-default .cm-error {color: #f00;} +.cm-invalidchar {color: #f00;} + +.CodeMirror-composing { border-bottom: 2px solid; } + +/* Default styles for common addons */ + +div.CodeMirror span.CodeMirror-matchingbracket {color: #0f0;} +div.CodeMirror span.CodeMirror-nonmatchingbracket {color: #f22;} +.CodeMirror-matchingtag { background: rgba(255, 150, 0, .3); } +.CodeMirror-activeline-background {background: #e8f2ff;} + +/* STOP */ + +/* The rest of this file contains styles related to the mechanics of + the editor. You probably shouldn't touch them. */ + +.CodeMirror { + position: relative; + overflow: hidden; + background: white; +} + +.CodeMirror-scroll { + overflow: scroll !important; /* Things will break if this is overridden */ + /* 30px is the magic margin used to hide the element's real scrollbars */ + /* See overflow: hidden in .CodeMirror */ + margin-bottom: -30px; margin-right: -30px; + padding-bottom: 30px; + height: 100%; + outline: none; /* Prevent dragging from highlighting the element */ + position: relative; +} +.CodeMirror-sizer { + position: relative; + border-right: 30px solid transparent; +} + +/* The fake, visible scrollbars. Used to force redraw during scrolling + before actual scrolling happens, thus preventing shaking and + flickering artifacts. */ +.CodeMirror-vscrollbar, .CodeMirror-hscrollbar, .CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler, .CodeMirror-gutter-filler { + position: absolute; + z-index: 6; + display: none; +} +.CodeMirror-vscrollbar { + right: 0; top: 0; + overflow-x: hidden; + overflow-y: scroll; +} +.CodeMirror-hscrollbar { + bottom: 0; left: 0; + overflow-y: hidden; + overflow-x: scroll; +} +.CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler { + right: 0; bottom: 0; +} +.CodeMirror-gutter-filler { + left: 0; bottom: 0; +} + +.CodeMirror-gutters { + position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; + z-index: 3; +} +.CodeMirror-gutter { + white-space: normal; + height: 100%; + display: inline-block; + margin-bottom: -30px; + /* Hack to make IE7 behave */ + *zoom:1; + *display:inline; +} +.CodeMirror-gutter-wrapper { + position: absolute; + z-index: 4; + background: none !important; + border: none !important; +} +.CodeMirror-gutter-background { + position: absolute; + top: 0; bottom: 0; + z-index: 4; +} +.CodeMirror-gutter-elt { + position: absolute; + cursor: default; + z-index: 4; +} +.CodeMirror-gutter-wrapper { + -webkit-user-select: none; + -moz-user-select: none; + user-select: none; +} + +.CodeMirror-lines { + cursor: text; + min-height: 1px; /* prevents collapsing before first draw */ +} +.CodeMirror pre { + /* Reset some styles that the rest of the page might have set */ + -moz-border-radius: 0; -webkit-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; + border-width: 0; + background: transparent; + font-family: inherit; + font-size: inherit; + margin: 0; + white-space: pre; + word-wrap: normal; + line-height: inherit; + color: inherit; + z-index: 2; + position: relative; + overflow: visible; + -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; +} +.CodeMirror-wrap pre { + word-wrap: break-word; + white-space: pre-wrap; + word-break: normal; +} + +.CodeMirror-linebackground { + position: absolute; + left: 0; right: 0; top: 0; bottom: 0; + z-index: 0; +} + +.CodeMirror-linewidget { + position: relative; + z-index: 2; + overflow: auto; +} + +.CodeMirror-widget {} + +.CodeMirror-code { + outline: none; +} + +/* Force content-box sizing for the elements where we expect it */ +.CodeMirror-scroll, +.CodeMirror-sizer, +.CodeMirror-gutter, +.CodeMirror-gutters, +.CodeMirror-linenumber { + -moz-box-sizing: content-box; + box-sizing: content-box; +} + +.CodeMirror-measure { + position: absolute; + width: 100%; + height: 0; + overflow: hidden; + visibility: hidden; +} + +.CodeMirror-cursor { position: absolute; } +.CodeMirror-measure pre { position: static; } + +div.CodeMirror-cursors { + visibility: hidden; + position: relative; + z-index: 3; +} +div.CodeMirror-dragcursors { + visibility: visible; +} + +.CodeMirror-focused div.CodeMirror-cursors { + visibility: visible; +} + +.CodeMirror-selected { background: #d9d9d9; } +.CodeMirror-focused .CodeMirror-selected { background: #d7d4f0; } +.CodeMirror-crosshair { cursor: crosshair; } +.CodeMirror-line::selection, .CodeMirror-line > span::selection, .CodeMirror-line > span > span::selection { background: #d7d4f0; } +.CodeMirror-line::-moz-selection, .CodeMirror-line > span::-moz-selection, .CodeMirror-line > span > span::-moz-selection { background: #d7d4f0; } + +.cm-searching { + background: #ffa; + background: rgba(255, 255, 0, .4); +} + +/* IE7 hack to prevent it from returning funny offsetTops on the spans */ +.CodeMirror span { *vertical-align: text-bottom; } + +/* Used to force a border model for a node */ +.cm-force-border { padding-right: .1px; } + +@media print { + /* Hide the cursor when printing */ + .CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-cursors { + visibility: hidden; + } +} + +/* See issue #2901 */ +.cm-tab-wrap-hack:after { content: ''; } + +/* Help users use markselection to safely style text background */ +span.CodeMirror-selectedtext { background: none; } diff --git a/css/ddox.css b/css/ddox.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4295bada76 --- /dev/null +++ b/css/ddox.css @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +h1 code { font-size: 1em; } +h1 code a { color: inherit; } + +#copyright p { + display: inline; +} + +pre a { text-decoration: none; } +pre a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } + +h1 code a { + text-decoration: none; + color: inherit; + border-bottom: 1px dashed #CCC; +} + +.hyphenate code { + hyphens: manual; +} + +col.caption { + min-width: 170pt; +} + +#navigation #cssmenu a.package { + background-image: none; +} + +span.tableEntryAnnotation { color: #866;} + +a.protected { + font-style: italic; + background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/protected.png); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + background-position: 0pt 2pt; + padding-left: 16px; +} +a.package { + font-style: italic; + background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/package.png); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + padding-left: 16px; +} +a.private { + font-style: italic; + background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/private.png); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + padding-left: 16px; +} +a.inherited:after { content: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/inherited.png); padding-left: 3pt; vertical-align: bottom; } + +#symbolSearchPane label { color: #ddd; } + +#symbolSearch { width: 112pt; } + +#symbolSearchResults { + background: #F5F5F5; + border: 1px solid #CCC; + font-size: small; + list-style: none; + margin: 0; + margin-top: 5px; + padding: 0.3em; + position: absolute; + right: -1px; + top: 100%; + width: 100%; + z-index: 1000; +} + +#symbolSearchResults li { + background-repeat: no-repeat; + background-position: left center; + padding-left: 18px; +} + +#top #symbolSearchResults li a { + color: #B03931; + height: auto; + padding: 0; +} +#symbolSearchResults li a:hover +{ + background: transparent; + color: #742620; + text-decoration: underline; +} + +#symbolSearchResults .deprecated a { color: gray; } +#symbolSearchResults .module { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/module.png); } +#symbolSearchResults .functiondeclaration { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/function.png); } +#symbolSearchResults .classdeclaration { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/class.png); } +#symbolSearchResults .interfacedeclaration { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/interface.png); } +#symbolSearchResults .structdeclaration { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/struct.png); } +#symbolSearchResults .variabledeclaration { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/variable.png); } +#symbolSearchResults .property { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/property.png); } +#symbolSearchResults .enumdeclaration { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/enum.png); } +#symbolSearchResults .enummemberdeclaration { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/enummember.png); } +#symbolSearchResults .aliasdeclaration { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/alias.png); } +#symbolSearchResults .templatedeclaration { background-image: url(https://github.com/images/ddox/template.png); } + +/* Don't show simple handcrafted cheat sheets. DDOX does a good job generating + * them. */ +table.simple-cheatsheet { display: none; } diff --git a/css/html-skeleton.css b/css/html-skeleton.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..41497e65c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/css/html-skeleton.css @@ -0,0 +1,242 @@ +/* + +This file contains one entry for each element defined by html.ddoc. It +is otherwise content-free. Use it as a starting point in defining +display styles based upon html.ddoc. + +*/ + +/* DIV: Formats the "Authors" section */ +.Authors +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "Bugs" section */ +.Bugs +{ +} + +/* DIV: class members (classes, funs, enums etc) */ +.class_members +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "Copyright" section */ +.Copyright +{ +} + +/* DIV: code section introduced with --- and --- */ +.d_code +{ + font-family: "Courier New", monospace; + white-space: pre; +} + +/* SPAN: D comment in code */ +.d_comment +{ +} + +/* SPAN: Declaration, i.e. name introduced with return and parameters +*/ +.d_decl +{ +} + +/* DIV: Description of a declaration */ +.d_decl_dd +{ +} + +/* DIV DIV: Description of an entity defined in the doc */ +.d_decl_dd .sections +{ +} + +/* DIV DIV DIV: Summary of an entity defined in the doc */ +.d_decl_dd .sections .summary +{ +} + +/* SPAN: D keyword in code */ +.d_keyword +{ +} + +/* SPAN: D keyword in code */ +.d_keyword +{ +} + +/* SPAN: parameter style inside function description. Warning, +parameters will be rendered in this style everywhere.*/ +.d_param +{ +} + +/* SPAN: Symbol being introduced */ +.d_psymbol +{ +} + +/* SPAN: D string in code */ +.d_string +{ +} + +/* SPAN: D module title */ +.d_title +{ +} + +/* SPAN: link to Phobos resource */ +.phobos_src +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "Date" section */ +.Date +{ +} + +/* SPAN: Highlight of D keywords? */ +.ddoc_keyword +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "Deprecated" section */ +.Deprecated +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the description of an item */ +.description +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the description of enum members */ +.enum_members +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "Examples" section */ +.Examples +{ +} + +/* SPAN: This is one of those "Authors:" thingies */ +.explanation_item +{ +} + +/* DIV: This is one of those "Authors: xyz" thingies */ +.explanatory +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "History:" section */ +.History +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "License:" section */ +.License +{ +} + +/* DIV: default style of members (inside classes, structs, enums, +templates) */ +.members +{ +} + +/* DIV: Top-level module members (classes, funs, enums etc) */ +.module_members +{ +} + +/* SPAN: Formats a parameter name all over the description. */ +.param +{ +} + +/* SPAN: Formats a parameter description */ +.param_desc +{ +} + +/* SPAN: Formats a parameter name */ +.param_id +{ +} + +/* TABLE: Formats the parameters table */ +.parameters +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "Params:" section */ +.Params +{ +} + +/* SPAN: Name introduced by a declaration */ +.psymbol +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "Returns:" section */ +.Returns +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "See_Also:" section */ +.See_Also +{ +} + +/* SPAN: Formats a section with an undefined name */ +.section +{ +} + +/* SPAN: Formats the header of a section with an undefined name */ +.section_h +{ +} + +/* DIV: Sections of the document, pretty much the entire doc */ +.sections +{ +} + +/* DIV: Members of a struct */ +.struct_members +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "Standards:" section */ +.Standards +{ +} + +/* DIV: Summary of the module or of a documented entity */ +.summary +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the description of a template's members */ +.template_members +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "Throws:" section */ +.Throws +{ +} + +/* DIV: Formats the "Version:" section */ +.Version +{ +} diff --git a/css/print.css b/css/print.css index 19d7371980..72a3575f4c 100644 --- a/css/print.css +++ b/css/print.css @@ -8,9 +8,19 @@ pre { overflow: visible; overflow-X: hidden; + font-size: 100%; } -#search-box, #header, #navigation, #lastupdate, #tools, #google_ad, #footernav, #copyright +#search-box, +#header, +#navigation, +#lastupdate, +#tools, +#footernav, +#copyright, +#github-ribbon, +#top, +.page-contents { display: none; } @@ -22,5 +32,5 @@ div#content margin: 0; padding: 0; font-family: serif; - font-size: 12pt; + font-size: 10pt; } diff --git a/css/style.css b/css/style.css index c6fbedc407..6d7796b688 100644 --- a/css/style.css +++ b/css/style.css @@ -1,643 +1,2235 @@ +/* + +-- Colors -- + +Greys: + +white +#FCFCFC +#F5F5F5 +#E6E6E6 +#CCC +#ADADAD +#999 +#555 +#333 - main text + +Reds: + +#B03931 - our main red +#742620 - focus/hover + +#D8645E - on dark background +#F47069 - focus/hover on dark background + +#98312A +#943029 + +-- Font Sizes -- + +Keep the number of different font sizes low. The different heading levels +(h1, ... h6) get specific sizes. Other than that, try to use 'small' and +'large'. + +-- Misc -- + +border-radius: always 4px + +*/ + +@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Slab:300,400,700); + +body, .d_decl .quickindex +{ + font-family: "Roboto Slab", sans-serif; +} + +pre, code, .tt, .d_inlinecode, td.param_id, .CodeMirror pre, .d_decl +{ + font-family: Consolas, "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Andale Mono", Monaco, "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Lucida Console", monospace; +} +pre, .CodeMirror pre +{ + font-size: small; +} + +pre div.blankline { display: none; } +ol div.blankline { display: none; } +ul div.blankline { display: none; } + body { - padding: 0; - border: 0; - color: black; - background-color: #1f252b; - background-image: url(https://github.com/images/gradient-red.jpg); - background-repeat: no-repeat; - font-size: 100%; - font-family: Verdana, "Deja Vu", "Bitstream Vera Sans", sans-serif; - min-width: 60em; -/* max-width: 1590px; */ - margin: 0px auto; + background: white; + color: #333; + font-size: 93.75%; + line-height: 1.4; + margin: 0; + padding: 0; +} + +#top > .helper, +body > .container, +body#Home #content #tools > div, +body#Home #content > .intro > div, +body#Home #content > .more +{ + margin: auto; + max-width: 76em; + padding: 0 1em; +} + +body > .container +{ + position: relative; +} + +body.doc input, +body.doc textarea, +body.std input, +body.std textarea +{ + background: white; + color: #333; +} + +/* top nav bar */ + +#top +{ + background: #B03931; + border-bottom: 1px #98312A solid; + position: relative; +} + +#top > .helper > .helper +{ + display: table; + width: 100%; +} + +#top #cssmenu, +#top .search-container +{ + display: table-cell; + vertical-align: middle; +} + +#top .search-container +{ + width: 0; /* shrink to content size */ +} + +#top .logo +{ + display: block; + float: left; + margin-left: -5.4em; + margin-right: -4em; + padding-top: 1px; +} + +#top img#logo +{ + height: 2.533em; + vertical-align: middle; + width: 13.69em; +} + +#top #d-language +{ + display: none; +} + +#top a.hamburger +{ + display: none; +} + +#top a +{ + color: white; + text-decoration: none; +} + +#top a:hover, +#top #cssmenu li.open > a, +#top #cssmenu li.active > a +{ + background: #98312A; +} + +#top .expand-container +{ + position: relative; +} + +/* main menu */ + +#top #cssmenu +{ + width: 100%; /* take all available space */ +} + +/* Hide expandable sections by default in #cssmenu. They have fallback URLs. */ +#top #cssmenu .expand-container > * +{ + display: none; +} +#top #cssmenu .expand-container.open > *, +#top #cssmenu .expand-container > .expand-toggle +{ + display: block; +} + +#top #cssmenu ul +{ + list-style: none; + margin: 0; + padding: 0; +} + +#top #cssmenu a, #top .search-container a +{ + display: block; + height: 1.4em; /* Not sure why, but without this the expandable items would + get half a pixel taller than the others. */ + padding: 0.6em 1em; + position: relative; + white-space: nowrap; +} + +#top #cssmenu > ul > li +{ + float: left; +} + +#top #cssmenu > ul > li > ul +{ + background: #B03931; + border: 1px solid #98312A; + + border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; + border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; + + -moz-box-shadow: 0px 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.176); + -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.176); + box-shadow: 0px 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.176); + + position: absolute; + z-index: 5; +} + +#top #cssmenu > ul > li > ul > li > a +{ + font-size: small; + padding-top: 0.3em; + padding-bottom: 0.3em; + padding-right: 2em; +} + +#top #cssmenu > ul > li > ul > li:first-child > a +{ + padding-top: 0.6em; +} + +#top #cssmenu > ul > li > ul > li:last-child > a +{ + padding-bottom: 0.6em; +} + + +#top #cssmenu > ul > li .menu-divider +{ + border-top: 1px solid #943029; +} + +#top #cssmenu > ul > li .menu-divider:before +{ + border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); + display: block; + height: 1px; + content: ''; +} + +/* search box */ + +#top .search-container.expand-container .expand-toggle +{ + display: none; +} +#top .search-container.expand-container .expand-toggle::after +{ + content: "\f002 \f0d7"; /* f002 = search; f0d7 = caret down */ + font-family: FontAwesome; +} + +#top .search-container.expand-container .expand-toggle span +{ + display: none; +} + +#top #search-box +{ + display: block; /* Don't hide even though it's in a .expand-container. */ + padding-left: 1em; +} + +div#search-box form, span#search-query, span#search-dropdown, span#search-submit +{ + border: 1px none #CCC; +} + +div#search-box form +{ + background: white; + + border-radius: 4px; + -webkit-border-radius: 4px; + -moz-border-radius: 4px; + + border-style: solid; + display: inline-block; + font-size: small; + margin: 0; + vertical-align: middle; + white-space: nowrap; +} + +span#search-query, +span#search-dropdown, span#search-dropdown > .helper, +span#search-submit +{ + display: inline-block; + height: 2em; + line-height: 1.3; + vertical-align: top; +} + +span#search-query +{ + width: 8em; +} + +span#search-query input, span#search-dropdown select, span#search-submit button +{ + background: transparent; + color: #333; + border: none; + font-size: small; + margin: 0; + padding: 0 0.5em; + width: 100%; + height: 100%; + outline: none; +} + +span#search-dropdown > .helper +{ + display: inline-block; + position: relative; + overflow: hidden; + width: 8em; +} + +span#search-dropdown > .helper::after +{ + content: "\f0d7"; /* caret down */ + font-family: FontAwesome; + position: absolute; + width: 1em; + line-height: 1em; + top: 0.5em; + right: 0.2em; +} + +span#search-dropdown select +{ + padding-right: 7.5em; + position: relative; + text-overflow: ellipsis; + width: 14em; /* Pushing the native dropdown arrow into invisibility. */ + z-index: 1; + + -webkit-appearance: none; + -moz-appearance: none; + appearance: none; +} +span#search-dropdown select::-ms-expand /* IE */ +{ + display: none; +} + +span#search-submit +{ + background: #E6E6E6; + border-left-style: solid; + line-height: 1.2em; + width: 3em; +} + +span#search-submit button +{ + color: #555; +} + +span#search-submit button:active +{ + position: relative; + top: 0.1em; +} + +span#search-submit span /* hide 'go' */ +{ + display: none; +} + +/* subnav */ + +.subnav, .subnav-helper +{ + background: #F5F5F5; + border: 0 solid #CCC; + border-width: 0 1px 1px; + padding-left: 1em; + padding-right: 1em; + width: 15em; +} + +.subnav +{ + float: left; + padding-bottom: 2em; + position: relative; +} + +.subnav a +{ + text-decoration: none; +} + +.subnav a:hover, .subnav .expand-toggle:hover +{ + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.subnav .smallprint a +{ + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.subnav h2 +{ + border-bottom: 1px solid #CCC; + font-size: 1em; + margin-right: -1em; +} + +/* Hide JS toggle. It's only displayed in the narrow layouts. */ +body.have-javascript .subnav.expand-container > h2.expand-toggle +{ + display: none; +} + +/* Hide links that just duplicate the subnav contents. They're only displayed +in the narrow layouts without JS. */ +.subnav .subnav-duplicate +{ + display: none; +} + +.subnav ul +{ + list-style: none; + margin: 0; + padding-left: 1em; +} +.subnav > ul +{ + padding-left: 0; +} + +.subnav li a +{ + display: block; + position: relative; + /* white-space: nowrap; */ +} + +.subnav li.active > a +{ + color: #742620; + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.subnav .hide-from-nav +{ + display: none; +} + +/* hierarchy tree lines */ + +body.std .subnav ul ul ul +{ + border-left: 1px solid #CCC; +} + +body.std .subnav .d_inlinecode +{ + display: block; + font-weight: normal; + overflow: hidden; + text-overflow: ellipsis; +} + +body.std .subnav li li > a > span, +body.std .subnav li li > h7 > span +{ + border-left: 1px solid #CCC; +} + +body.std .subnav ul ul li > a > span::before, +body.std .subnav ul ul li > h7 > span::before +{ + border-bottom: 1px solid #CCC; + content: ""; + display: inline-block; + width: 0.5ex; + margin-right: 0.5ex; + + height: 1em; + position: relative; + bottom: 0.5ex; +} + +body.std .subnav ul ul li:last-child > ul +{ + border-left: none; +} + +body.std .subnav ul ul li:last-child > a > span, +body.std .subnav ul ul li:last-child > h7 > span +{ + border-left: none; +} + +body.std .subnav ul ul li:last-child > a > span::before, +body.std .subnav ul ul li:last-child > h7 > span::before +{ + border-left: 1px solid #CCC; +} + +/* Don't show ddox package symbols in the subnav. */ +body.std .subnav a.package +{ + background: none; + padding-left: 0; + font-style: normal; +} + +.subnav-helper +{ + bottom: 0; + content: ""; + position: absolute; + top: 0; +} + +#content +{ + padding-bottom: 1em; + text-align: justify; +} + +/* This is a CSS hack to only target Blink based browsers + Targets Chrome 28 and later and Opera 14 and later +*/ +@media all and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:0) and (min-resolution: .001dpcm) { + #content + { + /* because Blink based browsers don't support hyphens */ + text-align: left; + } +} + +.subnav + #content +{ + margin-left: 19em; +} + +#content #tools +{ + padding: 0.3em 0 0.6em 0; + text-align: right; +} + +#content #tools .tip +{ + display: inline-block; + padding-left: 0.5em; +} + +.expand-container > .expand-toggle::after +{ + content: " \f0d7"; /* caret down */ + font-family: FontAwesome; +} +body.have-javascript .expand-container.open > .expand-toggle::after +{ + content: " \f0d8"; /* caret up */ +} + +body.have-javascript .expand-container > * +{ + display: none; +} + +/* Not hiding .subnav by default; only in the narrow layouts. */ +body .subnav.expand-container > * +{ + display: block; +} + +body.have-javascript .expand-container.open > *, +body.have-javascript .expand-container > .expand-toggle +{ + display: block; +} + +/* show signature download on hover */ +span.sig_btn +{ + display: inline-block; +} + +span.sig_btn > a:last-child +{ + visibility: hidden; +} + +span.sig_btn:hover > a:last-child +{ + visibility: visible; +} + +a.btn +{ + color: #333; + background: white; + border: 1px solid #CCC; + border-radius: 4px; + padding: 0.3em 0.6em; + display: inline-block; + text-decoration: none; +} + +a.btn:hover +{ + background-color: #E6E6E6; + border-color: #ADADAD; + color: #333; +} + +.btn.donate-large +{ + font-size: 22px; + padding: 0.4em 1em; + background-color: #B03931; + color: white; + border: #B03931; +} +.btn.donate-large:hover +{ + background-color: #98312A; + color: white; +} + +/* only grow as wide as necessary */ +div.btn-group-vertical +{ + display: inline-block; +} + +/* make all elements the same width */ +div.btn-group-vertical > a, +div.btn-group-vertical > span +{ + display: block; +} + +/* distribute multiple elements evenly in a row */ +div.btn-group-vertical > div.hbox +{ + display: flex; +} + +div.btn-group-vertical > div.hbox > a +{ + flex-grow: 1 +} + +/* replaces tag */ +em.big +{ + font-style: normal; + font-size: larger; +} + +/* replaces tag */ +em.tt +{ + font-style: normal; +} + +/* replaces tag */ +em.u +{ + font-style: normal; + text-decoration: underline; +} + +table.params +{ + border: 1px dotted #333; +} + +tr.param +{ + border: none; + border-bottom: 1px dotted gray; +} + +tr:last-child +{ + border-bottom: none; +} + +td.param_id +{ + border: inherit; + font-weight: bold; + padding-right: 1em; + white-space: nowrap; + vertical-align: top; +} + +td.param_desc +{ + border: inherit; + font-style: italic; +} + +.download-tables > .download-compilers { + flex-grow: 1; + flex-shrink: 0; +} + +.download-tables { + display: flex; + gap: 2.5em; + align-items: center; +} + +@media screen and (max-width: 65em) { + .download-tables { + flex-direction: column; + } +} + +table.lsp { + max-width: 30em; + background-color: white; + border: none; + border-radius: 0.5em; + border-top-left-radius: 0.25em; + border-top-right-radius: 0.25em; + /* TODO: currently with shadow, since it's new and shiny, make this fit with the other content eventually */ + box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.2), 0 5px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); + position: relative; +} + +table.lsp tbody > tr:nth-child(1) > td:before { + display: block; + content: ""; + position: absolute; + top: 0; + left: 0; + width: 100%; + height: 0.5em; + background-color: #B03931; + border-top-left-radius: 0.25em; + border-top-right-radius: 0.25em; +} + +table.lsp img { + background-color: white; + border-radius: 0.5em; + padding: 0.5em; +} + +table.lsp td { + padding: 1em; +} + +table.lsp tbody > tr:nth-child(1) > td { + padding-bottom: 0; + padding-top: 1.5em; +} + +table.download-compilers +{ + width: 100%; + max-width: 50em; + table-layout: fixed; +} + +.download-tables table td +{ + border: none; +} + +.download-tables h2 +{ + margin: 0; + margin-bottom: 4pt; + text-align: center; +} + +.download-tables table > tbody > tr:first-child > td +{ + text-align: center; + vertical-align: middle; +} + +.download-tables table > tbody > tr:nth-child(2) > td +{ + text-align: left; +} + +.download-tables table > tbody > tr:nth-child(2) > td > ul +{ + margin-bottom: 0; + padding-left: 1em; +} + +.download-tables table div.download-link +{ + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +table.download-compilers img +{ + width: 100%; +} + +table.lsp img +{ + width: 100%; + max-width: 8em; + margin: 0; +} + +.download-tables table h3 +{ + margin-top: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +div#download-choose +{ + float: right; +} + +.download_image +{ + display: inline-block; + width: 100px; + vertical-align: top; +} + +h3.download +{ + display: inline-block; +} + +.download_paragraph +{ + display: inline-block; +} + +.download_paragraph > h3 +{ + margin: 0; +} + +/* release | beta | nightly */ +.download_channels +{ + word-spacing: 2em; +} + +.download_channel +{ + display: inline-block; + word-spacing: initial; +} + +.footnote +{ + font-style: italic; +} +.footnote::before { content: " ("; } +.footnote::after { content: ")"; } + +.gname +{ + font-style: italic; +} + +.metacode +{ + font-style: italic; +} + +.key +{ + font-weight: bold; + display: block; +} + +.hyphenate +{ + -webkit-hyphens: auto; + -moz-hyphens: auto; + -epub-hyphens: auto; + -ms-hyphens: auto; + hyphens: auto; +} + +.donthyphenate +{ + -webkit-hyphens: manual; + -moz-hyphens: manual; + -epub-hyphens: manual; + -ms-hyphens: manual; + hyphens: manual; +} + +.black { color: black; } +.blue { color: blue; } +.green { color: green; } +.red { color: red; } +.white { color: white; } +.yellow { color: yellow; } + +.bigoh +{ + font-weight: bold; +} + +div.summary, div.description, div.keyval, div.blankline +{ + margin: 1em 0; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { - font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; - font-weight: normal; - color: #633; - line-height: normal; - text-align: left; + font-weight: normal; + line-height: normal; + text-align: left; + margin: 2em 0 1em; } h1 { - margin-top: 0; - font-size: 2.5em; + font-size: 2.0em; + margin-top: 0; } h2 { - font-size: 1.7em; + font-size: 1.5em; } h3 { - font-size: 1.35em; + font-size: 1.35em; } h4 { - font-size: 1.15em; - font-style: italic; - margin-bottom: 0; + font-size: 1.15em; } +h5 +{ + font-size: 1em; +} +/*This is to support the "Programming in D" book*/ +h6 { + font-size: 1em; + color:#000033; + font-weight:bold; +} +.chapter { + font-size: 2em; + color:#000033; +} +.subsection { + font-size: 1.15em; + color:#000033; + font-weight:bold; +} form { - margin: 0; + margin: 0; } blockquote { - font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; - background-color: #e5e5e5; - display: block; - padding: 0.25em 1em; - margin: 1em 2em; + background-color: #e5e5e5; + display: block; + padding: 0.25em 1em; + margin: 1em 2em; } blockquote p:before { - content: "\201C"; - font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; - color: #bacaca; - display: block; - font-size: 700%; - width: 50px; - height: 0; - margin-left: -0.5em; - line-height: 0.8em; + content: "\201C"; + color: #bacaca; + display: block; + font-size: 700%; + width: 50px; + height: 0; + margin-left: -0.5em; + line-height: 0.8em; } blockquote p { - margin: 0; - font-style: italic; + margin: 0; + font-style: italic; } blockquote cite { - display: block; - text-align: right; + display: block; + text-align: right; } +/* pre.prettyprint and div.prototype come from prettyprint.js */ +pre, pre.prettyprint, div.prototype +{ + background: white; + border-radius: 4px; + padding: 1ex; + margin: 1em 0 1em 0; + line-height: normal; + border: 1px solid #ccc; + width: auto; +} pre { - background: white; - padding: 1ex; - margin: 1em 0 1em 3em; - font-family: monospace; - font-size: 1.2em; - line-height: normal; - border: 1px solid #ccc; - width: auto; - white-space: pre-wrap; /* css-3 */ - white-space: -moz-pre-wrap; /* Mozilla, since 1999 */ - white-space: -pre-wrap; /* Opera 4-6 */ - white-space: -o-pre-wrap; /* Opera 7 */ - word-wrap: break-word; /* Internet Explorer 5.5+ */ + white-space: pre-wrap; /* css-3 */ + white-space: -moz-pre-wrap; /* Mozilla, since 1999 */ + white-space: -pre-wrap; /* Opera 4-6 */ + white-space: -o-pre-wrap; /* Opera 7 */ + word-wrap: break-word; /* Internet Explorer 5.5+ */ } -dd +dd, .d_decl_dd { - padding: 1ex; - margin-left: 3em; - margin-bottom: 1em; + margin: 0; + margin-bottom: 2em; + padding: 1ex; + padding-left: 2em; } -table, tr, td, th +.template_param_list { - /*border-style: solid;*/ + color: #48688E; } -td +.constraint { - text-align: justify; + opacity: .35; } -hr +.constraint:before { + content: "Constraints: "; + visibility: hidden; +} + +.constraint:hover:before { + visibility: visible; +} + +.constraint:hover { + opacity: 1; +} + +table { - margin: 2em 0; + border: solid #333; + border-width: 2px 0; + border-collapse: collapse; } -a +table tr { - color: #006; + border: none; } -a:visited +table td, table th, table caption { - color: #606; + text-align: left; + vertical-align: top; + padding: 0.3em; } -/* These are different kinds of sections */
-.bnf /* grammar */
+.quickindex .book caption:empty
{
- background-color: white;
- color: #000066;
+ padding: 0px;
}
-.ddoccode
+table td
{
- background-color: #f3eeee;
- color: #000066;
+ border: none;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #E6E6E6;
}
-.console /* command line console */
+table th
{
- background-color: #f7f7f7;
- color: #181818;
+ border: none;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #333;
}
-.moddeffile /* module definition file */
+table td:not(:last-child), table th:not(:last-child)
{
- background-color: #efeffe;
- color: #010199;
+ padding-right: 1em;
}
-.scini /* sc.ini configuration file */
+/*
+ These next two rules are for pages like:
+ http://dlang.org/phobos-prerelease/std_regex.html
+
+ The idea is if we have a list of links, we want space
+ to the right of each one. But detecting a list of links
+ vs just a single link requires some thought: the css
+ adjacent sibling rule does well detecting all but the first
+ one in a list, so we'll add space to the right of them (that's
+ the second rule here), but that leaves an inconsistent space
+ after the first item.
+
+ That's where the following rule comes in: on the item directly
+ following the first link, add some left padding to simulate the
+ first one having the same space as the others.
+*/
+table.book tbody a:first-child + a
{
- background-color: #fef6fe;
- color: #111199;
+ padding-left: .6em;
}
-.d_code /* D code */
+table.book tbody a + a
{
- background-color: #fcfcfc;
- color: #000066;
+ padding-right: .6em;
}
-.d_code2 /* D code */
+hr
{
- background-color: #fcfcfc;
- color: #000066;
+ margin: 2em 0;
}
-.asmcode /* Asm code */
+a, .question, .expand-toggle
{
- background-color: #afcbde;
- color: #000066;
+ color: #B03931;
+ cursor: pointer;
}
-.ccode /* C code */
+a:hover, .question:hover, .expand-toggle:hover
{
- background-color: #f6ecf0;
- color: #000066;
+ color: #742620;
}
-.cppcode /* C++ code */
+/*
+Styling for page anchor self-links.
