As I walk in the measly, rickety neighborhood that I call home, I realize how much I have lost, nothing to live for, to protect, to love, to smile off of. I look up at the dark cloud-studded sky, filled to the brim with precipitated water. I smile sadly to myself and scoff, maybe this meager life I lived off, the last thread I was holding on to. Is now….gone, that bit of hope I held on to… has nowhere to go then to the depths of the sea of darkness that I once feared so much but now, long for, to envelope me, with a caress of its own.

The parasol clatters to my already-soaked feet and I sink to the ground, hugging my bruised knee, as I get soaked in the harsh winded weather, droplets of water splatter my already tear-streaked face and wash it off with no mercy to spare at the harshness as it does.

I lost my mother the day she had me, lost my brother due to an accident when I was five, and now at long last, death’s door waits for no one….darkness follows everywhere I go, it just seems appropriate I do the same to myself.

I am standing near the train station, the flickering dead light above my head seems to be saying a sort of secret code, not that I know of. That’s when at a distance… the train to Busan lolls on fast, the murky water being splashed at all sides that’s when I let go of myself… To the feet of Death and smile, the happiest I’ve ever been. The train slams at me, I go flying to the side of the lampost my head hits the cold iron and cracks in a liberate angle…. Everything goes Dark….

I am falling…

I am drowning…

I am Free…Long last….

THE END

INTRODUCTION:

CRISPR, are Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. First, we must understand the role it plays in Gene Engineering.

OLDEST BATTLE OF EARTH:

We must go far back to when bacteria and viruses, one of the oldest wars on earth. Viruses kill about 40% of the bacteria in oceans and there is no chance that they would survive, and if in some rare cases they do, they store a part of the virus DNA into what's called a DNA archive[CRISPR] safely until needed.

Once the virus attacks again it quickly makes an RNA copy from the DNA archive and arms a secret weapon, a protein called Cas9 which is a surgeon that precisely cuts the RNA sequence needed, it scans the phage for signs of the virus invader by comparing every bit of DNA.

When it finds a 100% match, it activates and cuts out the virus DNA making it useless, protecting the bacterium from the attack.

>CRISPR acts as some kind of an off or on switch that targets and studies particular DNA sequences. A GPS of some sort can be used on microorganisms, plants, animals, or humans as this is a first-generation tool and not as accurate as the tools that are being developed as we speak.

>Gives a copy of a DNA you want to modify and edit into a living cell system,[Aside from being precise, cheap, and Easy].

THE END OF DISEASE?:

2015- Scientists used CRISPR to edit out the HIV of living cells from patients in the lab proving that it was possible a year later the larger scale product that was conducted with rats [Has HIV in the cells of the body] was able to get rid of at least 50% of the existing virus from cells all over their body.

A few decades later[Future]- CRISPR may be able to cure most retroviruses and genetic diseases that are being inherited from one family member to another, the reason why a genetic disease is caused is because of one incorrect letter in the DNA[ACTG-4 Nucleotides] sequence which changes everything and causes a genetic disease and if we can find the causing existing sequence we can alter the entire strand and possibly edit it out of the system.

A CRISPR tool to Detect Disease:

A team of scientists figured out a cousin of Cas9 called Cas13 that can accurately detect human disease.

Natural environment — It hunts for viral RNA using an RNA guide. When it finds it, it becomes active, and in some circumstances, it cuts any RNA it encounters — a process termed collateral cleavage.

It is this mechanism that scientists at McGovern, Broad Institute, and Harvard University harnessed to create Sherlock, a highly sensitive tool to detect infectious diseases in Humans.

It works, they take a sample of a possible viral infection, like the flu. Then amplify the levels of RNA in it and add reporters that are sensitive to Cas13. An engineered Cas13 is added to the sample. This Cas13 is programmed with a guide RNA that is designed to find only the virus RNA and bind to it.

Cas13 activates its cleaving mechanism and begins randomly slicing nearby RNA, including the reporters. Since each end of the reporter carries a different label, Cas13 separates these two signatures, creating a unique signal within the sample.

The sample is then applied to a commercial flow detection system. If the sample is negative for flu then the reporter remains intact and collects at the first detection line. If it is positive, it collects in a different area making a diagnosis easy to spot.

