BalochistanNational Integration;
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Factions of the Punjabi and Balochistan and Sindh. In contrast to excluded capitalists from Punjab, the tribal Karachi industrialists were among them, but also most of the local elites from leaders from Balochistan and the rural landowners from Sindh perceived their applied to the Pashtoons of the Northwest Frontier province. This ethnic/national respective exclusion in ethnic rather than political terms. (An important exception bureaucratic elite. But since it is over-represented in the powerful Armed Forces, it group has little economic power and is under-represented in the political 1950s.) A combination of excessive corruption and pathetic under-performance of today feels much more integrated and “Pakistani”, than it did in the 1940s state structures today characterize Pakistan. Both the development of the economy and of stable political conditions are being undercut by these factors. The police and the legal system, the bureaucracy and the political class are shamefully corrupt, more interested in enriching themselves individually, than serving or developing the country. Since these state structures represent the state to the citizenry, people tend to become cynical and alienated from politics and the state — which implies alienation form “Pakistan”. Also, state structures and national infrastructure remain weak, and actually have weakened over time. These problems to some degree result from what is called in Pakistan the “feudal mentality”. Modern capitalists — who are depending on functioning infrastructure, a fair legal system, secure rules for economic activity — still do not control the country. The “feudal class” still dominates and paralyses politics, having decisive influence in any parliament or government. This class is depending less on achievement and economic efficiency than on extracting resources from other classes by using political power or traditional, tribal power structures. This class is mostly rent seeking, and perceives the state as security and perks. The Army has traditionally dominated politics, about half of Pakistan’s history the country has been governed by military While some of the arguments the Army put forward to justify its taking rk incompetence and corruption of many civilian politicians) are not dorit, military rule has not strengthened, but weakened the social fabric of cory. Martial law mostly was an extra tool for the political elites, not Arsening their power. It excluded even more the political participation of citizens, dby making politics even more into something only done by small elite groups. adusion of citizens from politics has not been a strategy of only the civilian and bureaucracy. Even in times of elections and “democracy” people were kept of politics as much as possible. A very important point has been that all political OPP, PM, many smaller ones).