+
+These links look like regular headers unless hovered, in which case
+they are underlined and display a pilcrow after them.
+*/
+a.anchor
{
- background-color: #f6ecf0;
- color: #000066;
+ color: #633; /* Use the regular header text color */
+ text-decoration: none; /* Don't underline unless hovered */
}
-.cppcode2 /* C++ code */
+a.anchor:hover
{
- background-color: #f6ecf0;
- color: #000066;
+ text-decoration: underline; /* See above */
}
-td .d_code2, td .cppcode2, td .cppcode
+a.anchor:hover::after
{
- min-width: 20em;
- margin: 1em 0em;
+ content: " \00B6"; /* Unicode pilcrow symbol */
+ color: #333; /* Pilcrow should not use the regular header text color */
+ font-style: normal; /* ... and should not be italic */
}
-.d_inlinecode
+/* Avoid inserting the pilcrow in the middle of the line on the compiler pages */
+
+body.dcompiler dt a.anchor:hover::after
{
- font-family: monospace;
- /* font-size: 1.2em; */
- font-weight: bold;
+ display: none;
}
-/* Elements of D source code text */
-.d_comment { color: green; }
-.d_string { color: red; }
-.d_keyword { color: blue; }
-.d_psymbol { text-decoration: underline; }
-.d_param { font-style: italic; }
+body.dcompiler dt a.anchor:hover
+{
+ position: relative;
+}
-/* Focal symbol that is being documented */
-.ddoc_psymbol { color: #336600; }
+body.dcompiler dt a.anchor:hover:before
+{
+ content: " \00B6";
+ color: #333;
+ font-style: normal;
+ position: absolute;
+ left: -1em;
+}
-div#top
+/* These are different kinds of sections */
+.bnf /* grammar */
{
-/* max-width: 85em; */
+ background-color: white;
}
-div#header
+.ddoccode
{
- padding: 0.2em 1em 0.2em 1em;
+ background-color: #f3eeee;
}
-img#logo
+.console /* command line console */
+{
+ background-color: #333;
+ border-color: #333;
+ color: #F5F5F5;
+}
+.console a
{
- vertical-align: bottom;
+ color: #D8645E;
+}
+.console a:hover
+{
+ color: #F47069;
}
-/*div#d-language a*/
-#d-language
+.moddeffile /* module definition file */
{
- color: white;
- font-size: 1.7em;
- font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
- font-variant: small-caps;
- text-decoration: none;
+ background-color: #efeffe;
+ color: #010199;
}
-div#search-box
+.scini /* sc.ini configuration file */
{
- background-color: transparent;
- float: right;
- margin-top: 1em;
- margin-right: 1em;
- text-align: right;
+ background-color: #fef6fe;
+ color: #111199;
}
-div#search-box img, div#search-box input, div#search-box select
+.d_code, .d_code2 /* D code */
{
- margin: 0;
- padding: 0;
- vertical-align: middle;
+ background-color: #fcfcfc;
}
-div#search-box input#q
+.asmcode /* Asm code */
{
- border: 0px;
- height: 22px;
- background-image: url(https://github.com/images/search-bg.gif);
- color: black;
+ background-color: #afcbde;
+ border-color: #afcbde;
}
-div#search-box select
+.ccode, .cppcode, .cppcode2 /* C/C++ code */
{
- width: 14em;
+ background-color: #fcfcfc;
}
-div#search-box input#q:focus
+td .d_code2, td .cppcode2, td .cppcode
{
- outline: none;
+ min-width: 20em;
+ margin: 1em 0;
}
+.d_inlinecode
+{
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
-div#navigation
+.d_title
{
- font-size: 0.875em;
- float: left;
- width: 11.5em;
- padding: 0 1.5em;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ text-overflow: clip;
+ overflow: hidden;
+ display: block;
+ word-wrap: break-word;
+ font-family: Consolas, "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Andale Mono", Monaco, "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Lucida Console", monospace;
}
-div#content
+.phobos_src
{
- text-align: justify;
- min-height: 440px;
- margin-left: 13.5em;
- padding: 1.6em;
- padding-top: 1.3em;
- padding-bottom: 1em;
- margin-right: 0.5em;
- border: 0.4em solid #ccd5d5;
- background-color: #f6f6f6;
- font-size: 0.875em;
- line-height: 1.4em;
- text-align: justify;
+ text-overflow: clip;
+ overflow: hidden;
+ display: block;
+ word-wrap: break-word;
}
-body.chm
+/* syntax highlighting
+
+d_* classes come from Ddoc.
+cm-* classes come from CodeMirror.
+
+These classes come from prettify.js:
+.pln - plain text
+.str - string content
+.kwd - keyword
+.com - comment
+.typ - type name
+.lit - literal value
+.pun - punctuation
+.opn - lisp open bracket
+.clo - lisp close bracket
+.tag - markup tag name
+.atn - markup attribute name
+.atv - markup attribute value
+.dec - declaration
+.var - variable name
+.fun - function name
+
+*/
+
+.d_comment,
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-comment,
+.com
{
- min-width: 0 !important;
+ color: #999;
}
-body.chm div#content
+.d_string,
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-string, .cm-s-eclipse span.cm-string-2,
+.str, .atv
{
- padding: 20px;
- border: none;
- margin: 0 !important;
+ color: #DC4040;
}
-body.chm div#tools
+.d_keyword,
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-keyword, .cm-s-eclipse span.cm-builtin,
+.kwd
{
- margin-right: 0;
+ color: #4040DC;
}
-div#twitter
+.typ
{
- color: white;
- font-size: 0.875em;
- float: right;
- width: 16em;
- padding: 1em 1em;
- margin-top: -1em;
+ color: #4040DC;
}
-div.navblock
+
+.d_param
{
- margin-top: 0;
- margin-bottom: 1em;
+ font-style: italic;
}
-div#navigation .navblock h2
+/* .cm-meta is here because it and .lit both match @-attributes */
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-number, .cm-s-eclipse span.cm-meta,
+.lit
{
- font-family: Verdana, "Deja Vu", "Bitstream Vera Sans", sans-serif;
- font-size: 1.35em;
- color: #ccc;
- margin: 0;
+ color: #8E00DC;
}
-div#navigation .navblock ul
{
- list-style-type: none;
- margin: 0;
- padding: 0;
+ color: #333;
}
-div#navigation .navblock li
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-attribute,
+.atn
{
- margin: 0 0 0 0.8em;
- padding: 0;
+ color: #9ad452;
}
-#navigation .navblock a
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-tag,
+.tag
{
- display: block;
- color: #ccc;
- text-decoration: none;
- padding: 0.1em 0;
- border-bottom: 1px dotted #494949;
+ color: #ffaa00;
}
-#navigation .navblock a:hover
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-error
{
- color: #eee;
+ color: #f00;
}
-#navigation .navblock a.active
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-def, .cm-s-eclipse span.cm-operator,
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-property, .cm-s-eclipse span.cm-variable,
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-variable-2, .cm-s-eclipse span.cm-variable-3,
+.pln, .fun
+.dec, .var
{
- color: white;
- border-color: white;
+ color: #333;
}
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-word {color: #006;}
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-atom {color: #219;}
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-qualifier {color: #555;}
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-bracket {color: #cc7;}
+.cm-s-eclipse span.cm-link {color: #219;}
-div#translate
+
+.ddoc_keyword
{
- margin-top: 3em;
- margin-left: 0;
- color: #ccc;
+ font-weight: bold;
}
+.ddoc_param
+{
+ font-style: italic;
+}
-div#tools
+/* Focal symbol that is being documented */
+.d_psymbol, .ddoc_psymbol
{
- margin: -1.5em;
- margin-bottom: 0;
- text-align: right;
+/* color: #B03931; */
+ font-weight: bold;
}
-div#tools span
+.d_decl
+{
+ background: #F5F5F5;
+ border-left: 5px solid #B03931;
+ text-align: left;
+ border-top-left-radius: 4px;
+ border-top-right-radius: 4px;
+}
+.d_decl > div
{
- padding-left: 0.5em;
- font-size: 0.8em;
- font-style: italic;
- color: #666;
+ border: 1px solid #E6E6E6;
+ border-top-right-radius: 4px;
+ padding: 0.6em 1em;
}
-div#tools a
+.d_decl + dd
{
- color: #666;
+ border: 1px solid #E6E6E6;
+ border-top: none;
+ border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+ border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
}
-div#tools img
+img
{
- vertical-align: middle;
+ border: 0;
}
+body.chm div#news,
+body.chm div.subnav-helper,
+body.chm div.subnav,
+body.chm div#top
+{
+ display: none;
+}
-div#content li
+body.chm
{
- padding-bottom: .7ex;
+ min-width: 0 !important;
}
+body.chm div#content
+{
+ padding: 20px;
+ border: none;
+ margin: 0 !important;
+ border-radius: 0;
+}
-div#google_ad
+body.chm div#tools
{
- margin-top: 6em;
+ margin-right: 0;
}
+body.chm dt.d_decl
+{
+ width: 100%;
+}
-div#footernav
+.boxes
{
- clear: both;
-/* margin-top: 2em; */
- padding: 1em 2em 0 2em;
-/* background-color: #303333; */
- color: #666;
- text-align: center;
- font-size: 80%;
+ margin: 2em 0;
}
-div#footernav a
+.boxes .row
{
- color: #ccc;
+ display: table-row;
}
-div#footernav a:hover
+.boxes .item
{
- color: white;
+ display: table-cell;
+ width: 50%;
}
+.boxes > .row > .item
+{
+ padding: 1em 2em;
+}
-div#copyright
+.boxes > .row > .item > h4:first-child
{
- padding: 1em 2em;
-/* background-color: #303333; */
- color: #ccc;
- font-size: 50%;
- text-align: center;
+ margin-top: 0;
}
-div#copyright a
+.boxes > .row:first-child > .item
{
- color: #ccc;
+ padding-top: 0;
}
+.boxes > .row:last-child > .item
+{
+ padding-bottom: 0;
+}
-/* These are for the newsgroup archives */
-div#newsnav
+.boxes > .row > .item:first-child
{
- margin-top: -1.5em;
- margin-bottom: -1em;
+ padding-left: 0;
}
-div#Posting
+
+.boxes > .row > .item:last-child
{
- border: 1px solid #cccccc;
- margin-bottom: 1em;
+ padding-right: 0;
}
-div#PostingHeading
+
+.tip
{
- font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
- font-size: larger;
- color: #633;
- background-color: #eeeeee;
+ font-size: small;
+ position: relative;
}
-div#PostingHeading img
+
+.tip > div
{
- vertical-align: middle;
+ display: none;
+ position: absolute;
+ top: 25px;
+ left: auto;
+ right: 0;
+ width: 19em;
+ padding: 8px;
+ z-index: 100;
+ background: #555;
+ color: white;
+ font-style: normal;
+ text-align: left;
+ -moz-border-radius: 4px;
+ -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
+ border-radius: 4px;
}
-div#PostingHeading a
+
+.tip:hover > div
{
- text-decoration: none;
+ display: block;
}
-div#PostingFooting
+
+.tip > div > *:first-child
{
- font-size: smaller;
- background-color: #eeeeee;
+ margin-top: 0;
}
-div#PostingTOC
+.tip > div > *:last-child
{
- font-size: smaller;
+ margin-bottom: 0;
}
-div#PostingTOC li
+
+div#copyright
{
- margin-left: 0;
+ margin-top: 1.5em;
+ text-align: center;
}
-div#PostingTOC a
+
+.smallprint, .smallprint a
{
- font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
+ color: #999;
+ font-size: small;
}
-.PostingBody /* newsgroup posting */
+
+.smallprint a:hover
{
- border: 0;
- margin: 0;
- background-color: #fcfcfc;
- color: #000066;
- margin-left: 0em;
- min-width: 15em;
- padding-bottom: 0.5em;
+ color: #555;
}
-.PostingQuote /* quote inside newsgroup posting */
+
+#contributors-github img
{
- border: 1px solid #666666;
- font-size: 90%;
- background-color: inherit;
- color: #666666;
- margin-left: 0em;
- min-width: 15em;
+ padding-right: 5px;
}
/* These are for the changelogs */
-div#version
+div.version
{
- border-top: 1px solid black;
- font-size: 0.9em;
- padding-top: 2ex;
+ font-size: 0.9em;
}
-div#version font
+div.version font
{
- font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
- color: #633;
+ color: #633;
}
-div#version li
+div.version li
{
- padding-bottom: 0.3ex;
+ padding-bottom: 0.3ex;
}
-div#bugsfixed
+div.changelog-nav
{
+ font-size: small;
+ margin: 2em 0;
+ text-align: center;
}
-div#whatsnew
-{
+
+
+.leadingrow {
+ background-color: #E4E9EF;
+ font-size: 110%;
+}
+
+.quickindex {
+ font-weight: normal;
+ background-color: #F5F5F5;
+}
+
+.quickindex a {
+ text-decoration: none;
}
+.quickindex a:hover {
+ text-decoration: underline;
+}
-/* These are for comparison.html */
-table.comp /* "comparison with D": table */
+.question, .question *
{
- background-color:#e9e6dd;
+ display: inline;
+ text-decoration: underline;
+ cursor:pointer; /* Cursor is like a hand when someone rolls the mouse over the question */
+}
+
+.answer {
+ display:none;
+}
+
+.nobr {
+ white-space:nowrap;
+}
+
+/* Openable example boxes */
+.example-box {
+ transition: 0.25s;
+ overflow: hidden;
}
-table.comp a
+
+
+/* Runnable-examples css */
+textarea.d_code {display: none;}
+textarea.d_code_stdin, textarea.d_code_args
{
- color: black;
+ text-align: left;
+ border: none;
+ width: 98%;
+ padding: 5px;
+ margin: 1px;
+ word-wrap: break-word;
+ height: auto;
+ background: white;
+ margin-left: 2px;
+ outline: none;
+ hyphens: none;
+}
+
+pre.d_code_output {
+ border: none;
+ max-height: 30em;
+ overflow: auto;
+}
+
+div.d_code {margin: 0; padding: 0; background: #F5F5F5;}
+div.d_run_code {display: none;}
+div.d_code_output, div.d_code_stdin, div.d_code_args, div.d_code_unittest
+{
+ border: 1px solid #CCC;
+ background: white;
+ display: none;
+ height: auto;
+ width: 100%;
+}
+
+.d_code_title {font-weight: bold;padding: 5px;}
+
+pre.d_code
+{
+ overflow-x: auto;
+ white-space: pre;
+ word-wrap: unset;
+}
+
+.CodeMirror-wrap {padding: 3px;}
+.CodeMirror {line-height: normal; border: 1px solid #CCC; background: #FCFCFC; height: auto}
+.cm-s-eclipse .CodeMirror-matchingbracket {border:1px solid grey;color:black !important;}
+
+input.runButton, input.resetButton, input.argsButton, input.inputButton, input.editButton, input.openInEditorButton
+{
+ -moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 0 #ffffff;
+ -webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 0 #ffffff;
+ box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 0 #ffffff;
+ background:-webkit-gradient( linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0.05, #ededed), color-stop(1, #dfdfdf) );
+ background:-moz-linear-gradient( center top, #ededed 5%, #dfdfdf 100% );
+ filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#ededed', endColorstr='#dfdfdf');
+ background-color:#ededed;
+ border:1px solid #dcdcdc;
+ display:inline-block;
+ color:#777777;
+ font-family:arial;
+ font-size:72%;
+ font-weight:bold;
+ padding:3px 6px;
+ text-decoration:none;
+ text-shadow:1px 1px 0px #ffffff;
+ width: 10en;
+ margin: 2px;
+ position: relative;
+ z-index: 2;
+ cursor: pointer;
+}
+input.openInEditorButton {
+ float: right;
+ width: auto;
}
-td.compNo /* comparison with D: "NO" */
+input.runButton:hover, input.resetButton:hover, input.argsButton:hover, input.inputButton:hover, input.editButton:hover,input.runButton[disabled]
{
- background-color:red;
- text-align:center;
+ background:-webkit-gradient( linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0.05, #dfdfdf), color-stop(1, #ededed) );
+ background:-moz-linear-gradient( center top, #dfdfdf 5%, #ededed 100% );
+ filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#dfdfdf', endColorstr='#ededed');
+ background-color:#dfdfdf;
}
-td.compYes /* comparison with D: "YES" */
+input.runButton:active,
+input.resetButton:active,
+input.argsButton:active,
+input.inputButton:active,
+input.editButton:active
{
- background-color:#00FF00;
- text-align:center;
+ position: relative; top: 1px;
}
+input.resetButton{display: none}
-TABLE.book
-{
- border-top: 2px solid;
- border-bottom: 2px solid;
- border-spacing: 1pt;
+div.editButton, div.openInEditorButton, div.runButton, div.resetButton {
+ display: inline-block;
+ margin-right: 10px;
+ cursor: pointer;
+ color: #333;
+ background: white;
+ border: 1px solid #CCC;
+ border-radius: 4px;
+ padding: 0.3em 0.6em;
+ display: inline-block;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+div.openInEditorButton {
+ margin-right: 0;
+ float: right;
+}
+div.openInEditorButton i{
+ padding-right: 5px;
+}
+.unittest_examples .d_example_buttons {
+ margin-top: 10px;
+}
+.unittest_examples .CodeMirror, .unittest_examples .d_code_output {
+ margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* Style for the example run buttons on the Phobos library documentation */
+.d_example_buttons {
+ text-align: left;
+}
+.runnable-examples-stdin {
+ display: none;
+}
+.runnable-examples-args {
+ display: none;
+}
+.your-code-here-title {
+ display: none;
}
+#your-code-here-select-example {
+ padding-bottom: 0.3em;
+}
+.fa-select select {
+ background: white;
+ border: 1px solid #CCC;
+ border-radius: 4px;
+ padding: 0.3em 20px 0.3em 0.3em;
+ font-size: 0.95em;
+ -webkit-appearance: none;
+ -moz-appearance: none;
+ appearance: none;
+ max-width: 120%;
+}
+.fa-select::after {
+ font-family: FontAwesome;
+ content: "\f0d7";
+ margin-left: -15px;
+ pointer-events: none; /* propagate click */
+}
+/* Runnable-examples css -end */
-TABLE.book TD
+.page-contents
{
- padding: 1pt 12pt 1pt 1pt;
- vertical-align: top;
- border-bottom: 1px solid #E4E9EF;
+ width: 300px;
+ padding-right: 10px;
+ border: solid #333;
+ border-width: 2px 0;
+ font-size: small;
+ text-align: left;
+ margin: 0 0 2em 2em;
}
-TABLE.book TH
+.page-contents-header
{
- border-bottom: 1px solid;
- padding: 1pt 12pt 1pt 1pt;
- vertical-align: top;
+ text-align: center;
}
-TABLE.book CAPTION
+.page-contents-header h3
{
- width: auto;
- text-align: left;
+ display: inline;
+ color: #444;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+.page-contents li
+{
+ line-height: 1.3;
+ padding-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+@media only screen and (min-width: 66em)
+{
+ pre
+ {
+ overflow: auto;
+ }
+
+ .page-contents
+ {
+ float: right;
+ }
+}
+
+/* Narrow layout stage 1: dropdown search, dropdown subnav */
+@media only screen and (max-width: 66em)
+{
+ #top .search-container.expand-container .expand-toggle
+ {
+ display: block;
+ }
+
+ #top .expand-container > #search-box
+ {
+ background: #B03931;
+ border: 1px solid #98312A;
+ border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+ border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
+ display: none;
+ padding: 0.6em;
+ position: absolute;
+ top: 100%;
+ right: 0;
+ width: auto;
+ z-index: 5;
+ }
+
+ #top .expand-container.open > #search-box
+ {
+ display: block;
+ }
+
+ body#Home #content > .intro .pitch
+ {
+ width: 15em;
+ }
+
+ .subnav
+ {
+ float: none;
+ border-bottom-width: 1px;
+ border-left-width: 0;
+ border-right-width: 0;
+ margin: 0 -1em;
+ padding: 0.6em 1em;
+ width: auto;
+ }
+
+ body .subnav.expand-container > *
+ {
+ display: none;
+ }
+
+ .subnav.open
+ {
+ padding-bottom: 1em;
+ }
+
+ body.doc .subnav > ul,
+ body.std .subnav > ul > li > ul
+ {
+ -moz-column-width: 17em;
+ -webkit-column-width: 17em;
+ column-width: 17em;
+ }
+
+ body.changelog .subnav > ul
+ {
+ -moz-column-width: 10em;
+ -webkit-column-width: 10em;
+ column-width: 10em;
+ }
+
+ body.doc .subnav > ul > li,
+ body.std .subnav > ul > li > ul > li
+ {
+ /* avoid column breaks inside li */
+ -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; /* Chrome, Safari, Opera */
+ page-break-inside: avoid; /* Firefox */
+ break-inside: avoid; /* IE 10+ */
+ }
+
+ .subnav h2
+ {
+ border-bottom-style: none;
+ margin-right: 0;
+ margin-top: 0;
+ padding-top: 1em;
+ }
+
+ /* Without JS, display the head section (h2, subhome link, ...) on one line.
+ With JS, display the toggle, and hide the other h2. */
+ .subnav > *
+ {
+ display: none;
+ }
+ .subnav > .head
+ {
+ display: block;
+ word-spacing: 1em;
+ }
+ .subnav > .head > *
+ {
+ display: inline;
+ word-spacing: 0;
+ }
+ .subnav > .head br
+ {
+ display: none;
+ }
+ .sunbav .subnav-duplicate
+ {
+ display: block;
+ }
+ .subnav > .head .separator::after
+ {
+ content: "\2013"; /* U+2013 EN DASH */
+ }
+ body.have-javascript .subnav.expand-container > .head > *,
+ body.have-javascript .subnav.expand-container.open > .head > h2,
+ body.have-javascript .subnav.expand-container.open > .head > .subnav-duplicate
+ {
+ display: none;
+ }
+
+ body.have-javascript .subnav.expand-container > h2.expand-toggle,
+ body.have-javascript .subnav.expand-container.open > .head > *,
+ body.have-javascript .subnav.expand-container > .head br
+ {
+ display: block;
+ }
+ body.have-javascript .subnav > h2.expand-toggle
+ {
+ margin: 0;
+ padding: 0;
+ }
+ body.have-javascript .head .separator::after
+ {
+ content: none;
+ }
+ body.have-javascript .subnav.open > h2
+ {
+ border-bottom-style: solid;
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+ }
+
+ .subnav + #content
+ {
+ margin-left: 0;
+ }
+
+ .subnav-helper
+ {
+ display: none;
+ }
+
+ body#Home #content > .intro
+ {
+ padding: 0 0 1.5em;
+ }
+
+ .org_list a img
+ {
+ padding: 0.5em 2em;
+ }
+}
+
+
+/* Narrow layout stage 2: hamburger menu */
+@media only screen and (max-width:54em)
+{
+
+ #top > .helper
+ {
+ padding: 0;
+ }
+
+ /* lay out navigation vertically */
+
+ #top #cssmenu, #top #search-box
+ {
+ display: block;
+ }
+
+ #top .logo
+ {
+ width: auto;
+ }
+
+ #top .logo > a
+ {
+ background: transparent; /* override :hover background change */
+ margin-left: 1em;
+ }
+
+ #top #cssmenu, #top .search-container
+ {
+ display: none;
+ }
+
+ #top .expand-container.open #cssmenu,
+ #top .expand-container .search-container
+ {
+ display: block;
+ }
+
+ #top #cssmenu
+ {
+ border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
+ border-top: 1px solid #943029;
+ clear: both;
+ }
+ #top #cssmenu > ul
+ {
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #943029;
+ border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
+ }
+
+ #top .search-container
+ {
+ padding: 0.6em 1em;
+ width: auto;
+ }
+
+ #top .search-container.expand-container .expand-toggle
+ {
+ display: none;
+ }
+
+ #top .expand-container > #search-box
+ {
+ border: 0;
+ display: block;
+ padding: 0;
+ position: static;
+ }
+
+ #top .expand-container .search-container
+ {
+ display: none;
+ }
+
+ #top .expand-container.open .search-container
+ {
+ display: block;
+ }
+
+ #top #search-box form
+ {
+ display: table;
+ width: 100%;
+ }
+
+ #top #search-query, #top #search-dropdown, #top #search-submit
+ {
+ display: table-cell;
+ }
+
+ #top #search-query
+ {
+ width: auto;
+ }
+
+ #top #search-dropdown
+ {
+ width: 0; /* shrink to content size */
+ }
+
+ #top #cssmenu > ul > li
+ {
+ float: none;
+ }
+
+ #top #cssmenu > ul > li.expand-container.open > ul
+ {
+ border: none;
+
+ -moz-box-shadow: none;
+ -webkit-box-shadow: none;
+ box-shadow: none;
+
+ position: static;
+ }
+
+ #top #cssmenu > ul > li.expand-container.open > ul > li > a
+ {
+ padding-left: 2em;
+ }
+
+ /* menu button */
+
+ #top a.hamburger
+ {
+ display: inline;
+ float: right;
+ font-size: 2em;
+ height: 1em;
+ line-height: 1;
+ padding: 0.15em 1em;
+ }
+ #top a.hamburger span
+ {
+ display: none;
+ }
+ #top a.hamburger::after
+ {
+ content: "\f0c9"; /* bars */
+ font-family: FontAwesome;
+ }
+}
+
+/* Narrow layout stage 3: no more two column boxes */
+@media only screen and (max-width: 40em)
+{
+ .boxes .row, .boxes .row .item
+ {
+ display: block;
+ padding: 0;
+ width: auto;
+ }
+}
+
+.decl_anchor {
+ visibility: hidden;
+ float: right;
+ margin-top: 5px;
+ margin-right: 5px;
+ text-decoration: none;
}
-.leadingrow {
- background-color: #E4E9EF;
- font-size: 110%;
+dt.d_decl:hover .decl_anchor {
+ visibility: visible;
}
-.d_inlinecode
-{
- font-family: "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Andale Mono", "Monaco", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Lucida Console", "monospace";
- /* font-size: 105%; */
- /* font-weight: bold; */
- /*color: #000010; */
+/**
+ * Vertical centering - cross-platform way
+ */
+.vcontainer-box {
+ display: block;
+}
+.vcontainer-box:before {
+ content: ' ';
+ display: inline-block;
+ vertical-align: middle;
+ height: 100%;
}
-.d_decl {
- font-weight: bold;
- background-color: #E4E9EF;
- /* border-top: solid black 1px; */
- border-bottom: solid 2px #336600;
- padding: 2px 0px 2px 2px;
+.vcontainer-element {
+ display: inline-block;
+ vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+.center {
+ text-align: center;
+}
+
+.dont-highlight-link > a {
+ text-decoration: none;
+ color: #333;
}
-.question
+/**
+ * Version select box
+ */
+.version-changer-container {
+ float: right;
+ margin-top: -4em;
+}
+@media only screen and (max-width:40em)
{
- display: inline;
- /* font-weight:bold; /* Bold font */
- color: #006;
- text-decoration: underline;
- cursor:pointer; /* Cursor is like a hand when someone rolls the mouse over the question */
+ .version-changer-container {
+ margin-top: -2em;
+ float: none;
+ text-align: right;
+ }
}
-.answer {
- display:none;
+
+/**
+ * Messages boxes.
+ */
+.message-box {
+ padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em;
+ border-radius: 5px;
+}
+.message-box, .message-box a {
+ color: white;
+}
+.message-box-red {
+ background-color: #D60027;
+}
+.message-box-gray {
+ background-color: #797979;
+}
+.message-box-orange {
+ background-color: #EC5315;
+}
+.message-box-green {
+ background-color: #4EBA0F;
}
-.answer-nojs {
- display:block;
+.modlist-internal-separator {
+ height: 1em;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
+ margin-top: 1em;
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+ padding-top: 0.5em;
}
-.nobr {
- white-space:nowrap;
+/* Group related info together */
+.panel
+{
+ padding: 0.3em 0.6em;
+ border-radius: 5px;
+ background-color: #F5F5F5;
+ border: 1px solid #E6E6E6;
}
diff --git a/ctod.dd b/ctod.dd
deleted file mode 100644
index 106c40b01b..0000000000
--- a/ctod.dd
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1606 +0,0 @@
-Ddoc
-
-$(COMMUNITY Programming in D for C Programmers,
-
-$(COMMENT $(BLOCKQUOTE William Nerdspeare,
-Et tu, D? Then fall, C!
-))
-
-
-
-$(P Every experienced C programmer accumulates a series of idioms and techniques
-which become second nature. Sometimes, when learning a new language, those
-idioms can be so comfortable it's hard to see how to do the equivalent in the
-new language. So here's a collection of common C techniques, and how to do the
-corresponding task in D.
-)
-
-$(P Since C does not have object-oriented features, there's a separate section
-for object-oriented issues
-Programming in D for C++ Programmers.
-)
-
-$(P The C preprocessor is covered in
-$(LINK2 pretod.html, The C Preprocessor vs D).
-)
-
-$(UL
- $(LI $(LINK2 #sizeof, Getting the Size of a Type))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #maxmin, Get the max and min values of a type))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #types, Primitive Types))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #floating, Special Floating Point Values))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #modulus, Remainder after division of floating point numbers))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #nans, Dealing with NANs in floating point compares))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #assert, Asserts))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #arrayinit, Initializing all elements of an array))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #arrayloop, Looping through an array))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #arraycreate, Creating an array of variable size))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #strcat, String Concatenation))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #printf, Formatted printing))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #forwardfunc, Forward referencing functions))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #funcvoid, Functions that have no arguments))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #labeledbreak, Labeled break and continue statements))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #goto, Goto Statements))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #tagspace, Struct tag name space))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #stringlookup, Looking up strings))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #align, Setting struct member alignment))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #anonymous, Anonymous Structs and Unions))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #declaring, Declaring struct types and variables))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #fieldoffset, Getting the offset of a struct member))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #unioninit, Union initializations))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #structinit, Struct initializations))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #arrayinit2, Array initializations))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #stringlit, Escaped String Literals))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #ascii, Ascii vs Wide Characters))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #arrayenum, Arrays that parallel an enum))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #typedefs, Creating a new type with typedef))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #structcmp, Comparing structs))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #stringcmp, Comparing strings))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #sort, Sorting arrays))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #volatile, Volatile memory access))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #strings, String literals))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #traversal, Data Structure Traversal))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #ushr, Unsigned Right Shift))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #closures, Dynamic Closures))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #variadic, Variadic Function Parameters))
-)
-
-
-Getting the Size of a Type
-
-The C Way
-
-$(CCODE
-sizeof(int)
-sizeof(char *)
-sizeof(double)
-sizeof(struct Foo)
-)
-
-The D Way
-
-Use the size property:
-
-----------------------------
-int.sizeof
-(char *).sizeof
-double.sizeof
-Foo.sizeof
-----------------------------
-
-
-Get the max and min values of a type
-
-The C Way
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <limits.h>
-#include <math.h>
-
-CHAR_MAX
-CHAR_MIN
-ULONG_MAX
-DBL_MIN
-)
-
-The D Way
-
-----------------------------
-char.max
-char.min
-ulong.max
-double.min
-----------------------------
-
-
-Primitive Types
-
-C to D types
-
-$(CCODE
-bool => bit
-char => char
-signed char => byte
-unsigned char => ubyte
-short => short
-unsigned short => ushort
-wchar_t => wchar
-int => int
-unsigned => uint
-long => int
-unsigned long => uint
-long long => long
-unsigned long long => ulong
-float => float
-double => double
-long double => real
-_Imaginary long double => ireal
-_Complex long double => creal
-)
-
- Although char is an unsigned 8 bit type, and
- wchar is an unsigned 16 bit type, they have their own separate types
- in order to aid overloading and type safety.
-
- Ints and unsigneds in C are of varying size; not so in D.
-
-
-Special Floating Point Values
-
-The C Way
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <fp.h>
-
-NAN
-INFINITY
-
-#include <float.h>
-
-DBL_DIG
-DBL_EPSILON
-DBL_MANT_DIG
-DBL_MAX_10_EXP
-DBL_MAX_EXP
-DBL_MIN_10_EXP
-DBL_MIN_EXP
-)
-
-The D Way
-
-----------------------------
-double.nan
-double.infinity
-double.dig
-double.epsilon
-double.mant_dig
-double.max_10_exp
-double.max_exp
-double.min_10_exp
-double.min_exp
-----------------------------
-
-
-Remainder after division of floating point numbers
-
-The C Way
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <math.h>
-
-float f = fmodf(x,y);
-double d = fmod(x,y);
-long double r = fmodl(x,y);
-)
-
-The D Way
-
-D supports the remainder ('%') operator on floating point operands:
-
-----------------------------
-float f = x % y;
-double d = x % y;
-real r = x % y;
-----------------------------
-
-
-Dealing with NANs in floating point compares
-
-The C Way
-
- C doesn't define what happens if an operand to a compare
- is NAN, and few C compilers check for it (the Digital Mars
- C compiler is an exception, DM's compilers do check for NAN operands).