CONCLUSION:

Now Sherlock can detect any genetic fault, Cas9 and Cas13 are only some of the tools that scientists have modified to detect human diseases and genetic problems.

DESIGNER BABIES:

To edit a Human Genome already exists and it has been tried twice ever since.

2015–2016- Chinese Scientists experimented on human embryos and were partially successful on their second attempt.

Modified Humans- could alter the genomes of our entire species, because their engineered traits will be passed on to the next generations that are yet to come and could disrupt the entire species' sequence of DNA.

As it enhances there will be a high demand for genetically modified babies in the sense of changing the stem functions like eye color, hair, metabolism, height, etc…, Later on, it will become the standard governments declare as it is inhumane for your child not be the standard they set it as[Gene Edited].

This can be used for cosmetic purposes, and this will impact the cosmetology business giving a new rise to a different field of unnatural beauty.

In case you wondering how this is possible you can take the genes of organisms that are resistant to aging like the immortal jellyfish [Turritopsis_dohrnii] it has regenerative properties that can be edited into our DNA so our cells can regenerate back into its state of form and perfectly functioning[Non-Theraupeutic].

WILL THIS BRING RUIN INSTEAD OF GOOD?:

We might feel uncomfortable but we are already living in a world where we reject non-perfect humans. During pregnancy, if there is even a minuscule possibility of a gene mutation it's immediately terminated. Europe terminates about 90% of Down syndrome cases detected. Genetic Engineering might just be the next big leap in the natural evolution of intelligent species in the Universe[Become our new reality].

The inception of Base Editing:

Genetic diseases are often caused by changes to a gene that may disrupt the structure of a protein or its function these mutations or errors can occur among the four nucleotides.

A disease-causing mutation may also occur because of one mishap in the DNA known as a point mutation occurs naturally and frequently but occasionally can cause a genetic disease. [They are rare]

Now for the first time, there might be a way to edit a single base, potentially curing genetic diseases at the root cause. CRISPR could be used to edit eukaryotic DNA.

So to understand base editing, you need to understand what DNA is the instruction of all your proteins, and to create life.

ACGT are chemical compounds, and every once in a while, you could find a misspelling that would likely cause a genetic problem in the DNA and cause diseases.

BASE EDITOR: a type of genome editing — a way to make targeted changes to the sequence of a piece of DNA.

This has two main components,

· A CRISPR cas9 protein

· Deaminase

The CRISPR cas9 protein is bound to an RNA guide targeting a specific base.

Then the DEAMINASE ENZYME carries out the desired chemical modification of a single DNA base.

Only one of the two chemical strands is chemically modified during Base editing. The edit may be more efficient when the opposite strand of DNA is nicked, the nicking technique tricks the cell into using the freshly base edited strand during DNA replication. Making the edit permanent. This is what Beam Therapeutics is trying to achieve.

There are two types of Editing:

EX-VIVO BASE EDITING:

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs when cells are removed from a patient and modified outside the body, in a lab, using specialized approaches like adding a new gene to the cell or fixing a gene in a cell that is causing a disease. The modified — or engineered — cells are then returned to the patient. [Blood cells or Immune cells]

IN-VIVO BASE EDITING:

In vivo means the base editor is delivered directly into organs of the body, such as the liver, to make edits within the target cells. Our delivery strategy is to establish a suite of clinically validated technologies, including electroporation and non-viral and viral delivery modalities. Within vivo gene therapy, corrected genes are given directly to the patient. This can occur through an IV or local delivery to a specific organ, like the eye. This is called “in vivo” gene therapy because the new gene is introduced to the patient’s cells inside the body via a viral vector [A form of a virus used to deliver genetic material into a cell.].”

How CRISPR works in Depth:

As we know, CRISPR is used when we have a Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA that helps to locate a specific region to edit. Our genome is designed to be unique to each application.

It contains a 20-base pair sequence called a “spacer region” designed to be a Homologous base pair match to the cell’s DNA.

As the Cas9 bounces off the cell it shortly attaches itself to a double-paired Helix in short PAM [Protospacer Adjacent Motif]. The specific PAM sequence depends on the Cas enzyme being used. It unwinds the double Helix just a bit and allows the guide RNA to check if there is a match.

