One of the latest ICO market trends is connected with the shift from utility to security tokens and the growing popularity of STOs. There is quite a lot of hype behind security tokens today and there are certain reasons for that. A security token offering is the next step towards legitimizing the way of raising funds in digital currency. STOs offer increased credibility and better alternative to traditional finance assets. They have a number of advantages over both, IPOs and ICOs.

Security tokens

Securities in the financial context are financial tools that have monetary value and can be traded. They can be classified as either equity or debt securities. So, securities are tradable financial assets such as bonds, options, stocks or other. Security tokens are crypto tokens that pay dividends or interest, share profits, or invest in other assets in order to generate profit for their holders. Security tokens usually derive their value from external tradable assets. The assets may be issued in the form of bonds, shares or any other financial instruments bringing passive income. They are subject to federal securities and regulations. As the assets represented by security tokens already exist in the physical world, they act like a bridge between legacy finance and the blockchain world.

Cryptographic tokens were divided by the SEC and FINMA into two broad categories — utility tokens and security tokens. Tokens can be considered to be security in case they pass the Howey Test. The test is employed to check if the token corresponds to certain requirements and in case the token has all the following elements, it can be considered to be security:

• the investment involves money or assets;
• the investment of money or assets are in a common enterprise;
• there is an expectation of profits from the investment;
• part of profit arises from the efforts of a promoter or third party.

ICO vs STO

A security token offering (STO) appeared not so long ago as another option of initial coin offering (ICO). In fact, STO is quite similar to ICO in terms of the main idea which is a way of raising funds with the use of crypto tokens which are sold to investors during the campaign. The main difference between ICO and STO is the type of tokens offered for purchase during the initial sale. Tokens offered during ICO campaign are utility tokens, while during STO campaign is based on issuing and selling security tokens.

Unlike utility tokens, security tokens are backed by real assets which are subject to federal securities regulations. Their value is determined by these external assets. STOs are seen as more stable and legitimate comparing to ICOs, as they offer increased security and lower risks for potential investors. Some significant differences between ICO and STO are:

✔ Function. Security tokens offer ownership of asset while utility tokens provide access to protocols.

✔ Profit. Security tokens are expected to provide profits to investors, while in case of utility tokens no profits can be guaranteed.

✔ Regulation. STOs are regulated offerings with obligatory KYC, while ICOs are more usually unregulated token sales.

Examples of STOs

Polymath — an open decentralized protocol for issuing and trading security tokens. It provides businesses with an opportunity to launch security tokens on the blockchain and enables individuals to take part in STOs.

tZERO — a blockchain-based platform for capital markets. The goal of the project is to revolutionize capital markets providing a new solution for accessing capital and enabling secondary liquidity for traditionally illiquid investments.

Swarm Fund — the blockchain for private equity. It provides unique blockchain-based market infrastructure that enables investing cryptocurrency into real assets and deploying traditional capital into crypto markets.

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⏳ What happened with the market in the last 7 days?

- BTC dominance: 53,3 % (↑0,7%)

- 24h Vol: $19,1 billion (↑15,1%)

- Market Cap: $114,1 billion (↓4%)

🔝Top 5 coins:

#1 Bitcoin: $3477,5 (↓2,8%)

#2 XRP: $0,30 (↓6,2%)

#3 Ethereum: $107,7 (↓7,8%)

#4 Bitcoin Cash: $112,6 (↓7,7%)

#5 EOS: $2,31 (↓0,4%)

🔝Top 5 tokens:

#1 Tether: $1,01 (stable coin)

#2 Binance Coin: $6,73 (↑3,5%)

#3 USD Coin: $1,02 (stable coin)

#4 Maker: $407,2 (↓6%)

#5 TrueUSD: $1,01 (stable coin)

📈 Gainers:

#1 Sentinel Chain: $0,008411 (↑242%)

#2 Beam: $1,94 (↑146%)

#3 Ormeus Coin: $0,042128 (↑124%)

📉 Losers:

#1 Kambria: $0,005123 (↓81%)

#2 DEX: $0,059578 (↓59%)

#3 Apollo Currency: $0,001501 (↓52%)

👆TOP News

📍 Binance DEX has announced to support hardware wallets. Read more

📍 Huobi is reportedly a leading exchange in commission earnings throughout 2018. Read more

📍 Zilliqa and MaiCoin have partnered to create a centralized security token exchange in Singapore. Read more

📍 OKEx has launched Thai Baht and British Pound OTC markets. Read more

📍 China has released its latest blockchain rankings of major cryptocurrencies. Read more

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What is Holo: a cryptocurrency payment solution

Holo is a decentralized hosting platform enabling fully-functional decentralized applications and massively scalable crypto-accounting infrastructure to host and manage them. The ecosystem relies on hosts providing processing and storage for Holochain applications (hApps). They are held entirely by people giving direct architectural consent and cryptographic communication with comparatively lower risks and costs. The platform allows its users to own their data, control their identity, connect apps suitable for their needs, make decentralized transactions and build lighter, faster and cheaper applications. HApps can be applicable in a number of different spheres, such as social media, supply chains, and more.

Website: holo.host, holochain.org

Token trading: May 1, 2018.