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <math.h>
-
-if (isnan(x) || isnan(y))
- result = FALSE;
-else
- result = (x < y);
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- D offers a full complement of comparisons and operators
- that work with NAN arguments.
-
-----------------------------
-result = (x < y); // false if x or y is nan
-----------------------------
-
-
-Asserts are a necessary part of any good defensive coding strategy
-
-The C Way
-
-C doesn't directly support assert, but does support __FILE__
-and __LINE__ from which an assert macro can be built. In fact,
-there appears to be practically no other use for __FILE__ and __LINE__.
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <assert.h>
-
-assert(e == 0);
-)
-
-
The D Way
-
-D simply builds assert into the language:
-
-----------------------------
-assert(e == 0);
-----------------------------
-
-
-Initializing all elements of an array
-
-The C Way
-
-$(CCODE
-#define ARRAY_LENGTH 17
-int array[ARRAY_LENGTH];
-for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH; i++)
- array[i] = value;
-)
-
-The D Way
-
-----------------------------
-int array[17];
-array[] = value;
-----------------------------
-
-
-Looping through an array
-
-The C Way
-
- The array length is defined separately, or a clumsy
- sizeof() expression is used to get the length.
-
-$(CCODE
-#define ARRAY_LENGTH 17
-int array[ARRAY_LENGTH];
-for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_LENGTH; i++)
- func(array[i]);
-)
-
-or:
-
-$(CCODE
-int array[17];
-for (i = 0; i < sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]); i++)
- func(array[i]);
-)
-
-
The D Way
-
-The length of an array is accessible through the property "length".
-
-----------------------------
-int array[17];
-for (i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
- func(array[i]);
-----------------------------
-
-or even better:
-
-----------------------------
-int array[17];
-foreach (int value; array)
- func(value);
-----------------------------
-
-
-
-Creating an array of variable size
-
-The C Way
-
- C cannot do this with arrays. It is necessary to create a separate
- variable for the length, and then explicitly manage the size of
- the array:
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-int array_length;
-int *array;
-int *newarray;
-
-newarray = (int *)
- realloc(array, (array_length + 1) * sizeof(int));
-if (!newarray)
- error("out of memory");
-array = newarray;
-array[array_length++] = x;
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- D supports dynamic arrays, which can be easily resized. D supports
- all the requisite memory management.
-
-----------------------------
-int[] array;
-
-array.length = array.length + 1;
-array[array.length - 1] = x;
-----------------------------
-
-
-String Concatenation
-
-The C Way
-
- There are several difficulties to be resolved, like
- when can storage be freed, dealing with null pointers,
- finding the length of the strings, and memory allocation:
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <string.h>
-
-char *s1;
-char *s2;
-char *s;
-
-// Concatenate s1 and s2, and put result in s
-free(s);
-s = (char *)malloc((s1 ? strlen(s1) : 0) +
- (s2 ? strlen(s2) : 0) + 1);
-if (!s)
- error("out of memory");
-if (s1)
- strcpy(s, s1);
-else
- *s = 0;
-if (s2)
- strcpy(s + strlen(s), s2);
-
-// Append "hello" to s
-char hello[] = "hello";
-char *news;
-size_t lens = s ? strlen(s) : 0;
-news = (char *)
- realloc(s, (lens + sizeof(hello) + 1) * sizeof(char));
-if (!news)
- error("out of memory");
-s = news;
-memcpy(s + lens, hello, sizeof(hello));
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- D overloads the operators ~ and ~= for char and wchar arrays to mean
- concatenate and append, respectively:
-
-----------------------------
-char[] s1;
-char[] s2;
-char[] s;
-
-s = s1 ~ s2;
-s ~= "hello";
-----------------------------
-
-
-Formatted printing
-
-The C Way
-
- printf() is the general purpose formatted print routine:
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-printf("Calling all cars %d times!\n", ntimes);
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- What can we say? printf() rules:
-
-----------------------------
-printf("Calling all cars %d times!\n", ntimes);
-----------------------------
-
- writefln() improves on printf() by being type-aware and type-safe:
-
------------------------
-import std.stdio;
-
-writefln("Calling all cars %s times!", ntimes);
------------------------
-
-
-Forward referencing functions
-
-The C Way
-
- Functions cannot be forward referenced. Hence, to call a function
- not yet encountered in the source file, it is necessary to insert
- a function declaration lexically preceding the call.
-
-$(CCODE
-void forwardfunc();
-
-void myfunc()
-{
- forwardfunc();
-}
-
-void forwardfunc()
-{
- ...
-}
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- The program is looked at as a whole, and so not only is it not
- necessary to code forward declarations, it is not even allowed!
- D avoids the tedium and errors associated with writing forward
- referenced function declarations twice.
- Functions can be defined in any order.
-
-----------------------------
-void myfunc()
-{
- forwardfunc();
-}
-
-void forwardfunc()
-{
- ...
-}
-----------------------------
-
-
-Functions that have no arguments
-
-The C Way
-
-$(CCODE
-void function(void);
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- D is a strongly typed language, so there is no need to explicitly
- say a function takes no arguments, just don't declare it has having
- arguments.
-
-----------------------------
-void function()
-{
- ...
-}
-----------------------------
-
-
-Labeled break and continue statements
-
-The C Way
-
- Break and continue statements only apply to the innermost nested loop or
- switch, so a multilevel break must use a goto:
-
-$(CCODE
- for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
- {
- for (j = 0; j < 10; j++)
- {
- if (j == 3)
- goto Louter;
- if (j == 4)
- goto L2;
- }
- L2:
- ;
- }
-Louter:
- ;
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- Break and continue statements can be followed by a label. The label
- is the label for an enclosing loop or switch, and the break applies
- to that loop.
-
-----------------------------
-Louter:
- for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
- {
- for (j = 0; j < 10; j++)
- {
- if (j == 3)
- break Louter;
- if (j == 4)
- continue Louter;
- }
- }
- // break Louter goes here
-----------------------------
-
-
-Goto Statements
-
-The C Way
-
- The much maligned goto statement is a staple for professional C coders.
- It's
- necessary to make up for sometimes inadequate control flow statements.
-
-The D Way
-
- Many C-way goto statements can be eliminated with the D feature of
- labeled
- break and continue statements. But D is a practical language for
- practical
- programmers who know when the rules need to be broken. So of course D
- supports goto statements.
-
-
-Struct tag name space
-
-The C Way
-
- It's annoying to have to put the struct keyword every time a type is specified,
- so a common idiom is to use:
-
-$(CCODE
-typedef struct ABC { ... } ABC;
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- Struct tag names are not in a separate name space, they are in the same name
- space as ordinary names. Hence:
-
-----------------------------
-struct ABC { ... }
-----------------------------
-
-
-Looking up strings
-
-The C Way
-
- Given a string, compare the string against a list of possible
- values and take action based on which one it is. A typical use
- for this might be command line argument processing.
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <string.h>
-void dostring(char *s)
-{
- enum Strings { Hello, Goodbye, Maybe, Max };
- static char *table[] = { "hello", "goodbye", "maybe" };
- int i;
-
- for (i = 0; i < Max; i++)
- {
- if (strcmp(s, table[i]) == 0)
- break;
- }
- switch (i)
- {
- case Hello: ...
- case Goodbye: ...
- case Maybe: ...
- default: ...
- }
-}
-)
-
- The problem with this is trying to maintain 3 parallel data
- structures, the enum, the table, and the switch cases. If there
- are a lot of values, the connection between the 3 may not be so
- obvious when doing maintenance, and so the situation is ripe for
- bugs.
-
- Additionally, if the number of values becomes large, a binary or
- hash lookup will yield a considerable performance increase over
- a simple linear search. But coding these can be time consuming,
- and they need to be debugged. It's typical that such just never
- gets done.
-
-The D Way
-
- D extends the concept of switch statements to be able to handle
- strings as well as numbers. Then, the way to code the string
- lookup becomes straightforward:
-
-----------------------------
-void dostring(char[] s)
-{
- switch (s)
- {
- case "hello": ...
- case "goodbye": ...
- case "maybe": ...
- default: ...
- }
-}
-----------------------------
-
- Adding new cases becomes easy. The compiler can be relied on
- to generate a fast lookup scheme for it, eliminating the bugs
- and time required in hand-coding one.
-
-
-Setting struct member alignment
-
-The C Way
-
- It's done through a command line switch which affects the entire
- program, and woe results if any modules or libraries didn't get
- recompiled. To address this, $(D #pragma)s are used:
-
-$(CCODE
-#pragma pack(1)
-struct ABC
-{
- ...
-};
-#pragma pack()
-)
-
- But $(D #pragma)s are nonportable both in theory and in practice from
- compiler to compiler.
-
-The D Way
-
- $(P D has a syntax for setting the alignment that is common
- to all D compilers. The actual alignment done is compatible
- with the companion C compiler's alignment, for ABI compatibility.
- To match a particular layout across architectures, use
- $(D align(1)) and manually specify it.
- )
-
-----------------------------
-struct ABC
-{
- int z; // z is aligned to the default
-
- align (1) int x; // x is byte aligned
- align (4)
- {
- ... // declarations in {} are dword aligned
- }
- align (2): // switch to word alignment from here on
-
- int y; // y is word aligned
-}
-----------------------------
-
-
-Anonymous Structs and Unions
-
-Sometimes, it's nice to control the layout of a struct with nested structs and unions.
-
-The C Way
-
- C doesn't allow anonymous structs or unions, which means that dummy tag names
- and dummy members are necessary:
-
-$(CCODE
-struct Foo
-{
- int i;
- union Bar
- {
- struct Abc { int x; long y; } _abc;
- char *p;
- } _bar;
-};
-
-#define x _bar._abc.x
-#define y _bar._abc.y
-#define p _bar.p
-
-struct Foo f;
-
-f.i;
-f.x;
-f.y;
-f.p;
-)
-
- Not only is it clumsy, but using macros means a symbolic debugger won't understand
- what is being done, and the macros have global scope instead of struct scope.
-
-The D Way
-
- Anonymous structs and unions are used to control the layout in a
- more natural manner:
-
-----------------------------
-struct Foo
-{
- int i;
- union
- {
- struct { int x; long y; }
- char* p;
- }
-}
-
-Foo f;
-
-f.i;
-f.x;
-f.y;
-f.p;
-----------------------------
-
-
-Declaring struct types and variables
-
-The C Way
-
- $(P Is to do it in one statement ending with a semicolon:)
-
-$(CCODE
-struct Foo { int x; int y; } foo;
-)
-
- $(P Or to separate the two:)
-
-$(CCODE
-struct Foo { int x; int y; }; // note terminating ;
-struct Foo foo;
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- $(P Struct definitions and declarations can't be done in the same
- statement:
- )
-
-----------------------------
-struct Foo { int x; int y; } // note there is no terminating ;
-Foo foo;
-----------------------------
-
- $(P which means that the terminating ; can be dispensed with,
- eliminating the confusing difference between struct {} and function
- block {} in how semicolons are used.
- )
-
-
-Getting the offset of a struct member
-
-The C Way
-
- Naturally, another macro is used:
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <stddef>
-struct Foo { int x; int y; };
-
-off = offsetof(Foo, y);
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- An offset is just another property:
-
-----------------------------
-struct Foo { int x; int y; }
-
-off = Foo.y.offsetof;
-----------------------------
-
-
-Union Initializations
-
-The C Way
-
- Unions are initialized using the "first member" rule:
-
-$(CCODE
-union U { int a; long b; };
-union U x = { 5 }; // initialize member 'a' to 5
-)
-
- Adding union members or rearranging them can have disastrous consequences
- for any initializers.
-
-The D Way
-
- In D, which member is being initialized is mentioned explicitly:
-
-----------------------------
-union U { int a; long b; }
-U x = { a:5 };
-----------------------------
-
- avoiding the confusion and maintenance problems.
-
-
-Struct Initializations
-
-The C Way
-
- Members are initialized by their position within the { }s:
-
-$(CCODE
-struct S { int a; int b; };
-struct S x = { 5, 3 };
-)
-
- This isn't much of a problem with small structs, but when there
- are numerous members, it becomes tedious to get the initializers
- carefully lined up with the field declarations. Then, if members are
- added or rearranged, all the initializations have to be found and
- modified appropriately. This is a minefield for bugs.
-
-The D Way
-
- Member initialization can be done explicitly:
-
-----------------------------
-struct S { int a; int b; }
-S x = { b:3, a:5 };
-----------------------------
-
- The meaning is clear, and there no longer is a positional dependence.
-
-
-Array Initializations
-
-The C Way
-
- C initializes array by positional dependence:
-$(CCODE
-int a[3] = { 3,2,2 };
-)
- Nested arrays may or may not have the { }:
-$(CCODE
-int b[3][2] = { 2,3, {6,5}, 3,4 };
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- D does it by positional dependence too, but an index can be used as well.
- The following all produce the same result:
-
-----------------------------
-int[3] a = [ 3, 2, 0 ];
-int[3] a = [ 3, 2 ]; // unsupplied initializers are 0, just like in C
-int[3] a = [ 2:0, 0:3, 1:2 ];
-int[3] a = [ 2:0, 0:3, 2 ]; // if not supplied, the index is the
- // previous one plus one.
-----------------------------
- This can be handy if the array will be indexed by an enum, and the order of
- enums may be changed or added to:
-
-----------------------------
-enum color { black, red, green }
-int[3] c = [ black:3, green:2, red:5 ];
-----------------------------
- Nested array initializations must be explicit:
-----------------------------
-int[2][3] b = [ [2,3], [6,5], [3,4] ];
-
-int[2][3] b = [[2,6,3],[3,5,4]]; // error
-----------------------------
-
-
-Escaped String Literals
-
-The C Way
-
- C has problems with the DOS file system because a \ is an escape in a string. To specifiy file c:\root\file.c:
-$(CCODE
-char file[] = "c:\\root\\file.c";
-)
-This gets even more unpleasant with regular expressions.
-Consider the escape sequence to match a quoted string:
-$(CCODE
-/"[^\\]*(\\.[^\\]*)*"/
-)
-In C, this horror is expressed as:
-$(CCODE
-char quoteString[] = "\"[^\\\\]*(\\\\.[^\\\\]*)*\"";
-)
-
The D Way
-
- Within strings, it is WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get).
- Escapes are in separate strings. So:
-
-----------------------------
-char[] file = `c:\root\file.c`;
-char[] quoteString = \" r"[^\\]*(\\.[^\\]*)*" \";
-----------------------------
-
- The famous hello world string becomes:
-----------------------------
-char[] hello = "hello world" \n;
-----------------------------
-
-
-Ascii vs Wide Characters
-
-Modern programming requires that wchar strings be supported in an easy way, for internationalization of the programs.
-
-
The C Way
-
- C uses the wchar_t and the L prefix on strings:
-$(CCODE
-#include <wchar.h>
-char foo_ascii[] = "hello";
-wchar_t foo_wchar[] = L"hello";
-)
-Things get worse if code is written to be both ascii and wchar compatible.
-A macro is used to switch strings from ascii to wchar:
-$(CCODE
-#include <tchar.h>
-tchar string[] = TEXT("hello");
-)
-The D Way
-
-The type of a string is determined by semantic analysis, so there is no need to wrap strings in a macro call:
------------------------------
-char[] foo_ascii = "hello"; // string is taken to be ascii
-wchar[] foo_wchar = "hello"; // string is taken to be wchar
------------------------------
-
-
-Arrays that parallel an enum
-
-The C Way
-
- Consider:
-$(CCODE
-enum COLORS { red, blue, green, max };
-char *cstring[max] = {"red", "blue", "green" };
-)
- This is fairly easy to get right because the number of entries is small. But suppose it gets to be fairly large. Then it can get difficult to maintain correctly when new entries are added.
-
-The D Way
------------------------------
-enum COLORS { red, blue, green }
-
-char[][COLORS.max + 1] cstring =
-[
- COLORS.red : "red",
- COLORS.blue : "blue",
- COLORS.green : "green",
-];
------------------------------
-
-Not perfect, but better.
-
-
-Creating a new type with typedef
-
-The C Way
-
- Typedefs in C are weak, that is, they really do not introduce
- a new type. The compiler doesn't distinguish between a typedef
- and its underlying type.
-
-$(CCODE
-typedef void *Handle;
-void foo(void *);
-void bar(Handle);
-
-Handle h;
-foo(h); // coding bug not caught
-bar(h); // ok
-)
-
- The C solution is to create a dummy struct whose sole
- purpose is to get type checking and overloading on the new type.
-
-$(CCODE
-struct Handle__ { void *value; }
-typedef struct Handle__ *Handle;
-void foo(void *);
-void bar(Handle);
-
-Handle h;
-foo(h); // syntax error
-bar(h); // ok
-)
-
- Having a default value for the type involves defining a macro,
- a naming convention, and then pedantically following that convention:
-
-$(CCODE
-#define HANDLE_INIT ((Handle)-1)
-
-Handle h = HANDLE_INIT;
-h = func();
-if (h != HANDLE_INIT)
- ...
-)
-
- For the struct solution, things get even more complex:
-
-$(CCODE
-struct Handle__ HANDLE_INIT;
-
-void init_handle() // call this function upon startup
-{
- HANDLE_INIT.value = (void *)-1;
-}
-
-Handle h = HANDLE_INIT;
-h = func();
-if (memcmp(&h,&HANDLE_INIT,sizeof(Handle)) != 0)
- ...
-)
-
- There are 4 names to remember: $(D Handle, HANDLE_INIT,
- struct Handle__, value).
-
-The D Way
-
- No need for idiomatic constructions like the above. Just write:
-
------------------------------
-typedef void* Handle;
-void foo(void*);
-void bar(Handle);
-
-Handle h;
-foo(h);
-bar(h);
------------------------------
-
- To handle a default value, add an initializer to the typedef,
- and refer to it with the $(D .init) property:
-
------------------------------
-typedef void* Handle = cast(void*)(-1);
-Handle h;
-h = func();
-if (h != Handle.init)
- ...
------------------------------
-
- There's only one name to remember: $(D Handle).
-
-
-Comparing structs
-
-The C Way
-
- While C defines struct assignment in a simple, convenient manner:
-
-$(CCODE
-struct A x, y;
-...
-x = y;
-)
-
- it does not for struct comparisons. Hence, to compare two struct
- instances for equality:
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <string.h>
-
-struct A x, y;
-...
-if (memcmp(&x, &y, sizeof(struct A)) == 0)
- ...
-)
-
- Note the obtuseness of this, coupled with the lack of any kind
- of help from the language with type checking.
-
-
- There's a nasty bug lurking in the memcmp().
- The layout of a struct, due to alignment, can have 'holes' in it.
- C does not guarantee those holes are assigned any values, and so
- two different struct instances can have the same value for each member,
- but compare different because the holes contain different garbage.
-
-
The D Way
-
- D does it the obvious, straightforward way:
-
------------------------------
-A x, y;
-...
-if (x == y)
- ...
------------------------------
-
-
-
-Comparing strings
-
-The C Way
-
- The library function strcmp() is used:
-$(CCODE
-char string[] = "hello";
-
-if (strcmp(string, "betty") == 0) // do strings match?
- ...
-)
-
- C uses 0 terminated strings, so the C way has an inherent
- inefficiency in constantly scanning for the terminating 0.
-
-The D Way
-
- Why not use the == operator?
-
------------------------------
-char[] string = "hello";
-
-if (string == "betty")
- ...
------------------------------
-
- D strings have the length stored separately from the string.
- Thus, the implementation of string compares can be much faster
- than in C (the difference being equivalent to the difference
- in speed between the C memcmp() and strcmp()).
-
-
- D supports comparison operators on strings, too:
-
------------------------------
-char[] string = "hello";
-
-if (string < "betty")
- ...
------------------------------
-
- which is useful for sorting/searching.
-
-
-Sorting arrays
-
-The C Way
-
- Although many C programmers tend to reimplmement bubble sorts
- over and over, the right way to sort in C is to use qsort():
-
-$(CCODE
-int compare(const void *p1, const void *p2)
-{
- type *t1 = (type *)p1;
- type *t2 = (type *)p2;
-
- return *t1 - *t2;
-}
-
-type array[10];
-...
-qsort(array, sizeof(array)/sizeof(array[0]),
- sizeof(array[0]), compare);
-)
-
- A compare() must be written for each type, and much careful
- typo-prone code needs to be written to make it work.
-
-
-The D Way
-
- Sorting couldn't be easier:
-
------------------------------
-type[] array;
-...
-array.sort; // sort array in-place
------------------------------
-
-
-Volatile memory access
-
-The C Way
-
- To access volatile memory, such as shared memory
- or memory mapped I/O, a pointer to volatile is created:
-$(CCODE
-volatile int *p = address;
-
-i = *p;
-)
-
-The D Way
-
- D has volatile as a statement type, not as a type modifier:
-
------------------------------
-int* p = address;
-
-volatile { i = *p; }
------------------------------
-
-
-String literals
-
-The C Way
-
- String literals in C cannot span multiple lines, so to have
- a block of text it is necessary to use \ line splicing:
-
-$(CCODE
-"This text spans\n\
-multiple\n\
-lines\n"
-)
-
- If there is a lot of text, this can wind up being tedious.
-
-The D Way
-
- String literals can span multiple lines, as in:
-
------------------------------
-"This text spans
-multiple
-lines
-"
------------------------------
-
- So blocks of text can just be cut and pasted into the D
- source.
-
-
-Data Structure Traversal
-
-The C Way
-
- Consider a function to traverse a recursive data structure.
- In this example, there's a simple symbol table of strings.
- The data structure is an array of binary trees.
- The code needs to do an exhaustive search of it to find
- a particular string in it, and determine if it is a unique
- instance.
-
-
- To make this work, a helper function $(D membersearchx)
- is needed to recursively
- walk the trees. The helper function needs to read and write
- some context outside of the trees, so a custom $(D struct Paramblock)
- is created and a pointer to it is used to maximize efficiency.
-
-$(CCODE
-struct Symbol
-{
- char *id;
- struct Symbol *left;
- struct Symbol *right;
-};
-
-struct Paramblock
-{
- char *id;
- struct Symbol *sm;
-};
-
-static void membersearchx(struct Paramblock *p, struct Symbol *s)
-{
- while (s)
- {
- if (strcmp(p->id,s->id) == 0)
- {
- if (p->sm)
- error("ambiguous member %s\n",p->id);
- p->sm = s;
- }
-
- if (s->left)
- membersearchx(p,s->left);
- s = s->right;
- }
-}
-
-struct Symbol *symbol_membersearch(Symbol *table[], int tablemax, char *id)
-{
- struct Paramblock pb;
- int i;
-
- pb.id = id;
- pb.sm = NULL;
- for (i = 0; i < tablemax; i++)
- {
- membersearchx(pb, table[i]);
- }
- return pb.sm;
-}
-)
-
-
The D Way
-
- This is the same algorithm in D, and it shrinks dramatically.
- Since nested functions have access to the lexically enclosing
- function's variables, there's no need for a Paramblock or
- to deal with its bookkeeping details. The nested helper function
- is contained wholly within the function that needs it,
- improving locality and maintainability.
-
-
- The performance of the two versions is indistinguishable.
-
------------------------------
-class Symbol
-{ char[] id;
- Symbol left;
- Symbol right;
-}
-
-Symbol symbol_membersearch(Symbol[] table, char[] id)
-{ Symbol sm;
-
- void membersearchx(Symbol s)
- {
- while (s)
- {
- if (id == s.id)
- {
- if (sm)
- error("ambiguous member %s\n", id);
- sm = s;
- }
-
- if (s.left)
- membersearchx(s.left);
- s = s.right;
- }
- }
-
- for (int i = 0; i < table.length; i++)
- {
- membersearchx(table[i]);
- }
- return sm;
-}
------------------------------
-
-
-Unsigned Right Shift
-
-The C Way
-
- The right shift operators >> and >>= are signed
- shifts if the left operand is a signed integral type, and
- are unsigned right shifts if the left operand is an unsigned
- integral type. To produce an unsigned right shift on an int,
- a cast is necessary:
-
-$(CCODE
-int i, j;
-...
-j = (unsigned)i >> 3;
-)
-
- If $(D i) is an $(D int), this works fine. But if $(D i) is
- of a type created with typedef,
-
-$(CCODE
-myint i, j;
-...
-j = (unsigned)i >> 3;
-)
-
- and $(D myint) happens to be a $(D long int), then the cast to
- unsigned
- will silently throw away the most significant bits, corrupting
- the answer.
-
-The D Way
-
- D has the right shift operators >> and >>= which
- behave as they do in C. But D also has explicitly unsigned
- right shift operators >>> and >>>= which will
- do an unsigned right shift regardless of the sign of the left
- operand. Hence,
-
------------------------------
-myint i, j;
-...
-j = i >>> 3;
------------------------------
-
- avoids the unsafe cast and will work as expected with any integral
- type.
-
-
-Dynamic Closures
-
-The C Way
-
- Consider a reusable container type. In order to be reusable,
- it must support a way to apply arbitrary code to each element
- of the container. This is done by creating an $(I apply) function
- that accepts a function pointer to which is passed each
- element of the container contents.
-
-
- A generic context pointer is also needed, represented here by
- $(D void *p). The example here is of a trivial container
- class that holds an array of ints, and a user of that container
- that computes the maximum of those ints.
-
-$(CCODE
-void apply(void *p, int *array, int dim, void (*fp)(void *, int))
-{
- for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
- fp(p, array[i]);
-}
-
-struct Collection
-{
- int array[10];
-};
-
-void comp_max(void *p, int i)
-{
- int *pmax = (int *)p;
-
- if (i > *pmax)
- *pmax = i;
-}
-
-void func(struct Collection *c)
-{
- int max = INT_MIN;
-
- apply(&max, c->array, sizeof(c->array)/sizeof(c->array[0]), comp_max);
-}
-)
-
- $(P While this works, it isn't very flexible.)
-
-
The D Way
-
- The D version makes use of $(I delegates) to transmit
- context information for the $(I apply) function,
- and $(I nested functions) both to capture context
- information and to improve locality.
-
-----------------------------
-class Collection
-{
- int[10] array;
-
- void apply(void delegate(int) fp)
- {
- for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
- fp(array[i]);
- }
-}
-
-void func(Collection c)
-{
- int max = int.min;
-
- void comp_max(int i)
- {
- if (i > max)
- max = i;
- }
-
- c.apply(&comp_max);
-}
------------------------------
-
- Pointers are eliminated, as well as casting and generic
- pointers. The D version is fully type safe.
- An alternate method in D makes use of $(I function literals):
-
------------------------------
-void func(Collection c)
-{
- int max = int.min;
-
- c.apply(delegate(int i) { if (i > max) max = i; } );
-}
------------------------------
-
- eliminating the need to create irrelevant function names.
-
-
-Variadic Function Parameters
-
- The task is to write a function that takes a varying
- number of arguments, such as a function that sums
- its arguments.
-
-The C Way
-
-$(CCODE
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-
-int $(B sum)(int dim, ...)
-{ int i;
- int s = 0;
- va_list ap;
-
- va_start(ap, dim);
- for (i = 0; i < dim; i++)
- s += va_arg(ap, int);
- va_end(ap);
- return s;
-}
-
-int main()
-{
- int i;
-
- i = $(B sum)(3, 8,7,6);
- printf("sum = %d\n", i);
-
- return 0;
-}
-)
-
- There are two problems with this. The first is that the
- $(D sum) function needs to know how many arguments were
- supplied. It has to be explicitly written, and it can get
- out of sync with respect to the actual number of arguments
- written.
- The second is that there's no way to check that the
- types of the arguments provided really were ints, and not
- doubles, strings, structs, etc.
-
-The D Way
-
- The ... following an array parameter declaration means that
- the trailing arguments are collected together to form
- an array. The arguments are type checked against the array
- type, and the number of arguments becomes a property
- of the array:
-
------------------------------
-import std.stdio;
-
-int $(B sum)(int[] values ...)
-{
- int s = 0;
-
- foreach (int x; values)
- s += x;
- return s;
-}
-
-int main()
-{
- int i;
-
- i = $(B sum)(8,7,6);
- writefln("sum = %d", i);
-
- return 0;
-}
------------------------------
-)
-
-Macros:
- TITLE=Programming in D for C Programmers
- WIKI=ctod
- CATEGORY_OVERVIEW=$0
diff --git a/d-keyring.gpg b/d-keyring.gpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f83945bc55
Binary files /dev/null and b/d-keyring.gpg differ
diff --git a/d-keyring.gpg.sig b/d-keyring.gpg.sig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..825a479799
Binary files /dev/null and b/d-keyring.gpg.sig differ
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diff --git a/dbc.dd b/dbc.dd
deleted file mode 100644
index c5aef0de6a..0000000000
--- a/dbc.dd
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
-Ddoc
-
-$(SPEC_S Contract Programming,
-
- Contracts are a breakthrough technique to reduce the programming effort
- for large projects. Contracts are the concept of preconditions, postconditions,
- errors, and invariants.
- Contracts can be done in C++ without modification to the language,
- but the result is
- clumsy and inconsistent.
-
-
- Building contract support into the language makes for:
-
- $(OL
- $(LI a consistent look and feel for the contracts)
- $(LI tool support)
- $(LI it's possible the compiler can generate better code using information gathered
- from the contracts)
- $(LI easier management and enforcement of contracts)
- $(LI handling of contract inheritance)
- )
-
-$(COMMENT 
)
-
- $(P The idea of a contract is simple - it's just an expression that must evaluate to true.
- If it does not, the contract is broken, and by definition, the program has a bug in it.
- Contracts form part of the specification for a program, moving it from the documentation
- to the code itself. And as every programmer knows, documentation tends to be incomplete,
- out of date, wrong, or non-existent. Moving the contracts into the code makes them
- verifiable against the program.)
-
-
Assert Contract
-
- The most basic contract is the
- $(GLINK2 expression, AssertExpression).
- An $(B assert) inserts a checkable expression into
- the code, and that expression must evaluate to true:
-------
-assert(expression);
-------
- C programmers will find it familiar. Unlike C, however, an assert
- in function bodies
- works by throwing an AssertError,
- which can be caught and handled. Catching the contract violation is useful
- when the code must deal with errant uses by other code, when it must be
- failure proof, and as a useful tool for debugging.
-
-Pre and Post Contracts
-
- The pre contracts specify the preconditions before a statement is executed. The most
- typical use of this would be in validating the parameters to a function. The post
- contracts validate the result of the statement. The most typical use of this
- would be in validating the return value of a function and of any side effects it has.
- The syntax is:
-
-------
-in
-{
- ...contract preconditions...
-}
-out (result)
-{
- ...contract postconditions...
-}
-body
-{
- ...code...
-}
-------
- By definition, if a pre contract fails, then the body received bad
- parameters.
- An AssertError is thrown. If a post contract fails,
- then there is a bug in the body. An AssertError is thrown.
-
- Either the in or the out clause can be omitted.
- If the out clause is for a function
- body, the variable result is declared and assigned the return
- value of the function.
- For example, let's implement a square root function:
-------
-long square_root(long x)
- in
- {
- assert(x >= 0);
- }
- out (result)
- {
- assert((result * result) <= x && (result+1) * (result+1) >= x);
- }
- body
- {
- return cast(long)std.math.sqrt(cast(real)x);
- }
-------
- The assert's in the in and out bodies are called contracts.
- Any other D
- statement or expression is allowed in the bodies, but it is important
- to ensure that the
- code has no side effects, and that the release version of the code
- will not depend on any effects of the code.
- For a release build of the code, the in and out code is not
- inserted.
-
- If the function returns a void, there is no result, and so there can be no
- result declaration in the out clause.
- In that case, use:
-------
-void func()
- out
- {
- ...contracts...
- }
- body
- {
- ...
- }
-------
- In an out statement, $(I result) is initialized and set to the
- return value of the function.
-
-
In, Out and Inheritance
-
- $(P If a function in a derived class overrides a function in its
- super class, then only one of
- the $(D in) contracts of the function and its base functions
- must be satisfied.
- Overriding
- functions then becomes a process of $(I loosening) the $(D in)
- contracts.
- )
-
- $(P A function without an $(D in) contract means that any values
- of the function parameters are allowed. This implies that if any
- function in an inheritance hierarchy has no $(D in) contract,
- then $(D in) contracts on functions overriding it have no useful
- effect.
- )
-
- $(P Conversely, all of the $(D out) contracts needs to be satisfied,
- so overriding functions becomes a processes of $(I tightening) the
- $(D out)
- contracts.
- )
-
-Class Invariants
-
- $(P Class invariants are used to specify characteristics of a class that
- always
- must be true (except while executing a member function).
- They are described in $(DDLINK class, Classes, Classes).
- )
-
-References
-
- $(LIST
- $(LINK2 http://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~robby/contract-reading-list/, Contracts Reading List),
- $(LINK2 http://jan.newmarch.name/java/contracts/paper-long.html, Adding Contracts to Java)
- )
-
-)
-
-Macros:
- TITLE=Contract Programming
- WIKI=DBC
- CATEGORY_SPEC=$0
-
diff --git a/dblog_feed_example.xml b/dblog_feed_example.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c2dbcafc2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dblog_feed_example.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+
+
+
+
+ The D Blog
+
+ https://dlang.org/blog
+ The official blog for the D Programming Language.
