Operating System Security

Every day you use a smartphone or a laptop or almost any type of computer, you interact directly or indirectly with an operating system. Operating systems include MS Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, Chrome OS, and Linux. But what is an operating system? To define an operating system, we need to visit one computer term: hardware.

Computer hardware refers to all the computer parts and peripherals that you can touch with your hand. Hardware includes the screen, the keyboard, the printer, the USB flash memory, and the motherboard. As shown in the figure below, the motherboard contains many components, in particular, a central processing unit (CPU) and memory chips (RAM). Although not shown in the image below, the motherboard is usually connected to a storage device (HDD or SSD).

The desktop board is the main part of a computer, and all the other pieces of hardware from keyboard and mouse to screen and printer connect to it. However, hardware components by themselves are useless if you want to run your favorite programs and applications. We need an Operating System to control and “drive” them.

The Operating System (OS) is the layer sitting between the hardware and the applications and programs you are running. Example programs you would use daily might include a web browser, such as Firefox, Safari, and Chrome, and a messaging app, such as Signal, WhatsApp, and Telegram. All the programs and applications cannot run directly on the computer hardware; however, they run on top of the operating system. The operating system allows these programs to access the hardware according to specific rules.

Some operating systems are designed to run on laptops and personal desktops, such as MS Windows 11 and macOS. Other operating systems are designed specifically for smartphones, such as Android and iOS. There are also operating systems intended for servers; examples include MS Windows Server 2022, IBM AIX, and Oracle Solaris. Finally, there are operating systems that you can use on a personal computer and server; one example is Linux. The image below shows the popularity of the different operating systems used to browse the Internet according to Statcounter based on the data collected during January 2022.

Your smartphone might be running Android or iOS, and you might have plenty of private data on it. Examples include:

1. Private conversations with your family and friends
2. Private photos with family and friends
3. Email client that you use for personal and work communications
4. Passwords saved in the web browser (or even in notes)
5. E-banking apps

The list of confidential and private data goes on. You don’t want someone you don’t trust to open your phone and go through your photos, conversations, and apps. Hence, you need to secure your phone and its operating system.

The same goes for your laptop or computer running MS Windows, macOS, or Linux. Your computer will most likely contain plenty of information such as:

1. Confidential files related to your work or university
2. Private personal files, such as a copy of your ID or passport
3. Email programs, such as MS Outlook and Mozilla Thunderbird
4. Passwords saved in web browsers and other apps
5. Copy of digital camera and smartphone photos

The list can get very long, depending on the type of user. And considering the nature of the saved data, you want to ensure that your data is secure. When we talk about security, we should think of protecting three things:

• Confidentiality: You want to ensure that secret and private files and information are only available to intended persons.
• Integrity: It is crucial that no one can tamper with the files stored on your system or while being transferred on the network.
• Availability: You want your laptop or smartphone to be available to use anytime you decide to use it.

In the next task, we will discuss common attacks against these security pillars.

Answer the questions below

Which of the following is not an operating system?

• AIX
• Android
• Chrome OS
• Solaris
• Thunderbird

Thunderbird .

TASK 2

As we mentioned in the previous task, security is concerned with attacks against:

1. Confidentiality
2. Integrity
3. Availability

In this room, we will focus on three weaknesses targeted by malicious users:

1. Authentication and Weak Passwords
2. Weak File Permissions
3. Malicious Programs

Authentication and Weak Passwords

Authentication is the act of verifying your identity, be it a local or a remote system. Authentication can be achieved via three main ways:

• Something you know, such as a password or a PIN code.
• Something you are, such as a fingerprint.
• Something you have, such as a phone number via which you can receive an SMS message.

Since passwords are the most common form of authentication, they are also the most attacked. Many users tend to use easy-to-guess passwords or the same password on many websites. Moreover, some users rely on personal details such as date of birth and name of their pet, thinking that this is easy to remember and unknown to attackers. However, attackers are aware of this tendency among users.

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In brief, if the attacker can guess the password of any of your online accounts, such as your email or social media account, they will be able to gain access to your private data. Therefore, it is vital that you choose complex passwords and use different passwords with different accounts.

A quick caution before the question below. None of these four choices is a password you should rely on. The question only asks which one does not appear on the top 20 list and is not a simple keyboard pattern. In real life, a good password is long, unique, and often a passphrase of several unrelated words, stored in a password manager. A word with some letters swapped for numbers, such as LearnM00r, can still be cracked quickly because attackers try those swaps first.

Weak File Permissions

Proper security dictates the principle of least privilege. In a work environment, you want any file accessible only by those who need to access it to get work done. On a personal level, if you are planning a trip with family or friends, you might want to share all the files related to the trip plan with those going on that trip; you don’t want to share such files publicly. That’s the principle of least privilege, or in simpler terms, “who can access what?”