If it is a match the guide RNA anneals the helix structure and checks if there is a complete match once done it cuts the faulty part and the section is cut off. It cleaves off the abnormal cryptic exon that is not supposed to be in the genetic code in the first place, exons get left in. Scientists also provide a repair template to the cell.

CONCLUSION:

This is still an upcoming technology there are ways to improve yet, as it has only been a few years, and it’s a big deal that we reached this stage in just a few years. Cas9 is just the start of Humanity improving and maybe becoming invincible.

Bringing Back The Extinct:

The concept of de-extinction has been around for many years.– notably CRISPR. Investors are willing to put their money into, reverse and prevent biodiversity loss.

The idea of bringing back extinct animals was first explored in the 20th century through a technique known as back-breeding, which involves the application of selective breeding — similar to that of traditional selective breeding to create an animal with certain desired traits — to resurrect ancestral traits that have been lost over time through evolution.

While Back-breeding is still one of the main techniques used, the first ‘successful’ de-extinction came via cloning. In 2003, scientists used a cloning technique adapted from Dolly the Sheep — the world’s first ever mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell — to create a clone of the last living Bucardo, named Celia, who died in 2000.

Using CRISPR:

Now using CRISPR is one thing in editing a DNA sequence of an extinct species, the DNA that is present would already be very damaged, and to edit these short strands it will take lots of technical skill and matches for the missing strand of the organism's DNA.

Once the extinct animal’s crucial traits have been inserted into its relative’s genome, a CRISPR/Cas9 complex containing RNA needs to bind to the identified gene in the genome of the relative and cut into the double strands of its DNA, allowing scientists to eventually create a hybrid version of the extinct animal.

The longer the animals are the harder to bring them back alive and with our current technology we can bring back organisms that are not more than 10,000 years old as the DNA sequence will be almost unrecognizable from the original set.

CURRENT PROJECTS THAT ARE BEING WORKED ON:

Colossal Biosciences is at the forefront of the current scientific landscape surrounding de-extinction. Is involved in ongoing projects like the Wooly Mammoth, Thylacine, and the Dodo.

The return of the mammoth with CRISPR died out around 4,000 years ago, so it seemed unlikely it could be brought back. But scientists managed to recover DNA from mammoth fossils frozen in the Arctic tundra, in Siberia, in 2021. Now, Colossal is working on splicing bits of this DNA into the genome of its closest relative, the Asian elephant, which shares 99.6% of its DNA.

Colossal announced in January 2023 that it has initiated a project to revive the iconic dodo with the assistance of Beth Shapiro, a professor at the University of California Santa Cruz and the lead palaeogeneticist at the company. Beth Shapiro led the team that sequenced the dodo's genome for the first time in March 2022.

But now it's the project of de-extinction of the lesser known thylacine, a marsupial apex predator that has been all the roar as it is way easier to retrieve its DNA because it was only extinct less than 100 years ago. The project is led by the Thylacine Integrated Genetic Restoration Research (TIGRR) Lab at the University of Melbourne, which partnered with Colossal last year. Geneticist Professor Andrew Pask, Head of TIGRR, managed to sequence the thylacine’s genome in 2017 using an extremely well-preserved sample.

There is still a long way to go, though. The sheer scale of the number of edits that need to be made is the bulk of the work here. We also need to develop Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) for marsupials; things such as Embryo Transfers, IVF, and Stem cells.

Can we De-Extinct The Wooly Mammoth with CRISPR?:

Now bringing back an extinct species is something unparalleled, it has been done before, The Pyrenean Ibex, well it did not go as planned they cloned it with relatively closer species, but it was short-lived as the formation of the lungs was disproportionate, but with CRISPR we can accurately edit the DNA sequence. Now let's get on with the Woolly Mammoth.

Around the year 2002, in Northern Yakutia, Arctic Siberia, Russia, the Woolly Mammoth was found and is considered to be an exceptional discovery and was said to be more than 30,000 years old, Now you may be thinking “Bringing back The Mammoth which is more the 10,000 years old”, well, we were highly lucky it was very well preserved and mostly intact, enough to recreate the species.