+ Mon, 19 Mar 2018 13:27:32 +0000
+ en-US
+ hourly
+ 1
+ https://wordpress.org/?v=4.9.4
+112438176 -
+
DConf 2018 Programme & Open Registration
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/19/dconf-2018-programme-open-registration/
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/19/dconf-2018-programme-open-registration/#respond
+ Mon, 19 Mar 2018 13:27:32 +0000
+ http://dlang.org/blog/?p=1493
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/19/dconf-2018-programme-open-registration/feed/
+ 0
+ 1493
+ -
+
User Stories: Funkwerk
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/14/user-stories-funkwerk/
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/14/user-stories-funkwerk/#comments
+ Wed, 14 Mar 2018 14:06:32 +0000
+ http://dlang.org/blog/?p=1479
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/14/user-stories-funkwerk/feed/
+ 3
+ 1479
+ -
+
The D Language Foundation at Open Collective
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/12/the-d-foundation-at-open-collective/
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/12/the-d-foundation-at-open-collective/#respond
+ Mon, 12 Mar 2018 14:20:54 +0000
+ http://dlang.org/blog/?p=1441
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/12/the-d-foundation-at-open-collective/feed/
+ 0
+ 1441
+ -
+
The New New DIP Process
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/09/the-new-new-dip-process/
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/09/the-new-new-dip-process/#comments
+ Fri, 09 Mar 2018 12:49:07 +0000
+ http://dlang.org/blog/?p=1437
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/09/the-new-new-dip-process/feed/
+ 3
+ 1437
+ -
+
LDC 1.8.0 Released
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/06/ldc-1-8-0-released/
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/06/ldc-1-8-0-released/#respond
+ Tue, 06 Mar 2018 13:56:15 +0000
+ http://dlang.org/blog/?p=1428
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/06/ldc-1-8-0-released/feed/
+ 0
+ 1428
+ -
+
DMD 2.079.0 Released
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/03/dmd-2-079-0-released/
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/03/dmd-2-079-0-released/#respond
+ Sat, 03 Mar 2018 12:00:30 +0000
+ http://dlang.org/blog/?p=1408
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/03/03/dmd-2-079-0-released/feed/
+ 0
+ 1408
+ -
+
The State of D 2018 Survey
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/28/the-state-of-d-2018-survey/
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/28/the-state-of-d-2018-survey/#respond
+ Wed, 28 Feb 2018 13:30:49 +0000
+ http://dlang.org/blog/?p=1400
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/28/the-state-of-d-2018-survey/feed/
+ 0
+ 1400
+ -
+
DConf 2018 Munich: The Venue
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/23/dconf-2018-munich-the-venue/
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/23/dconf-2018-munich-the-venue/#respond
+ Fri, 23 Feb 2018 13:38:00 +0000
+ http://dlang.org/blog/?p=1386
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/23/dconf-2018-munich-the-venue/feed/
+ 0
+ 1386
+ -
+
Project Highlight: The D Community Hub
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/17/project-highlight-the-d-community-hub/
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/17/project-highlight-the-d-community-hub/#respond
+ Sat, 17 Feb 2018 12:46:19 +0000
+ http://dlang.org/blog/?p=1381
+ dlang-community organization at GitHub.]]>
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/17/project-highlight-the-d-community-hub/feed/
+ 0
+ 1381
+ -
+
Vanquish Forever These Bugs That Blasted Your Kingdom
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/07/vanquish-forever-these-bugs-that-blasted-your-kingdom/
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/07/vanquish-forever-these-bugs-that-blasted-your-kingdom/#comments
+ Wed, 07 Feb 2018 13:07:26 +0000
+ http://dlang.org/blog/?p=1350
+ https://dlang.org/blog/2018/02/07/vanquish-forever-these-bugs-that-blasted-your-kingdom/feed/
+ 4
+ 1350
+
+
diff --git a/dcompiler.dd b/dcompiler.dd
index 3e2c8f6be2..6029715d2d 100644
--- a/dcompiler.dd
+++ b/dcompiler.dd
@@ -2,807 +2,698 @@ Ddoc
$(D_S dmd - $(WINDOWS Windows)$(LINUX Linux)$(OSX Mac OS X)$(FREEBSD FreeBSD) D Compiler,
- $(UL
- $(WINDOWS $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-linux.html, Linux)))
- $(WINDOWS $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-osx.html, OSX)))
- $(WINDOWS $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-freebsd.html, FreeBSD)))
- $(LINUX $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-windows.html, Windows)))
- $(LINUX $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-osx.html, OSX)))
- $(LINUX $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-freebsd.html, FreeBSD)))
- $(OSX $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-windows.html, Windows)))
- $(OSX $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-linux.html, Linux)))
- $(OSX $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-freebsd.html, FreeBSD)))
- $(FREEBSD $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-windows.html, Windows)))
- $(FREEBSD $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-linux.html, Linux)))
- $(FREEBSD $(LI dmd for $(LINK2 dmd-osx.html, OSX)))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #requirements, Requirements and Downloads))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #files, Files))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #installation, Installation))
- $(WINDOWS $(LI $(LINK2 #example, Example)))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #switches, Compiler Arguments and Switches))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #linking, Linking))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #environment, Environment Variables))
- $(WINDOWS $(LI $(LINK2 #sc_ini, sc.ini Initialization File)))
- $(UNIX $(LI $(DMD_CONF) Initialization File))
- $(WINDOWS $(LI $(LINK2 #problems, Common Installation Problems)))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #differences, Differences between Windows and Linux versions))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #interface_files, D Interface Files))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #library, Building Libraries))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #compiling_dmd, Compiling dmd))
- $(LI $(LINK2 #compiling_phobos, Compiling Phobos))
- )
-
-$(LNAME2 requirements, Requirements and Downloads)
-
- $(OL
- $(LI $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/d/download.html, Download D Compiler))
+ $(UL
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 requirements, Requirements and Downloads))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 installation, Installation))
+ $(WINDOWS $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 example, Example)))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 switches, Compiler Arguments and Switches))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 files, Files))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 linking, Linking))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 environment, Environment Variables))
+ $(WINDOWS $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 sc-ini, sc.ini Initialization File)))
+ $(UNIX $(LI $(DMD_CONF) Initialization File))
+ $(WINDOWS $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 problems, Common Installation Problems)))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 differences, Differences between Windows and Linux versions))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 interface-files, D Interface Files))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 library, Building Libraries))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 compiling-dmd, Compiling dmd))
+ $(LI $(RELATIVE_LINK2 compiling-phobos, Compiling Phobos))
+ )
+
+$(H2 $(LNAME2 requirements, Requirements and Downloads))
+
+ $(OL
+ $(LI $(LINK2 https://dlang.org/download.html, DMD Compiler))
$(WINDOWS
- $(LI 32 bit Windows (Win32) operating system, such as Windows XP)
+ $(LI Windows operating system, Windows 7 or later, 32 or 64 bit)
- $(LI Download
-
- dmc.zip (C and C++ compiler) for Win32
- (not required, but it complements dmd for Windows)
- )
+ $(LI Download
+
+ dmc.zip (C and C++ compiler) for Win32
+ (not required, but it complements dmd for Windows)
+ )
)
$(LINUX
- $(LI 32 bit x86 and 64 bit x86-64 Linux operating system)
+ $(LI 32 bit x86 and 64 bit x86-64 Linux operating system
+ ($(LINK2 https://github.com/ldc-developers/ldc, LDC)
+ and $(LINK2 https://github.com/D-Programming-GDC/GDC, GDC)
+ provide support for more architectures)
+ )
- $(LI Gnu C compiler (gcc))
+ $(LI Gnu C compiler (gcc) or LLVM C compiler (clang))
)
$(OSX
- $(LI 32 bit x86 Mac OSX operating system)
+ $(LI Mac OS X Mavericks (10.9) or later)
- $(LI Gnu C compiler (gcc))
+ $(LI Xcode)
)
$(FREEBSD
- $(LI 32 bit x86 FreeBSD 7.1 operating system)
+ $(LI 32 bit x86 and 64 bit x86-64 FreeBSD operating system (11 or later))
- $(LI Gnu C compiler (gcc))
+ $(LI Gnu C compiler (gcc))
+ )
)
- )
-
-$(LNAME2 files, Files)
-
- $(DL
-
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)$(SEP)src$(SEP)phobos$(SEP))
- $(DD D runtime library source)
- )
-
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)$(SEP)src$(SEP)dmd$(SEP))
- $(DD D compiler front end source under dual (GPL and Artistic) license)
- )
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)$(SEP)html$(SEP)d$(SEP))
- $(DD Documentation)
- )
+$(H2 $(LNAME2 installation, Installation))
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)$(SEP)samples$(SEP)d$(SEP))
- $(DD Sample D programs)
- )
$(WINDOWS
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\dmd.exe)
- $(DD D compiler executable)
- )
-
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\$(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/shell.html, shell.exe))
- $(DD Simple command line shell)
- )
+$(MESSAGE_BOX gray, $(B Hint) - The official $(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)download.html, installer)
+performs these steps automatically.
+)
+ $(P Open a console window (for Windows this is done by
+ clicking on [Start][Command Prompt]).
+ All the tools are command line tools, which means
+ they are run from a console window.
+ Switch to the root directory.
+ Unzip the files in the root directory.
+ $(D dmd.zip) will create
+ a $(D $(DMDDIR)) directory with all the files in it.
+ $(D dmc.zip) will create
+ a $(D \dm) directory with all the files in it.
+ )
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\sc.ini)
- $(DD Global compiler settings)
- )
+ $(P A typical session might look like:)
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\lib\$(LIB))
- $(DD D runtime library)
- )
+$(CONSOLE
+C:\Documents and Settings\Your Name>cd \
+C:\\>unzip dmd.zip
+C:\\>unzip dmc.zip
+)
)
$(LINUX
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/dmd)
- $(DD D compiler executable)
- )
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(DUMPOBJ))
- $(DD Elf file dumper)
- )
+ $(INSTALLATION_SCRIPT_HINT)
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(OBJ2ASM))
- $(DD Elf file disassembler)
- )
+ Unzip the archive into your home directory.
+ It will create a $(D ~/dmd) directory with all the files in it.
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(SHELL))
- $(DD Simple command line shell)
- )
-
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(DMD_CONF))
- $(DD Global compiler settings (copy to $(D /etc/dmd.conf)))
- )
+ All the tools are command line tools, which means
+ they are run from a console window.
+ All tools can be run directly from the archive:
+$(CONSOLE
+~/dmd/linux/bin64/dmd
+)
+ To install $(D dmd) globally, add the `~/dmd/linux/bin64` folder to your $(B PATH).
+$(CONSOLE
+export PATH="$HOME/dmd/linux/bin64:$PATH"
+)
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/lib/$(LIB))
- $(DD D runtime library (copy to $(D /usr/lib/$(LIB))))
- )
- )
- $(FREEBSD
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/dmd)
- $(DD D compiler executable)
- )
+ Alternatively, you can install dmd locally yourself by:
+ $(P $(UL
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(DUMPOBJ))
- $(DD Elf file dumper)
- )
+ $(LI Create a configuration file in $(D /etc/dmd.conf):
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(OBJ2ASM))
- $(DD Elf file disassembler)
- )
+---
+[Environment64]
+DFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include/d/dmd -L-L/usr/local/lib -L--export-dynamic -fPIC
+---
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(SHELL))
- $(DD Simple command line shell)
- )
+ )
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(DMD_CONF))
- $(DD Global compiler settings (copy to $(D /etc/dmd.conf)))
- )
+ $(LI Copy binaries to $(D /usr/local/bin):
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/lib/$(LIB))
- $(DD D runtime library (copy to $(D /usr/lib/$(LIB))))
- )
+$(CONSOLE
+sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin64/{dmd,$(DUMPOBJ),$(OBJ2ASM),rdmd,ddemangle,dub,dustmite} /usr/local/bin
+)
)
- $(OSX
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/dmd)
- $(DD D compiler executable)
- )
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(DUMPOBJ))
- $(DD Mach-O file dumper)
- )
+ $(LI Copy the library to $(D /usr/local/lib):
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(OBJ2ASM))
- $(DD Mach-O file disassembler)
- )
+$(CONSOLE
+sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/linux/lib64/$(LIB) /usr/local/lib
+)
+ )
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(SHELL))
- $(DD Simple command line shell)
- )
+ $(LI Copy the standard library and runtime sources to $(D /usr/include/d/dmd):
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(DMD_CONF))
- $(DD Global compiler settings (copy to $(D /etc/dmd.conf)))
- )
+$(CONSOLE
+sudo mkdir -p /usr/include/d/dmd
+sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/{phobos/std,phobos/etc,druntime/import} /usr/include/d/dmd
+)
- $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/lib/$(LIB))
- $(DD D runtime library (copy to $(D /usr/lib/$(LIB))))
- )
+ )
+ ))
)
- )
+ $(FREEBSD
-$(LNAME2 installation, Installation)
+ $(INSTALLATION_SCRIPT_HINT)
- $(WINDOWS
- $(P Open a console window (for Windows XP this is done by
- clicking on [Start][Command Prompt]).
- All the tools are command line tools, which means
- they are run from a console window.
- Switch to the root directory.
- Unzip the files in the root directory.
- $(D dmd.zip) will create
- a $(D $(DMDDIR)) directory with all the files in it.
- $(D dmc.zip) will create
- a $(D \dm) directory with all the files in it.
- )
-
- $(P A typical session might look like:)
+ $(P $(UL
-$(CONSOLE
-C:\Documents and Settings\Your Name>cd \
-C:\>unzip dmd.zip
-C:\>unzip dmc.zip
-)
- )
- $(LINUX
- $(LI Unzip the archive into your home directory.
- It will create
- a $(D ~/dmd) directory with all the files in it.
- All the tools are command line tools, which means
- they are run from a console window.)
+ $(LI Unzip the archive into your home directory.
+ It will create
+ a $(D ~/dmd) directory with all the files in it.
+ All the tools are command line tools, which means
+ they are run from a console window.)
- $(LI Copy $(D $(DMD_CONF)) to $(D /etc):
+ $(LI Create a configuration file in $(D /etc/dmd.conf):
-$(CONSOLE
-cp $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(DMD_CONF) /etc
-)
- )
+---
+[Environment64]
+DFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include/d/dmd -L-L/usr/local/lib -L--export-dynamic -fPIC
+---
+
+ )
- $(LI Put $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin) on your $(B PATH),
- or copy the linux executables
- to $(D /usr/local/bin))
- $(LI Copy the library to $(D /usr/lib):
+ $(LI Put $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin) on your $(B PATH),
+ or copy the FreeBSD executables
+ to $(D /usr/local/bin):)
$(CONSOLE
-cp $(DMDDIR)/linux/lib/$(LIB) /usr/lib
+sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin64/{dmd,$(DUMPOBJ),$(OBJ2ASM),rdmd,ddemangle,dub,dustmite} /usr/local/bin
)
- )
- )
- $(FREEBSD
- $(LI Unzip the archive into your home directory.
- It will create
- a $(D ~/dmd) directory with all the files in it.
- All the tools are command line tools, which means
- they are run from a console window.)
- $(LI Copy $(D $(DMD_CONF)) to $(D /etc):
+ $(LI Copy the library to $(D /usr/lib):
$(CONSOLE
-cp $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/dmd.conf /etc
+sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/lib/$(LIB) /usr/lib
)
- )
-
- $(LI Put $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin) on your $(B PATH),
- or copy the FreeBSD executables
- to $(D /usr/local/bin))
+ )
- $(LI Copy the library to $(D /usr/lib):
+ $(LI Copy the standard library and runtime sources to $(D /usr/include/d/dmd):
$(CONSOLE
-cp $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/lib/$(LIB) /usr/lib
+sudo mkdir -p /usr/include/d/dmd
+sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/{phobos/std,phobos/etc,druntime/import} /usr/include/d/dmd
)
- )
+ )
+ ))
)
$(OSX
- $(LI Put the dmd zip file into your home directory,
- and unzip it:
+
+ $(INSTALLATION_SCRIPT_HINT)
+
+ $(P $(UL
+
+ $(LI Put the dmd zip file into your home directory,
+ and unzip it:
$(CONSOLE
unzip dmd.$(I VERSION).zip
)
- where $(I VERSION) is the particular version of the zip file.
- )
+ where $(I VERSION) is the particular version of the zip file.
+ )
- $(LI It will create
- a $(D ~/$(DMDDIR)) directory with all the files in it.
- All the tools are command line tools, which means
- they are run from a console window.)
+ $(LI It will create
+ a $(D ~/$(DMDDIR)) directory with all the files in it.
+ All the tools are command line tools, which means
+ they are run from a console window.)
- $(LI Verify that this works by creating $(D hello.d) in your home directory
- with these contents:
+ $(LI Verify that this works by creating $(D hello.d) in your home directory
+ with these contents:
---
import std.stdio;
-void main() {
+void main()
+{
writeln("hello world!");
}
---
- and compile and run it with:
+ and compile and run it with:
$(CONSOLE
$(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/dmd hello
./hello
)
- and it should print:
+ and it should print:
$(CONSOLE
hello world!
)
- )
+ )
- $(LI To install a global copy:)
+ $(LI To install a global copy:)
- $(LI Copy binaries to $(D /usr/local/bin):
+ $(LI Copy binaries to $(D /usr/local/bin):
$(CONSOLE
-sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/{dmd,$(DUMPOBJ),$(OBJ2ASM),$(SHELL)$(V2 ,rdmd)} /usr/local/bin
+sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/{dmd,$(DUMPOBJ),$(OBJ2ASM),rdmd,dub,ddemangle,dustmite} /usr/local/bin
sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/dmdx.conf /usr/local/bin/$(DMD_CONF)
)
- )
+ )
+
+ $(LI Copy the library to $(D /usr/local/lib):
+
+$(CONSOLE
+sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/osx/lib/$(LIB) /usr/local/lib
+)
+ )
- $(LI Copy the library to $(D /usr/lib):
+ $(LI Copy the standard library and runtime sources to $(D /usr/local/include/d/dmd):
$(CONSOLE
-sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/osx/lib/$(LIB) /usr/lib
+sudo mkdir -p /usr/include/d/dmd
+sudo cp $(DMDDIR)/{phobos/std,phobos/etc,druntime/import} /usr/include/d/dmd
)
- )
+ )
+
+ ))
)
$(WINDOWS
-$(LNAME2 example, Example)
+$(H2 $(H2 $(LNAME2 example, Example)))
- $(P Run:)
+ $(P Run:)
$(CONSOLE
$(DMDDIR)$(SEP)$(OS)$(SEP)bin$(SEP)$(SHELL) all.sh
)
- $(P in the $(D $(DMDDIR)$(SEP)samples$(SEP)d) directory for several small examples.)
-)
+ $(P in the $(D $(DMDDIR)$(SEP)samples$(SEP)d) directory for several small examples.)
+)
+
+
+$(H2 $(LNAME2 switches, Compiler Arguments and Switches))
+
+ $(DL
+ $(DT $(B dmd) $(I files)... -$(I switches)...
+ $(DD )
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(I files)...
+ $(DD
+ $(TABLE2 File Extensions,
+ $(TR
+ $(TH Extension)
+ $(TH File Type)
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(I none))
+ $(TD D source files)
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .c))
+ $(TD C source files)
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .d))
+ $(TD D source files)
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .dd))
+ $(TD $(LINK2 spec/ddoc.html, Ddoc) source files)
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .di))
+ $(TD $(RELATIVE_LINK2 interface-files, D interface files))
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .h))
+ $(TD C header files)
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .i))
+ $(TD preprocessed C source files)
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .$(OBJEXT)))
+ $(TD Object files to link in)
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .$(LIBEXT)))
+ $(TD Object code libraries to search)
+ )
+$(WINDOWS
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .exe))
+ $(TD Output executable file)
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .def))
+ $(TD $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/ctgDefFiles.html, module definition file))
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(B .res))
+ $(TD resource file)
+ )
+)
+ )
+ )
+ )
+
+ $(SWITCH $(B @)$(I cmdfile),
+ If $(I cmdfile) is an environment variable,
+ read the compiler arguments and switches from
+ the value of that variable.
+ Otherwise, read compiler arguments and switches from
+ the text file $(I cmdfile).
+ The file may contain single-line comments starting
+ with the hash symbol ($(CODE #)).
+ )
+
+ $(CLI_SWITCHES)
+ )
+ $(WINDOWS
+ $(P Empty switches, i.e. "", are ignored.)
+ )
-$(LNAME2 switches, Compiler Arguments and Switches)
-
- $(DL
- $(DT $(B dmd) $(I files)... -$(I switches)...
- $(DD )
- )
-
- $(DT $(I files)...
- $(DD
- $(TABLE2 File Extensions,
- $(TR
- $(TH Extension)
- $(TH File Type)
- )
- $(TR
- $(TD $(I none))
- $(TD D source files)
- )
- $(TR
- $(TD $(B .d))
- $(TD D source files)
- )
- $(TR
- $(TD $(B .dd))
- $(TD $(LINK2 ddoc.html, Ddoc) source files)
- )
- $(TR
- $(TD $(B .di))
- $(TD $(LINK2 #interface_files, D interface files))
- )
- $(TR
- $(TD $(B .$(OBJEXT)))
- $(TD Object files to link in)
- )
- $(TR
- $(TD $(B .$(LIBEXT)))
- $(TD Object code libraries to search)
- )
-$(WINDOWS
- $(TR
- $(TD $(B .exe))
- $(TD Output executable file)
- )
- $(TR
- $(TD $(B .def))
- $(TD $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/ctgDefFiles.html, module definition file))
- )
- $(TR
- $(TD $(B .res))
- $(TD resource file)
- )
-)
- )
- )
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B @)$(I cmdfile),
- If $(I cmdfile) is an environment variable,
- read the compiler arguments and switches from
- the value of that variable.
- Otherwise, read compiler arguments and switches from
- the text file $(I cmdfile)
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -c),
- compile only, do not link
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -cov),
- instrument for $(LINK2 code_coverage.html, code coverage analysis)
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -D),
- generate $(LINK2 ddoc.html, documentation) from source
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -Dd)$(I docdir),
- write documentation file to $(I docdir) directory
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -Df)$(I filename),
- write documentation file to $(I filename)
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -d),
- allow deprecated features
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -debug),
- compile in $(LINK2 version.html#debug, debug) code
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -debug=)$(I level),
- compile in $(LINK2 version.html#debug, debug level) <= $(I level)
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -debug=)$(I ident),
- compile in $(LINK2 version.html#debug, debug identifier) $(I ident)
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -debuglib=)$(I libname),
- link in $(I libname) as the default library when
- compiling for symbolic debugging instead of $(B $(LIB))
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -defaultlib=)$(I libname),
- link in $(I libname) as the default library when
- not compiling for symbolic debugging instead of $(B $(LIB))
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -deps=)$(I filename),
- write module dependencies as text to $(I filename)
- )
+$(H2 $(LNAME2 files, Files))
- $(UNIX
- $(SWITCH $(B -fPIC),
- generate Position Independent Code (which is used
- for building shared libraries).
- $(OSX This is always on for OSX.)
- )
+ $(DL
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)$(SEP)src$(SEP)phobos$(SEP))
+ $(DD D runtime library source)
)
- $(SWITCH $(B -g),
- $(WINDOWS
- add CodeView 4 symbolic debug info with
- $(LINK2 abi.html#codeview, D extensions)
- for debuggers such as
- $(LINK2 http://ddbg.mainia.de/releases.html, Ddbg)
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)$(SEP)src$(SEP)dmd$(SEP))
+ $(DD D compiler front end source under dual (GPL and Artistic) license)
)
- $(UNIX
- add Dwarf symbolic debug info with
- $(LINK2 abi.html#dwarf, D extensions)
- for debuggers $(LINUX such as
- $(LINK2 http://www.zerobugs.org/, ZeroBUGS))
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)$(SEP)html$(SEP)d$(SEP))
+ $(DD Documentation)
)
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -gc),
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)$(SEP)samples$(SEP)d$(SEP))
+ $(DD Sample D programs)
+ )
$(WINDOWS
- add CodeView 4 symbolic debug info in C format
- for debuggers such as
- $(D $(DMDDIR)\bin\windbg)
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\ddemangle.exe)
+ $(DD D symbol demangler)
)
- $(UNIX
- add Dwarf symbolic debug info in C format
- for debuggers such as
- $(D gdb)
- )
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -gs),
- always generate standard stack frame
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -H),
- generate $(LINK2 #interface_files, D interface file)
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -Hd)$(I dir),
- write D interface file to $(I dir) directory
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -Hf)$(I filename),
- write D interface file to $(I filename)
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B --help),
- print brief help to console
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -I)$(I path),
- where to look for
- $(LINK2 module.html#ImportDeclaration, imports).
- $(I path) is a ; separated
- list of paths. Multiple $(B -I)'s can be used, and the paths
- are searched in the same order.
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -ignore),
- ignore unsupported pragmas
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -inline),
- inline expand functions at the discretion of the compiler.
- This can improve performance, at the expense of making
- it more difficult to use a debugger on it.
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -J)$(I path),
- where to look for files for
- $(LINK2 expression.html#ImportExpression, $(I ImportExpression))s.
- This switch is required in order to use $(I ImportExpression)s.
- $(I path) is a ; separated
- list of paths. Multiple $(B -J)'s can be used, and the paths
- are searched in the same order.
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -L)$(I linkerflag),
- pass $(I linkerflag) to the
- $(WINDOWS $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/optlink.html, linker))
- $(UNIX linker), for example,
- $(WINDOWS $(D -L/ma/li))$(UNIX $(D -L-M))
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -lib),
- generate library file as output instead of object file(s).
- All compiled source files, as well as object files and library
- files specified on the command line, are inserted into
- the output library.
- Compiled source modules may be partitioned into several object
- modules to improve granularity.
- The name of the library is taken from the name of the first
- source module to be compiled. This can be overridden with
- the $(B -of) switch.
- )
- $(UNIX
- $(SWITCH $(B -m32),
- compile a 32 bit executable. This is the default for the
- 32 bit dmd.
- )
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\dman.exe)
+ $(DD D manual lookup tool)
+ )
- $(SWITCH $(B -m64),
- compile a 64 bit executable. This is the default for the 64 bit dmd.
- )
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\dmd.exe)
+ $(DD D compiler executable)
)
- $(SWITCH $(B -man),
- $(WINDOWS
- open default browser on this page
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\$(DUB))
+ $(DD D's package manager)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\$(DUSTMITE))
+ $(DD D source code minimizer)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\$(OPTLINK))
+ $(DD OPTLINK)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\$(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/make.html, make.exe))
+ $(DD Digitalmars Make)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\replace.exe)
+ $(DD Find/replace text in files)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\$(RDMD))
+ $(DD D build tool for script-like D code execution)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(SC_INI))
+ $(DD Global compiler settings)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\$(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/shell.html, shell.exe))
+ $(DD Simple command line shell)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)\windows\lib\$(LIB))
+ $(DD D runtime library)
+ )
)
$(LINUX
- open browser specified by the $(B BROWSER)
- environment variable on this page. If $(B BROWSER) is
- undefined, $(B x-www-browser) is assumed.
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/ddemangle)
+ $(DD D symbol demangler)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/dman)
+ $(DD D manual lookup tool)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/dmd)
+ $(DD D compiler executable)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(DMD_CONF))
+ $(DD Global compiler settings (copy to $(D /etc/dmd.conf)))
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(DUB))
+ $(DD D's package manager)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(DUMPOBJ))
+ $(DD ELF file dumper)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(DUSTMITE))
+ $(DD D source code minimizer)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(OBJ2ASM))
+ $(DD ELF file disassembler)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/bin/$(RDMD))
+ $(DD D build tool for script-like D code execution)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/linux/lib/$(LIB))
+ $(DD D runtime library (copy to $(D /usr/lib/$(LIB))))
+ )
)
$(FREEBSD
- open browser specified by the $(B BROWSER)
- environment variable on this page. If $(B BROWSER) is
- undefined, $(B x-www-browser) is assumed.
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freesd/bin/ddemangle)
+ $(DD D symbol demangler)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/dman)
+ $(DD D manual lookup tool)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/dmd)
+ $(DD D compiler executable)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(DMD_CONF))
+ $(DD Global compiler settings (copy to $(D /etc/dmd.conf)))
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(DUB))
+ $(DD D's package manager)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(DUMPOBJ))
+ $(DD ELF file dumper)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(DUSTMITE))
+ $(DD D source code minimizer)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(OBJ2ASM))
+ $(DD ELF file disassembler)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(RDMD))
+ $(DD D build tool for script-like D code execution)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/bin/$(SHELL))
+ $(DD Simple command line shell)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/freebsd/lib/$(LIB))
+ $(DD D runtime library (copy to $(D /usr/lib/$(LIB))))
+ )
)
$(OSX
- open browser specified by the $(B BROWSER)
- environment variable on this page. If $(B BROWSER) is
- undefined, $(B Safari) is assumed.
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/ddemangle)
+ $(DD D symbol demangler)
)
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -map),
- generate a .map file
- )
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/dman)
+ $(DD D manual lookup tool)
+ )
-$(V2
- $(SWITCH $(B -noboundscheck),
- turns off all array bounds checking, even for safe functions
- )
-)
- $(WINDOWS
- $(SWITCH $(B -nofloat),
- Prevents emission of $(B __fltused) reference in
- object files, even if floating point code is present.
- Useful for library code.
- )
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -O),
- Optimize generated code. For fastest executables, compile
- with the $(B -O -release -inline) switches together.
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -o-),
- Suppress generation of object file. Useful in
- conjuction with $(B -D) or $(B -H) flags.
- )
-
- $(SWITCH $(B -od)$(I objdir),
- $(DD write object files relative to directory $(I objdir)
- instead of to the current directory)
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -of)$(I filename),
- Set output file name to $(I filename) in the output
- directory. The output file can be an object file,
- executable file, or library file depending on the other
- switches.
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -op),
- normally the path for $(B .d) source files is stripped
- off when generating an object file name. $(B -op) will leave
- it on.
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -profile),
- $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/trace.html, profile)
- the runtime performance
- of the generated code
- )
-$(V2
- $(SWITCH $(B -property),
- enforce use of @property on property functions
- )
-)
- $(SWITCH $(B -quiet),
- suppress non-essential compiler messages
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -release),
- $(V1 compile release version, which means not generating
- code for contracts, asserts and array bounds checking)
- $(V2 compile release version, which means not generating
- code for contracts and asserts. Array bounds checking
- is not done for system and trusted functions.)
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -run) $(I srcfile args...)
- compile, link, and run the program $(I srcfile) with the
- rest of the
- command line, $(I args...), as the arguments to the program.
- No .$(OBJEXT) or executable file is left behind.
- )
-$(COMMENT
- $(SWITCH $(B -safe),
- Statically checks the modules being compiled to ensure they
- conform to the $(LINK2 safed.html, safe memory model).
- )
-)
- $(UNIX
- $(SWITCH $(B -shared),
- generate shared library
- )
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -unittest),
- compile in $(LINK2 unittest.html, unittest) code, turns on asserts, and sets the
- $(D unittest) $(LINK2 version.html#PredefinedVersions, version identifier)
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -v),
- verbose
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -version=)$(I level),
- compile in $(LINK2 version.html#version, version level) >= $(I level)
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -version=)$(I ident),
- compile in $(LINK2 version.html#version, version identifier) $(I ident)
- )
-$(V2
- $(SWITCH $(B -vtls),
- print informational messages identifying variables defaulting
- to thread local storage. Handy for migrating to shared model.
- )
-)
- $(SWITCH $(B -w),
- enable $(LINK2 warnings.html, warnings)
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -wi),
- enable $(LINK2 warnings.html, informational warnings (i.e. compilation
- still proceeds normally))
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -X),
- generate JSON file
- )
- $(SWITCH $(B -Xf)$(I filename),
- write JSON file to $(I filename)
- )
- )
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/dmd)
+ $(DD D compiler executable)
+ )
- $(WINDOWS
- $(P Empty switches, i.e. "", are ignored.)
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(DMD_CONF))
+ $(DD Global compiler settings (copy to $(D /etc/dmd.conf)))
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(DUB))
+ $(DD D's package manager)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(DUMPOBJ))
+ $(DD Mach-O file dumper)
)
-$(LNAME2 linking, Linking)
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(DUSTMITE))
+ $(DD D source code minimizer)
+ )
- $(P Linking is done directly by the $(B dmd) compiler after a successful
- compile. To prevent $(B dmd) from running the linker, use the
- $(B -c) switch.
- )
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(OBJ2ASM))
+ $(DD Mach-O file disassembler)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(RDMD))
+ $(DD D build tool for script-like D code execution)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/bin/$(SHELL))
+ $(DD Simple command line shell)
+ )
+
+ $(DT $(D $(DMDDIR)/osx/lib/$(LIB))
+ $(DD D runtime library (copy to $(D /usr/local/lib/$(LIB))))
+ )
+ )
+
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H2 $(LNAME2 linking, Linking))
+
+ $(P Linking is done directly by the $(B dmd) compiler after a successful
+ compile. To prevent $(B dmd) from running the linker, use the
+ $(SWLINK -c) switch.
+ )
$(WINDOWS
- $(P The programs must be linked with the D runtime library $(B phobos.lib),
- followed by the C runtime library $(B snn.lib).
