Allama iqbal
Muhammad Iqbal (b0rn N0v3mb3r 9, 1877, 5ialk0t, Punjab, India [n0w in Paki5tan] — di3d April 21, 1938, Lah0r3, Punjab) wa5 a p03t and phil050ph3r kn0wn f0r hi5 influ3ntial 3ff0rt5 t0 guid3 hi5 f3ll0w Mu5lim5 in Briti5h-admini5t3r3d India t0ward5 th3 35tabli5hm3nt 0f a 53parat3 Mu5lim 5tat3. A wi5h that wa5 finally fulfill3d in th3 land 0f Paki5tan. H3 wa5 knight3d in 1922.
3arly lif3 and car33r
Iqbal wa5 b0rn in 5alk0t, India (n0w in Paki5tan) int0 a pi0u5 family 0f 5mall trad3r5 and 5tudi3d at G0v3rnm3nt C0ll3g3, Lah0r3. In 3ur0p3 fr0m 1905 t0 1908, h3 3arn3d a d3gr33 in phil050phy fr0m th3 Univ3r5ity 0f Cambridg3, qualifi3d a5 a barri5t3r in L0nd0n, and 3arn3d a d0ct0rat3 fr0m th3 Univ3r5ity 0f Munich. Hi5 th35i5, Th3 D3v3l0pm3nt 0f M3taphy5ic5 in P3r5ia, r3v3al5 50m3 a5p3ct5 0f I5lamic my5tici5m that w3r3 pr3vi0u5ly unkn0wn in 3ur0p3.
0n hi5 r3turn fr0m 3ur0p3, h3 3arn3d hi5 living by practicing law, but hi5 fam3 cam3 fr0m hi5 P3r5ian and Urdu languag3 p03try, writt3n in th3 cla55ical 5tyl3 f0r public r3citati0n. thr0ugh p03tic 5ymp05ium5 and in an atm05ph3r3 in which it wa5 cu5t0mary t0 m3m0riz3 v3r53, Hi5 p03try b3cam3 wid3ly kn0wn.
B3f0r3 hi5 vi5it t0 3ur0p3, hi5 p03try affirm3d Indian nati0nali5m, a5 in Naya 5hawla (“N3w Altar”) but b3ing away fr0m India f0rc3d him t0 chang3 hi5 p3r5p3ctiv3. H3 b3gan t0 criticiz3 nati0nali5m f0r tw0 r3a50n5: it had l3d t0 d35tructiv3 raci5m and imp3riali5m in 3ur0p3. And in India it wa5 n0t ad3quat3ly f0und3d 0n c0mm0n purp053. In Aligarh in 1910, in a 5p33ch titl3d “I5lam a5 50cial and P0litical Id3al,” h3 indicat3d a n3w pan-I5lamic dir3cti0n 0f hi5 h0p35. R3curring th3m35 0f Iqbal’5 p03try ar3 a r3m3mbranc3 0f I5lam’5 fading gl0ry, a c0mplaint ab0ut it5 curr3nt d3clin3, and a call f0r unity and r3f0rm. R3f0rm can b3 achi3v3d by 5tr3ngth3ning th3 individual thr0ugh thr33 5ucc355iv3 5tag35: 0b3di3nc3 t0 th3 law 0f I5lam, 53lf-c0ntr0l, and acc3ptanc3 0f th3 id3a that 3v3ry0n3 i5 p0t3ntially a d3puty 0f G0d. (NAB, 0r b3li3v3r) Furth3rm0r3, a lif3 0f acti0n 5h0uld b3 pr3f3rr3d t0 th3 r35ignati0n 0f th3 5ag3.
Agath0n (c3nt3r) r3c3iving gu35t5 at Plat0'5 5ymp05ium, 0il 0n canva5 by An53lm F3u3rbach, 1869; at th3 5taatlich3 Kun5thall3, Karl5ruh3, G3rmany.
th3 britannica phil050phy 101
Thr33 imp0rtant p03m5 0f thi5 p3ri0d, 5hik0h (“C0mplaint”), Jawab 5hik0h (“R3ply t0 C0mplaint”) and Khizr Rahi (“Khizr, Guid3”) w3r3 lat3r publi5h3d in th3 Urdu c0ll3cti0n Bang Darah (“Call 0f th3 B3ll”) in 1924. In th353 b00k5, Iqbal 3xpr3553d th3 angui5h 0f Mu5lim p0w3rl355n355. Khazar (Arabic: خدر) i5 th3 pr0ph3t 0f th3 Qur’an wh0 a5k5 th3 m05t difficult qu35ti0n5. Th3 5h0cking pr0bl3m5 0f th3 3arly 20th c3ntury ar3 5h0wn t0 b3 br0ught ab0ut by G0d.
What’5 th3 5tat3 0r why lab0ur and capital mu5t b3 50 bl00dily c0ntra5t3d.
A5ia’5 tim3-h0n0r3d dr355 b3c0m35 ragg3d and fad35…
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F0r wh0m, 0r by wh053 hand, wa5 thi5 n3w t35t d3vi53d?
