Food is the main source of nutrition, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins which are basic needs of our life. Subway is an American Multinational Fast Food Chain all over the World , which specializes in submarine sandwiches , wraps, cookies. Subway was the first food chain to make customized sandwiches. It was founded by 17-year-old high school graduate Fred Deluca along with his family friend Dr Peter Buck who was the main financer in 1965.Investment of subway was $1000. The first franchised subway unit opened in Bridgeport. Today more than 44,000 franchises are located around the world. 300,000 employes work in Subway. For a longtime the subway slogan was “Eat Fresh “(Mishra,2013). Subway peak revenue was $16.1B in 2021.

(Wall. J Bus Ethics 4, 377–383 (1985). Ethical refers to the rightness or wrongness of behavior, but not everyone agrees on what is morally right or wrong, good, or bad, ethical or unethical.

The code of conduct of Subway says their employees must be treated fairly and correctly paid. Subway claims it is running their business ethically by ensuring sustainability through suppliers and using recycled materials for products such as cups and containers. Subway also supports several charities (Thomas ,2021). Subway states that all the food it produces is fresh. Valid justice for employees regarding their wages.

This report will look at these claims and see if they are accurate and valid.

* Ethical Issue 1: Subway Honesty

People around the world give value to word called honesty, behavior such as omitting information, misleading statement, dodging question. Systemic review of 169 empirical research articles in the management, organization and social business ethic, it highlights honesty (B, T.R , W ,2023).

In Business, honesty plays a major role in how business works with verbal communication, written contract, and code of conduct of their brand by this bonding strength enhance between customer and supplier. Customers build their trust in words until something goes wrong.

In 2008, Subway began to offer all foot-long (12 inches) submarine sandwiches for 5 $ in the continental of United States and Canada. There promotion of footlong
sandwich went trending and they earn a lot by their scheme. In 2013 January ,Australian teen Matt Corby posted picture on face book of subway “foot-long” next to ruler that

showed it was an inch short (loerzel,2017). This post became me popular and people all over the world start measuring their subway sandwich and people start claiming their subway sandwich is not 12 inch long and that they are been cheated by subway on false claim and were so disappointed by subway . People wanted their lawsuits certified as class action by arguing that millions of subway customers were not getting what they paid for in subway. In Court, Jeffrey Babbin, a lawyer for Subway’s company said, “Because all loaves are baked from the same quantity of dough, each loaf contains the same quantity of ingredients which is of 12 inches subway sandwich”. Subway also indicated that the footlong was not a guarantee of length but was a just trademark name for the subway sandwich. However, Subway recently claims a new statement. This statement indicated that they would make changes to the bread measuring system to make sure that all footlong subway served at the 38,000 restaurants be a foot long (Australian institute of food safety,2013). (E. A. ,2017) companies are misleading marketing campaigns to their consumers regarding footlong subway sandwich.

11-inch footlong photo shared on social media Fig 1

v Ethical Issue 2: Rights of Employees

The basic thinking of human rights is that everyone in this world, no matter who they are or where they are born, has the right to freedom. According to the universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) there are 30 rights, some of them are Workers Rights, the Right to Pay (break for worker), no one can take away your human rights, no torture. In right of worker everyone has the right to do a job, to get fair wage for their work done and to join a trade union (T. ,2023). Keeping this in mind all employees should have the right to wages, it must be on time and accurate according to contract.

Subway code of conduct commitment to respecting the human rights of workers. Treatment of employees is based on how they are treated by the company under their practice rules and pressure. (CNN,2014) according to journalist Annalyn Kurtz on CNN collected data from department of labor’s wages and hour division ,three well known fast food chain like Subway, McDonalds, Dunkin’ Donuts are not paying wages to worker comes in violation and fines .In 2012 lawsuit subway franchises in Ohio was found in violation of labor not paying employees for their time they spent doing the nightly closing routine for example workers shift stopped at 10 pm and took another hour to shut and clean the restaurant and shut the store .Subway franchisee in Michigan agreed to pay 53 workers’ wages following a department of labor investigation .In 2014 more than 3.8 Million Dollar over the year was reimburse to worker.

In 2021 there was a report regarding subway, DeLuca who was co-founded of Subway also known as to pursue the wives of Subway franchisees posed half naked for a company calendar, also think that he can go to any woman whose husband is working in subway franchise and believe that he was responsible for their husband’s success in stores (nypost,2021) .This kind of behavior is not acceptable all over the world

Fig 2. Founder Fred DeLuca is reported to have overseen an atmosphere at Subway that sometimes went overboard, including pursuing the wives of franchise owners.

*Ethical Issue 3: Unhygienic food serviced and scam email (privacy leaked)

Hygiene is a condition or practice conducted to maintain health and prevent disease, especially through cleanliness. It is the major role of restaurants to follow properly to reduce any harmful bacteria growth.

In 2020 women found insect called earwig inside subway sandwich, she called manager and showed him as proof, manager apologized and refund money to women (BBC,2020) for example this show how unhygienic food is served to people.

