Networking Basics & Concept.

5 min readMar 7, 2026

Before we start, we have to know about the network.

So, what is networking? A Networking is a process in which two or more devices connect with each other to communicate for various proposes like sent or received data or we say share any type of data & enable communication. so, this is the basic definition of networking.

Real world example: you browse internet search anything in google your mobile connect to the server to communicate and present data on your screen.

now let’s move on how its work?

First, we have to understand some core of networking.

Types of Networking.

networks are classified by their size & purpose.

LAN (Local Area Network): Cover small area like home office school. used to share data from one device to another with in the same area. for Example: your office has Sharing on their computer or share a printer these are running of LAN. Some key Feature. faster, key to setup, private.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a several Buildings, city, of school campuses. within the city. for Example, Two School campuses of same city connected thru there school portal. Key Features Larger than LAN but Smaller than WAN.
WAN (Wider Area Network): This is the Wider network Cover all the world connects cities & countries together. For example, youtube.com, google, Facebook all these are running on WAN. Key Feature connects multiple LAN and MAN Network together.

so, these are some types of networking.

now let’s move to the Networking components: Networking is running on these components.

Devices:
End Devices: Our Laptop, Android Smart Phone, iPhone, Personal Computer.
Networking Devices: Routers, Switches, HUB, Modem.
Router: Connect you to the Internet.
Switched: Connect Devices within the LAN Network.
Modem: Used in the Computer Help to Converts Internet Signals in to Digital Signals for Computer.

2. Cables & Connectors:

1. Enternet cables: these are the wires made for copper its also called twisted paired cables. (CAT5 / CAT6). It is used in a wired Internet connections.

2. Fiber Optics: These are high-speed, high-bandwidth data transmission cables that use light pulses, rather than electricity, to transmit data through thin strands of glass or plastic.

3. Wireless Technology:

A wireless Networking/Technology is the best ever technology of all time because it connects devices wirelessly on mess just super fine network. Eg: WIFI of router, WIFI Dongle, Bluetooth Mouse, Keyboard, Speaker, Air pods. ETC.

4. Protocol’s: Protocols are the Importance thing in the networking its used in all over the networking. Because Protocol’s Set Rule in all over the internet its set like how things work on networking.

1. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol

2. UDP: User Datagram Protocol

3. HTTP: Hyper Text Transmission Protocol.

4. HTTPS: Hyper Text Transmission Protocol Secured.

5. DNS: Domain Name System.

Real World Examples:

You Visit Facebook using Browser or App that Searches Facebook Using HTTP Protocol, and Return Back the Result Using TCP Protocol.

Another Real-World Example.

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You Streaming Online game or Attending Online Google Meet Class in this Case the Result Return Back Using UDP Protocol.

Some Common Ports with Its Types:

7 Common TCP Ports and Example Applications:

Port 80 : HTTP (Web browsing).

2. Port 443 : HTTPS (Secure web browsing).

3. Port 21 : FTP (File Transfer Protocol).

4. Port 22 : SSH (Secure remote access).

5. Port 25 : SMTP (Sending emails).

6. Port 3306 : MySQL (Database communication).

7. Port 3389 : RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol).

5 Common UDP Ports and Example Applications:

Port 53 : DNS (Translates domain names to IPs).
2. Port 123 : NTP (Network Time Protocol).
3. Port 161 : SNMP (Network device monitoring).
4. Port 69 : TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol).
5. Port 500 : IPsec (VPN encryption).

5. Network Topologies: Basically, Network Topology is the arrangement of the Devices in the network.

1. BUS Topology: All Devices Connect to a Single cable. Cheap and Simple. If the main cable breaks, the whole network stops If the main cable breaks, the whole network stops.

2. Star Topology: Devices connect to a central device (like a switch). Example: Most home Wi-Fi networks, with devices connected to a router. Pros: Easy to add devices, reliable. Cons: If the central device fails, the network goes down.

3. Ring Topology: Devices form a loop, passing data in a circle. Example: Some corporate networks for equal data sharing. Pros: No data collisions. Cons: One device failure can disrupt the loop

4. Mesh Topology: Devices form a loop, passing data in a circle. Example: Some corporate networks for equal data sharing. Pros: No data collisions. Cons: One device failure can disrupt the loop

6. IP Addressing.

What is IP Address? If you here about term IP or IP address, so you might be seen this type of figures (192.168.1.1). ever wonder what are they? Now we will discuss about these I depth with details. An IP address is basically the name of any device that has to be given to you by your IPS (internet service provider) & your router.

Types of IP Adress:

IPv4: (Internet Protocol version 4) is the foundational, widely used 32-bit protocol designed to identify and route data packets between devices on a network
IPv6:(Internet Protocol version 6) is the newest, 128-bit version of the Internet Protocol designed to replace IPv4

Public IPs & Private IPs:

Public IP Address: a unique, globally reachable identifier assigned to your router by your Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Private IP Address: a non-internet-routable numerical label assigned to devices (computers, smartphones, IoT devices) within a local network (LAN), such as a home or office.