Verbal Communication: Katz & Kahn Model, Signals and Elements, Psychology Study Material
CBSE (UGC)- NET: Verbal Communication: Katz & Kahn Model, Signals and Elements, Study Material for Psychology
Global Teachers Academy Ph. O7838024365
· Verbal Communication is form of language — open communication system
Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn — 9 characters of open system
· Importation of Energy: Energy form outside — people, material
· Throughput: Transform energy — build product or train people
· Output: Export product to outside environment — students’ knowledge
· Cycle of Events: Pattern of activities are recycled
· Negative Entropy: Tendency towards degeneration of order existing within systems (e.g., when communication perspective is lost, breakdown of verbal communication occurs)
· Feedback: Information coming to organization is coded and selected, negative feedback indicates deviation and this is control mechanism
· Dynamic Homoeostasis: Preserve character of system
· Differentiation: Elaboration of roles and specialization of functions
· Equifinality: Similar communicative effects can be arrived at in different ways
Model of Verbal Communication
Information
· Message is coded and transferred as text via a channel
· Urgent messages — short, forceful and effective
· Formal refusals or declinations — elaborate written structure
Communication
· Code: Sign system capable of translating between two signal system
· Natural language: Language signs + grammatical rules
· Paralanguage: Parallel to language & replace language — eye gaze, head nod
· Non-linguistic codes:
o Visual (static: colour, graphics; dynamic: gestures, facial expressions, posture, proxemics, kinesics)
o Non-visual: Subdivided into non-acoustic (taste, haptics, smell) and acoustic, which may be non-vocal (body noise: clapping; instrumental: drums, whistle) or vocal (paralinguistic: vocal quality, hoarseness, laughter, loudness, tempo; prosodic/suprasegmental: intonation, stress, tempo, rhythm, etc.)
· Signal: Physical property perceptible by senses
· Extralinguistic: Lag, re-take, overlap time, turn length
Communication Network
Medium: Way in which a message is conveyed — Verbal
Medium depends on context, noise and feedback
Channel: Path along which a message is sent — Physical Connections
· Direct (face-to-face conversation)
· Mediated (cell phone, electronic mail, etc.)
· Monological or dialogical (dyadic or polylogical communication depending on whether two/more than two interlocutors are involved)
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Goffman’s Theory of Communication Constraints
· Since certain characteristics of verbal communication are systematically controlled by nature of communication system, they are language-universal and so they should be present in all types of verbal communication
Six Communicative Functions of Language
· Referential — focuses on various aspects of a message, content and context
· Metalingual — object of communication is the language (code) itself & used to discuss some basic points
· Expressive — directs attention to the sender´s self-expression (attitudes, emotions)
· Conative — emphasizes the sender’s intention to influence (change, alter) the receiver’s attitude
· Poetic — focus the form and structure of a message
· Phatic — establish and maintain interpersonal contact
Variations Caused by Situation
Relatively permanent features of language:
· Individuality: voice, manner of speaking, phrases
· Dialect: User’s geographical location or social position.
· Time: old English compared to new English.
Variation in discourse is provided by:
· Medium of communication
· Participation in a communication
Relatively temporary features of language:
· Province includes features providing information on the type of the (occupational and professional) activity
· Status includes features reflecting social status
· Modality — conventional format of a message for a specific purpose
· Singularity — use of some linguistics features to achieve a specific (e.g., humorous, poetic) effect.
Signals in Verbal Communication
· Channel Open and Close Signals: Introduction or farewell
· Backchannel Signals: Inform transmitter that message is being received
· Turnover Signals: Exchange between two parties, there are signals which project the end of individual contributions & readiness to let the other person speak.
· Bracket Signals: Separate discussions of main idea from the off topic discussions
· Nonparticipant Constraints: Nonparticipants compete for the admission to ongoing communication by, e.g., gazing steadily or intently, waving, asking for a permission to enter conversation, etc.
· Pre-Empt: Interrupting ongoing communication
· Gricean Norms: Principles of quality, quantity, relevance, and clarity.
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