In December 2020 customer got email by subway claim to be an order confirmation from the fast-food chain and contain links to malware , name of customer was also there showing that

our personal information got leaked. Subway company said they are aware of disruption to their email system that is why they are sorry for inconvenience and advice people to delete the email (BBC,2020).For example phone number, email address, name and address are not fully secured by subway.

Subway in Abingdon received the lowest food and hygiene score. when a Vale of White Horse District Council food hygiene inspector visited in December 2019. It said that the restaurant food hygiene and safety standards are unsatisfactory (oxford mail,2020)

*Ethical Issue 4: Organic product and fresh (Tuna and Chicken)

Subway Claims that they are using 100 percent organic product in Sandwiches ,that turn out to be wrong as many test were carried out to check the coding scale of chicken and tuna , when test were carried out ,other DNA coding scale showed that pork is also in DNA scale bar.

People start complaining about their sandwiches. For example, a biologist tested 20 tuna samples from Subways in southern California. (Washington,2022). Testing at UCLA’s Barber Lab found that,20 samples contain chicken DNA, 11 had pork DNA and seven had cattle DNA.UCLA’s is Department of Ecology and Evolutionary which are specialized in DNA testing.

Biologists conduct test based on DNA bar coding but unfortunately Judge declined test and dismiss the claim that Subway tuna products contain ingredient like “other fish species, animal species or miscellaneous products.” Subway claims that other animal DNA might be because of eggs in the mayo. Another place (CBC,2022) subway can be sued over its 100% tuna claims, because it contains other types of meat. In 2019 there was a claim by CBC that subway chicken sandwich is not 100 percent chicken DNA it is just 50 percent. Researcher of DNA Matt Harnden at Trent University Wildlife Forensic Laboratory tested of DNA, six chicken sandwiches, and they were not 100 percent chicken (CBC,2019)

The oven roasted chicken subway sandwich scored 53.6 percent chicken DNA, the chicken strips were found to have percentage of chicken DNA is 42.8. They could not follow their ethical issues according to their claims. Subway says it is not accurate and as they have DNA as proof ,in end they did not share any DNA test with social media. In 2021 two Californians claim they have found something fishy with subway tuna other than tuna it might be other fish species. A new lawsuit originally filed in January regarding misleading people about it tuna fish, second amended proposes complaint filed in Northern California in federal court in which 20 samples were tested in which 19 had not DNA of tuna (wall street journal,2021)

Conclusion

On top of that, life is one of the most priority thing in the world and we should take care of it according to our basic needs. A healthy diet is a factor which makes our mental and physical health balance.

In conclusion ,the aim of this presentation was to identify ethical issue of subway and behavior of supervisor and manager on employees in subway branches .In this research which has identified 4 ethical failing outcome .DNA of tuna was not 100 percent in subway sandwich, employees are not paid according to their work hours ,employees wives are been harassed by upper authority like Co-founder of subway ,subway are not honest in marketing and promotion scheme for example 12 inches footlong sandwich

Recommendations

· Subway should use 100 percent of tuna because people might have allergic to chicken or pork.

· They should respect women of employees as well as customers.

· They should pay workers on time without delay.

· They should pay for extra time if taking extra work from employee.

• They should use measuring scale to cut subway sandwich in 12 inches accurately

References

· Australian Institute of food safety.(2014)The Subway Footlong Scandal.[online] Available at: The Subway Footlong Scandal (foodsafety.com.au) [Accessed :12 Februry,2023]

· BBC(2020)Subway customers receive ‘malware’ email.[online] Available at: Subway customers receive ‘malware’ emails — BBC News[Accessed :3 Mach,2023]

· BBC(2022). Woman ‘disgusted’ by earwig in Subway sandwich.[online] Available at: Woman ‘disgusted’ by earwig in Subway sandwich — BBC News[Accessed :12 March,2023]

· Burgos, E. A. (2017). Selling the Footlong Short: How Consumers Inch Toward Satisfaction in Costly Food Class Action Litigation. Seventh Circuit Review, 13(1), 259.[online] Available at: “Selling the Footlong Short: How Consumers Inch Toward Satisfaction in “ by Erica A. Burgos (iit.edu) [Accessed :19 February,2023]

· CBC(2019) DNA test shows Subway sandwiches could contain just 50% chicken.[online] Available at: What’s in your chicken sandwich? DNA test shows Subway sandwiches could contain just 50% chicken | CBC News [Accessed :18 Mach,2023]

· CBC(2020)subway can be sued over its 100% tuna claims.[online] Available at: Subway can be sued over its 100% tuna claims, U.S. judge rules | CBC News[Accessed :3 Mach,2023]

· Cooper, B., Cohen, T. R., Huppert, E., Levine, E., & Fleeson, W. (2023). Honest behavior: Truth-seeking, belief-speaking, and fostering understanding of the truth in others.[online] Available at: https://scholar.google.com[Accessed :22 February,2023]