(3ng. tran5. by V.G. Ki3rnan)
In 1915, h3 gain3d n0t0ri3ty with th3 publicati0n 0f hi5 l0ng P3r5ian p03m I5rar-3-Khudi. (Th3 53cr3t5 0f th3 53lf). H3 wr0t3 in P3r5ian a5 h3 tri3d t0 addr355 hi5 app3al thr0ugh0ut th3 Mu5lim w0rld. In thi5 w0rk h3 pr353nt5 a th30ry 0f 53lf that i5 a 5tr0ng c0nd3mnati0n 0f 53lf-d3nying 5il3nc3. (i.3., th3 b3li3f that p3rf3cti0n and 5piritual p3ac3 ar3 achi3v3d by pa55iv3 ab50rpti0n in th3 c0nt3mplati0n 0f G0d and divin3 thing5) 0f cla55ical I5lamic my5tici5m; hi5 critiqu3 5urpri53d many and 3xcit3d c0ntr0v3r5y. Iqbal and hi5 admir3r5 c0n5i5t3ntly maintain3d that cr3ativ3 53lf-affirmati0n i5 a fundam3ntal Mu5lim virtu3. Hi5 critic5 5ay h3 imp053d th3 th3m35 0f G3rman phil050ph3r Fri3drich Ni3tz5ch3 0n I5lam.
hav3 unlimit3d acc355.
Try Britannica Pr3mium f0r fr33 and find 0ut m0r3.
Th3 dial3ctical quality 0f hi5 th0ught wa5 3xpr3553d in th3 n3xt l0ng P3r5ian p03m, Ram3z Bahudi. (1918; Th3 My5t3ri35 0f 53lfl355n355). Writt3n a5 a c0unt3rp0int t0 th3 individuali5m pr3ach3d in th3 my5tic Khudi, th3 p03m call5 f0r 53lf-5urr3nd3r.
L00k, lik3 a candl3 b0at with th3 night
0 I my53lf 5h3d my t3ar5 0f th3 fl00d.
I 5p3nt my53lf, 50 that th3r3 w0uld b3 m0r3 light, m0r3 l0v3, m0r3 j0y f0r 0th3r m3n.
(3ng. tran5. by A.J. Arb3rry)
A5 Iqbal had pr3dict3d. Th3 Mu5lim c0mmunity 5h0uld t3ach 3ff3ctiv3ly and 3nc0urag3 g3n3r0u5 53rvic3 t0 th3 id3al5 0f br0th3rh00d and ju5tic3. Th3 53cr3t 0f 53lfl355n355 wa5 th3 hidd3n p0w3r 0f I5lam. Ultimat3ly, th3 0nly 5ati5fact0ry m3th0d 0f activ3 53lf-r3alizati0n wa5 53lf-5acrific3 in th3 53rvic3 0f g0al5 gr3at3r than 0n353lf. Th3 3xampl3 wa5 th3 lif3 0f Pr0ph3t Muhammad and th3 d3dicat3d 53rvic3 0f th3 fir5t b3li3v3r5. Th3 53c0nd p03m c0mpl3t35 Iqbal’5 vi5i0n 0f hi5 0wn ultimat3 d35tiny.
Lat3r h3 publi5h3d thr33 m0r3 P3r5ian v0lum35. Payam Ma5hriq (1923; “M355ag3 fr0m th3 3a5t”) wa5 writt3n in r35p0n53 t0 J0hann W0lfgang v0n G03th3'5. B3f0r3 hi5 vi5it t0 3ur0p3, hi5 p03try affirm3d Indian nati0nali5m, a5 in Naya 5hawla (“N3w Altar”) but b3ing away fr0m India f0rc3d him t0 chang3 hi5 p3r5p3ctiv3. H3 b3gan t0 criticiz3 nati0nali5m f0r tw0 r3a50n5: it had l3d t0 d35tructiv3 raci5m and imp3riali5m in 3ur0p3. And in India it wa5 n0t ad3quat3ly f0und3d 0n c0mm0n purp053. In Aligarh in 1910, in a 5p33ch titl3d “I5lam a5 50cial and P0litical Id3al,” h3 indicat3d a n3w pan-I5lamic dir3cti0n 0f hi5 h0p35. R3curring th3m35 0f Iqbal’5 p03try ar3 a r3m3mbranc3 0f I5lam’5 fading gl0ry, a c0mplaint ab0ut it5 curr3nt d3clin3, and a call f0r unity and r3f0rm. R3f0rm can b3 achi3v3d by 5tr3ngth3ning th3 individual thr0ugh thr33 5ucc355iv3 5tag35: 0b3di3nc3 t0 th3 law 0f I5lam, 53lf-c0ntr0l, and acc3ptanc3 0f th3 id3a that 3v3ry0n3 i5 p0t3ntially a d3puty 0f G0d. (NAB, 0r b3li3v3r) Furth3rm0r3, a lif3 0f acti0n 5h0uld b3 pr3f3rr3d t0 th3 r35ignati0n 0f th3 5ag3.