First, we recreate the genes artificially, then place them into the embryo of an Asian elephant- the tiny group of cells that then grow into a baby. The embryo is put back into an Asian elephant. Then, the Asian elephant gives birth to the woolly mammoth, sounds easy but it's still in progress repairing the long-lost genes as the bacteria would have broken down most of them.

It's like this, we can insert the Lost DNA of the extinct species into a close relative of it, creating a hybrid with the phenotype, and this is how we are slowly editing the genes.

But before all this, we first need to sequence the extinct animal genome, Now by using the preserved DNA of the Mammoth, we can use genome sequencing to work out its entire genetic code and use tests to work out which genes are linked to the phenotype of the extinct species.

The Woolly Mammoth's closest relative is the Asian elephant, and with the existing species you can splice the DNA and add it to the Host DNA[Woolly Mammoth], but this is a monumental task as there are 1.4 million known Gene mutations separating mammoths and Asian Elephants and not all will relate to the phenotype.

Right now Colossal Laboratories and Harvard University are working on genome sequencing the Woolly Mammoth.

Is Bringing the extinct back the right thing to do?:

There are various ways of thinking about the cause of the scenario, at times we can say yes, as it is very important for biodiversity and helps enrich it more for the ecosystem to prosper more, but are we sure if we bring it back alive it will do us more good than bad?

Let's take mammoths for example, it has been ages since they were extinct and they wouldn't necessarily need to improve the ecosystem or maintain balance as the ice age is already over and nothing is holding them back, and if we do bring it back alive, this would cause a strain on the species.

Hence, it is a necessary evil bringing living organisms to life like certain bee and mosquito species as certain mosquitos need to pollinate.

The world is made of atoms, and it’s all around us, these atoms when it comes to living beings, DNA is the double helix structure that makes up the ACTG nucleotides. It makes up all living organisms including us, every living creature is made up of a code, to grow, reproduce, and change.

20 years ago- scientists were able to read the entire DNA sequence, the genome it was called, they first tinkered with basic organisms, like bacteria then slowly we came to a stop at us humans.

Later on, they began their experiment on this discovery first they took the genome sequence of the glow of a jellyfish and edited it into the genome of a cat.

As they got better at it, Stanford University professor Drew Andy called this Synthetic Biology.

Now What About it?

Well, we can improve what has existed for about 3 billion years of evolution, we can go beyond not just editing genomes but writing and creating new ones, our ideas of what an organism should be like, and it has already been done. We have already tinkered with yeast, and if everything goes right, they will insert it into a cell and make baby yeast, but it will be a new organism.

This Synthetic Yeast will break the continuous change of evolution and will be termed discontinuous. Now the question is how far we are willing to take this. Will it bring ruin instead of doing good? What are the possibilities? These are the sorta questions we must ask ourselves.

Can Synthetic Biology Save the Planet?

INTRODUCTION:

It has been more than 250 years since the industrial revolution and while it has been a great deal for us in our livelihoods we have placed a strain on our planet.

Now what if we could naturally get rid of all the pollutants and chemicals that have been raving our planet for ages, what if the answer is Synthetic Biology?

We are at a point where we can rely on science and the companies are, ALLONIA and GINKGO BIOWORKS [Reshma an MIT graduate]. Now it has taken the role of solving the world’s most disturbing problems with the help of Synthetic Biology.

How Is It Changing The World?

Now what is it that we can do? Pretty simple we already know what Biology is good at, well it is making stuff.

So Synthetic Biology can crack nature’s language, and DNA and use it to make new things.

Let’s break this down….,

· Living Organism>Cells>Blueprint>DNA

Now if we understand how DNA works then we can copy or rewrite that DNA to do new things.

1. Grow Meat in a Lab

2. Engineer Crops that need less water

3. Develop organisms that can break down harmful chemicals that pollute our land, air, and water

We don’t understand how a cell works but when we do…. Tom Knight is a Synthetic Biologist and Computer Engineer and is known as the Godfather of Synthetic Biology.

What the DNA does, it instructs the cells of the body. It is composed of four letters ACGT, which are strung together in infinite combinations that make up all of nature. DNA code combinations are endless, and in the past, doing things by hand made our ability to program cells low. Our core limit to Synthetic Biology is because our tools aren’t good.