· Dr.Lalita Mishra(2013) Subway Customer Loyalty and Evaluating Marketing Strategies “Eat Fresh”[online] Available at: The History of Subway® [Accessed :19 February,2023]

· Krause, T. (2023). Inspiration: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Coalescence.[online] Available at: Inspiration: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights — Coalescence (pressbooks.pub) [Accessed :24 February,2023]

· Lewis, P. V. (1985). Defining ‘business ethics’: Like nailing jello to a wall. Journal of Business ethics, 4, 377–383. [online] Available at: Defining ‘business ethics’: Like nailing jello to a wall | SpringerLink [Accessed :21 February,2023]

· Loerzel, R. (2017). Foot Fight: Lawsuit over length of Subway sandwiches raises questions about class actions against the fast-food industry. ABA Journal, 103(2), 16–18.[online] Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26516048 [Accessed :22 February,2023]

· New York post(2021).Late Subway founder Fred DeLuca was fresh with women: report.[online] Available at: Late Subway founder Fred DeLuca was fresh with women: report (nypost.com) [Accessed :29 February,2023]

· Subway(2023)Th subway story .[online] Available at: History | Subway®[Accessed :01 February,2023]

· The wall street journal(2021) Subway Tuna Is not Actually Tuna, Lawsuit Again Alleges.[online] Available at: Subway’s Tuna Isn’t Actually Tuna, Lawsuit Again Alleges — WSJ[Accessed :13 Mach,2023]

· Washington(2020) Subway tuna lawsuit still hangs over the chain after judge’s ruling.[online] Available at: Subway tuna lawsuit still hangs over the chain’s head after ruling — The Washington Post[Accessed :6 Mach,2023]

This is research report for my university assignment.

LOW HEMOGLOBIN AND ITS TREATMENT AT HOME

Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells. Your red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. If you have a condition that affects your body’s ability to make red blood cells, your hemoglobin levels may drop. Low hemoglobin levels may be a symptom of several conditions, including different kinds of anemia and cancer

What is low hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells. Your red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. Oxygen powers your cells and gives you energy. A low hemoglobin level may be a sign of several conditions, including different kinds of anemia and cancer.

At what level is hemoglobin dangerously low?

Normal hemoglobin levels are different for men and women. For men, a normal level ranges between 14.0 grams per deciliter (gm/dL) and 17.5 gm/dL. For women, a normal level ranges between 12.3 gm/dL and 15.3 gm/dL. A low hemoglobin level for men is 13.5 gm/dL or lower. For women, a severe low hemoglobin level is 12 gm/dL.

What tests do healthcare providers use to diagnose low hemoglobin?

Healthcare providers diagnose low hemoglobin by taking samples of your blood and measuring the amount of hemoglobin in it. This is a hemoglobin test. They may also analyze different types of hemoglobin in your red blood cells, or hemoglobin electrophoresis

What causes hemoglobin levels to go low?

Several factors affect hemoglobin levels:

· Your body doesn’t make enough red blood cells. Your body produces red blood cells and white blood cells in your bone marrow. Sometimes, conditions and diseases affect your bone marrow’s ability to produce or support enough red blood cells.

· Your body produces enough red blood cells, but the cells are dying faster than your body can replace them.

· You’re losing blood from injury or illness. You lose iron anytime you lose blood. Sometimes, women have low hemoglobin levels when they have their periods. You may also lose blood if you have internal bleeding, such as a bleeding ulcer.

· Your body can’t absorb iron, which affects your body’s ability to develop red blood cells.

· You’re not getting enough essential nutrients like iron and vitamins B12 and B9.

What affects red blood cell production?

Your bone marrow produces red blood cells. Diseases, conditions and other factors that affect red blood cell production include:

· Lymphoma. Lymphoma is a term for cancers in your lymphatic system. If you have lymphoma cells in your bone marrow, those cells can crowd out red blood cells, reducing the number of red blood cells.

· Leukemia. Leukemia is cancer of your blood and bone marrow. Leukemia cells in your bone marrow can limit the number of red blood cells your bone marrow produces.

· Anemia. There are many kinds of anemias involving low hemoglobin levels. For example, if you have aplastic anemia, the stem cells in your bone marrow don’t create enough blood cells. In pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disorder keeps your body from absorbing vitamin B12. Without enough B12, your body produces fewer red blood cells.

· Multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma causes your body to develop abnormal plasma cells that may displace red blood cells.

· Myelodysplastic syndromes. This condition happens when your blood stem cells don’t become healthy blood cells.

· Chronic kidney disease. Your kidneys make a hormone that signals your bone marrow to make red blood cells. Chronic kidney disease affects this process.

· Antiretroviral medications. These medications treat certain viruses. Sometimes, these medications damage your bone marrow, affecting its ability to make enough red blood cells.

· Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy may affect bone marrow cells, reducing the number of red blood cells your bone marrow produces.

What affects red blood cell lifespan?