Weak file permissions make it easy for the adversary to attack confidentiality and integrity. They can attack confidentiality as weak permissions allow them to access files they should not be able to access. Moreover, they can attack integrity as they might modify files that they should not be able to edit.

Access to Malicious Programs

The last example we will consider is the case of malicious programs. Depending on the type of malicious program, it can attack confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Some types of malicious programs, such as Trojan horses, give the attacker access to your system. Consequently, the attacker would be able to read your files or even modify them.

Some types of malicious programs attack availability. One such example is ransomware. Ransomware is a malicious program that encrypts the user’s files. Encryption makes the file(s) unreadable without knowing the encryption password; in other words, the files become gibberish without decryption (reversing the encryption). The attacker offers the user the ability to restore availability, i.e., regain access to their original files: they would give them the encryption password if the user is willing to pay the “ransom.”

Answer the questions below

Which of these four passwords is the hardest to guess based on the top 20 list above?

• iloveyou
• 1q2w3e4r5t
• LearnM00r
• qwertyuiop

LearnM00r .

TASK 3

In one typical attack, the attacker seeks to gain access to a remote system. We can accomplish this attack by tricking the target into running a malicious file or by obtaining a username and a password. We will focus on the latter. After discovering a username, we will try to “guess” the password; furthermore, we will try to escalate our privileges to a system administrator. This account is called root on Android, Apple, and Linux systems. While, on MS Windows systems, this account is called administrator. The accounts root and administrator have complete unrestricted access to a system.

In this task, we will try to hack into a Linux system. We assume that you have never used a Linux system before, and we will explain accordingly.

Start the AttackBox by clicking on the “Start AttackBox” button at the top left of the room. Start the attached machine by clicking on the green “Start Lab Machine” button at the top right of this task. It usually takes a minute or two to load fully. Once they are both ready, you should use the AttackBox, which should be taking the right half of your screen by now.

If you cannot see a terminal yet, look at the top of the room page. The blue Start AttackBox button sits at the top left, and the green Start Lab Machine button sits in this task at the top right. Press both, wait about two minutes, and the page splits in half: the room text stays on the left and the AttackBox desktop appears on the right. If the right half stays blank, press the split screen icon at the top of the page, or open the AttackBox in its own browser tab. Every command in this task goes into the terminal on the AttackBox. Sometimes a machine needs a second try, so if it is still blank after five minutes, terminate it and start it again.

We will cover the following Linux commands and explain them throughout this task.

• whoami
• ssh USERNAME@MACHINE_IP
• ls
• cat FILENAME
• history

We were hired to check the security of a certain company. When we visited our client’s office, we noticed a sticky note with two words: sammie and dragon on one of the screens. Let’s see if dragon is Sammie’s password on the lab machine MACHINE_IP. From the AttackBox’s terminal, we will try to log in to Sammie’s account by executing ssh sammie@MACHINE_IP. The remote system will ask you to provide sammie’s password, dragon.

The first time we connect to a server over SSH, we will get a warning about the server’s authenticity and SSH key. We need to answer “Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?” with yes.

Please note the following when entering the password over SSH. When you log in via SSH, you won’t see that you are typing the password. In other words, when you are typing the SSH password, you won’t see stars, dots, or any indicator on the screen that the password is being typed. However, the system still receives the password you are entering.

If a password seems to be rejected, work through this short checklist. First, make sure you typed the IP address with dots, for example 10.10.10.10, not dashes. Second, type the password slowly and press Enter once; you will not see any characters, and that is normal. Third, passwords are case sensitive, and symbols such as the exclamation mark need the Shift key. Fourth, click inside the terminal window before you type, since the keyboard only works when the terminal has focus. If you still get Permission denied, press Ctrl+C, run the ssh command again, and try once more.

The interaction on the AttackBox’s terminal is shown below.

Amazing! It worked! Let’s confirm that we are logged in as Sammie using the whoami (who am I?) command, which should return sammie.

To list the files in the current directory, we can use ls, short for list. This command will show all the files in the current directory unless they are hidden.

If you want to display the contents of any text file, you can use the command cat FILENAME, short for concatenate. This command will print the contents of the file on the screen.

In the terminal below, we see the usage of the four commands: ssh, whoami, ls, and cat. Please follow along from the AttackBox’s terminal.

Answer the questions below

Open the top 20 password table in Task 2 and take the first seven passwords. Log in as johnny with ssh johnny@MACHINE_IP and try them one at a time until one works. Which password from those seven opens johnny’s account?

abc123 .

Once you are logged in as Johnny, use the command history to check the commands that Johnny has typed. We expect Johnny to have mistakenly typed the root password instead of a command. What is the root password?

happyHack!NG .

While logged in as johnny, run su — root and enter the root password you found in the previous question. When your prompt changes to root, run ls /root to see the files, then cat /root/flag.txt. What is the content of the file?

THM{YouGotRoot} .