Stages of programming a Cell:

1. Design

2. Build

3. Test

4. Learn

The facility the GINGKO has, can sequence DNA and verify our biological designs.

1. The first thing is to write a DNA code on a computer using information pulled from nature.

2. DNA is then printed and put into a cell to test out how it works.

The facility is designed to be able to do that at a very large scale and to do many different samples in a pre-matured way about what cell designs worked and what didn’t, which is hugely valuable for the 4th step in the cycle.

So I would say that there are very high chances that this could give a second chance at life for our planet.

It has been with us for decades, so why talk about it in the first place, well it’s because of AI [For processing large amounts of data]. Not just for safety and security though, it can be used for hospitals and banking ect…,

HOW IT WORKS?

1. First, your face is captured with a photo or a video. It doesn’t matter if you are alone or in a crowd, it can happen in real time.

2. The software then measures a variety of facial features called landmarks or nodal points on the face.

3. Each program uses different nodal points and may collect up to 80 different measurements, it is then converted into a mathematical formula that makes your unique facial signature.

4. Then this is all compared to all the other face signatures, it happens in a matter of seconds.

>This technology can be traced back to the 1960s. One early system was developed by Woodrow Wilson Bledsoe.

>In the 1990’s the US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency and the National Institute of Standards and Technology designed a face recognition program.

>The technology only Bloomed in the 2010s.

CONCLUSION:

This technology is being developed at a very fast rate and this later will be used to make our lives more convenient for us to live and we need not carry an ID everywhere we go.

But most people see this as an invasion of privacy and some cities are working on banning it, why you ask, well, your facial data is being collected and stored without your permission. The technology is far off from being perfect and it’s still being able to be easily fooled even how strong we code it.

Later on, this can be used to personalize and customize our outside experience based on our age and maturity level on where we can go to, but this is only yet to come.

The Crone looked down on Evil with distaste a snarl curling at the corner of her lips, ready to take the cornerstone step if needed. She was a being to never cross the lands of the soft flowing waters the stream that takes away the sorrow that it once had a world devoid of emotion. That this could never entail to know for it has mystical powers of its own it does not let the weak dally.

Evil looked high up from the ground, its eyes lifeless all but dead-looking being blinded by the grotesque figure in front of it, hair haggard not a wisp to be seen out of place peculiarly immiscible for it to be humane, it indeed was not of the land of the living, the woman peered down at it, as it sees the figure a shudder and a slight gasp escapes its lips parting dreading what might befall for the penance it has done. Evil at once averted its gaze elsewhere not meeting the cold eyes of The Crone, deeming the Crone unworthy of its presence.

Not once but twice The Crone was disregarded by it, hot boiling silver rage coursed through her stick-looking hands, seething to end this long-forgotten feud once and for the ends of the world may meet, Evil has always been a less regarded being, known by calling it the worse of humanity has ever made to despise it in every notion.

The Crone screeched, barring her teeth like claws, stabbing its sensitive ears. Evil flinched away from her, grasping at its throat for repose from its mind-ripping sound that meandered through his body. For the ever so meager life it had, this once it felt threatened. It shied away from the being that trampled over it. The Crone let the flow of her voice drift by the sides of the wind as it painstakingly gnawed at the tips of its scorching ears, “You have shown the greatest of impertinence, not knowing the consequences you will later face as the trials to your misdeeds gradually close in on you”

Evil heaves at itself, chest shallowly constricting, gasping at the modicum amount of air it was allowed to breathe in, as it said derisively, “Can you turn the sun to a star or the star to a sun, No….. You …… Cannot.” It struggled to breathe as it was about to turn into mist, nothing that is what mist was, it continued, “As it is the same, and I may not change no matter how I turn out to be, The me now will always be the same as it was then, It is how I am perceived, No?” The Crone faltered its movements stunned at the revelation it heard from another being like itself older than time can name.

That was when a blinding flash of light struck the standing ground, sparks scattering to ends that could be seen throughout, one might have thought this was lightning but, no, Good descended upon the beings. Its voice echoed among the mystic, “What it says is true, Crone, unhand it this instant, the morning dew is too early to be reaped up on.” Its voice reverberates with absolute command regardless of what crosses its path.