Your bone marrow constantly produces red blood cells. Red blood cells live about 120 days in your bloodstream.

Some factors that affect that lifespan include:

· Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly). Your spleen filters red blood cells as the cells move through your body. It traps and destroys damaged or dying red blood cells. Some diseases cause your spleen to increase in size. When this happens, your spleen traps more red blood cells than usual, essentially ending those cells’ lifespan earlier than usual.

· Sickle cell anemia. This is a blood disease that affects your hemoglobin.

· Thalassemias. These are blood disorders that affect your body’s ability to make hemoglobin and red blood cells.

What can I do at home to treat low hemoglobin?

Many things can cause low hemoglobin, and most of the time you can’t manage low hemoglobin on your own. But eating a vitamin-rich diet can help maintain your red blood cells. Generally speaking, a balanced diet with a focus on important nutrients is the best way to maintain healthy red blood cells and hemoglobin. Here are some suggestions:

· Red meat (beef) and meat from the organs, like liver.

· Fish.

· Leafy vegetables, like kale and spinach.

· Lentils, beans and peas.

· Nuts and dried berries.

1. Watercress

The health benefits of watercress don’t disappoint! This nutrient-dense hydrating leafy green is a great source of:

• calcium
• potassium
• manganese
• phosphorus
• vitamins A, C, K, B-1, and B-2

Watercress acts as an internal skin antiseptic and increases the circulation and delivery of mineral

2. Red bell pepper

Red bell peppers are loaded with antioxidants

which reign supreme when it comes to anti-aging. In addition to their high content of vitamin C – which is good for collagen production – red bell peppers contain powerful antioxidants called carotenoids.

Carotenoids are plant pigments responsible for the bright red, yellow, and orange colors you see in many fruits and vegetables. They have a variety of anti-inflammatory properties

3. Papaya

This delicious superfood is rich in a variety of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that may help to improve

skin elasticity and minimize the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. These include:

• vitamins A, C, K, and E
• calcium
• potassium
• magnesium
• phosphorus
• B vitamins
• The wide range of antioxidants in papaya helps to fight free radical damage and may delay signs of aging
• Trusted Source

4. Blueberries

Blueberries are rich in vitamins A and C, as well as an age-defying antioxidant called anthocyanin. This is what gives blueberries their deep, beautiful blue color.

These powerful antioxidants

5. Broccoli

Broccoli is an anti-inflammatory, anti-aging powerhouse packed with:

• vitamins C and K
• a variety of antioxidants
• fiber
• folate
• lutein
• calcium

6. Spinach

Spinach is super hydrating and packed with antioxidants that help to oxygenate and replenish the entire body. It’s also rich in:

• vitamins A, C, E, and K
• magnesium
• plant-based heme iron
• lutein

7. Nuts

Many nuts (especially almonds) are a great source of vitamin E, which may help repair skin tissue, retain skin moisture, and protect skin from damaging UV rays. Walnuts even contai

anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids that may help:

• strengthen skin cell membranes
• protect against sun damage
• give skin a beautiful glow by preserving its natural oil barrier

8. Avocado

Avocados are high in inflammation-fighting fatty acids that promote smooth, supple skin. They also contain a variety of essential nutrients that may prevent the negative effects of aging

• vitamins K, C, E, and A
• B vitamins
• potassium

Vegetables are naturally low in fat and sugar, and they help reduce stomach acid. Good options include green beans, broccoli, asparagus, cauliflower, leafy greens, potatoes, and cucumbers.

2. Ginger

Ginger has natural anti-inflammatory properties, and it’s a natural treatment for heartburn and other gastrointestinal problems. You can add grated or sliced ginger root to recipes or smoothies or drink ginger tea to ease symptoms.

3. Oatmeal

Oatmeal is a breakfast favorite, a whole grain, and an excellent source of fiber. A diet high in fiber has been linked with a lower risk of acid reflux. Other fiber options include whole-grain breads and whole-grain rice.

4. Noncitrus fruits

Noncitrus fruits, including melons, bananas, apples, and pears, are less likely to trigger reflux symptoms than acidic fruits.

5. Lean meats and seafood

Lean meats, such as chicken, turkey, fish, and seafood, are low-fat and reduce symptoms of acid reflux. Try them grilled, broiled, baked, or poached.

6. Egg whites

Egg whites are a good option. Stay away from egg yolks, though, which are high in fat and may trigger reflux symptoms.

7. Healthy fats

Sources of healthy fats include avocados, walnuts, flaxseed, olive oil, sesame oil, and sunflower oil. Reduce your intake of saturated fats and trans fats and replace them with these healthier unsaturated fats.

What causes dark spots around the mouth?

Your skin gets its natural color from a pigment called melanin. Sun exposure, hormone fluctuations, medications, and certain underlying conditions may all create changes in melanin production, particularly on the face. This can cause spots of hyperpigmentation that may appear as discoloration around your mouth.