- This is done automatically as long as the directories for the
- libraries are on the LIB environment variable path. A typical
- way to set LIB would be:
- )
+ $(P 32 bit programs must be linked with the D runtime library $(B phobos.lib),
+ followed by the Digital Mars C runtime library $(B snn.lib).
+ This is done automatically as long as the directories for the
+ libraries are on the $(B LIB) environment variable path. A typical
+ way to set $(B LIB) would be:
+ )
$(CONSOLE
set LIB=$(DMDDIR)\lib;\dm\lib
)
- $(P If the $(B dmd) command is used to both compile and link
- to an executable, it will make certain optimizations that are
- valid only for Windows executable files. Do not use the resulting
- .obj files in a DLL.
- To compile modules into .obj files that can be used in an exe or
- DLL, compile with $(B -c).
- )
-
- $(P Linking is done using the
- $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/optlink.html, optlink) linker.
- )
+ $(P If the $(B dmd) command is used to both compile and link
+ to an executable, it will make certain optimizations that are
+ valid only for Windows executable files. Do not use the resulting
+ .obj files in a DLL.
+ To compile modules into .obj files that can be used in an exe or
+ DLL, compile with $(SWLINK -c) and $(SWLINK -shared).
+ )
+
+ $(P Linking 32 bit programs is done using Digital Mars $(OPTLINK).
+ )
+
+ $(P Linking 64 bit programs is done using the
+ Microsoft linker by default. If the Microsoft linker is not found,
+ the included LLVM linker LLD will be used.
+ )
)
$(UNIX
- $(P The actual linking is done by running $(B gcc).
- This ensures compatibility with modules compiled with $(B gcc).
- )
+ $(P The actual linking is done by running $(B gcc).
+ This ensures compatibility with modules compiled with $(B gcc).
+ )
)
-$(LNAME2 environment, Environment Variables)
+$(H2 $(LNAME2 environment, Environment Variables))
- $(P The D compiler dmd uses the following environment variables:
- )
+ $(P The D compiler dmd uses the following environment variables:
+ )
- $(DL
+ $(DL
$(WINDOWS
- $(LNAME2 sc_ini, sc.ini Initialization File)
+$(H2 $(LEGACY_LNAME2 sc_ini, sc-ini, sc.ini Initialization File)) - $(P $(B dmd) will look for the initialization file $(B sc.ini) in the - following sequence of directories: - ) + $(P $(B dmd) will look for the initialization file $(B sc.ini) in the + following sequence of directories: + ) - $(OL - $(LI current working directory) - $(LI directory specified by the $(B HOME) environment variable) - $(LI directory $(B dmd.exe) resides in) - ) + $(OL + $(LI current working directory) + $(LI directory specified by the $(B HOME) environment variable) + $(LI directory $(B dmd.exe) resides in) + ) - $(P If found, environment variable - settings in the file will override any existing settings. - This is handy to make $(B dmd) independent of programs with - conflicting use of environment variables. - ) + $(P If found, environment variable + settings in the file will override any existing settings. + This is handy to make $(B dmd) independent of programs with + conflicting use of environment variables. + ) -Initialization File Format
+$(H3 Initialization File Format) - $(P Comments are lines that begin with $(D ;) and are ignored. - ) + $(P Comments are lines that begin with $(D ;) and are ignored. + ) - $(P Environment variables follow the $(D [Environment]) section - heading, in $(I NAME)=$(I value) pairs. - The $(I NAME)s are treated as upper case. - Comments are lines that start with ;. - For example: - ) + $(P Environment variables follow the $(D [Environment]) section + heading, in $(I NAME)=$(I value) pairs. + The $(I NAME)s are treated as upper case. + Comments are lines that start with ;. + For example: + ) $(SCINI ; sc.ini file for dmd @@ -811,65 +702,66 @@ $(SCINI ; to this file. [Environment] LIB="%@P%\..\lib";\dm\lib -$(V1 DFLAGS="-I%@P%\..\src\phobos") -$(V2 DFLAGS="-I%@P%\..\src\phobos" "-I%@P%\..\src\druntime\import") + +DFLAGS="-I%@P%\..\src\phobos" "-I%@P%\..\src\druntime\import" LINKCMD="%@P%\..\..\dm\bin" DDOCFILE=mysettings.ddoc ) -Location Independence of sc.ini
+$(H3 Location Independence of sc.ini) - $(P The $(B %@P%) is replaced with the path to $(D sc.ini). - Thus, if the fully qualified file name $(D sc.ini) is - $(D c:$(DMDDIR)\bin\sc.ini), then $(B %@P%) will be replaced with - $(D c:$(DMDDIR)\bin), and the above $(D sc.ini) will be - interpreted as: - ) + $(P The $(B %@P%) is replaced with the path to $(D sc.ini). + Thus, if the fully qualified file name $(D sc.ini) is + $(D c:$(DMDDIR)\bin\sc.ini), then $(B %@P%) will be replaced with + $(D c:$(DMDDIR)\bin), and the above $(D sc.ini) will be + interpreted as: + ) $(SCINI [Environment] LIB="c:$(DMDDIR)\bin\..\lib";\dm\lib -$(V1 DFLAGS="-Ic:$(DMDDIR)\bin\..\src\phobos") -$(V2 DFLAGS="-Ic:$(DMDDIR)\bin\..\src\phobos" "-Ic:$(DMDDIR)\bin\..\src\druntime\import") + +DFLAGS="-Ic:$(DMDDIR)\bin\..\src\phobos" "-Ic:$(DMDDIR)\bin\..\src\druntime\import" LINKCMD="c:$(DMDDIR)\bin\..\..\dm\bin" DDOCFILE=mysettings.ddoc ) - $(P This enables your dmd setup to be moved around without having - to re-edit $(D sc.ini). - ) + $(P This enables your dmd setup to be moved around without having + to re-edit $(D sc.ini). + ) ) $(UNIX -$(LNAME2 dmd_conf, dmd.conf Initialization File)
- - $(P The dmd file $(D dmd.conf) is the same as $(D sc.ini) - for Windows, it's just that the file has a different name, - enabling a setup common to both Windows and this system to be created - without having to re-edit the file.) - - $(P $(B dmd) will look for the initialization file $(D dmd.conf) in the - following sequence of directories:) - - $(OL - $(LI current working directory) - $(LI directory specified by the $(B HOME) environment variable) - $(LI directory $(B dmd) resides in) - $(LI $(D /etc/)) - ) - - $(P If found, environment variable - settings in the file will override any existing settings. - This is handy to make $(B dmd) independent of programs with - conflicting use of environment variables. - ) - - $(P Environment variables follow the $(D [Environment]) section - heading, in $(I NAME)=$(I value) pairs. - The $(I NAME)s are treated as upper case. - Comments are lines that start with ;. - For example: - ) +$(H2 $(LEGACY_LNAME2 dmd_conf, dmd-conf, dmd.conf Initialization File)) + + $(P The dmd file $(D dmd.conf) is the same as $(D sc.ini) + for Windows, it's just that the file has a different name, + enabling a setup common to both Windows and this system to be created + without having to re-edit the file.) + + $(P $(B dmd) will look for the initialization file $(D dmd.conf) in the + following sequence of directories:) + + $(OL + $(LI current working directory) + $(LI directory specified by the $(B HOME) environment variable) + $(LI as dotfile $(D .dmd.conf) in the directory specified by the $(B HOME) environment variable) + $(LI directory $(B dmd) resides in) + $(LI $(D /etc/)) + ) + + $(P If found, environment variable + settings in the file will override any existing settings. + This is handy to make $(B dmd) independent of programs with + conflicting use of environment variables. + ) + + $(P Environment variables follow the $(D [Environment]) section + heading, in $(I NAME)=$(I value) pairs. + The $(I NAME)s are treated as upper case. + Comments are lines that start with ;. + For example: + ) $(SCINI ; dmd.conf file for dmd @@ -877,100 +769,101 @@ $(SCINI ; and inserted. The special name %@P% is replaced with the path ; to this file. [Environment] -$(V1 DFLAGS=-I%@P%/../src/phobos) -$(V2 DFLAGS=-I%@P%/../src/phobos -I%@P%/../src/druntime/import) + +DFLAGS=-I%@P%/../src/phobos -I%@P%/../src/druntime/import ) ) $(WINDOWS -$(LNAME2 problems, Common Installation Problems)
- - $(UL - $(LI Using Cygwin's $(B unzip) utility has been known to cause - strange problems. - ) - $(LI Running the compiler under Cygwin's command shell has - been also known to cause problems. Try getting it to work - under the regular Windows shell $(B cmd.exe) before trying Cygwin's. - ) - $(LI Installing $(B dmd) and $(B dmc) into directory paths with spaces - in them causes problems. - ) - ) +$(H2 $(LNAME2 problems, Common Installation Problems)) + + $(UL + $(LI Using Cygwin's $(B unzip) utility has been known to cause + strange problems. + ) + $(LI Running the compiler under Cygwin's command shell has + been also known to cause problems. Try getting it to work + under the regular Windows shell $(B cmd.exe) before trying Cygwin's. + ) + $(LI Installing $(B dmd) and $(B $(DMC)) into directory paths with spaces + in them causes problems. + ) + ) )-
$(LNAME2 differences, Differences between Windows and Linux versions)
+$(H2 $(LNAME2 differences, Differences between Windows and Linux versions)) - $(UL - $(LI String literals are read-only under Linux. - Attempting to write to them - will cause a segment violation.) - ) + $(UL + $(LI String literals are read-only under Linux. + Attempting to write to them + will cause a segment violation.) + )-
$(LNAME2 interface_files, D Interface Files)
- - $(P When an import declaration is processed in a D source file, - the compiler searches for the D source file corresponding to - the import, and processes that source file to extract the - information needed from it. Alternatively, the compiler can - instead look for a corresponding $(I D interface file). - A D interface file contains only what an import of the module - needs, rather than the whole implementation of that module. - ) - - $(P The advantages of using a D interface file for imports rather - than a D source file are: - ) - - $(UL - $(LI D interface files are often significantly smaller and much - faster to process than the corresponding D source file.) - $(LI They can be used to hide the source code, for example, - one can ship an object code library along with D interface files - rather than the complete source code.) - ) - - $(P D interface files can be created by the compiler from a - D source file by using the $(B -H) switch to the compiler. - D interface files have the $(B .di) file extension. - When the compiler resolves an import declaration, it first looks - for a $(B .di) D interface file, then it looks for a D source - file. - ) - - $(P D interface files bear some analogous similarities to C++ - header files. But they are not required in the way that C++ - header files are, and they are not part of the D language. - They are a feature of the compiler, and serve only as an optimization - of the build process. - ) - -$(LNAME2 executable, Building Executables)
- - $(P $(B dmd) can build an executable much faster if as many of the - source files as possible are put on the command line.) - - $(P Another advantage to putting multiple source files on the same - invocation of $(B dmd) is that $(B dmd) will be able to do some level - of cross-module optimizations, such as function inlining across modules. - ) - -$(LNAME2 library, Building Libraries)
- - $(P There are three ways to build a library. For example, - given $(D foo.d) and $(D bar.d) which are to be compiled, and existing - object file $(D bar.$(OBJEXT)) and existing library - $(D def.$(LIBEXT)) which are - all to be combined into a library $(D foo.$(LIBEXT)):) - - $(OL - $(LI Compile modules separately and then run the librarian on them: +$(H2 $(LEGACY_LNAME2 interface_files, interface-files, D Interface Files)) + + $(P When an import declaration is processed in a D source file, + the compiler searches for the D source file corresponding to + the import, and processes that source file to extract the + information needed from it. Alternatively, the compiler can + instead look for a corresponding $(I D interface file). + A D interface file contains only what an import of the module + needs, rather than the whole implementation of that module. + ) + + $(P The advantages of using a D interface file for imports rather + than a D source file are: + ) + + $(UL + $(LI D interface files are often significantly smaller and much + faster to process than the corresponding D source file.) + $(LI They can be used to hide the source code, for example, + one can ship an object code library along with D interface files + rather than the complete source code.) + ) + + $(P D interface files can be created by the compiler from a + D source file by using the $(SWLINK -H) switch to the compiler. + D interface files have the $(B .di) file extension. + When the compiler resolves an import declaration, it first looks + for a $(B .di) D interface file, then it looks for a D source + file. + ) + + $(P D interface files bear some analogous similarities to C++ + header files. But they are not required in the way that C++ + header files are, and they are not part of the D language. + They are a feature of the compiler, and serve only as an optimization + of the build process. + ) + +$(H2 $(LNAME2 executable, Building Executables)) + + $(P $(B dmd) can build an executable much faster if as many of the + source files as possible are put on the command line.) + + $(P Another advantage to putting multiple source files on the same + invocation of $(B dmd) is that $(B dmd) will be able to do some level + of cross-module optimizations, such as function inlining across modules. + ) + $(P The $(D -i) flag can be used to automatically compile imported modules) + +$(H2 $(LNAME2 library, Building Libraries)) + + $(P There are three ways to build a library. For example, + given $(D foo.d) and $(D bar.d) which are to be compiled, and existing + object file $(D abc.$(OBJEXT)) and existing library + $(D def.$(LIBEXT)) which are + all to be combined into a library $(D foo.$(LIBEXT)):) + + $(OL + $(LI Compile modules separately and then run the librarian on them: $(WINDOWS $(CONSOLE dmd -c foo.d dmd -c bar.d -$(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/lib.html, lib) -c -p32 foo.lib foo.obj bar.obj abc.obj def.lib +$(LIB) -c -p32 foo.lib foo.obj bar.obj abc.obj def.lib del foo.obj bar.obj ) ) @@ -983,14 +876,14 @@ ar -r foo.a foo.o bar.o abc.o def.a rm foo.o bar.o ) ) - This option is typical when using a makefile to avoid compiling - modules that have already been compiled. - ) - $(LI Compile modules together and then run the librarian on them: + This option is typical when using a makefile to avoid compiling + modules that have already been compiled. + ) + $(LI Compile modules together and then run the librarian on them: $(WINDOWS $(CONSOLE dmd -c foo.d bar.d -$(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/lib.html, lib) -c -p32 foo.lib foo.obj bar.obj abc.obj def.lib +$(LIB) -c -p32 foo.lib foo.obj bar.obj abc.obj def.lib del foo.obj bar.obj ) ) @@ -1002,23 +895,23 @@ ar -r foo.a foo.o bar.o abc.o def.a rm foo.o bar.o ) ) - ) - $(LI Use $(B dmd) to compile and build library in one operation: + ) + $(LI Use $(B dmd) to compile and build library in one operation: $(CONSOLE dmd -lib foo.d bar.d abc.$(OBJEXT) def.$(LIBEXT) ) - No object files are written to disk, it's all done in memory. - Using $(B -lib) also has the advantage that modules may be compiled - into multiple object files rather than exactly one per module. - This improves granularity of the library without having to break - up the modules. - ) - ) + No object files are written to disk, it's all done in memory. + Using $(SWLINK -lib) also has the advantage that modules may be compiled + into multiple object files rather than exactly one per module. + This improves granularity of the library without having to break + up the modules. + ) + ) -$(LNAME2 compiling_dmd, Compiling dmd)
+$(H2 $(LEGACY_LNAME2 compiling_dmd, compiling-dmd, Compiling dmd)) - $(P Complete source code is provided to build the compiler. - Follow these steps:) + $(P Complete source code is provided to build the compiler. + Follow these steps:) $(WINDOWS $(CONSOLE @@ -1029,54 +922,56 @@ make -f win32.mak $(UNIX $(CONSOLE cd ~/$(DMDDIR)/src/dmd -make -f $(OS).mak +make -f posix.mak ) ) -$(LNAME2 compiling_phobos, Compiling Phobos)
+$(H2 $(LEGACY_LNAME2 compiling_phobos, compiling-phobos, Compiling Phobos)) + + $(P Complete source code is provided to build Phobos, the D runtime library. + Follow these steps:) - $(P Complete source code is provided to build Phobos, the D runtime library. - Follow these steps:) -$(V1 -$(WINDOWS -$(CONSOLE -cd $(DMDDIR)\src\phobos -make -f win32.mak DMD=$(DMDDIR)\$(OS)\bin\dmd -) -) -$(UNIX -$(CONSOLE -cd ~/$(DMDDIR)/src/phobos -make -f $(OS).mak DMD=~/$(DMDDIR)/$(OS)/bin/dmd -) -) -) -$(V2 $(WINDOWS $(CONSOLE cd $(DMDDIR)\src\druntime -make -f win32.mak DMD=$(DMDDIR)\$(OS)\bin\dmd +make -f win32.mak cd ..\phobos -make -f win32.mak DMD=$(DMDDIR)\$(OS)\bin\dmd +make -f win32.mak ) ) $(UNIX $(CONSOLE -cd ~/$(DMDDIR)/src/druntime -make -f posix.mak DMD=~/$(DMDDIR)/$(OS)/bin/dmd cd ../phobos -make -f $(OS).mak DMD=~/$(DMDDIR)/$(OS)/bin/dmd -) +make -f posix.mak ) ) + ) Macros: - TITLE=DMD Compiler for $(WINDOWS Windows)$(LINUX Linux)$(OSX OSX)$(FREEBSD FreeBSD) - WIKI=DCompiler - LIB=$(WINDOWS phobos.lib)$(UNIX $(V1 libphobos.a)$(V2 libphobos2.a)) - DMD_CONF=$(LINK2 #dmd_conf, dmd.conf) - SWITCH=$(DT $1)$(DD $+) - CATEGORY_DOWNLOAD=$0 + TITLE=DMD Compiler for $(WINDOWS Windows)$(LINUX Linux)$(OSX OSX)$(FREEBSD FreeBSD) + BODYCLASS=std dcompiler + LIB=$(WINDOWS phobos.lib)$(UNIX libphobos2.a) + DMD_CONF=$(RELATIVE_LINK2 dmd-conf, dmd.conf) + SC_INI=$(RELATIVE_LINK2 sc-ini, $(DMDDIR)\windows\bin\sc.ini) + DMC=$(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/sc.html, dmc) + OPTLINK=$(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/optlink.html, optlink.exe) + DUB=$(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dub, dub$(BINEXT)) + RDMD=$(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)rdmd.html, rdmd$(BINEXT)) + DUSTMITE=$(LINK2 https://github.com/CyberShadow/DustMite, dustmite$(BINEXT)) + OBJ2ASM=$(HTTP digitalmars.com/ctg/obj2asm.html, obj2asm$(BINEXT)) + DUMPOBJ=$(HTTP digitalmars.com/ctg/dumpobj.html, dumpobj$(BINEXT)) + CLI_SWITCHES=$1 + SHELL=$(HTTP digitalmars.com/ctg/shell.html, shell) + SUBNAV=$(SUBNAV_CLI_REFERENCE) + INSTALLATION_SCRIPT_HINT= +$(P +$(MESSAGE_BOX gray, $(B Hint) - The official $(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)download.html, packages) +performs these steps automatically. +Alternatively, you can install DMD in your user directory with +the $(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)install.html, install script). +) +) + _ = diff --git a/dcompiler.html b/dcompiler.html deleted file mode 100644 index 59b47ecc96..0000000000 --- a/dcompiler.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ - - - -Specification
- -$(P -The specification for the form of embedded documentation comments only -specifies how information is to be presented to the compiler. -It is implementation-defined how that information is used and the form -of the final presentation. Whether the final presentation form is an -HTML web page, a man page, a PDF file, etc. is not specified as part of the -D Programming Language. -) - -Phases of Processing
- -$(P -Embedded documentation comments are processed in a series of phases: -) - -$(OL - $(LI Lexical - documentation comments are identified and attached - to tokens.) - $(LI Parsing - documentation comments are associated with - specific declarations and combined.) - $(LI Sections - each documentation comment is divided up into - a sequence of sections.) - $(LI Special sections are processed.) - $(LI Highlighting of non-special sections is done.) - $(LI All sections for the module are combined.) - $(LI Macro text substitution is performed to produce the final result.) -) - -Lexical
- -$(P -Embedded documentation comments are one of the following forms: -) - -$(OL - $(LI $(D_COMMENT /** ... */) The two *'s after the opening /) - $(LI $(D_COMMENT /++ ... +/) The two +'s after the opening /) - $(LI $(D_COMMENT ///) The three slashes) -) - -$(P The following are all embedded documentation comments:) - ---------------------------- -/// This is a one line documentation comment. - -/** So is this. */ - -/++ And this. +/ - -/** - This is a brief documentation comment. - */ - -/** - * The leading * on this line is not part of the documentation comment. - */ - -/********************************* - The extra *'s immediately following the /** are not - part of the documentation comment. - */ - -/++ - This is a brief documentation comment. - +/ - -/++ - + The leading + on this line is not part of the documentation comment. - +/ - -/+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ - The extra +'s immediately following the / ++ are not - part of the documentation comment. - +/ - -/**************** Closing *'s are not part *****************/ ---------------------------- - -$(P -The extra *'s and +'s on the comment opening, closing and left margin are -ignored and are not part -of the embedded documentation. -Comments not following one of those forms are not documentation comments. -) - -Parsing
- -$(P -Each documentation comment is associated with a declaration. -If the documentation comment is on a line by itself or with only whitespace -to the left, it refers to the next -declaration. -Multiple documentation comments applying to the same declaration -are concatenated. -Documentation comments not associated with a declaration are ignored. -Documentation comments preceding the $(I ModuleDeclaration) apply to the -entire module. -If the documentation comment appears on the same line to the right of a -declaration, it applies to that. -) - -$(P -If a documentation comment for a declaration consists only of the -identifier $(D ditto) -then the documentation comment for the previous declaration at the same -declaration scope is applied to this declaration as well. -) - -$(P -If there is no documentation comment for a declaration, that declaration -may not appear in the output. To ensure it does appear in the output, -put an empty declaration comment for it. -) - ------------------------------------- -int a; /// documentation for a; b has no documentation -int b; - -/** documentation for c and d */ -/** more documentation for c and d */ -int c; -/** ditto */ -int d; - -/** documentation for e and f */ int e; -int f; /// ditto - -/** documentation for g */ -int g; /// more documentation for g - -/// documentation for C and D -class C { - int x; /// documentation for C.x - - /** documentation for C.y and C.z */ - int y; - int z; /// ditto -} - -/// ditto -class D { } ------------------------------------- - -Sections
- -$(P -The document comment is a series of $(I Section)s. -A $(I Section) is a name that is the first non-blank character on -a line immediately followed by a ':'. This name forms the section name. -The section name is not case sensitive. -) - -Summary
- -$(P -The first section is the $(I Summary), and does not have a section name. -It is first paragraph, up to a blank line or a section name. -While the summary can be any length, try to keep it to one line. -The $(I Summary) section is optional. -) - -Description
- -$(P -The next unnamed section is the $(I Description). -It consists of all the paragraphs following the $(I Summary) until -a section name is encountered or the end of the comment. -) - -$(P -While the $(I Description) section is optional, -there cannot be a $(I Description) without a $(I Summary) section. -) - ------------------------------------- -/*********************************** - * Brief summary of what - * myfunc does, forming the summary section. - * - * First paragraph of synopsis description. - * - * Second paragraph of - * synopsis description. - */ - -void myfunc() { } ------------------------------------- - -$(P -Named sections follow the $(I Summary) and $(I Description) unnamed sections. -) - -Standard Sections
- -$(P -For consistency and predictability, there are several standard sections. -None of these are required to be present. -) - --
-
-
- $(B Authors:) -
- Lists the author(s) of the declaration. ------------------------------------- -/** - * Authors: Melvin D. Nerd, melvin@mailinator.com - */ ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B Bugs:) -
- Lists any known bugs. ------------------------------------- -/** - * Bugs: Doesn't work for negative values. - */ ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B Date:) -
- Specifies the date of the current revision. The date should be in a form - parseable by std.date. - ------------------------------------- -/** - * Date: March 14, 2003 - */ ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B Deprecated:) -
- Provides an explanation for and corrective action to take if the associated - declaration is marked as deprecated. - ------------------------------------- -/** - * Deprecated: superseded by function bar(). - */ - -deprecated void foo() { ... } ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B Examples:) -
- Any usage examples ------------------------------------- -/** - * Examples: - * -------------------- - * writefln("3"); // writes '3' to stdout - * -------------------- - */ ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B History:) -
- Revision history. ------------------------------------- -/** - * History: - * V1 is initial version - * - * V2 added feature X - */ ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B License:) -
- Any license information for copyrighted code. ------------------------------------- -/** - * License: use freely for any purpose - */ - -void bar() { ... } ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B Returns:) -
- Explains the return value of the function. - If the function returns $(B void), don't redundantly document it. ------------------------------------- -/** - * Read the file. - * Returns: The contents of the file. - */ - -void[] readFile(char[] filename) { ... } ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B See_Also:) -
- List of other symbols and URL's to related items. ------------------------------------- -/** - * See_Also: - * foo, bar, http://www.digitalmars.com/d/phobos/index.html - */ ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B Standards:) -
- If this declaration is compliant with any particular standard, -the description of it goes here. ------------------------------------- -/** - * Standards: Conforms to DSPEC-1234 - */ ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B Throws:) -
- Lists exceptions thrown and under what circumstances they are thrown. ------------------------------------- -/** - * Write the file. - * Throws: WriteException on failure. - */ - -void writeFile(char[] filename) { ... } ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B Version:) -
- Specifies the current version of the declaration. ------------------------------------- -/** - * Version: 1.6a - */ ------------------------------------- -
Special Sections
- -$(P -Some sections have specialized meanings and syntax. -) - --
-
-
- $(B Copyright:) -
- This contains the copyright notice. The macro COPYRIGHT is set to - the contents of the section when it documents the module declaration. - The copyright section only gets this special treatment when it - is for the module declaration. - ------------------------------------- -/** Copyright: Public Domain */ - -module foo; ------------------------------------- - -
- $(B Params:) -
- Function parameters can be documented by listing them in a params - section. Each line that starts with an identifier followed by - an '=' starts a new parameter description. A description can - span multiple lines. - ------------------------- -/*********************************** - * foo does this. - * Params: - * x = is for this - * and not for that - * y = is for that - */ - -void foo(int x, int y) -{ -} -------------------------- - -
- $(B Macros:) -
- The macros section follows the same syntax as the $(B Params:) section. - It's a series of $(I NAME)=$(I value) pairs. - The $(I NAME) is the macro name, and $(I value) is the replacement - text. ------------------------------------- -/** - * Macros: - * FOO = now is the time for - * all good men - * BAR = bar - * MAGENTA = <font color=magenta>$0</font> - */ ------------------------------------- -
Highlighting
- -Embedded Comments
- -$(P - The documentation comments can themselves be commented using - the $(DDOC_COMMENT comment text) syntax. These comments do not - nest. -) - -Embedded Code
- -$(P - D code can be embedded using lines beginning with at least three - hyphens (ignoring whitespace) to delineate the code section: -) - ------------------------------------- -/++ - + Our function. - + - + Example: - + --- - + import std.stdio; - + - + void foo() - + { - + writefln("foo!"); /* print the string */ - + } - + --- - +/ ------------------------------------- - -$(P - Note that the documentation comment uses the $(D_COMMENT /++ ... +/) - form - so that $(D_COMMENT /* ... */) can be used inside the code section. -) - -Embedded HTML
- -$(P -HTML can be embedded into the documentation comments, and it will -be passed through to the HTML output unchanged. -However, since it is not necessarily true that HTML will be the desired -output format of the embedded documentation comment extractor, it is -best to avoid using it where practical. -) - ------------------------------------- -/** - * Example of embedded HTML: - * - *-
- *
- Digital Mars - *
- Empire - *
Emphasis
- -$(P -Identifiers in documentation comments that are function parameters or are -names that are in scope at the associated declaration are emphasized in -the output. -This emphasis can take the form of italics, boldface, a hyperlink, etc. -How it is emphasized depends on what it is - a function parameter, type, -D keyword, etc. -To prevent unintended emphasis of an identifier, it can be preceded by -an underscore (_). The underscore will be stripped from the output. -) - -Character Entities
- -$(P - Some characters have special meaning - to the documentation processor, to avoid confusion it can be best - to replace them with their corresponding character entities: -) - - $(TABLE2 Characters and Entities, - $(TR $(TH Character) $(TH Entity)) - $(TR $(TD < )$(TD < )) - $(TR $(TD > )$(TD > )) - $(TR $(TD & )$(TD & )) - ) - -$(P - It is not necessary to do this inside a code section, or if the - special character is not immediately followed by a # or a letter. -) - -No Documentation
- -$(P - No documentation is generated for the following constructs, - even if they have a documentation comment: -) - - $(UL - $(LI Invariants) -$(V2 $(LI Postblits)) - $(LI Destructors) - $(LI Static constructors and static destructors) - $(LI Class info, type info, and module info) - ) - -Macros
- -$(P - The documentation comment processor includes a simple macro - text preprocessor. - When a $($(I NAME)) appears - in section text it is replaced with $(I NAME)'s corresponding - replacement text. - The replacement text is then recursively scanned for more macros. - If a macro is recursively encountered, with no argument or with - the same argument text as the enclosing macro, it is replaced - with no text. - Macro invocations that cut across replacement text boundaries are - not expanded. - If the macro name is undefined, the replacement text has no characters - in it. - If a $(NAME) is desired to exist in the output without being - macro expanded, the $ should be replaced with $. -) - -$(P - Macros can have arguments. Any text from the end of the identifier - to the closing $(SINGLEQUOTE $(RPAREN)) is the $0 argument. - A $0 in the replacement text is - replaced with the argument text. - If there are commas in the argument text, $1 will represent the - argument text up to the first comma, $2 from the first comma to - the second comma, etc., up to $9. - $+ represents the text from the first comma to the closing $(SINGLEQUOTE $(RPAREN)). - The argument text can contain nested parentheses, "" or '' strings, - comments, or tags. - If stray, unnested parentheses are used, they can be replaced with - the entity ( for ( and ) for ). -) - -$(P - Macro definitions come from the following sources, - in the specified order: -) - - $(OL - $(LI Predefined macros.) - $(LI Definitions from file specified by $(DPLLINK dmd-windows.html#sc_ini, sc.ini)'s - or $(DPLLINK dmd-linux.html#dmd_conf, dmd.conf) DDOCFILE setting.) - $(LI Definitions from *.ddoc files specified on the command line.) - $(LI Runtime definitions generated by Ddoc.) - $(LI Definitions from any Macros: sections.) - ) - -$(P - Macro redefinitions replace previous definitions of the same name. - This means that the sequence of macro definitions from the various - sources forms a hierarchy. -) - -$(P - Macro names beginning with "D_" and "DDOC_" are reserved. -) - -Predefined Macros