The Crone was not one to be ordered around as it was an absolute being, to be commanded on was one of its most distasteful dislikes, she replies horrendously, “What makes you think I will heed you in on this?” She asks, voice unheated, for a being that has just been insulted. Good tilts its head and gives a once-over to The Crone, mildly acknowledging her presence and saying coldly, ”For it is the way how things wander about, just as how time never slows to catch up on behind the works of the absolute”.

To be continued…..

Nametag [Enhanced Identification Card]

This is called the fast-safe everyday physical ID. Nametag identity verification leverages a unique combination of cryptography, biometrics, proprietary AI models, and other features. Our patented technology prevents digital injection attacks and the use of AI deepfakes through a layered, multimodal approach.

Other providers are built for regulatory compliance and shopping benefits, leaving them vulnerable to common threats as well as injection attacks and deepfakes.

Integrated Identity Intelligence

The meta-layer that protects your entire identity infrastructure.

Better security and greater automation

Nametag connects user data from each of your IAM tools [Identity management (IdM), also known as identity and access management (IAM or IdAM), is a framework of policies and technologies to ensure that the right users (that are part of the ecosystem connected to or within an enterprise) have the appropriate access to technology resources.], SIEM[Security Information and Event Management] platforms, and even your HRIS. Our meta-layer delivers stronger identity verification and enables greater automation, including self-service MFA and password resets across all of your identity providers.

Nametag prevents:

Social engineering

Account takeovers

Injection attacks

AI deepfakes

Presentation attacks

Phishing

Vishing

Ransomware

New account fraud

CONCLUSION:

Hence we can say that it’s way better and much more risk-free to prevent outside hackers from ever penetrating into the walls of the meager privacy we get as we live in a world in which our lives are always being watched, so I would say that nametag is pretty innovative in its way of keeping encrypted data locked and sealed from the outside wandering eyes.

INTRODUCTION:

Now you may be asking why Iris Recognition Technology, as we know that is one of the surest and safest ways to use it for many aspects of our lives.

Shortly Iris technology will be the talk of the town being used in our everyday lives as it is pretty easy to use, you just need to scan your eyes and the technology will do the rest, it will scan the Furrows, Crypts and Rings of the Iris.

These patterns are then converted into a digital template which serves as a mathematical representation of the individual's iris characteristics.

Once done you are good to go the scanning device will analyze it thoroughly and you don't need to worry about silly stuff like it being taken down as it is coded in such a way that it can only accept it in 3-D and the symmetry of the eye.

COMPANIES WORKING ON IT:

Samsung and INNOVATRICS are two of the renowned companies working on this technology.

Benefits of iris recognition technology:

Encompass enhanced security, streamlined processes, convenience, and personalized experiences across diverse industries and applications.

Use Cases:

Security and Access Control Systems

Healthcare

Financial Services

Time and Attendance Management

Border Control

CONCLUSION:

Soon enough this will also be used in our local grocery store as to be used for our paying of stuff. This technology is being expanded and we will soon hope this will turn into something that benefits us and not the opposite.

INTRODUCTION:

The EAR[East African Rift] is an active continental rift zone in East Africa. It started to develop around the onset of the MIOCENE PERIOD.

It was previously considered a part of the Great Rift Valley, which extended north to Asia Minor. A narrow zone where the African continent is being diverged into two called the Somali and Nubian Plate at a rate of 6–7 mm per year, it might take 10s and millions of years for that to happen unless we are stupid enough to detonate a nuclear missile it might speed up the process of diverging and once it does it is said that it will conjoin to the Western coast of India.

There are many theories as to why such a rift was formed, some speculate that it was not because of tectonic activity but it was due to the difference in crustal density which led to the forming of superplume, causing mantle deformation. Although it is an important hypothesis it is still not well understood as to why the location and dynamics are formed as a matter of inactive research. The question is still being debated.

EVIDENCE OF SPLIT:

Recent geological surveys and satellite imagery have provided compelling evidence of the African continent’s slow but steady split. These observations confirm the active splitting of the continent, as the East African Rift gradually widens.