Melasma

Nicknamed “the mask of pregnancy,” melasma consists of dark brown and grayish brown patches on the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip. They’re typically caused by hormonal changes in women. These can occur during pregnancy, as well as while taking birth control pills (oral contraceptives) or hormone replacement therapy.

Melasma tends to occur most often on the face, in areas such as the upper lip and chin, as well as the cheeks, nose, and forehead. Sun exposure can make the patches more noticeable.

The condition is less common in men, making up an estimated 10 percent of all melasma cases.

Medication side effects

While oral contraceptives may cause melasma, there are other medications that can increase the risk of hyperpigmentation. These include:

• hormone replacements, especially estrogen
• doxycycline, a type of antibiotic that can increase sun sensitivity
• chemotherapy drugs
• Sun exposure
• Ultraviolet (UV) rays from sun exposure and tanning beds can increase your risk for dark spots as you age. These include age spots, also known as sun spots or liver spots. These are most common on the face, chest, and arms. Sun exposure can also worsen melasma.
• You’re at an increased risk if you tend to skip the mouth area and lips when applying sunscreen.
• There is new evidence that visible light also contributes to the development of melasma.
• Trauma to the skin
• If you had a serious injury, acne breakout, burn, or infection around your mouth, it’s possible you may develop hyperpigmentation in brown or black spots after the skin has healed. Also called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, the associated discoloration usually fades after several months.
• This type of discoloration can also be caused by lip licker’s dermatitis or contact dermatitis from lip balms and toothpastes.
• Vitamin deficiencies
• Skin pigment changes may also be associated with vitamin deficiencies, including vitamin B12 and vitamin D.
• found that vitamin D deficiencies were also prominent in people with melasma.
• The vitamin D deficiency is most likely secondary to sun avoidance, as sun exacerbates melasma.

Who is more prone to have discoloration around the mouth?

People with dark skin are more prone to hyperpigmentation overall. This is because of a higher rate of melanin production compared to light skin.

As you age, you may notice more spots around your face, chest, and other areas that are most exposed to UV rays. Your risk for skin discoloration around the mouth from sun damage is higher if you don’t wear sunscreen in this area.

You might notice that any spots of discoloration around the mouth are worse during the summer months. This is likely due to more sun exposure, which can stimulate more melanin and make hyperpigmentation more noticeable.

Medical treatment

If you’re seeking permanent removal of skin discoloration around your mouth, a dermatologist may recommend one of the following options:

• prescription-strength retinoids or hydroquinone
• azelaic acid to reduce discoloration and inflammation
• kojic acid for melasma and age spots
• laser therapy for dark spots
• chemical peels to help exfoliate the skin and reduce appearance of pigmentation

What causes blackheads?

Blackheads form when a clog or plug develops in the opening of hair follicles in your skin. Each follicle contains one hair and a sebaceous gland that produces oil. This oil, called sebum, helps keep your skin soft. Dead skin cells and oils collect in the opening to the skin follicle, producing a bump called a comedo. If the skin over the bump stays closed, the bump is called a whitehead. When the skin over the bump opens, exposure to the air causes it to look black and a blackhead forms.

Some factors can increase your chances of developing acne and blackheads, including:

• producing too much body oil
• the buildup of the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria on the skin
• irritation of the hair follicles when dead skins cells don’t shed on a regular basis
• undergoing hormonal changes that cause an increase in oil production during the teen years, during menstruation, or while taking birth control pills
• taking certain drugs, such as corticosteroids, lithium, or androgens
• Some people believe that what you eat or drink can affect acne. Dairy products and foods that increase blood sugar levels, such as carbohydrates, may play a part in triggering acne, but researchers aren’t convinced that there’s a strong connection.

What are symptoms of blackheads?

Because of their dark color, blackheads are easy to spot on the skin. They’re slightly raised, although they aren’t painful because they aren’t inflamed like pimples. Pimples form when bacteria invade the blockage in the hair follicle, causing redness and inflammation.

Many acne medications are available at drug and grocery stores and online without a prescription. These medications are available in cream, gel, and pad form and are put directly on your skin. The drugs contain ingredients such as salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and resorcinol. They work by killing bacteria, drying excess oil, and forcing the skin to shed dead skin cells.

• Prescription medications

If OTC treatment doesn’t improve your acne, your doctor may suggest that you use stronger prescription medications. Medications that contain vitamin A keep plugs from forming in the hair follicles and promote more rapid turnover of skin cells. These medications are applied directly to your skin and can include tretinoin, tazarotene, or adapalene.

Your doctor may also prescribe another type of topical medication that contains benzoyl peroxide and antibiotics. If you have pimples or acne cysts in addition to your blackheads, this type of medication may be particularly helpful.

• Manual removal

Dermatologists or specially trained skin care professionals use a special instrument called a round loop extractor to remove the plug causing the blackhead. After a small opening is made in the plug, the doctor applies pressure with the extractor to remove the clog.

The Healthline FindCare tool can provide options in your area if you don’t already have a dermatologist.