- -$(P - These are hardwired into Ddoc, and represent the - minimal definitions needed by Ddoc to format and highlight - the presentation. - The definitions are for simple HTML. -) - -$(DDOCCODE -B = <b>$0</b> -I = <i>$0</i> -U = <u>$0</u> -P = <p>$0</p> -DL = <dl>$0</dl> -DT = <dt>$0</dt> -DD = <dd>$0</dd> -TABLE = <table>$0</table> -TR = <tr>$0</tr> -TH = <th>$0</th> -TD = <td>$0</td> -OL = <ol>$0</ol> -UL = <ul>$0</ul> -LI = <li>$0</li> -BIG = <big>$0</big> -SMALL = <small>$0</small> -BR = <br> -LINK = <a href="https://github.com/$0">$0</a> -LINK2 = <a href="https://github.com/$1">$+</a> -LPAREN= $(LPAREN) -RPAREN= $(RPAREN) - -RED = <font color=red>$0</font> -BLUE = <font color=blue>$0</font> -GREEN = <font color=green>$0</font> -YELLOW =<font color=yellow>$0</font> -BLACK = <font color=black>$0</font> -WHITE = <font color=white>$0</font> - -D_CODE = <pre class="d_code">$0</pre> -D_COMMENT = $(GREEN $0) -D_STRING = $(RED $0) -D_KEYWORD = $(BLUE $0) -D_PSYMBOL = $(U $0) -D_PARAM = $(I $0) - -DDOC = <html><head> - <META http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> - <title>$(TITLE)</title> - </head><body> - <h1>$(TITLE)</h1> - $(BODY) - </body></html> - -DDOC_COMMENT = <!-- $0 --> -DDOC_DECL = $(DT $(BIG $0)) -DDOC_DECL_DD = $(DD $0) -DDOC_DITTO = $(BR)$0 -DDOC_SECTIONS = $0 -DDOC_SUMMARY = $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_DESCRIPTION = $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_AUTHORS = $(B Authors:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_BUGS = $(RED BUGS:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_COPYRIGHT = $(B Copyright:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_DATE = $(B Date:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_DEPRECATED = $(RED Deprecated:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_EXAMPLES = $(B Examples:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_HISTORY = $(B History:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_LICENSE = $(B License:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_RETURNS = $(B Returns:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_SEE_ALSO = $(B See Also:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_STANDARDS = $(B Standards:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_THROWS = $(B Throws:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_VERSION = $(B Version:)$(BR) - $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_SECTION_H = $(B $0)$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_SECTION = $0$(BR)$(BR) -DDOC_MEMBERS = $(DL $0) -DDOC_MODULE_MEMBERS = $(DDOC_MEMBERS $0) -DDOC_CLASS_MEMBERS = $(DDOC_MEMBERS $0) -DDOC_STRUCT_MEMBERS = $(DDOC_MEMBERS $0) -DDOC_ENUM_MEMBERS = $(DDOC_MEMBERS $0) -DDOC_TEMPLATE_MEMBERS = $(DDOC_MEMBERS $0) -DDOC_PARAMS = $(B Params:)$(BR)\n$(TABLE $0)$(BR) -DDOC_PARAM_ROW = $(TR $0) -DDOC_PARAM_ID = $(TD $0) -DDOC_PARAM_DESC = $(TD $0) -DDOC_BLANKLINE = $(BR)$(BR) - -DDOC_PSYMBOL = $(U $0) -DDOC_KEYWORD = $(B $0) -DDOC_PARAM = $(I $0) -) - -$(P - Ddoc does not generate HTML code. It formats into the basic - formatting macros, which (in their predefined form) - are then expanded into HTML. - If output other than HTML is desired, then these macros - need to be redefined. -) - - $(TABLE2 Basic Formatting Macros, - $(TR $(TD $(B B)) $(TD boldface the argument)) - $(TR $(TD $(B I)) $(TD italicize the argument)) - $(TR $(TD $(B U)) $(TD underline the argument)) - $(TR $(TD $(B P)) $(TD argument is a paragraph)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DL)) $(TD argument is a definition list)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DT)) $(TD argument is a definition in a definition list)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DD)) $(TD argument is a description of a definition)) - $(TR $(TD $(B TABLE)) $(TD argument is a table)) - $(TR $(TD $(B TR)) $(TD argument is a row in a table)) - $(TR $(TD $(B TH)) $(TD argument is a header entry in a row)) - $(TR $(TD $(B TD)) $(TD argument is a data entry in a row)) - $(TR $(TD $(B OL)) $(TD argument is an ordered list)) - $(TR $(TD $(B UL)) $(TD argument is an unordered list)) - $(TR $(TD $(B LI)) $(TD argument is an item in a list)) - $(TR $(TD $(B BIG)) $(TD argument is one font size bigger)) - $(TR $(TD $(B SMALL)) $(TD argument is one font size smaller)) - $(TR $(TD $(B BR)) $(TD start new line)) - $(TR $(TD $(B LINK)) $(TD generate clickable link on argument)) - $(TR $(TD $(B LINK2)) $(TD generate clickable link, first arg is address)) - $(TR $(TD $(B RED)) $(TD argument is set to be red)) - $(TR $(TD $(B BLUE)) $(TD argument is set to be blue)) - $(TR $(TD $(B GREEN)) $(TD argument is set to be green)) - $(TR $(TD $(B YELLOW)) $(TD argument is set to be yellow)) - $(TR $(TD $(B BLACK)) $(TD argument is set to be black)) - $(TR $(TD $(B WHITE)) $(TD argument is set to be white)) - $(TR $(TD $(B D_CODE)) $(TD argument is D code)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC)) $(TD overall template for output)) - ) - -$(P - $(B DDOC) is special in that it specifies the boilerplate into - which the entire generated text is inserted (represented by the - Ddoc generated macro $(B BODY)). For example, in order - to use a style sheet, $(B DDOC) would be redefined as: -) - -$(DDOCCODE -DDOC = <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> - <html><head> - <META http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> - <title>$(TITLE)</title> - <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://github.com/$(B%20style.css)"> - </head><body> - <h1>$(TITLE)</h1> - $(BODY) - </body></html> -) - -$(P - $(B DDOC_COMMENT) is used to insert comments into the output - file. -) - -$(P - Highlighting of D code is performed by the following macros: -) - - $(TABLE2 D Code Formatting Macros, - $(TR $(TD $(B D_COMMENT)) $(TD Highlighting of comments)) - $(TR $(TD $(B D_STRING)) $(TD Highlighting of string literals)) - $(TR $(TD $(B D_KEYWORD)) $(TD Highlighting of D keywords)) - $(TR $(TD $(B D_PSYMBOL)) $(TD Highlighting of current declaration name)) - $(TR $(TD $(B D_PARAM)) $(TD Highlighting of current function declaration parameters)) - ) - -$(P - The highlighting macros start with $(B DDOC_). - They control the formatting of individual parts of the presentation. -) - - $(TABLE2 Ddoc Section Formatting Macros, - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_DECL)) $(TD Highlighting of the declaration.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_DECL_DD)) $(TD Highlighting of the description of a declaration.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_DITTO)) $(TD Highlighting of ditto declarations.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_SECTIONS)) $(TD Highlighting of all the sections.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_SUMMARY)) $(TD Highlighting of the summary section.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_DESCRIPTION)) $(TD Highlighting of the description section.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_AUTHORS .. DDOC_VERSION)) $(TD Highlighting of the corresponding standard section.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_SECTION_H)) $(TD Highlighting of the section name of a non-standard section.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_SECTION)) $(TD Highlighting of the contents of a non-standard section.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_MEMBERS)) $(TD Default highlighting of all the members of a class, struct, etc.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_MODULE_MEMBERS)) $(TD Highlighting of all the members of a module.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_CLASS_MEMBERS)) $(TD Highlighting of all the members of a class.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_STRUCT_MEMBERS)) $(TD Highlighting of all the members of a struct.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_ENUM_MEMBERS)) $(TD Highlighting of all the members of an enum.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_TEMPLATE_MEMBERS)) $(TD Highlighting of all the members of a template.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_PARAMS)) $(TD Highlighting of a function parameter section.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_PARAM_ROW)) $(TD Highlighting of a name=value function parameter.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_PARAM_ID)) $(TD Highlighting of the parameter name.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_PARAM_DESC)) $(TD Highlighting of the parameter value.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_PSYMBOL)) $(TD Highlighting of declaration name to which a particular section is referring.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_KEYWORD)) $(TD Highlighting of D keywords.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_PARAM)) $(TD Highlighting of function parameters.)) - $(TR $(TD $(B DDOC_BLANKLINE)) $(TD Inserts a blank line.)) - ) - -$(P - For example, one could redefine $(B DDOC_SUMMARY): -) - -$(DDOCCODE -DDOC_SUMMARY = $(GREEN $0) -) - -$(P - And all the summary sections will now be green. -) - -Macro Definitions from $(DPLLINK dmd-windows.html#sc_ini, $(D sc.ini))'s DDOCFILE
- -$(P - A text file of macro definitions can be created, - and specified in $(D sc.ini): -) - -$(DDOCCODE -DDOCFILE=myproject.ddoc -) - -Macro Definitions from .ddoc Files on the Command Line
- -$(P - File names on the DMD command line with the extension - .ddoc are text files that are read and processed in order. -) - -Macro Definitions Generated by Ddoc
- - $(TABLE2 Generated Macro Definitions, - $(TR - $(TH Macro Name) - $(TH Contents) - ) - $(TR - $(TD $(B BODY)) - $(TD Set to the generated document text.) - ) - $(TR - $(TD $(B TITLE)) - $(TD Set to the module name.) - ) - $(TR - $(TD $(B DATETIME)) - $(TD Set to the current date and time.) - ) - $(TR - $(TD $(B YEAR)) - $(TD Set to the current year.) - ) - $(TR - $(TD $(B COPYRIGHT)) - $(TD Set to the contents of any $(B Copyright:) section that is part - of the module comment.) - ) - $(TR - $(TD $(B DOCFILENAME)) - $(TD Set to the name of the generated output file.) - ) - ) - -Using Ddoc for other Documentation
- -$(P - Ddoc is primarily designed for use in producing documentation - from embedded comments. It can also, however, be used for - processing other general documentation. - The reason for doing this would be to take advantage of the - macro capability of Ddoc and the D code syntax highlighting - capability. -) - -$(P - If the .d source file starts with the string "Ddoc" then it - is treated as general purpose documentation, not as a D - code source file. From immediately after the "Ddoc" string - to the end of the file or any "Macros:" section forms - the document. No automatic highlighting is done to that text, - other than highlighting of D code embedded between lines - delineated with --- lines. Only macro processing is done. -) - -$(P - Much of the D documentation itself is generated this way, - including this page. - Such documentation is marked at the bottom as being - generated by Ddoc. -) - -References
- -$(P - $(LINK2 http://www.dsource.org/projects/helix/wiki/CandyDoc, CandyDoc) - is a very nice example of how - one can customize the Ddoc results with macros - and style sheets. -) - -) - -Macros: - TITLE=Documentation Generator - WIKI=Ddoc - CATEGORY_SPEC=$0 - RPAREN=) diff --git a/ddoc/.gitignore b/ddoc/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..646b0fa1e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/ddoc/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +/libddoc_preprocessor.a +/ddoc_preprocessor +/ddoc_preprocessor-test-application +/ddoc_preprocessor-test-library diff --git a/ddoc/dub.sdl b/ddoc/dub.sdl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6fce22a829 --- /dev/null +++ b/ddoc/dub.sdl @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +name "ddoc_preprocessor" +description "Preprocesses source code before running Ddoc over it" +dependency "libdparse" version="~>0.15.1" +# we only need an isolated single module from DMD +sourceFiles "../../dmd/compiler/src/dmd/cli.d" +importPaths "source" "../../dmd/compiler/src" +versions "DdocOptions" # for dmd.cli +buildRequirements "disallowDeprecations" +configuration "executable" { + versions "IsExecutable" + targetType "executable" +} +configuration "library" { +} diff --git a/ddoc/dub.selections.json b/ddoc/dub.selections.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0d6de82c2c --- /dev/null +++ b/ddoc/dub.selections.json @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +{ + "fileVersion": 1, + "versions": { + "libdparse": "0.15.4", + "stdx-allocator": "2.77.5" + } +} diff --git a/ddoc/source/assert_writeln_magic.d b/ddoc/source/assert_writeln_magic.d new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..353c5d24cf --- /dev/null +++ b/ddoc/source/assert_writeln_magic.d @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env dub +/++ dub.sdl: +dependency "libdparse" version="~>0.24.0" +name "assert_writeln_magic" ++/ +/* + * Tries to convert `assert`s into user-friendly `writeln` calls. + * The objective of this tool is to be conservative as + * broken example look a lot worse than a few statements + * that could have potentially been rewritten. + * + * - only EqualExpressions are "lowered" + * - static asserts are ignored + * - only single-line assers are rewritten + * + * Copyright (C) 2017 by D Language Foundation + * + * Author: Sebastian Wilzbach + * + * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. + * (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at + * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) +*/ +// Written in the D programming language. + +import dparse.ast; +import std.algorithm; +import std.conv; +import std.experimental.logger; +import std.range; +import std.stdio; +import std.typecons; + +private string formatNode(T)(const T t) +{ + import dparse.formatter; + import std.array : appender; + + auto writer = appender!string(); + auto formatter = new Formatter!(typeof(writer))(writer); + formatter.format(t); + return writer.data; +} + +class TestVisitor(Out) : ASTVisitor +{ + import dparse.lexer : tok, Token; + + this(Out fl) + { + this.fl = fl; + } + + alias visit = ASTVisitor.visit; + + override void visit(const Unittest test) + { + resetTestState(); + inTest = true; + scope(exit) inTest = false; + test.accept(this); + + processLastAssert(); + } + + override void visit(const EqualExpression expr) + { + enum eqToken = tok!"=="; + if (inAssert && expr.operator == eqToken && expr.left !is null && expr.right !is null) + lastEqualExpression = expr; + } + + override void visit(const AssertExpression expr) + { + if (inFunctionCall) + return; + + // only look at `a == b` within the AssertExpression + if (!expr.assertArguments || + typeid(expr.assertArguments.assertion) != typeid(CmpExpression)) + return; + + lastAssert = expr; + inAssert = true; + expr.accept(this); + inAssert = false; + fromAssert = true; + } + + // for now static asserts are ignored + override void visit(const StaticAssertStatement expr) + { + fromStaticAssert = true; + expr.accept(this); + } + + /** + The following code (in std.concurrency) leads to false positives: + + assertNotThrown!AssertError(assert(receiveOnly!int() == i)); + + Hence we simply ignore all asserts in function calls. + */ + override void visit(const FunctionCallExpression expr) + { + inFunctionCall = true; + expr.accept(this); + inFunctionCall = false; + } + + /// A single line + override void visit(const DeclarationOrStatement expr) + { + processLastAssert(); + expr.accept(this); + } + + void processLastAssert() + { + import std.uni : isWhite; + import std.format : format; + + if (fromAssert && !fromStaticAssert && + lastEqualExpression !is null && lastAssert !is null) + { + auto e = lastEqualExpression; + if (e.left !is null && e.right !is null) + { + // libdparse starts the line count with 1 + auto lineNr = lastAssert.line - 1; + + // only replace single-line expressions (for now) + if (fl[lineNr].endsWith(";")) + { + auto wsLen = fl[lineNr].countUntil!(u => !u.isWhite); + auto indent = fl[lineNr][0 .. wsLen]; + + if (fl[lineNr][wsLen .. $].startsWith("assert", "static assert")) + { + auto left = lastEqualExpression.left.formatNode; + auto right = lastEqualExpression.right.formatNode; + + if (left.length + right.length > 80) + fl[lineNr] = format("%s// %s\n%swriteln(%s);", indent, right, indent, left); + else + fl[lineNr] = format("%swriteln(%s); // %s", indent, left, right); + + //writefln("line: %d, column: %d", lastAssert.line, lastAssert.column); + } + } + } + } + resetTestState(); + } + +private: + + void resetTestState() + { + fromAssert = false; + fromStaticAssert = false; + lastEqualExpression = null; + lastAssert = null; + } + + /// within in the node + bool inTest; + bool inAssert; + bool inFunctionCall; + + /// at a sibling after the node was seen, but the upper parent hasn't been reached yet + bool fromAssert; + bool fromStaticAssert; + + Rebindable!(const AssertExpression) lastAssert; + Rebindable!(const EqualExpression) lastEqualExpression; + + Out fl; +} + +void parseString(Visitor)(const string filepath, ubyte[] sourceCode, Visitor visitor) +{ + import dparse.lexer; + import dparse.parser : parseModule, ParserConfig; + import dparse.rollback_allocator : RollbackAllocator; + + LexerConfig config; + auto cache = StringCache(StringCache.defaultBucketCount); + const(Token)[] tokens = getTokensForParser(sourceCode, config, &cache).array; + + RollbackAllocator rba; + auto m = parseModule(ParserConfig(tokens, filepath, &rba)); + visitor.visit(m); +} + +private auto assertWritelnModuleImpl(const string filepath, string fileText) +{ + import std.string : representation; + auto fl = FileLines(fileText); + scope visitor = new TestVisitor!(typeof(fl))(fl); + // libdparse doesn't allow to work on immutable source code + parseString(filepath, cast(ubyte[]) fileText.representation, visitor); + return fl; +} + +auto assertWritelnModule(const string filepath, string fileText) +{ + return assertWritelnModuleImpl(filepath, fileText).buildLines; +} +auto assertWritelnBlock(const string filepath, string fileText) +{ + auto source = "unittest{\n" ~ fileText ~ "}\n"; + auto fl = assertWritelnModuleImpl(filepath, source); + auto app = appender!string; + foreach (line; fl.lines[1 .. $ - 2]) + { + app ~= line; + app ~= "\n"; + } + return app.data; +} + +/** +A simple line-based in-memory representation of a file. + - will automatically write all changes when the object is destructed + - will use a temporary file to do safe, whole file swaps +*/ +struct FileLines +{ + import std.array, std.file, std.path; + + string[] lines; + string destFile; + bool hasWrittenChanges; + + this(string inputText) + { + lines = inputText.split("\n"); + } + + // writes all changes to a random, temporary file + auto buildLines() { + auto app = appender!string; + // dump file + foreach (line; lines) + { + app ~= line; + app ~= "\n"; + } + // within the docs we automatically inject std.stdio (hence we need to do the same here) + // writeln needs to be @nogc, @safe, pure and nothrow (we just fake it) + app ~= "// \nprivate void writeln(T)(T l) { }"; + return app.data; + } + + string opIndex(size_t i) { return lines[i]; } + void opIndexAssign(string line, size_t i) { + hasWrittenChanges = true; + lines[i] = line; + } +} + +version(unittest) +{ + struct FileLinesMock + { + string[] lines; + string opIndex(size_t i) { return lines[i]; } + void opIndexAssign(string line, size_t i) { + lines[i] = line; + } + } + auto runTest(string sourceCode) + { + import std.string : representation; + auto mock = FileLinesMock(sourceCode.split("\n")); + scope visitor = new TestVisitor!(typeof(mock))(mock); + parseString("unittest.d", sourceCode.representation.dup, visitor); + return mock; + } +} + + +unittest +{ + "Running tests for assert_writeln_magic".writeln; + + // purposefully not indented + string testCode = q{ +unittest +{ +assert(equal(splitter!(a => a == ' ')("hello world"), [ "hello", "", "world" ])); +assert(equal(splitter!(a => a == 0)(a), w)); +} + }; + auto res = runTest(testCode); + assert(res.lines[3 .. $ - 2] == [ + "assert(equal(splitter!(a => a == ' ')(\"hello world\"), [ \"hello\", \"\", \"world\" ]));", + "assert(equal(splitter!(a => a == 0)(a), w));" + ]); +} + +unittest +{ + string testCode = q{ +unittest +{ +assert(1 == 2); +assert(foo() == "bar"); +assert(foo() == bar); +assert(arr == [0, 1, 2]); +assert(r.back == 1); +} + }; + auto res = runTest(testCode); + assert(res.lines[3 .. $ - 2] == [ + "writeln(1); // 2", + "writeln(foo()); // \"bar\"", + "writeln(foo()); // bar", + "writeln(arr); // [0, 1, 2]", + "writeln(r.back); // 1", + ]); + + "Successfully ran tests for assert_writeln_magic".writeln; +} diff --git a/ddoc/source/preprocessor.d b/ddoc/source/preprocessor.d new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2ca4262cb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/ddoc/source/preprocessor.d @@ -0,0 +1,505 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env rdmd +/** +A wrapper around DDoc to allow custom extensions + +Copyright: D Language Foundation 2018 + +License: $(WEB boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt, Boost License 1.0). + +Example usage: + +--- +./ddoc --compiler=Declaration Syntax
- -$(P Declaration syntax generally reads right to left:) - --------------------- -int x; // x is an int -int* x; // x is a pointer to int -int** x; // x is a pointer to a pointer to int -int[] x; // x is an array of ints -int*[] x; // x is an array of pointers to ints -int[]* x; // x is a pointer to an array of ints --------------------- - -$(P Arrays read right to left as well:) - --------------------- -int[3] x; // x is an array of 3 ints -int[3][5] x; // x is an array of 5 arrays of 3 ints -int[3]*[5] x; // x is an array of 5 pointers to arrays of 3 ints --------------------- - -$(P -Pointers to functions are declared using the $(B function) keyword: -) - --------------------- -int $(B function)(char) x; // x is a pointer to - // a function taking a char argument - // and returning an int -int $(B function)(char)[] x; // x is an array of - // pointers to functions - // taking a char argument - // and returning an int --------------------- - -$(P -$(V1 C-style array, function pointer and pointer to array declarations are possible as an alternative:) -$(V2 C-style array, function pointer and pointer to array declarations are deprecated:) -) - --------------------- -int x[3]; // x is an array of 3 ints -int x[3][5]; // x is an array of 3 arrays of 5 ints -int (*x[5])[3]; // x is an array of 5 pointers to arrays of 3 ints -int (*x)(char); // x is a pointer to a function taking a char argument - // and returning an int -int (*[] x)(char); // x is an array of pointers to functions - // taking a char argument and returning an int --------------------- - -$(P -In a declaration declaring multiple symbols, all the declarations -must be of the same type: -) - --------------------- -int x,y; // x and y are ints -int* x,y; // x and y are pointers to ints -int x,*y; // error, multiple types -int[] x,y; // x and y are arrays of ints -int x[],y; // error, multiple types --------------------- - -Implicit Type Inference
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME AutoDeclaration): - $(GLINK StorageClasses) $(I AutoDeclarationX) $(B ;) - -$(GNAME AutoDeclarationX): - $(I Identifier) $(B =) $(GLINK Initializer) - $(I AutoDeclarationX) $(B ,) $(I Identifier) $(B =) $(GLINK Initializer) -) - - $(P If a declaration starts with a $(I StorageClass) and has - a $(I NonVoidInitializer) from which the type can be inferred, - the type on the declaration can be omitted. - ) - ----------- -static x = 3; // x is type int -auto y = 4u; // y is type uint -$(V1 auto s = "string"; // s is type char[6]) -$(V2 auto s = "string"; // s is type immutable(char)[]) - -class C { ... } - -auto c = new C(); // c is a handle to an instance of class C ----------- - - $(P The $(I NonVoidInitializer) cannot contain forward references - (this restriction may be removed in the future). - The implicitly inferred type is statically bound - to the declaration at compile time, not run time. - ) - -$(V2 - $(P An $(GLINK2 expression, ArrayLiteral) - is inferred to be a dynamic array - type rather than a static array:) - ---- -auto v = ["hello", "world"]; // type is string[], not string[2] ---- -) - -$(V1 -Type Defining
- - $(P - Strong types can be introduced with the typedef. Strong types are semantically a - distinct type to the type checking system, for function overloading, and for the debugger. - ) - --------------------- -typedef int myint; - -void foo(int x) { . } -void foo(myint m) { . } - - . -myint b; -foo(b); // calls foo(myint) --------------------- - -Typedefs can specify a default initializer different from the -default initializer of the underlying type: - --------------------- -typedef int myint = 7; -myint m; // initialized to 7 --------------------- -) - -Type Aliasing
- - $(P - $(GLINK AliasDeclaration)s create a symbol that is an alias for another type, - and can be used anywhere that other type may appear. - ) - --------------------- -$(B alias) abc.Foo.bar myint; --------------------- - - $(P - Aliased types are semantically identical to the types they are aliased to. The - debugger cannot distinguish between them, and there is no difference as far as function - overloading is concerned. For example: - ) - --------------------- -$(B alias) int myint; - -void foo(int x) { . } -void foo(myint m) { . } // error, multiply defined function foo --------------------- - -$(V1 - $(P - Type aliases are equivalent to the C typedef. - ) -) - -Alias Declarations
- - $(P - A symbol can be declared as an $(I alias) of another symbol. - For example: - ) - --------------------- -import string; - -$(B alias) string.strlen mylen; - ... -int len = mylen("hello"); // actually calls string.strlen() --------------------- - - $(P - The following alias declarations are valid: - ) - --------------------- -template Foo2(T) { $(B alias) T t; } -$(B alias) Foo2!(int) t1; -$(B alias) Foo2!(int).t t2; -$(B alias) t1.t t3; -$(B alias) t2 t4; - -t1.t v1; // v1 is type int -t2 v2; // v2 is type int -t3 v3; // v3 is type int -t4 v4; // v4 is type int --------------------- - - $(P - Aliased symbols are useful as a shorthand for a long qualified - symbol name, or as a way to redirect references from one symbol - to another: - ) - --------------------- -version (Win32) -{ - $(B alias) win32.foo myfoo; -} -version (linux) -{ - $(B alias) linux.bar myfoo; -} --------------------- - - $(P - Aliasing can be used to $(SINGLEQUOTE import) a symbol from an import into the - current scope: - ) - --------------------- -$(B alias) string.strlen strlen; --------------------- - - $(P - Aliases can also $(SINGLEQUOTE import) a set of overloaded functions, that can - be overloaded with functions in the current scope: - ) - --------------------- -class A { - int foo(int a) { return 1; } -} - -class B : A { - int foo( int a, uint b ) { return 2; } -} - -class C : B { - int foo( int a ) { return 3; } - $(B alias) B.foo foo; -} - -class D : C { -} - - -void test() -{ - D b = new D(); - int i; - - i = b.foo(1, 2u); // calls B.foo - i = b.foo(1); // calls C.foo -} --------------------- - - $(P - $(B Note:) Type aliases can sometimes look indistinguishable from - alias declarations: - ) - --------------------- -$(B alias) foo.bar abc; // is it a type or a symbol? --------------------- - - $(P - The distinction is made in the semantic analysis pass. - ) - - $(P Aliases cannot be used for expressions:) - ------------ -struct S { static int i; } -S s; - -alias s.i a; // illegal, s.i is an expression -alias S.i b; // ok -b = 4; // sets S.i to 4 ------------ - -Extern Declarations
- - Variable declarations with the storage class $(B extern) are - not allocated storage within the module. - They must be defined in some other object file with a matching - name which is then linked in. - The primary usefulness of this is to connect with global - variable declarations in C files. - -typeof
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME Typeof): - $(B typeof $(LPAREN)) $(EXPRESSION) $(B $(RPAREN)) - $(B typeof $(LPAREN)) $(B return) $(B $(RPAREN)) -) - - $(P - $(I Typeof) is a way to specify a type based on the type - of an expression. For example: - ) - --------------------- -void func(int i) { - $(B typeof)(i) j; // j is of type int - $(B typeof)(3 + 6.0) x; // x is of type double - $(B typeof)(1)* p; // p is of type pointer to int - int[$(B typeof)(p)] a; // a is of type int[int*] - - writefln("%d", $(B typeof)('c').sizeof); // prints 1 - double c = cast($(B typeof)(1.0))j; // cast j to double -} --------------------- - - $(P - $(I Expression) is not evaluated, just the type of it is - generated: - ) - --------------------- -void func() { - int i = 1; - $(B typeof)(++i) j; // j is declared to be an int, i is not incremented - writefln("%d", i); // prints 1 -} --------------------- - - $(P - There are $(V1 two) $(V2 three) special cases: - $(OL - $(LI $(B typeof(this)) will generate the type of what $(B this) - would be in a non-static member function, even if not in a member - function. - ) - $(LI Analogously, $(B typeof(super)) will generate the type of what - $(B super) would be in a non-static member function. - ) -$(V2 - $(LI $(B typeof(return)) will, when inside a function scope, - give the return type of that function. - ) -) - ) - ) - --------------------- -class A { } - -class B : A { - $(B typeof(this)) x; // x is declared to be a B - $(B typeof(super)) y; // y is declared to be an A -} - -struct C { - $(B typeof(this)) z; // z is declared to be a C* - $(B typeof(super)) q; // error, no super struct for C -} - -$(B typeof(this)) r; // error, no enclosing struct or class --------------------- - - $(P - Where $(I Typeof) is most useful is in writing generic - template code. - ) - -Void Initializations
- -$(GRAMMAR -$(GNAME VoidInitializer): - $(B void) -) - - $(P Normally, variables are initialized either with an explicit - $(I Initializer) or are set to the default value for the - type of the variable. If the $(I Initializer) is $(B void), - however, the variable is not initialized. If its value is - used before it is set, undefined program behavior will result. - ) - -------------------------- -void foo() { - int x = void; - writefln(x); // will print garbage -} -------------------------- - - $(P Therefore, one should only use $(B void) initializers as a - last resort when optimizing critical code. - ) - -Global and Static Initializers
- - $(P The $(GLINK Initializer) for a global or static variable must be - evaluatable at compile time. - Whether some pointers can be initialized with the addresses of other - functions or data is implementation defined. - Runtime initialization can be done with static constructors. - ) - -) - -Macros: - TITLE=Declarations - WIKI=Declaration - CATEGORY_SPEC=$0 - OPT=opt - ASSIGNEXPRESSION=$(GLINK2 expression, AssignExpression) - EXPRESSION=$(GLINK2 expression, Expression) - VEXPRESSION=$(V1 $(EXPRESSION))$(V2 $(ASSIGNEXPRESSION)) - FOO= diff --git a/deprecate.dd b/deprecate.dd index 42373cf30a..0b4e2870e1 100644 --- a/deprecate.dd +++ b/deprecate.dd @@ -2,56 +2,1068 @@ Ddoc $(SPEC_S Deprecated Features, - $(P Sometimes it becomes clear that a feature is just a bad idea. - These are called $(I deprecated features) and once they are judged - to merit removal from the language, they follow a procedure in - order to allow plenty of time for users to adjust to the change. - ) - - $(TABLE2 Deprecated Features, - $(THEAD Feature, Spec, Warn, Dep, Error, Gone) - $(TROW $(DEPLINK Base Class Protection), 2.058, , , , ) - ) - - $(DL - $(DT Spec) - $(DD Removal from the Specification) - $(DT Warn) - $(DD The compiler emits a warning if the feature is used) - $(DT Dep) - $(DD The compiler issues an error if not compiled with the -d switch) - $(DT Error) - $(DD It is an error to use the feature) - $(DT Gone) - $(DD The feature is completely gone) - ) - -$(DEPNAME Base Class Protection)
- - Base class protections are things like: + $(P Sometimes it becomes clear that a feature is just a bad idea. + These are called $(I deprecated features) and once they are judged + to merit removal from the language, they follow a procedure in + order to allow plenty of time for users to adjust to the change. + ) ---- -class A : $(B protected) B { - ... -} ---- + $(TABLE2 Deprecated Features, + $(THEAD Feature, Spec, Dep, Error, Gone) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Throwing from contracts of nothrow functions), , 2.101, 2.111, ) + $(TROW $(COMMENT DEPLINK Hexstring literals), 2.079, 2.079, 2.086, ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Class allocators and deallocators), , 2.080, 2.087, 2.100 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Implicit comparison of different enums), 2.075, 2.075, 2.081, ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Implicit string concatenation), 2.072, 2.072, 2.081, ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Using the result of a comma expression), 2.072, 2.072, 2.079, ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK delete), , 2.079, 2.099, 2.109) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK scope as a type constraint), , 2.087, , ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Imaginary and complex types), future, 2.097, , ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK 128-bit integer types), future, 2.100, 2.100, ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Implicit catch statement), 2.072, 2.072, 2.081, ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK .sort and .reverse properties for arrays), ?, 2.072, , 2.075) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK C-style array pointers), ?, 2.072, 2.082, ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Floating point NCEG operators), 2.079, 2.066, 2.072, 2.080 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK clear), 2.060, 2.066, , 2.068 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK .min property for floating point types), N/A, 2.065, 2.067, 2.072 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Cast T[] to integral type), ?, 2.060, , 2.061 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Base Class Protection), 2.058, 2.058, 2.067, 2.072 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Windows 3.x and Windows 9x support), 2.058, N/A, N/A, 2.058 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK typedef), 2.057, 2.057, 2.067, 2.072 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Using * to dereference arrays), ?, 2.057, 2.067, (never) ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK invariant as an alias for immutable), 2.057, 2.057, 2.064, 2.066 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Non-final switch statements without a default case), 2.054, 2.054, 2.068, (never) ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Hiding base class functions), 2.054, 2.054, 2.068, (never) ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Octal literals), 2.054, 2.053, 2.067, (never) ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK C-style function pointers), ?, 2.050, 2.067, (never) ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Using length in index expressions), ?, 2.041, , 2.061 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Escape string literals), ?, 2.026, 2.061, 2.067 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK volatile), 2.013, 2.013, 2.067, 2.072) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK HTML source files), ?, 2.013, N/A, 2.061 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Overriding without override), ?, 2.004, 2.072, (never) ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Lower case 'l' suffix for integer literals), ?, 1.054, 0.174, (never) ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Variable shadowing inside functions), ?, 0.161, , 2.061 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Upper case 'I' suffix for imaginary literals), ?, 0.154, 2.061, (never) ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK if (v; e)), ?, 0.149, 2.061, 2.068 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Removing an item from an associative array with delete), ?, 0.127, 2.061, 2.067 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK .offset property), ?, 0.107, 2.061, 2.067 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK .size property), ?, 0.107, 0.107, 2.061 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK .typeinfo property), ?, 0.093, 2.061, 2.067 ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK unannotated asm blocks), , , 2.100, (never) ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Throwing qualified objects), , 2.104, , (never) ) + $(TROW $(DEPLINK Catching immutable/inout/shared objects), , 2.106, , (never) ) + ) + + $(DL + $(DT Spec) + $(DD Removal from the Specification) + $(DT Dep) + $(DD The compiler warns by default, issues an error with the -de switch, and can be silenced with the -d switch) + $(DT Error) + $(DD It is an error to use the feature) + $(DT Gone) + $(DD The feature is completely gone) + ) + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Throwing from contracts of nothrow functions)) + $(P Throwing exceptions from the contracts of a $(D nothrow) function was permitted: + --- + float sqrt(float n) nothrow + in + { + if (n < 0) + throw new Exception("n must be positive"); + } + do + { + // ... + } + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Remove the $(D nothrow) attribute or rewrite the contract using + $(LINK2 spec/expression.html#assert_expressions, assertions) instead. + --- + float sqrt(float n) nothrow + in + { + assert(n >= 0); + } + do + { + // ... + } + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P Since a function's preconditions and postconditions are implicitly + executed before and after the function's body, allowing them to throw + would break the guarantees of the $(D nothrow) attribute. + ) + +$(COMMENT +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Hexstring literals)) + $(P Hexstring literals can be used to enter literals in base 16. + --- + // deprecated code + // auto x = x"1234"; + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Use the $(REF hexString, std,conv) template. + --- + auto x = hexString!"1234"; + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P Hexstrings are used so seldom that they don't warrant a language feature. + ) +) + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Class allocators and deallocators)) + $(P D classes can have members customizing the (de)allocation strategy. + --- + class Foo + { + new(uint size, ...) + { + return malloc(size); + } + + delete(void* obj) + { + free(obj); + } + } + + Foo foo = new(...) Foo(); + delete foo; + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Move the (de)allocation strategy out of the class + --- + class Foo + { + } + + T make(T, Args...)(auto ref Args args) if (is(T == Foo)) + { + enum size = __traits(classInstanceSize, T); + void* mem = malloc(size); + scope (failure) free(mem); + return mem !is null ? emplace!T(mem[0..size], args) : null; + } + + void dispose(T)(T obj) + { + auto mem = cast(void*) obj; + scope (exit) free(mem); + destroy(obj); + } + + Foo foo = make!Foo(); + if (foo !is null) dispose(foo); + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P Classes should not be responsible for their own (de)allocation strategy. + ) + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Implicit comparison of different enums)) + $(P Comparison of different enumerated type was allowed: + --- + enum Status + { + good, + bad + } + enum OtherStatus + { + ok, + no + } + static assert(Status.good == OtherStatus.ok); + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Comparison between unrelated enumerated types should be done with $(REF asOriginalType, std, conv)) + --- + import std.conv : asOriginalType; + assert(Foo.x.asOriginalType == Bar.y.asOriginalType); + --- +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P Code correctness is improved by + disallowing comparison of unrelated enumerated types. Implicit comparison of + different `enum` types often resulted in hard to spot bugs.) + + --- + enum { X } + enum { Y } + void main() { + auto b = X == Y; + assert(b); + } + --- + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Implicit string concatenation)) + $(P Two adjacent strings were implicitly concatenated: + + --- + string foo = "Hello" "World"; + --- + + This feature was handy for a long string that spans multiple lines, + however, it is possible to get the same behaviour explicitly by + using the concatenation operator ('~'): + + --- + string foo = "Hello" ~ "World"; // No allocation is performed + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Replace implicit string concatenation by explicit one, using '~'.) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P This is a very early feature of the language, which is nowadays totally + covered by the concatenation operator: it is performed at compile time + for constants and doesn't result in memory allocation.) + + $(P However, having implicit concatenation can and did result in hard + to spot bugs, for example:) + + --- + string[] names = + [ + "Anna", + "Michael" + "Emma", + "David" + ]; + // The content of arr is [ "Anna", "MichaelEmma", "David" ] + --- + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Using the result of a comma expression)) + $(P The comma operator (`,`) allows executing multiple expressions and + discards the result of them except for the last which is returned. + + --- + int a = 1; + int b = 2; + bool ret = a == 2, b == 2; // true + --- + + It's also common to use the comma operator in for-loop increment + statements to allow multiple expressions. + + --- + for (; !a.empty && !b.empty; a.popFront, b.popFront) + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P If possible, split the comma operator in two statements. Otherwise use + lambdas. + + --- + auto result = foo(), bar(); + + // split off in two statements + foo(); + auto result = bar(); + + // or use lambdas + auto result = {foo(); return bar();}(); + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P The comma operator leads to unintended behavior (see below for a selection) + Moreover it is not commonly used and it blocks the ability to implement tuples. + + A selection of problems through the accidental use of the comma operator: + --- + writeln( 6, mixin("7,8"), 9 ); // 6, 8, 9 + + template vec(T...)(T args) { ... } + vec v = (0, 0, 3); // 3, because vec is variadic + + int b = 2; + if (a == 1, b == 2) { + // will always be reached + } + + void foo(int x) {} + foo((++a, b)); + + synchronized (lockA, lockB) {} + // isn't currently implemented, but still compiles due to the comma operator + --- + ) + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME delete)) + $(P Memory allocated on the GC heap can be freed with $(D delete). + --- + auto a = new Class(); + delete a; + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Use $(LINK2 phobos/object.html#.destroy, $(D object.destroy())) + to finalize the object instead. + --- + auto a = new Class(); + destroy(a); + --- + ) + $(P Note that $(D destroy) does not free the allocated memory. If + necessary, call $(LINK2 phobos/core_memory.html#.GC.free, $(D core.GC.free)) also. + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P $(D delete) makes assumptions about the type of garbage collector + available that limits which implementations can be used, and can be + replaced by a library solution. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME scope as a type constraint)) + $(P + The `scope` keyword can be added to a class declaration to force all instances of the + class to be attributed with the `scope` storage class. + + --- + scope class C { } // `scope` type constraint. This usage of `scope` is deprecated. + + void main() + { + C c1 = new C(); // Error: reference to `scope class` must be `scope` + // This error is due to the `scope` attribution on the declaration + // of `class C` and the missing `scope` storage class attribution + // on `c1`. + + scope C c2 = new C(); // OK because the instance `c2` is attributed with the `scope` + // storage class. This usage of `scope` is not deprecated. + } + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + There is no current counterpart in the D programming language or library that places such a + constraint on a type requiring all instances of the type to be attributed with the `scope` + storage class. + +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P + `scope` as a type constraint was a quirk in the language without a compelling + use case. + ) + $(P + Note that this deprecation only affects the usage of `scope` as a type constraint + attributed to a class declaration. `scope` as a storage class attributed to variables, + function parameters, etc. is not deprecated. + ) + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Imaginary and complex types)) + $(P D currently supports imaginary and complex versions of all floating point types. + --- + float a = 2; + ifloat b = 4i; + cfloat c = a + b; + assert(c == 2 + 4i); + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Use the library types in $(STDFILEREF complex). + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P These types are too specialized to be a part of the core language. + ) + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME 128-bit integer types)) + $(P D currently reserves the `cent` and `ucent` keywords for future use as + 128-bit integral types. Using them will result in a compile-time error. + ) + --- + cent a = 18446744073709551616L; + ucent b = 36893488147419103232UL; + --- + +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Use the library types in $(MREF std, int128) or $(COREFILEREF int128). + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P These types are too specialized to be a part of the core language. + ) + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Implicit catch statement)) + $(P One can catch everything by using $(D catch) without specifying a type.) + --- + int[] arr = new int[](10); + // This will throw a RangeError + try { arr[42]++; } + catch { writeln("An error was caught and ignored"); } + --- + +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Either don't catch `Throwable` or replace `catch {}` with `catch (Throwable) {}`) + --- + int[] arr = new int[](10); + // This will throw a RangeError + try { arr[42]++; } + catch (Throwable) { writeln("An error was caught and ignored"); } + --- + +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P Catching `Throwable` should not be encouraged by the language, + because certain core guarantee cannot be satisfied, e.g. the stack might not get cleaned + up and destructors might not get run. + This change helps ensure catching `Throwable` is always a conscious and visible decision + on the programmer's side. + ) + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME .sort and .reverse properties for arrays)) + $(P D arrays can be manipulated using these built-in properties. + --- + int[] x = [2, 3, 1]; + assert(x.sort == [1, 2, 3]); + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Use the generic functions in $(STDFILEREF algorithm). + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P These operations are better implemented in the standard library. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME C-style array pointers)) + $(P C-style array pointers can be used in D. + --- + alias float *arrayptr[10][15]; + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Replace with D-style array pointers. + --- + alias float[15][10]* arrayptr; + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P The D syntax is much cleaner and easier to use. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Floating point NCEG operators)) + $(P D currently supports the NCEG floating point operators + (!<>=, <>, <>=, !>, !>=, !<, !<=, !<>) for comparisons involving NaNs. + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Use the normal operators and $(REF isNaN, std,math,traits). + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P These operators are too specialized to be a part of the core language. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME clear)) + $(P Call an object's destructor. + --- + auto a = new Class(); + clear(a); + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Use $(LINK2 phobos/object.html#.destroy, $(D object.destroy())) instead. + --- + auto a = new Class(); + destroy(a); + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P Due to Uniform Function Call Syntax (UFCS), $(D clear) can cause + confusion with other methods of the same name, such as a $(D clear) + method used to remove the contents of a container. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME .min property for floating point types)) + $(P Floating point types have the .min property to access the smallest value. + --- + enum m = real.min; + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Replace with .min_normal + --- + enum m = real.min_normal; + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P The name min_normal is more accurate, as .min does not include + denormalized floating point values. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Cast T[] to integral type)) + $(P At some point in time you could do: + --- + ulong u = cast(ulong)[1,2]; + --- + To get the length of the array. + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Use the $(LINK2 https://dlang.org/spec/arrays.html#array-properties, .length) + property instead. + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P Using a cast to get the length of an array is just confusing. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Base Class Protection)) + $(P Base class protections are things like: + --- + class A : $(D protected) B + { + ... + } + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Delete the protection attribute keyword from in front of the base class + and base interfaces. + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P With D's module system, it doesn't seem to serve any useful purpose, and + has never worked correctly. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Windows 3.x and Windows 9x support)) + $(P There is some code in Phobos for Windows 3.x/9x support. + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Upgrade Windows or switch to another supported OS. + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P Supporting such outdated and rarely used OS-es isn't worth the trouble. + ) -Corrective Action
- $(P Delete the protection attribute keyword from in front of the base class - and base interfaces. - ) -Rationale
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME typedef)) + $(P typedef can be used to construct a strongly-typed alias of a type. + --- + typedef int myint; + static assert(!is(myint == int)); + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Replace use of typedef with alias or use $(REF Typedef, std,typecons). + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P typedef is not flexible enough to cover all use cases. This is better + done with a library solution. + ) - $(P With D's module system, it doesn't seem to serve any useful purpose.) + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Using * to dereference arrays)) + $(P D array variables can be dereferenced to get the first element, much like pointers. + --- + int[] arr = [1, 2, 3]; + assert(*arr == 1); + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Use indexing syntax to access first member. + --- + int[] arr = [1, 2, 3]; + assert(arr[0] == 1); + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P D arrays are not pointers. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME invariant as an alias for immutable)) + $(P The invariant storage class and type modifier is an alias for immutable. + --- + static assert(is(invariant(int) == immutable(int))); + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Replace all uses of invariant as a storage class or type modifier with + immutable. The invariant() syntax for struct and class invariants is + still supported. + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P The alias is unnecessary. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Non-final switch statements without a default case)) + $(P Switch statements can be declared without a default case, and the + compiler automatically adds one. + --- + switch(a) + { + case 1: + break; + case 2: + break; + // the compiler adds + // default: + // throw new SwitchError(); + } + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Add the default case manually. + --- + switch(a) + { + case 1: + break; + case 2: + break; + default: + assert(0); + } + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P Missing default cases can hide bugs, and making the default case + explicit should be mandatory. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Hiding base class functions)) + $(P This occurs when declaring a function in a derived class that can be called with the + same arguments as a function in a base class, without overriding that + function. The base class function gets hidden: + --- + class A + { + void fun(int x) {} + } + class B : A + { + void fun(long x) {} + } + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Add the function to the base class, or use an alias to bring the base + class overload into the derived class: + --- + class A + { + void fun(int x) {} + void fun(long x) {} // this fixes it + } + class B : A + { + void fun(long x) {} + alias A.fun fun; // so does this + } + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P This is an error that is already detected at runtime, and is being + extended to compile time. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Octal literals)) + $(P Octal literals can be used to enter literals in base 8. + --- + // deprecated code + // auto x = 0123; + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Use the $(REF octal, std,conv) template. + --- + auto x = octal!123; + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P The use of a leading zero is confusing, as 0123 != 123. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME C-style function pointers)) + $(P C-style function pointers can be used in D. + --- + alias void(*fptr)(int, long); + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Replace with D-style function pointers. + --- + alias void function(int, long) fptr; + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P The D syntax is much cleaner and easier to use. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Using length in index expressions)) + $(P When used inside an indexing or slicing expression, length is rewritten to + be the length of the array being sliced. + --- + auto a = new int[5]; + a = a[0..length-1]; + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Replace length with the equivalent $(LINK2 spec/arrays.html#array-length, '$') + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P The implicitly defined length variable shadows existing declarations, + and is less concise than the alternative. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME Escape string literals)) + $(P Escape string literals can be used to describe characters using escape sequences. + --- + // deprecated code + // string x = "hello" ~ \n; + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Put escape sequences inside a regular string literal. + --- + string x = "hello\n"; + --- + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P Escape string literals are unintuitive and unnecessary. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME volatile)) + $(P volatile can be used to mark statement, in order to prevent some + compiler optimizations. + --- + volatile + { + ... do something involving ghared variables ... + } + --- + ) +$(H4 Corrective Action) + $(P Convert the code to use synchronized statements instead. + ) +$(H4 Rationale) + $(P volatile statements are a misfeature. + ) + + + +$(H3 $(DEPNAME HTML source files)) + $(P The D compiler can parse html files by ignoring everything not contained + in <code></code> tags. + --- + +
+ ... source ...
+
+
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Extract code to regular source files.
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P This has been replaced for documentation by the introduction of ddoc
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME Overriding without override))
+ $(P Virtual functions can currently override a function in a base class
+ without the 'override' attribute.
+ ---
+ class A
+ {
+ void fun() {}
+ }
+ class B : A
+ {
+ // overrides but is not marked with override
+ void fun() {}
+ }
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Mark overriding functions with $(D override)
+ ---
+ class A
+ {
+ void fun() {}
+ }
+ class B : A
+ {
+ override void fun() {}
+ }
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P Making the $(D override) attribute mandatory makes it explicit, and can
+ catch errors when a base class function is accidentally overridden.
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME Lower case 'l' suffix for integer literals))
+ $(P Lower case 'l' is an alternative suffix to denote 64 bit integer literals.
+ ---
+ // deprecated code
+ // auto x = 123l;
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Use the upper case 'L' suffix.
+ ---
+ auto x = 123L;
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P The lower case suffix is easily confused with the digit '1'.
+ )
+$(H4 Note)
+ $(P In lexical analysis phase, compiler can recognize lower case suffix 'l'
+ to report better error message - for the use case such as C-to-D code
+ translation. Thus DMD would continue to parse 'l' suffix.
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME Variable shadowing inside functions))
+ $(P Variable shadowing is when a variable in an inner scope has the same
+ name as a variable in an enclosing scope.
+ ---
+ void myFun()
+ {
+ int var;
+ if (x)
+ {
+ int var;
+ var = 3; // which var was meant?
+ }
+ }
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Rename shadowing variables so they don't conflict.
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P Variable shadowing can introduce hard to find bugs where the wrong
+ variable is modified.
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME Upper case 'I' suffix for imaginary literals))
+ $(P The 'I' suffix can be used to denote imaginary floating point values.
+ ---
+ // deprecated code
+ // auto x = 1.234I;
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Use the lower case 'i' suffix.
+ ---
+ auto x = 1.234i;
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P The 'I' suffix is easily confused with the digit '1'.
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME if (v; e)))
+ $(P This syntax can be used to declare a variable in an if statement condition.
+ ---
+ if (v; calculateAndReturnPointer()) { ... }
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Replace with an auto declaration.
+ ---
+ if (auto v = calculateAndReturnPointer()) { ... }
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P The syntax is clearer with auto.
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME Removing an item from an associative array with delete))
+ $(P delete can be used to remove an item from an associative array.
+ ---
+ int[int] aa = [1 : 2];
+ delete aa[1];
+ assert(1 !in aa);
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Use .remove instead.
+ ---
+ int[int] aa = [1 : 2];
+ aa.remove(1);
+ assert(1 !in aa);
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P The delete syntax is confusing and conflicts with the normal delete syntax.
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME .offset property))
+ $(P The .offset property can be used to get member offset information.
+ ---
+ struct S { int a, b; }
+ static assert(S.b.offset == 4);
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Use .offsetof instead
+ ---
+ struct S { int a, b; }
+ static assert(S.b.offsetof == 4);
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P The .offset syntax has been superseded by .offsetof
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME .size property))
+ $(P The .size property can be used to get type size information
+ ---
+ struct S { int a, b; }
+ static assert(S.size == 8);
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Use .sizeof instead
+ ---
+ struct S { int a, b; }
+ static assert(S.sizeof == 8);
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P The .size syntax has been superseded by .sizeof
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME .typeinfo property))
+ $(P The .typeinfo property can be used to get the associated TypeInfo class.
+ ---
+ T.typeinfo
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Use typeid() instead
+ ---
+ typeid(T)
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P The .typeinfo syntax has been superseded by typeid()
+ )
+
+
+
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME unannotated asm blocks))
+ $(P $(D asm) blocks don't affect the function annotations.
+ ---
+ void foo() @safe
+ {
+ asm { noop; }
+ }
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Corrective Action)
+ $(P Annotate the $(D asm) blocks instead
+ ---
+ void foo() @safe
+ {
+ asm @trusted { noop; }
+ }
+ ---
+ )
+$(H4 Rationale)
+ $(P $(D asm) blocks may throw, contain unsafe, impure code or call the GC
+ interfaces.)
)
-Macros:
- DEPLINK=$(LINK2 #$0, $0)
- DEPLINK2=$(LINK2 $1.html#$2, $2)
- DEPNAME=$(LNAME2 $0, $0)
- TITLE=Deprecated Features
- WIKI=DeprecatedFeatures
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME Throwing qualified objects))
+
+$(P
+Previously, an `immutable`, `const`, `inout` or `shared` exception could be
+thrown and then caught in an unqualified `catch (Exception e)` clause.
+That breaks type safety.
+Throwing a qualified object is now deprecated. This helps to prevent
+possible mutation of an immutable object in a `catch` clause.
+)
+
+$(P
+The runtime also modifies a thrown object (e.g. to contain a stack
+trace) which can violate `const` or `immutable` objects. Throwing
+qualified objects has been deprecated for this reason also.
+)
+$(H3 $(DEPNAME Catching immutable/inout/shared objects))
+
+$(P
+It is unsafe to catch an exception as `immutable`, `inout` or `shared`.
+This is because the exception may still be accessible through another
+mutable or non-shared reference.
+)
+
+---
+auto e = new Exception("first");
+try {
+ throw e;
+} catch(immutable Exception ie) { // unsafe
+ e.msg = "second";
+ assert(ie.msg == "first"); // would fail
+}
+---
+
+
+Macros:
+ DEPLINK=$(RELATIVE_LINK2 $0, $0)
+ DEPLINK2=$(LINK2 $1.html#$2, $2)
+ DEPNAME=$(LNAME2 $0, $0)
+ TITLE=Deprecated Features
+ STDFILEREF = $(D std.$1)
+ COREFILEREF = $(D core.$1)
diff --git a/dlang.org.ddoc b/dlang.org.ddoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3028e24405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dlang.org.ddoc
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+_=Macros for the dlang.org site look and feel. Please keep sorted by name. Multiline macros should keep one _= line before and after for clarity. Also, one _= line should be present when the first letter changes. (The "_="" is needed so there's no extra newline after the last macro defined in a group.)
+
+ACRONYM = $1 ($+)
+ACC = $(GLOSSARY2 acc, Associated C Compiler)
+ASSIGNEXPRESSION = $(GLINK2 expression, AssignExpression)
+_=
+
+BIGOH = $(SPANC bigoh, Ο($(D $0)))
+BLOCKQUOTE = $(T blockquote, $(P $0))
+BLOCKQUOTE_BY = $(BLOCKQUOTE $+ $(T cite, $1))
+BLACK=$(SPANC black, $0)
+BLUE=$(SPANC blue, $0)
+BODY_PREFIX=
+BOOKTABLE = $(TC table, book, $(T caption, $1)$+)
+BUGZILLA = $(SPANC bugzilla, $(AHTTPS issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=$0, Bugzilla $0))
+BUGZILLA_NEW_BUG_URL=https://github.com/dlang/$(PROJECT)/issues/new?title=%5B$(TITLE)%5D%20
+_=
+
+CCODE=$(TC pre, ccode notranslate, $0)
+CODE=$(D $0)
+CODE_AMP=$(D &)
+CODE_DOLLAR=$(D $)
+CODE_HIGHLIGHT=$(B $(I $0))
+CODE_LCURL=$(D {)
+CODE_PERCENT=$(D %)
+CODE_PIPE=$(D |)
+CODE_RCURL=$(D })
+_=
+
+COMMON_HEADERS_DLANG=
+
+_=
+COMMON_SCRIPTS =
+ $(SCRIPTLOAD https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.2/jquery.min.js)
+ $(SCRIPT window.jQuery || document.write('\x3Cscript src="https://github.com/$(STATIC%20js/jquery-1.7.2.min.js)">\x3C/script>');$(EXTRA_JS))
+ $(SCRIPTLOAD $(STATIC js/dlang.js))
+ $(COMMON_SCRIPTS_DLANG)
+_=
+COMMON_SCRIPTS_DLANG =
+ $(SCRIPTLOAD $(STATIC js/codemirror-compressed.js))
+ $(SCRIPTLOAD $(STATIC js/run.js))
+_=
+
+COMPATIBILITY_BOX_DEPRECATED = $(MESSAGE_BOX red, $(B Deprecated) - $0)
+COMPATIBILITY_BOX_SUPERSEDED = $(MESSAGE_BOX gray, $(B Obsolete) - $0)
+COMPATIBILITY_BOX_OBSOLETE = $(MESSAGE_BOX gray, $(B Obsolete) - $0)
+COMPATIBILITY_BOX_OUTDATED = $(MESSAGE_BOX gray, $(B Obsolete) - $0)
+COMPATIBILITY_BOX_EXPERIMENTAL = $(MESSAGE_BOX orange, $(B Experimental) - $0)
+_=
+
+CONSOLE=$(TC pre, console notranslate, $0)
+COPYRIGHT_FOUNDATION=Copyright © 1999-$(YEAR) by the $(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)foundation_overview.html, D Language Foundation)
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+$(COMMON_HEADERS_DLANG)
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+$(COMMENT
+ SIMPLE_CHEATSHEET is used for cheat sheets that play the same role
+ as the listings generated by DDOX. Consequently, DDOX hides these cheat
+ sheets.
+)
+SIMPLE_CHEATSHEET=$(TC table, simple-cheatsheet, $(T caption, Cheat Sheet) $0)
+_=
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+SLASH_PREFIXED=/$1$(SLASH_PREFIXED $+)
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+SRC_FILENAME=$(SRCFILENAME)
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+SUBMENU=DLLs with a C Interface
- - $(P A DLL presenting a C interface can connect to any other code - in a language that supports calling C functions in a DLL. - ) - - $(P DLLs can be created in D in roughly the same way as in C. - A $(D DllMain()) - is required, looking like: - ) - --------------------------------- -import std.c.windows.windows; -import core.sys.windows.dll; - -__gshared HINSTANCE g_hInst; - -extern (Windows) -BOOL DllMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, ULONG ulReason, LPVOID pvReserved) -{ - switch (ulReason) - { - case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH: - g_hInst = hInstance; - dll_process_attach( hInstance, true ); - break; - - case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH: - dll_process_detach( hInstance, true ); - break; - - case DLL_THREAD_ATTACH: - dll_thread_attach( true, true ); - break; - - case DLL_THREAD_DETACH: - dll_thread_detach( true, true ); - break; - } - return true; -} - -------------------------------- - - $(P Notes:) - $(UL - $(LI DllMain simply forwards to the appropriate helper functions. These setup - the runtime, create thread objects for interaction with the garbage collector - and initialize thread local storage data.) - $(LI The DLL does not share its runtime or memory with other DLLs.) - $(LI The first boolean argument to the dll-helper functions specify whether all threads - should be controlled by the garbage collector. You might need more control over - this behaviour if there are threads in the process that must not be suspended. - In this case pass false to disable the automatic handling of all threads.) - $(LI The presence of $(D DllMain()) is recognized by the compiler - causing it to emit a reference to - $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/acrtused.html, __acrtused_dll) - and the $(TT phobos.lib) runtime library.) - ) - - Link with a .def - ($(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/ctgDefFiles.html, Module Definition File)) - along the lines of: - -$(MODDEFFILE -LIBRARY MYDLL -DESCRIPTION 'My DLL written in D' - -EXETYPE NT -CODE PRELOAD DISCARDABLE -DATA WRITE - -EXPORTS - DllGetClassObject @2 - DllCanUnloadNow @3 - DllRegisterServer @4 - DllUnregisterServer @5 -) - - $(P The functions in the EXPORTS list are for illustration. - Replace them with the actual exported functions from MYDLL. - Alternatively, use - $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/implib.html, implib). - Here's an example of a simple DLL with a function print() - which prints a string: - ) - -mydll.d:
-------------------------------- -module mydll; -import std.c.stdio; -export void dllprint() { printf("hello dll world\n"); } -------------------------------- - - $(P Note: We use $(CODE printf)s in these examples - instead of $(CODE writefln) - to make the examples as - simple as possible.) - -mydll.def:
- -$(MODDEFFILE -LIBRARY "mydll.dll" -EXETYPE NT -SUBSYSTEM WINDOWS -CODE SHARED EXECUTE -DATA WRITE -) - - $(P Put the code above that contains $(CODE DllMain()) into a file - $(TT dll.d). - Compile and link the dll with the following command: - ) - -$(CONSOLE -C:>dmd -ofmydll.dll -L/IMPLIB mydll.d dll.d mydll.def -C:> -) - - $(P which will create mydll.dll and mydll.lib. - Now for a program, test.d, which will use the dll: - ) - -test.d:
-------------------------------- -import mydll; - -int main() -{ - mydll.dllprint(); - return 0; -} -------------------------------- - - $(P Create an interface file mydll.di that doesn't have the function bodies:) - -mydll.di:
-------------------------------- -export void dllprint(); -------------------------------- - - Compile and link with the command: - -$(CONSOLE -C:>dmd test.d mydll.lib -C:> -) - - and run: -$(CONSOLE -C:>test -hello dll world -C:> -) - - - -Memory Allocation
- - $(P D DLLs use garbage collected memory management. The question is what - happens when pointers to allocated data cross DLL boundaries? - If the DLL presents a C interface, one would assume the reason - for that is to connect with code written in other languages. - Those other languages will not know anything about D's memory - management. Thus, the C interface will have to shield the - DLL's callers from needing to know anything about it. - ) - - $(P There are many approaches to solving this problem:) - - $(UL - - $(LI Do not return pointers to D gc allocated memory to the caller of - the DLL. Instead, have the caller allocate a buffer, and have the DLL - fill in that buffer.) - - $(LI Retain a pointer to the data within the D DLL so the GC will not free - it. Establish a protocol where the caller informs the D DLL when it is - safe to free the data.) - - $(LI Notify the GC about external references to a memory block by - calling GC.addRange.) - - $(LI Use operating system primitives like VirtualAlloc() to allocate - memory to be transferred between DLLs.) - - $(LI Use std.c.stdlib.malloc() (or another non-gc allocator) when - allocating data to be returned to the caller. Export a function - that will be used by the caller to free the data.) - - ) - -COM Programming
- - Many Windows API interfaces are in terms of COM (Common Object Model) - objects (also called OLE or ActiveX objects). A COM object is an object - who's first field is a pointer to a vtbl[], and the first 3 entries - in that vtbl[] are for QueryInterface(), AddRef(), and Release(). -- - For understanding COM, Kraig Brockshmidt's - $(LINK2 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556158432/classicempire, Inside OLE) - is an indispensible resource. -
- - COM objects are analogous to D interfaces. Any COM object can be - expressed as a D interface, and every D object with an interface X - can be exposed as a COM object X. - This means that D is compatible with COM objects implemented - in other languages. -
- - While not strictly necessary, the Phobos library provides an Object - useful as a super class for all D COM objects, called ComObject. - ComObject provides a default implementation for - QueryInterface(), AddRef(), and Release(). -
- - Windows COM objects use the Windows calling convention, which is not - the default for D, so COM functions need to have the attribute - extern (Windows). - - So, to write a COM object: - -------------------------------- -import std.c.windows.com; - -class MyCOMobject : ComObject -{ - extern (Windows): - ... -} -------------------------------- - - The sample code includes an example COM client program and server DLL. - -
D code calling D code in DLLs
- - Having DLLs in D be able to talk to each other as if they - were statically linked together is, of course, very desirable - as code between applications can be shared, and different - DLLs can be independently developed. -- - The underlying difficulty is what to do about garbage collection (gc). - Each EXE and DLL will have their own gc instance. While - these gc's can coexist without stepping on each other, - it's redundant and inefficient to have multiple gc's running. - The idea explored here is to pick one gc and have the DLLs - redirect their gc's to use that one. The one gc used here will be - the one in the EXE file, although it's also possible to make a - separate DLL just for the gc. -
- - The example will show both how to statically load a DLL, and - to dynamically load/unload it. -
- - Starting with the code for the DLL, mydll.d: -------------------------------- -/* - * MyDll demonstration of how to write D DLLs. - */ - -import core.runtime; -import std.c.stdio; -import std.c.stdlib; -import std.string; -import std.c.windows.windows; - -HINSTANCE g_hInst; - -extern (C) -{ - void gc_setProxy(void* p); - void gc_clrProxy(); -} - -extern (Windows) - BOOL $(B DllMain)(HINSTANCE hInstance, ULONG ulReason, LPVOID pvReserved) -{ - switch (ulReason) - { - case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH: - printf("DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH\n"); - Runtime.initialize(); - break; - - case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH: - printf("DLL_PROCESS_DETACH\n"); - Runtime.terminate(); - break; - - case DLL_THREAD_ATTACH: - printf("DLL_THREAD_ATTACH\n"); - return false; - - case DLL_THREAD_DETACH: - printf("DLL_THREAD_DETACH\n"); - return false; - } - g_hInst = hInstance; - return true; -} - -export void $(B MyDLL_Initialize)(void* gc) -{ - printf("MyDLL_Initialize()\n"); - gc_setProxy(gc); -} - -export void $(B MyDLL_Terminate)() -{ - printf("MyDLL_Terminate()\n"); - gc_clrProxy(); -} - -$(B static this)() -{ - printf("static this for mydll\n"); -} - -$(B static ~this)() -{ - printf("static ~this for mydll\n"); -} - -/* --------------------------------------------------------- */ - -class $(B MyClass) -{ - char[] $(B concat)(char[] a, char[] b) - { - return a ~ " " ~ b; - } - - void $(B free)(char[] s) - { - delete s; - } -} - -export MyClass $(B getMyClass)() -{ - return new MyClass(); -} -------------------------------- - -
-
-
- $(B DllMain) -
- This is the main entry point for any D DLL. It gets called
- by the C startup code
- (for DMC++, the source is $(TT \dm\src\win32\dllstart.c)).
- The $(B printf)'s are placed there so one can trace how it gets
- called.
- Notice that the initialization and termination code seen in
- the earlier DllMain sample code is in this version as well.
- This is because the same DLL should be usable from both C and
- D programs, so the same initialization process should work
- for both.
-
- -
- $(B MyDLL_Initialize) -
-
- When the DLL is dynamically linked via $(B Runtime.loadLibrary)()
- the runtime makes sure that any initialization steps required
- by the D program are executed after the library is loaded. If
- the library is statically linked, this routine is not called by
- the program, so to make sure the DLL is initialized properly we
- have to do some of the work ourselves. And because the library
- is being statically linked, we need a function specific to this
- DLL to perform the initialization.
- This function takes one argument, a handle to the
- caller's gc. We'll see how that handle is obtained later.
- To pass this handle to the runtime and override the DLL's built-in
- gc we'll call $(B gc_setProxy)().
- The function is $(B export)ed as that is how a function is made
- visible outside of a DLL.
-
- -
- $(B MyDLL_Terminate) -
- Correspondingly, this function terminates the DLL, and is
- called prior to unloading it.
- It has only one job: informing the runtime that the DLL will
- no longer be using the caller's gc via $(B gc_clrProxy)().
- This is critical, as the DLL will be unmapped from memory,
- and if the gc continues to scan its data areas it will cause
- segment faults.
-
- -
- $(B static this, static ~this) -
- These are examples of the module's static constructor
- and destructor,
- here with a print in each to verify that they are running
- and when.
-
- -
- $(B MyClass) -
- This is an example of a class that can be exported from
- and used by the caller of a DLL. The $(B concat) member
- function allocates some gc memory, and $(B free) frees gc
- memory.
-
- -
- $(B getMyClass) -
- An exported factory that allocates an instance of $(B MyClass)
- and returns a reference to it.