WHAT IS TECTONIC SHIFT?:

The Earth is in a constant state of change. Earth’s lithosphere, consists of 15 to 20 moving tectonic plates. The plates can be thought of like pieces of a cracked shell that rest on the hot, molten rock of Earth’s mantle and fit snugly against one another. The heat from radioactive processes within the planet’s interior causes the plates to move, sometimes toward and sometimes away from each other. This movement is called plate motion, or tectonic shift.

TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENTS OF INDIA:

Until roughly 140 million years ago, the Indian Plate formed part of the supercontinent, Gondwana, together with modern Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and South America. Gondwana fragmented as these continents drifted apart at different velocities, a process which led to the opening of the Indian Ocean.

In the late Cretaceous approximately 100 million years ago, and after the splitting from Gondwana of conjoined Madagascar and India, the Indian Plate split from Madagascar and formed Insular India. It began moving north, at about 20 cm (7.9 in) per year and is believed to have begun colliding with Asia as early as 55 million years ago.

CONCLUSION:

As it has happened many times in history since the formation of Pangea, Gondwana, and Eurasia, also to India and it is said that the Himalayas keep growing till this day as the tectonic plate converges, it is sure to happen to EAR soon enough in time.

FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION:

There are various methods for recognizing fingerprints. These include global and local methods, with one of them being matching. Matching involves identifying the minutiae points of a fingerprint and finding similarities with the same finger. This is particularly useful when unlocking a phone from different angles or in a way that differs from the original placement.

IRIS RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY:

So now you may be asking why the Iris and not some other part, It’s quite simple the iris possesses something that the other parts of our body don’t, as we age older the ring of the iris always stays the same, and its also unique as it is different for everyone even identical twins, the same pair of irises is not the same. The probability of 2 distinct individuals having the same iris is about 1 by 10 to the 78 power. So the chances are almost impossible that someone might share the same pattern as they may already be dead and gone. Hence Biometric irises are very reliable in applying it as a security feature.

HOW IRIS RECOGNITION WORKS:

1. Having it scanned: By using an infrared camera.

2. The pattern of Iris is isolated from the rest of the eye ANALYZED and put into a system of COORDINATES.

3. Extract these coordinates as digital coordinates and there you have it an Iris signature.

4. Cannot be Restored

5. Cannot be reproduced even if it’s restored.

6. Now all they need to do is scan their eyes and they will be granted access.

HOW ITS RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY BEING WILL BE USED:

To be real it has already been put to use for higher security authentication needs, and now it can be used for the larger public.

Like just for entering your firm, hospital check-ups, Fintech and Mobile Banking, buying products and stock exchange so on…,

This is supposed to increase from 0.12B in 2015 to 1.1B in 2020. Samsung is already in the test of all this.

INTRODUCTION:

The definition of biometric identification says that it is a method for recognizing people based on their physiological or behavioral traits.

You walk down the road and see a person, your brain will immediately recognize who that person is. Now what is the meaning of Biometrics? In Greek, it means “The measurement of the living.”

The things that we see around us are considered Biometrical Data.

Even the shape of your veins could set you apart.

PHYSICAL BIOMETRICAL DATA:

Things like Fingerprints, eyes, and faces are the physical attributes.

BEHAVIORAL BIOMETRIC DATA:

Things like Gate, signature, write or walk, for instance, and voice are the behavioral attributes.

· Biometric Data has two common features

1. UNIVERSAL: Fingerprints, irises, a face, and so on.

2. They are unique and no one in the world has the same.

Biometrics has two main types

>Authentication: Now just Imagine that you are going somewhere and they would need your passport you’re ID and you pass border control, this is Authentication.

>Identification: Now this can be used for investigation, like fingerprints, hair, skin, and blood mainly in the forensic team.

Main advantages:

>They are linked to a single individual

> Convenient

> The security, is fraud-resistant.

CONCLUSION:

The first smartphone that was released in the year 2007, was the first fingerprint recognizer to be released and now there are many more like face recognizers, this, later on, can be used in critical areas and track employee’s presence and this would become cheaper as businesses start using it for security and their benefits.