Microdermabrasion

During microdermabrasion, a doctor or skin care professional uses a special instrument that contains a rough surface to sand the top layers of your skin. Sanding the skin removes clogs that cause blackheads.

• Chemical peels

Chemical peels also remove clogs and get rid of the dead skins cells that contribute to blackheads. During a peel, a strong chemical solution is applied to the skin. Over time, the top layers of the skin peel off, revealing smoother skin underneath. Mild peels are available over the counter, while stronger peels are performed by dermatologists or other skincare professionals.

• Laser and light therapy

Laser and light therapies use tiny beams of intense light to decrease oil production or kill bacteria. Both lasers and light beams reach below the surface of the skin to treat blackheads and acne without damaging the top layers of the skin.

How can blackheads be prevented?

You can prevent blackheads without spending a lot of money by trying a few of the following ideas:

Wash regularly

Wash your face when you wake up and before you go to bed to remove oil buildup. Washing more than twice each day can irritate your skin and make your acne worse. Use a gentle cleanser that doesn’t make your skin red or irritated. Some acne cleansing products have antibacterial ingredients that kill P. acnes bacteria.

Consider washing your hair every day, too, particularly if it’s oily. Hair oils can contribute to clogged pores. It’s also important to wash your face after you eat oily foods such as pizza, because oil from these foods can clog pores.

Use oil-free products

Any product that contains oil can contribute to new blackheads. Choose oil-free or noncomedogenic makeup, lotions, and sunscreens to avoid making your problem worse.

Try an exfoliating product

Exfoliating scrubs and masks remove dead skin cells from your face and can help reduce blackheads. Look for products that don’t irritate your skin.

1. Choosing water-based products

Moisturizing products contain various active ingredients, including oils. The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) recommend using oil-free products, including water-based makeup.

People with oily skin will benefit from products that are high in humectants rather than oils. Honey and urea are examples of humectants in skin care products.

Oil-based products contain petrolatum, coconut oil, and other kinds of oil. They effectively moisturize the skin but may not be suitable for people with oily skin and large pores. The excess oil that collects on the skin can make pores appear larger.

2. Washing the face both morning and night

Washing the face is basic skin care. The AAD recommend the following:

• *washing the face up to twice a day, or more after sweating a lot or doing sports
• using lukewarm water and gently applying a cleanser with clean fingers
• choosing a gentle cleanser that is nonabrasive and does not contain alcohol
• avoiding scrubbing or rubbing the skin
• patting the face dry with a clean towel

Washing the face every morning and evening helps wash away oil and dirt from the pores. This can help make them less visible.

3. Choosing gel-based cleansers

A gel-based cleanser is suitable for people with oily skin who want to make their pores less visible. It is best to avoid oil-based or alcohol-based cleansers, as these can irritate the skin.

A moisturizing cleanser may leave residue in the pores and increase oiliness. A gel-based cleanser helps clear oil from the pores, reducing their appearance.

4. Exfoliating

A person with oily skin should exfoliate once or twice a week to remove matter that can clog the pores, such as:

• dirt
• dead skin cells
• excess oil

Suitable products may contain:

• beta hydroxy acids, such as salicylic acid
• polyhydroxy acids, such as lactobionic acid and gluconolactone, which help strengthen the skin’s barrier function
• mandelic acid, for sensitive skin

Over-the-counter (OTC) products usually contain 7 – 10% of the active ingredient. Too high a percentage may aggravate the skin, although a dermatologist may prescribe a stronger formulation than OTC options.

It is important not to exfoliate more than twice a week, as this can dry out the skin. Although exfoliation helps keep pores unclogged, pores can look bigger if the skin becomes too dry.

5. Moisturizing daily

The idea of moisturizing oily skin may be counterintuitive. However, an oil-free moisturizer can help reduce pore enlargement.

A person should first wash and pat the skin dry, then gently apply a moisturizer to help hydrate and soften the skin. That allows the oil from the sebaceous glands to penetrate more deeply into the skin, rather than staying in the pores on the surface.

In this way, moisturizing prevents pores from becoming clogged with oil, reducing their appearance.

6. Applying a clay mask

Using a clay mask once or twice a week can help remove additional oil from the pores. This is because clay absorbs sebum.

Removing that oil can help prevent pores from becoming enlarged and make them less visible.

It is advisable to do this on a different day than exfoliating, as overtreating the skin may cause irritation. Irritation can cause pores to appear enlarged and can lead to blemishes.

7. Always removing makeup at night

It is essential always to remove makeup before going to sleep.

Sleeping in makeup overnight can cause the pores to become blocked due to a buildup of makeup, oil, and bacteria.

Cleansing wipes are useful for removing makeup in a hurry.

8. Wearing sunscreen

It is crucial to care for the skin when in the sun. Sun exposure can dry the skin, making pores appear larger. Many moisturizers contain sunscreen. People should choose one with an SPF of 30 or over.