-
- -
Compiles $(D mydll.d) into $(TT mydll.obj). - $(B -g) turns on debug info generation. - ) - - $(LI $(B $(TT dmd mydll.obj mydll.def -g -L/map)) -
Links $(TT mydll.obj) into a DLL named $(TT mydll.dll). - $(TT mydll.def) is the - $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/ctgDefFiles.html, Module Definition File), - and has the contents: - -$(MODDEFFILE -LIBRARY MYDLL -DESCRIPTION 'MyDll demonstration DLL' -EXETYPE NT -CODE PRELOAD DISCARDABLE -DATA PRELOAD MULTIPLE -) - $(B -g) turns on debug info generation, and - $(B -L/map) generates a map file $(TT mydll.map). - ) - - $(LI $(B $(TT implib /noi /system mydll.lib mydll.dll)) -
Creates an - $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/implib.html, import library) - $(TT mydll.lib) suitable - for linking in with an application that will be statically - loading $(TT mydll.dll). - ) - - ) - - $(P Here's $(TT test.d), a sample application that makes use of - $(TT mydll.dll). There are two versions, one statically binds to - the DLL, and the other dynamically loads it. - ) - -------------------------------- -import core.runtime; -import std.stdio; -import std.gc; - -import mydll; - -//version=DYNAMIC_LOAD; - -version (DYNAMIC_LOAD) -{ - import std.c.windows.windows; - - alias MyClass function() getMyClass_fp; - - int main() - { HMODULE h; - FARPROC fp; - - getMyClass_fp getMyClass; - MyClass c; - - printf("Start Dynamic Link...\n"); - - h = cast(HMODULE) Runtime.loadLibrary("mydll.dll"); - if (h is null) - { - printf("error loading mydll.dll\n"); - return 1; - } - - fp = GetProcAddress(h, "D5mydll10getMyClassFZC5mydll7MyClass"); - if (fp is null) - { printf("error loading symbol getMyClass()\n"); - return 1; - } - - getMyClass = cast(getMyClass_fp) fp; - c = (*getMyClass)(); - foo(c); - - if (!Runtime.unloadLibrary(h)) - { printf("error freeing mydll.dll\n"); - return 1; - } - - printf("End...\n"); - return 0; - } -} -else -{ // static link the DLL - extern (C) - { - void* gc_getProxy(); - } - - int main() - { - printf("Start Static Link...\n"); - MyDLL_Initialize(gc_getProxy()); - foo(getMyClass()); - MyDLL_Terminate(); - printf("End...\n"); - return 0; - } -} - -void foo(MyClass c) -{ - char[] s; - - s = c.concat("Hello", "world!"); - writefln(s); - c.free(s); - delete c; -} -------------------------------- - - $(P Let's start with the statically linked version, which is simpler. - It's compiled and linked with the command: - ) - -$(CONSOLE -C:>dmd test mydll.lib -g -) - - $(P Note how it is linked with $(TT mydll.lib), the import library - for $(TT mydll.dll). - The code is straightforward, it initializes $(TT mydll.lib) with - a call to $(B MyDLL_Initialize)(), passing the handle - to $(TT test.exe)'s gc. - Then, we can use the DLL and call its functions just as if - it were part of $(TT test.exe). In $(B foo)(), gc memory - is allocated and freed both by $(TT test.exe) and $(TT mydll.dll). - When we're done using the DLL, it is terminated with - $(B MyDLL_Terminate)(). - ) - - $(P Running it looks like this:) - -$(CONSOLE -C:>test -DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH -Start Static Link... -MyDLL_Initialize() -static this for mydll -Hello world! -MyDLL_Terminate() -static ~this for mydll -End... -C:> -) - - $(P The dynamically linked version is a little harder to set up. - Compile and link it with the command: - ) - -$(CONSOLE -C:>dmd test -version=DYNAMIC_LOAD -g -) - $(P The import library $(TT mydll.lib) is not needed. - The DLL is loaded with a call to - $(B Runtime.loadLibrary)(), - and each exported function has to be retrieved via - a call to - $(B GetProcAddress)(). - An easy way to get the decorated name to pass to $(B GetProcAddress)() - is to copy and paste it from the generated $(TT mydll.map) file - under the $(B Export) heading. - Once this is done, we can use the member functions of the - DLL classes as if they were part of $(TT test.exe). - When done, release the DLL with - $(B Runtime.unloadLibrary)(). - ) - - $(P Running it looks like this:) - -$(CONSOLE -C:>test -Start Dynamic Link... -DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH -static this for mydll -Hello world! -static ~this for mydll -DLL_PROCESS_DETACH -End... -C:> -) - -) - -Macros: - TITLE=Writing Win32 DLLs - WIKI=DLLs - CATEGORY_HOWTOS=$0 diff --git a/dmd.dd b/dmd.dd new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..90ecf0e6c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/dmd.dd @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Ddoc + +$(D_S dmd - DMD Compiler, + +$(P Documentation for DMD is split up by operating system. Choose one from +the menu on the left.) + +) + +Macros: + TITLE=DMD Compiler + SUBNAV=$(SUBNAV_CLI_REFERENCE) diff --git a/doc.ddoc b/doc.ddoc index 6fca7c0cd0..2f2d9ff9fa 100644 --- a/doc.ddoc +++ b/doc.ddoc @@ -1,465 +1,23 @@ -DDOC= - - +ROOT_DIR = +ROOT = . +SELF_PATH = +BODYCLASS = doc +PROJECT = dlang.org +_= - +D_S = $(LAYOUT ,$1,$(ARGS $+)) +SPEC_S = $(LAYOUT ,$1,$(ARGS $+)) +COMMUNITY= $(LAYOUT ,$1,$(ARGS $+)) +_= - - - - -
-
-
-$(BODY)
-$(FOOTER)
-
-
-
-PAGE_TOOLS=
-
-
-
-
- 
- D Programming Language
-
-
- D Programming Language
-
-
- Comment on this page
-
-
-GOOGLE_TRANSLATE=
-Translate this page:
-
-
-
-
-GOOGLE_FOOTER=
-
-
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-
-
-GOOGLE_REFERRAL=
--
- - -GOOGLE_REFERRAL= - -COPYRIGHT= -Copyright © 1999-$(YEAR) by Digital Mars ®, All Rights Reserved - -FOOTER= - -
-$(COPYRIGHT) |
-Page generated by $(LINK2 ddoc.html, Ddoc) on $(DATETIME)
-
-
-NAVIGATION_COMMUNITY=
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- $(TRANSLATIONS)
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-$(NAVBLOCK_HEADER $(TOCHEADERL index.html, D Programming Language, D Home),
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- $(TOCENTRYTH download.html, Download a D compiler, Downloads & Tools, $(CATEGORY_DOWNLOAD $(SUBNAV_DOWNLOAD)))
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- $(TOCENTRYTH faq.html, Frequently Asked Questions, FAQ, $(CATEGORY_FAQ $(SUBNAV_FAQ)))
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- $(TOCENTRY builtin.html, Rationale for Builtins)
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- $(TOCENTRYT const-faq.html, Frequently Asked Questions about const, const(FAQ))
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-SUBNAV_APPENDICES=
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-)
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- $(TOCENTRY entity.html, Named Character Entities)
- $(TOCENTRY memory-safe-d.html, Memory Safe D Spec)
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-SUBNAV_HOWTOS=
-$(NAVBLOCK
- $(TOCENTRYT windows.html, D implementation for 32 bit Windows systems, D for Win32)
- $(TOCENTRYT dll.html, Writing 32 bit Windows DLLs in D, Win32 DLLs in D)
- $(TOCENTRYT COM.html, Windows COM Programming, COM Programming)
- $(TOCENTRYT 32-64-portability.html, Porting 32 Bit Code to 64 Bits, Porting to 64 Bits)
- $(TOCENTRYT htomodule.html, converting C .h header files to D modules, C .h to D Modules)
- $(TOCENTRYT http://digitalmars.com/techtips/index.html, Programming tips, Tech Tips)
-)
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-SUBNAV_ARTICLES=
-$(NAVBLOCK
- $(TOCENTRYT const3.html, Const and Immutable, Const)
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- $(TOCENTRYT templates-revisited.html, D takes a fresh look at template design, Templates Revisited)
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- $(TOCENTRYT variadic-function-templates.html, Variadic arguments to templates, Variadic Templates)
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$1
-TT=$0 -SUB=$0 -LNAME2=$+ -SECTION1=$0
$1
$+ -SECTION2=$1
$+ -SECTION3=$1
$+ -SECTION4=$1
$+ -SINGLEQUOTE= ‘$0’ -DOUBLEQUOTE= “$0” - -NOTRANSLATE=$0
-NOTRANSLATE=$0
-D_CODE = $(NOTRANSLATE $0)-D_COMMENT = $0 -D_STRING = $0 -D_KEYWORD = $0 -D_PSYMBOL = $0 -D_PARAM = $0 - -D = $(NOTRANSLATE $0) -CODE=$(D $0) -CCODE=
$(NOTRANSLATE $0)-CPPCODE=
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$(NOTRANSLATE $0)-CONSOLE=
$(NOTRANSLATE $0)-MODDEFFILE=
$(NOTRANSLATE $0)- -MDASH=
-SEARCHIMG=
-DOWNLOADIMG=
-WIKIIMG=
-DIMG=
-NEWSIMG=
-OBJ2ASM=$(LINK2 http://digitalmars.com/ctg/obj2asm.html, obj2asm)
-DUMPOBJ=$(LINK2 http://digitalmars.com/ctg/dumpobj.html, dumpobj)
-SHELL=$(LINK2 http://digitalmars.com/ctg/shell.html, shell)
-PHOBOSSRC=$(LINK2 https://github.com/D-Programming-Language/phobos/blob/master/$0, $0)
-DRUNTIMESRC=$(LINK2 https://github.com/D-Programming-Language/druntime/blob/master/src/$0, $0)
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+AMAZONLINK= $(HTTP amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/$1/classicempire, $+)
+_=
+MIDRULE=
+_=
diff --git a/documentation.dd b/documentation.dd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0664ea3e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation.dd
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Ddoc
+
+$(D_S Documentation, $(NAVIGATION_DOCUMENTATION))
+
+Macros:
+ TITLE=Documentation
diff --git a/download.dd b/download.dd
index c3f7b2f412..b930aac220 100644
--- a/download.dd
+++ b/download.dd
@@ -2,324 +2,325 @@ Ddoc
$(D_S Downloads,
-$(TABLE2 DMD - Digital Mars D Programming Language version 2,
-
- $(TR
- $(TH Download)
- $(TH Version)
- $(TH CPU)
- $(TH Operating System)
- $(TH Product)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) dmd.$(DMDV2).zip)
- $(TD $(DMDV2))
- $(TD --)
- $(TDL $(WIN32) $(LINUX) $(OSX) $(FREEBSD))
- $(TD dmd D 2.0 compiler, all platforms)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) dmd Windows installer)
- $(TD $(DMDV2))
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(WIN32))
- $(TD dmd D 2.0 compiler 1-click install for Windows)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) dmd OSX installer (dmg))
- $(TD $(DMDV2))
- $(TD x86_64)
- $(TD $(OSX))
- $(TD dmd D 2.0 compiler .dmg installer for OSX)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(UBUNTU32_2))
- $(TD $(DEBV2))
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(UBUNTU))
- $(TD dmd D 2.0 compiler 1-click install for Ubuntu)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(UBUNTU64_2))
- $(TD $(DEBV2))
- $(TD x86_64)
- $(TD $(UBUNTU))
- $(TD dmd D 2.0 compiler 1-click install for Ubuntu)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(FEDORA32_2))
- $(TD $(RPMV2))
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(FEDORA))
- $(TD dmd D 2.0 compiler 1-click install as rpm)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(FEDORA64_2))
- $(TD $(RPMV2))
- $(TD x86_64)
- $(TD $(FEDORA))
- $(TD dmd D 2.0 compiler 1-click install as rpm)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(OPENSUSE32_2))
- $(TD $(RPMV2))
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(OPENSUSE))
- $(TD dmd D 2.0 compiler 1-click install as rpm)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(OPENSUSE64_2))
- $(TD $(RPMV2))
- $(TD x86_64)
- $(TD $(OPENSUSE))
- $(TD dmd D 2.0 compiler 1-click install as rpm)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(LINK2 changelog.html, 2.0 changelog))
- $(TD all)
- $(TD )
- $(TD )
- $(TD other dmd 2.0 versions)
- )
-)
-$(BR)
-$(BR)
-
-$(TABLE2 DMD - Digital Mars D Programming Language version 1 (please note: D1 will be discontinued effective December 31, 2012),
- $(TR
- $(TH Download)
- $(TH Version)
- $(TH CPU)
- $(TH Operating System(s))
- $(TH Product)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) dmd.$(DMDV1).zip)
- $(TD $(DMDV1))
- $(TD --)
- $(TDL $(WIN32) $(LINUX) $(OSX) $(FREEBSD))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler, all platforms)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) dmd Windows installer)
- $(TD $(DMDV1))
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(WIN32))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler 1-click install for Windows)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) dmd OSX installer (dmg))
- $(TD $(DMDV1))
- $(TD x86_64)
- $(TD $(OSX))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler .dmg installer for OSX)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(UBUNTU32_1))
- $(TD $(DEBV1))
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(UBUNTU))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler 1-click install for Ubuntu)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(UBUNTU64_1))
- $(TD $(DEBV1))
- $(TD x86_64)
- $(TD $(UBUNTU))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler 1-click install for Ubuntu)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(FEDORA32_1))
- $(TD $(RPMV1))
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(FEDORA))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler 1-click install as rpm)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(FEDORA64_1))
- $(TD $(RPMV1))
- $(TD x86_64)
- $(TD $(FEDORA))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler 1-click install as rpm)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(OPENSUSE32_1))
- $(TD $(RPMV1))
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(OPENSUSE))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler 1-click install as rpm)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) $(OPENSUSE64_1))
- $(TD $(RPMV1))
- $(TD x86_64)
- $(TD $(OPENSUSE))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler 1-click install as rpm)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) dmd.1.030.zip)
- $(TD 1.030)
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(WIN32) $(LINUX))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler)
- )
-
- $(TRCOMMENT
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) dmd 1.030 bundle)
- $(TD 1.030)
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(WIN32))
- $(TD dmd D 1.0 compiler bundled with various libraries)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(LINK2 http://digitalmars.com/d/1.0/changelog.html, 1.0 changelog))
- $(TD all)
- $(TD )
- $(TD )
- $(TD other dmd 1.0 versions)
- )
+$(DIVC download-tables,
+
+$(TABLEC download-compilers,
+ $(T caption,
+ $(DIVID download-choose, ($(LINK2 https://wiki.dlang.org/Compilers, more information)))
+ $(H2 Choose a compiler)
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(LINK2 #dmd, $(IMG compiler-dmd.png)))
+ $(TD $(LINK2 https://gdcproject.org/downloads, $(IMG compiler-gdc.svg)))
+ $(TD $(LINK2 https://github.com/ldc-developers/ldc#installation, $(IMG compiler-ldc.png)))
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD
+ $(H3 DMD)
+ $(UL
+ $(LI Official reference compiler)
+ $(LI Latest D version)
+ $(LI Simple installation)
+ $(LI Very fast compilation speeds)
+ $(LI Architectures: i386, amd64)
+ )
+ )
+ $(TD
+ $(H3 GDC)
+ $(UL
+ $(LI $(LINK2 https://gcc.gnu.org/, GCC)-based D compiler)
+ $(LI Strong optimization)
+ $(LI Great $(LINK2 https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/,GDB) support)
+ $(LI Architectures: i386, amd64, x32, armel, armhf, $(LINK2 https://wiki.dlang.org/Compilers#Comparison,others))
+ )
+ )
+ $(TD
+ $(H3 LDC)
+ $(UL
+ $(LI $(LINK2 https://llvm.org/, LLVM)-based D compiler)
+ $(LI Strong optimization)
+ $(LI
+ $(LINK2 https://wiki.dlang.org/Build_D_for_Android, Android support)
+ )
+ $(LI Architectures: i386, amd64, armel, armhf, $(LINK2 https://wiki.dlang.org/Compilers#Comparison,others))
+ )
+ )
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD
+ $(DIVC download-link, $(LINK2 dmd-windows.html, About) · $(LINK2 #dmd, Download))
+ )
+ $(TD
+ $(DIVC download-link, $(LINK2 https://gdcproject.org/, About) · $(LINK2 https://gdcproject.org/downloads, Download))
+ )
+ $(TD
+ $(DIVC download-link, $(LINK2 https://wiki.dlang.org/LDC, About) · $(LINK2 https://github.com/ldc-developers/ldc#installation, Download))
+ )
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(DONATE_BUTTON)
+ )
)
-$(BR)
-$(BR)
-
-$(TABLE2 DMD - Digital Mars C and C++ Compiler,
- $(TR
- $(TH Download)
- $(TH Version)
- $(TH CPU)
- $(TH Operating System(s))
- $(TH Product)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(DOWNLOADIMG) dmc.zip)
- $(TD 8.50)
- $(TD i386)
- $(TD $(WIN32))
- $(TD C++ Compiler and Utilities)
- )
+$(TABLEC lsp,
+ $(TR
+ $(TD $(LINK2 https://github.com/Pure-D/serve-d/#usage, $(IMG lsp-served-logo.png)))
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD
+ $(H3 Language Server)
+ $(P
+ To start coding effectively, we recommend using an editor supporting the
+ Language Server Protocol. For $(B VSCode) you can immediately install the
+ $(LINK2 https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=webfreak.code-d, VSCode extension $(B code-d))
+ $(LINK2 https://open-vsx.org/extension/webfreak/code-d, [openvsx])
+ )
+ )
+ )
+ $(TR
+ $(TD
+ $(DIVC download-link, $(LINK2 https://github.com/Pure-D/serve-d/#usage, About) · $(LINK2 https://github.com/Pure-D/serve-d/releases, Download))
+ )
+ )
+)
)
-$(BR)
-$(BR)
-
- $(TABLE2 GDC - D Programming Language for GCC,
- $(TR
- $(TH Download)
- $(TH Operating System)
- $(TH Product)
- )
-
-
- $(TR
- $(TDXX $(LINK2 http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=154306, GDC))
- $(TD $(LINK2 http://bitbucket.org/goshawk/gdc/wiki/Home, GDC))
- $(TD all)
- $(TD GDC)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(LINK2 http://sourceforge.net/projects/gdcmac, gdcmac))
- $(TD $(OSX))
- $(TD GDC)
- )
-
- $(TR
- $(TD $(D sudo apt-get install gdc))
- $(TD $(DEBIAN) $(UBUNTU))
- $(TD GDC)
- )
- )
-
-$(SECTION2 Documentation Downloads,
-
- $(UL
- $(LI $(LINK2 http://digitalmars.com/d/2.0/dlangspec.mobi, $(DOWNLOADIMG) D Programming Language Specification 2.0) ebook)
- $(LI $(LINK2 http://www.prowiki.org/upload/duser/spec_DMD_1.00.pdf, $(DOWNLOADIMG) DMD 1.0 pdf) English)
+$(DIVC download_channels,
+ $(DIVC download_channel,
+ $(H2 $(LNAME2 dmd,DMD $(DMDV2)))
+ $(LINK2 changelog/$(DMDV2).html, Changelog)
+
+ $(BR)$(BR)
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD Windows, $(WINDOWS), windows, Windows,
+ $(SBTN $(WINEXE), Installer) $(SBTN $(ARCH windows, 7z), 7z)
+ )
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD macOS, $(OSX), osx, macOS,
+ $(SBTN $(OSXDMG), dmg) $(SBTN $(ARCH osx, tar.xz), tar.xz)
+ )
+
+ $(MESSAGE_BOX orange, $(B Warning) -
+ MacOS 15.4 introduced an internal change causing D programs to crash on startup ($(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/issues/21126, Issue 21126)), including DMD 2.111 itself.
+ Please use a $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/releases/download/nightly/dmd.master.osx.tar.xz, nightly release) until 2.112 releases.
+ )
+
+ $(BR)
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD Ubuntu/Debian, $(UBUNTU) $(DEBIAN), linux, Linux,
+ $(SBTN $(DEB32), i386) $(SBTN $(DEB64), x86_64) $(SBTN $(ARCH linux, tar.xz), tar.xz)
+ )
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD Fedora/CentOS, $(FEDORA) $(CENTOS), linux, Linux,
+ $(SBTN $(RPM32), i386) $(SBTN $(RPM64), x86_64) $(SBTN $(ARCH linux, tar.xz), tar.xz)
+ )
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD openSUSE, $(OPENSUSE), linux, Linux,
+ $(SBTN $(SUSE32), i386) $(SBTN $(SUSE64), x86_64) $(SBTN $(ARCH linux, tar.xz), tar.xz)
+ )
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD FreeBSD, $(FREEBSD), freebsd, FreeBSD,
+ $(SBTN $(ARCH freebsd-64, tar.xz), x86_64)
+ )
+
+ $(INSTALL_SCRIPT curl -fsS https://dlang.org/install.sh | bash -s dmd)
+ )
+
+ $(BETA
+ $(DIVC download_channel,
+ $(H2 $(LNAME2 dmd_beta,DMD Beta $(B_DMDV2)-$(B_SUFFIX)))
+ $(LINK2 changelog/$(B_DMDV2).html, Changelog)
+
+ $(BR)$(BR)
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD Windows, $(WINDOWS), windows, Windows,
+ $(SBTN $(B_WINEXE), exe) $(SBTN $(B_ARCH windows, 7z), 7z)
+ )
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD macOS, $(OSX), osx, macOS,
+ $(SBTN $(B_OSXDMG), dmg) $(SBTN $(B_ARCH osx, tar.xz), tar.xz)
+ )
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD Ubuntu/Debian, $(UBUNTU) $(DEBIAN), linux, Linux,
+ $(SBTN $(B_DEB32), i386) $(SBTN $(B_DEB64), x86_64) $(SBTN $(B_ARCH linux, tar.xz), tar.xz)
+ )
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD Fedora/CentOS, $(FEDORA) $(CENTOS), linux, Linux,
+ $(SBTN $(B_RPM32), i386) $(SBTN $(B_RPM64), x86_64) $(SBTN $(B_ARCH linux, tar.xz), tar.xz)
+ )
+
+ $(DOWNLOAD openSUSE, $(OPENSUSE), linux, Linux,
+ $(SBTN $(B_SUSE32), i386) $(SBTN $(B_SUSE64), x86_64) $(SBTN $(B_ARCH linux, tar.xz), tar.xz)
)
-)
-$(SECTION2 Other Downloads,
- $(UL
- $(LI $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com/download/freecompiler.html,
- C and C++ compiler downloads)
- )
-
- $(LI
-
- $(DOWNLOADIMG) DMDScript source
- )
-
- $(LI
-
- $(DOWNLOADIMG) Empire 2.01 source
- )
+ $(DOWNLOAD FreeBSD, $(FREEBSD), freebsd, FreeBSD,
+ $(SBTN $(B_ARCH freebsd-64, tar.xz), x86_64)
)
+
+ $(INSTALL_SCRIPT curl -fsS https://dlang.org/install.sh | bash -s dmd-beta)
+ )
+ )
+)
+
+$(H3
+ $(LINK2 https://downloads.dlang.org, Release Archive)
+)
+$(LINK2 gpg_keys.html, GPG keys)$(BR)
+$(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/releases/tag/nightly, Nightly Builds)$(BR)
+$(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang, D on GitHub)
+
+$(HR)
+
+$(H2 Third-party downloads)
+
+These links are not maintained by the same people maintaining the official downloads.
+$(BR)$(BR)
+
+$(DOWNLOAD_OTHER $(ARCHLINUX), $(LINK2 https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/D_(programming_language), Arch Linux), $(CONSOLE pacman -S dlang))
+
+$(DOWNLOAD_OTHER $(GENTOO), $(LINK2 https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Dlang, Gentoo), $(CONSOLE eselect repository enable dlang))
+
+$(DOWNLOAD_OTHER $(HOMEBREW), $(LINK2 https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/dmd, Homebrew), $(CONSOLE brew install dmd))
+
+$(DOWNLOAD_OTHER $(NIX), $(LINK2 https://search.nixos.org/packages?show=dmd&query=dmd, Nix/NixOS), $(CONSOLE nix-env -iA nixpkgs.dmd)
+$(LINK2 https://github.com/petarkirov/dlang.nix, derivations for various compiler versions)
)
+$(DOWNLOAD_OTHER $(UBUNTU) $(DEBIAN), Ubuntu/Debian, $(LINK2 https://d-apt.sourceforge.net/, APT repository)
+$(CONSOLE sudo wget https://netcologne.dl.sourceforge.net/project/d-apt/files/d-apt.list -O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/d-apt.list
+sudo apt-get update --allow-insecure-repositories
+sudo apt-get -y --allow-unauthenticated install --reinstall d-apt-keyring
+sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install dmd-compiler dub)
+)
+
+$(DOWNLOAD_OTHER $(DOCKER), $(LINK2 https://hub.docker.com/r/dlang2/dmd-ubuntu, Docker), $(CONSOLE docker run --rm -ti -v $(DOLLAR)(pwd):/src dlang2/dmd-ubuntu dmd))
+
+$(DOWNLOAD_OTHER $(OPENSUSE), $(LINK2 https://build.opensuse.org/package/show/devel:languages:D/dmd, OpenSUSE Tumbleweed), $(CONSOLE sudo zypper install dmd))
+
+$(DOWNLOAD_OTHER $(SNAP), $(LINK2 https://snapcraft.io/dmd, Snap),
+ $(CONSOLE # install DMD compiler (including RDMD)
+sudo snap install --classic dmd
+
+\# install DUB package/build manager
+sudo snap install --classic dub
+
+\# install LDC compiler with LLVM backend
+sudo snap install --classic ldc2))
+
+$(DOWNLOAD_OTHER $(OPENBSD), $(LINK2 https://openports.pl/path/lang/dmd, OpenBSD), $(CONSOLE # install DMD compiler
+doas pkg_add dmd
+
+\# install DUB package/build manager (and DMD if not already installed)
+doas pkg_add dub
+
+\# install D tools
+doas pkg_add dtools))
+
+$(H2 Other Downloads)
+
+$(UL
+$(LI $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/visuald/releases, VisualD - D Plugin for Visual Studio))
+
+$(LI $(LINK2 https://dlang.org/spec/spec.html, D Programming Language Specification): $(BTN https://dlang.org/dlangspec.mobi, mobi))
+
+$(LI $(LINK2 https://www.digitalmars.com/download/freecompiler.html, Digital Mars C and C++ Compiler Downloads))
+)
)
Macros:
- TITLE=Downloads
- WIKI=Downloads
- DMDV1=1.072
- DMDV2=2.057
- DEBV1=1.072
- DEBV2=2.057
- RPMV1=1.072
- RPMV2=2.057
-
- OPENSUSE64_1=dmd-1.072-0.openSUSE.x86_64.rpm
- OPENSUSE64_2=dmd-2.057-0.openSUSE.x86_64.rpm
- OPENSUSE32_1=dmd-1.072-0.openSUSE.i386.rpm
- OPENSUSE32_2=dmd-2.057-0.openSUSE.i386.rpm
-
- FEDORA64_1=dmd-1.072-0.fedora.x86_64.rpm
- FEDORA64_2=dmd-2.057-0.fedora.x86_64.rpm
- FEDORA32_1=dmd-1.072-0.fedora.i386.rpm
- FEDORA32_2=dmd-2.057-0.fedora.i386.rpm
-
- UBUNTU64_1=dmd_$(DEBV1)-0_amd64.deb
- UBUNTU64_2=dmd_$(DEBV2)-0_amd64.deb
- UBUNTU32_1=dmd_$(DEBV1)-0_i386.deb
- UBUNTU32_2=dmd_$(DEBV2)-0_i386.deb
-
- LOGO=
- UBUNTU=$(LOGO ubuntu, Ubuntu)
- FEDORA=$(LOGO fedora, Fedora)
- WIN32=$(LOGO win32, Win32)
- OPENSUSE=$(LOGO opensuse, OpenSUSE)
- LINUX=$(LOGO linux, Linux)
- FREEBSD=$(LOGO freebsd, FreeBSD 8.1)
- OSX=$(LOGO mac, OSX Lion)
- DEBIAN=$(LOGO debian, Debian)
-
- DLMARS=http://ftp.digitalmars.com/$0
- DLGITHUB=https://github.com/downloads/D-Programming-Language/dmd/$0
-
-
- TDL=
+ CENTOS=$(LOGO centos, CentOS)
+ DEBIAN=$(LOGO debian, Debian)
+ DOCKER=$(LOGO docker, Docker)
+ FEDORA=$(LOGO fedora, Fedora)
+ FREEBSD=$(LOGO freebsd, FreeBSD 8.1)
+ LINUX=$(LOGO linux, Linux)
+ OPENSUSE=$(LOGO opensuse, OpenSUSE)
+ OSX=$(LOGO apple, OSX Lion)
+ UBUNTU=$(LOGO ubuntu, Ubuntu)
+ ARCHLINUX=$(LOGO archlinux, Arch Linux)
+ GENTOO=$(LOGO gentoo, Gentoo)
+ HOMEBREW=$(LOGO homebrew, Homebrew)
+ NIX=$(LOGO nix, Nix/NixOS)
+ SNAP=$(LOGO snapcraft, Snap)
+ WINDOWS=$(LOGO windows, Windows)
+ OPENBSD=$(LOGO openbsd, OpenBSD)
+
+ LINK_OS=$2
+
+ SBTN=$(SPANC sig_btn,$(BTN $1,$+)$(BTN $1.sig,sig)) + BTN=$+ + H3I=
$0
+ DLSITE=https://downloads.dlang.org/releases/2.x/$(DMDV2)/$0 + B_DLSITE=https://downloads.dlang.org/pre-releases/2.x/$(B_DMDV2)/$0 + DOWNLOAD = + $(DIV, + $(DIVC download_image, $2) + $(DIVC download_paragraph, +$1
+ + $(LINK_OS $3, , $4) + +
+ $5
+
+ )
+ )
+ EXTRA_HEADERS=$(T style,
+ .download_paragraph > span {
+ margin-left: 0.4em;
+ font-size: 125%;
+ }
+ .download_paragraph a > i.fa {
+ color: #999;
+ }
+ )
+ DOWNLOAD_OTHER =
+ $(DIV,
+ $(DIVC download_image, $1)
+ $(DIVC download_paragraph, $(H3 $2) $3)
+ )
+ INSTALL_SCRIPT=$(DIVC download_paragraph,
+ Install Script
+ + $(LINK2 $(ROOT_DIR)install.html, ) + + $(PRE $(CODE $1))) + CONSOLE=$(PRE $(CODE $1)) + IMG=
+ DONATE_BUTTON =#{info.mod.qualifiedName}.#{title[0 .. $-24]} #{title[$-24 ..$]}
+ - else if (hidx > 0 && !title.startsWith("Module ") && node)
+ h1 #{title[0 .. hidx]} #{node.parent.qualifiedName}.#{node.name}
+ - else if (hidx > 0 && title.startsWith("Module ") && info.mod)
+ h1 Module #{info.mod.qualifiedName}
+ - else
+ h1= title
+ block body
+
+ |
+ #quickindex.quickindex
+
+ #copyright.smallprint
+ | Copyright © 1999-#{year} by the D Language Foundation | Page generated by ddox.
+
+ script(type='text/javascript', src='https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.2/jquery.min.js')
+ |
+ script(type='text/javascript').
+ window.jQuery || document.write('\x3Cscript src="#{root_dir}js/jquery-1.7.2.min.js">\x3C/script>')
+ |
+ script(type='text/javascript', src='#{root_dir}js/codemirror-compressed.js')
+ |
+ script(type='text/javascript', src='#{root_dir}js/run.js')
+ script(type='text/javascript', src='#{root_dir}js/run_examples.js')
+ script(type='text/javascript', src='#{root_dir}js/dlang.js')
+ script(type='text/javascript', src='#{root_dir}js/listanchors.js')
+ script(type="text/javascript", src="#{root_dir}js/ddox.js")
+ script(type='text/javascript').
+ jQuery(document).ready(listanchors);
+ setupDdox();
diff --git a/dpl_latest_htaccess b/dpl_latest_htaccess
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..520eff7938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dpl_latest_htaccess
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Enable mod_rewrite
+RewriteEngine On
+RewriteBase /library/
+
+# rewrite any URL in dpl_rewrite_map
+RewriteCond ${dpl_rewrite_map:%{REQUEST_URI}|NOT_FOUND} !NOT_FOUND
+RewriteRule ^ ${dpl_rewrite_map:%{REQUEST_URI}} [R=301,L]
diff --git a/dpl_prerelease_htaccess b/dpl_prerelease_htaccess
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b531566451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dpl_prerelease_htaccess
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Enable mod_rewrite
+RewriteEngine On
+RewriteBase /library-prerelease/
+
+# rewrite any URL in dpl_rewrite_map
+RewriteCond ${dpl_rewrite_map:%{REQUEST_URI}|NOT_FOUND} !NOT_FOUND
+RewriteRule ^ ${dpl_rewrite_map:%{REQUEST_URI}} [R=301,L]
diff --git a/dstyle.dd b/dstyle.dd
index d5fedb284a..0527eaac4b 100644
--- a/dstyle.dd
+++ b/dstyle.dd
@@ -2,230 +2,509 @@ Ddoc
$(D_S The D Style,
+
+
$(P
- $(I The D Style) is a set of style conventions for writing
- D programs. The D Style is not enforced by the compiler, it is
- purely cosmetic and a matter of choice. Adhering to the D Style,
- however, will make it easier for others to work with your
- code and easier for you to work with others' code.
- The D Style can form the starting point for a project
- style guide customized for your project team.
+ $(I The D Style) is a set of style conventions for writing
+ D programs. The D Style is not enforced by the compiler. It is
+ purely cosmetic and a matter of choice. Adhering to the D Style,
+ however, will make it easier for others to work with your
+ code and easier for you to work with others' code.
+ The D Style can form the starting point for a project
+ style guide customized for your project team.
)
$(P
- Submissions to Phobos and other official D source code will
- follow these guidelines.
+ Submissions to Phobos and other official D source code will
+ follow these guidelines.
)
-