Keeping the skin protected from the sun keeps it supple. The best ways to do this are:

• wearing a wide-brimmed hat
• wearing sunscreen every day
• staying in the shade when the sun is strongest

How to promote healthy skin

Eating well: Getting the right balance of nutrients, fats, proteins, and carbohydrates helps improve overall health. A healthful diet can enhance a person’s skin health.

Drinking plenty of water: Water hydrates the skin from within. This helps improve the overall complexion.

Exercising regularly: Regular exercise increases blood flow to all parts of the body, including the skin, and encourages sweating. One study found that sweat contains a natural antibiotic substance that helps protect the skin from bacteria

Food that reduce facial hair growth

What causes facial hair in women?

It’s the same thing that causes facial hair in men – testosterone. When a woman has too much of it, it can lead to facial hair, extra muscles and a more masculine figure (square body). Those with a lot of estrogen tend to have the curvy bodies that many of us desire.

A woman having too much testosterone simply means that she has a hormonal imbalance. When a woman is healthy, her hormones balance out the way they should, so that one doesn’t overpower the other, causing issues.

You’ll notice all sorts of symptoms when your hormones are in an imbalanced state, such as acne, hair loss, facial hair, problems with weight (gain and loss), hot flashes and menstrual cycle irregularity.

Improper diet and chemicals lead to hormonal imbalance

The key to a balanced body is a balanced diet. If you’re like most Americans, you are highly deficient in a lot of different vitamins and minerals.

This is thanks to the Western diet we have all grown up eating. The processed foods we consume are “enriched” with chemical synthetic vitamins, since the natural vitamins were killed during the processing of the food.

And if you’re like most, you don’t eat enough plant-based foods to consume natural vitamins and minerals your body needs to sustain a healthy state. I follow an alkaline guideline to eating real foods that are received positively in your body.

Throw on top of that various chemicals that are found in our cosmetics we use daily. I use clay face masks as a natural, chemical-free facial treatment. All those chemicals in our skincare disrupt our reproductive, thyroid and endocrine systems. And including Hormonal birth control pills that some of us take. These all cause hormonal imbalances.

Then our food is filled with hormones as well, such as what you’ll find in the meat and dairy we eat multiple times daily. Children are reaching puberty sooner and acne is running rampant, all because of these extra hormones and chemicals we’re consuming.

I’ve read that a lot of women develop polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which is caused by hormone imbalance and can lead to facial hair growth in women. This research has linked the potential of our children developing PCOS due to an hormone imbalance while in the womb.

This is known to be caused by a poor diet – mainly eating too much of Omega-6 and not enough Omega-3. Majority of the foods you eat have omega-6. It’s important that you eat a healthy balance of all vitamins and minerals to avoid problems like this.

Balancing your hormones naturally

To revitalize your body, you have to take a holistic approach, which means going through a process of elimination (detox) and a process of intake (nutrition). You also have to get rid of the root of these problems, which is a poor diet and chemical use in the forms of birth control, cosmetics, fragrances and so on.

The first step is to stop consuming soy, hormonal meat and dairy and either eliminating meat or switching to those that don’t contain hormones (read the packaging). I challenge you to start with trying a meatless monday.

Next, is to undergo a full body detox to get rid of those harmful toxins that are causing your imbalance. Start with a detox tea, drinking tons of alkaline water, and detox baths.

Third, you’ll need to start eating more nutritious foods, that contain a variety of vitamins and minerals – nothing specific, or you risk causing further imbalance. You should begin taking herbal smoothies that can provide you with well-balanced nutrition intake. Such as by adding these powders into your smoothie:

• irish moss
• bladderwrack
• moringa
• hemp powder
• spirulina

How to lower your levels of testosterone through diet and herbs

• You can also start eating more foods that will help drive down testosterone. Some of the foods you want to implement into your diet include:
• flax seeds
• quinoa
• hazelnut
• bananas
• raw plantain
• garbanzo beans
• hemp seed

There are herbs available that can also aid in balancing the female hormone system, including:

• shatavari (asparagus),
• saw palmetto
• chaste tree berry
• Since some of these are bitter, you may want to put them into a vegetable capsule pill rather than drink them. But you can give it a try.
• External method for removing facial hair naturally
• If you’re interested in using a natural method that is popularly used in Pakistan , you can try rubbing turmeric powder and sea salt (made into a paste with water) onto the areas with hair, then leaving it on for about 20 minutes. You may want to wear gloves because it can stain your hands yellow. You should continue doing this daily until you get the results you want.

Berries

Lemon

Papaya

Tomatoe

Salmon

Sweet Potatoes

1: Sea Food

• Tuna and Salmon

The significance of omega-3 fatty acids for eye health has long been proved. For example, a 2016 meta-analysis of relevant studies involving the correlation between fish consumption and age related macular degeneration concluded that people whose diet contained enough fish had the lowest risk of this sight-threatening disease. Experts recommend two – three servings per week of fish like tuna and salmon for better results.

• Oysters

Zinc is known to be a mineral found abundantly in healthy eyes and shellfish like oysters serve as one of the best natural sources of this essential mineral. It helps in natural production of melanin, a pigment required for eye protection. Night blindness and cataracts are two of the most common implications of zinc deficiency. Moreover, high doses of zinc are also known to slow down the progression of early-stage macular degeneration, and the recommended dose includes 8 milligrams/day for females and 11 milligrams/day for males.

If sea-food is not on your priority list, you can also get omega-3 in ample supply by consuming fish oil supplements or vegetarian supplements containing flaxseed oil or blackcurrant oil.

2: Meat and Eggs

• Turkey

Turkey meat is a sort of ‘all purpose protein’, which you can have in various ways, such as in sandwiches, burgers, tacos and many more ways. It is considered as one of the best natural sources of cataract prevention because of abundance of zinc and B-vitamin niacin.

• Beef

Moderately added lean beef in your diet can improve your eye health. Zinc is an important mineral found naturally in beef, known to help body with better absorption of vitamin A, which may play a role in minimizing the risks of advanced AMD.

• Eggs

Two of the most powerful antioxidants for eye protection, lutein and zeaxanthin, are found generously in egg yolks, just like in leafy green vegetables. When you have them in your omelet, you’re increasing your chances of antioxidant absorption because of the high fat content of eggs. You also get ample vitamin D in egg yolk, which is believed to be helpful against macular degeneration.

3 Veggies and Fruits

• Leafy Greens

Spinach, along with other dark leafy greens like collard greens and kale, contains two of the most essential antioxidants for eye health, i.e. zeaxanthin and lutein. Macula, the part of the eye helpful in shielding the eye from damaging light, stores these antioxidants. Lutein plays a special role in filtration of blue light (glare from the screens of electronic devices like mobiles and computer screens). These antioxidants also play a significant role in maintaining rich blood flow to your eyes. Experts recommend a least of three servings every week.

• Bell Peppers

Now, who would have thought of these brightly colored bell peppers to be able to minimize the risk of age related macular degeneration, but yes, they are known to do that. You’ll only need a cup full of these to get 100% of the recommended daily value of vitamin A and vitamin C. So, make sure you’re having these on your menu list.

• Legumes

Whether it’s kidney beans, lentils or black-eyed peas, all of these offer ample amounts of bioflavonoids and zinc, offering protection to the retina and lowering the risks of developing cataracts and macular degeneration.

• Carrots

Have you ever wondered there might be a certain degree of truth to the age-old adage that rabbits never wear glasses? With rich amounts of beta-carotene – an antioxidant carotenoid converted to vitamin A by your body – quite essential for a healthy vision, the significance of carrots seems more reality than fiction. Vitamin A plays a vital role in production of rod and cone cells, essential for low light vision and color vision. Free radical damage is also minimized by beta-carotene, which helps protect against eye diseases like macular degeneration, cataracts as well as glaucoma.

• Blueberries

A little gem of a fruit when it comes to the richness in anthocyanins, potent antioxidants capable of crossing the blood-retina barrier with ease while providing extra vision protection, blueberries are amazing for eye health. They also help improve vision of people suffering from normal tension glaucoma, the type of glaucoma in which optic nerve is damaged.

• Oranges

Some suggest calling vitamin C as “Vitamin See”, and quite rightly so. It helps counter the risks of cataracts and macular degeneration, because much like other antioxidants, it is good at preventing free-radical damage. Collagen building is another way it is beneficial for your eyes, helping to provide structure for your cornea.

4: Nuts and Seeds

• Nuts

Whether it’s almonds, pistachios or walnuts, richness in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E makes them highly beneficial for your eye health.

• Chia Seeds

They are not referred as the “superfood” without a reason. If you talk about omega 3s, chia seeds contain more of them than salmon or flax seeds. If you talk about calcium, you’ll get more of it in chia seeds than a glass of milk. Same is the case with antioxidants, much more than you’ll find in blueberries.

• Sunflower Seeds

A Spanish study involving around 600 male and female subjects aged 65 and above revealed that people consuming a balanced diet providing at least 8 milligrams of vitamin E everyday had significantly reduced rates of cataracts and cataract surgery in comparison to those consuming lesser amounts. 15 milligrams per day is the recommended daily value of this strong antioxidant vitamin, which is fulfilled conveniently by 2 ounces of sunflower seeds.

5: Drinkables

• Hot Tea

The “British Journal of Ophthalmology” has published a study covering more than 1,600 adults concluding that people drinking hot tea regularly have a 74% lesser chance of developing glaucoma as compared to those who don’t. Though many stress on the need of much more studies on the subject, brewed tea is still considered a viable source of disease-fighting antioxidants.

This concludes our list of super foods for your eyes. Make sure to add them as a part of your diet regime and enjoy optimal eye health for a much longer period of time.

Meta: ‘15 Best Foods for Eye Health’ enlist top foods that can help improve your eyesight significantly, offering you significant protection against many eye diseases.