Where to buy tokens:

• Binance
• Fatbtc
• Hotbit
• Bilaxy
• ABCC
• and others

PPT token price: +71%.

How much they planned to make/made: 25 000 000 EUR (28 425 000 USD) / ~19 400 000 USD.

What their token gives you: utility token

What’s happened to tokens: current total token supply is around 177,6 billion (not limited), current circulating supply is around 133,2 billion.

What they promised/made:

Q2 2018: first test transaction on Holo; 5 000 hosts — N/A

Q3 2018: 100 test transactions an hour; 15 000 hosts; beta release — N/A

Q4 2018: 30 000 hosts; 50 apps; 10 000 users — ✖ (1 app live, >20 in development)

👉 2018 results

Crew: 40+ team members. The Founders of the project are Arthur Brock and Eric Harris-Braun.

Review after ICO:

• Current development stage: Developer Preview 0.0.3 released; HoloPorts prototypes are ready, pre-order is open in the official store.

• Holo Beta Mainnet is expected to be launched in 2019.

• Partnerships: Producers Token (global p2p marketplace for agricultural producers); Promether (security).

Communication: facebook, twitter, telegram, reddit, medium, youtube.

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Conjure

Project: Conjure is an incentivized decentralized content platform with search models based upon taxonomy. The platform combines traditional concepts from social media, search and advertising with blockchain technology, artificial intelligence and cryptocurrency. It enables content creators to monetize their content in the most efficient way.

Website: conjure.network

Tokens

Functions: utility token

Price: 1 CJR = 0,1 USD (Pre-ICO); 1 CJR = 0,21 USD (ICO)

Issue: 100 million

For sale: 70%

Crew

8 team members and 2 advisors. The Founders of the project are Max Helsel (CEO) and Shane Ciccone (COO).

Roadmap

Current development stage: concept.

First launch: Q1 2019 (alpha launch).

Further development: beta launch in Q3 2019.

Final stage: Q4 2019 (worldwide promotion).

Communication

Hype: ★☆☆☆☆

Telegram: 309

Twitter: 599

Facebook: 5

ICO

Dates: February 1 — April 30, 2019 (Pre-ICO), May 1 — June 1 (ICO)

Hard cap: 12 million USD

Terms: KYC and Whitelist; accepted currencies — ETH, BTC, LTC, NEO, USD; restricted areas — Singapore, North Korea, China, Iraq, Iran, Syria

ICObench rating: 4.8

DeepCloud

Project: DeepCloud is an AI-driven decentralized cloud computing platform for running DApps. It is going to provide a spot market for computing and storage resources for businesses and individuals with the goal of sharing their excess capacity on the decentralized cloud with AI matching engine.

Website: deepcloudai.com

Tokens

Functions: utility token

Price: 1 DEEP = 0,2 USD (Pre-ICO); 1 DEEP = 0,25 (ICO)

Issue: 200 million

For sale: 40%

Crew

9 team members, 5 advisors and 4 partners. The key positions are held by Max Rye (CEO), Geeta Chauhan (CTO) and Miroslav Sala (CPO).

Roadmap

Current development stage: MVP.

First launch: Q4 2018 (public MVP — IoT, DApps, DeepTransferPremium).

Further development: Application Marketplace; DeepProperty; Scalable Enterprise; DeepChain Mainnet developer community; Foundation formation; DeepChain developer tools; Global Enterprises; DeepChain analytics.

Final stage: Q4 2020 (DeepChain fraud prevention engine).

Communication

Hype: ★★★☆☆

Telegram: 20,1 thousand

Twitter: 8,6 thousand

ICO

Dates: January 28 — February 28, 2019 (Pre-ICO); March 1 — April 15, 2019 (ICO)

Hard cap: 10 000 000 USD

Terms: KYC and Whitelist; accepted currency — ETH; restricted areas — USA, China

ICObench rating: 4.5

Bitacium

Project: Bitacium is a smart market for socializing and communicating. It integrates business and social activities into one network. The network offers easy cross border payments with the use of native tokens and a distributed token sharing exchange. The app provides the users with the ability to access, purchase, sell goods and services as well as accept digital currencies in any location and has a rewarding mechanism.

Website: bitacium.io

Tokens

Functions: utility token

Price: 1 XBOND = 0,5 USD (Pre-ICO); 1 XBOND = 1 USD (ICO)

Issue: 25 million

For sale: 80%

Crew

4 team members and 1 advisor: Anugar Gautam (Digital Marketing), Richard Usman (Co-Founder), Damian Devine (PR), Wayne Notarte (Community Architect), Raghav Sawhney (Advisor).

Roadmap

Current development stage: concept.

First launch: March 2019 (exchange and wallet launch).

Further development: partnerships with merchant globally.

Final stage: May 2019 (first Bitacium Expo; Grand Global commercials and marketplace promotion).

Communication

Hype: ★☆☆☆☆

Telegram: 768

Twitter: 674

Facebook: 255

ICO

Dates: February 1 — February 28, 2019

Hard cap: 13 000 000 USD

Terms: Whitelist; accepted currencies — ETH, BTC, fiat; minimum investment — 5 USD; restricted areas — USA

ICObench rating: 3.9

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The ICO market offers projects for many different industries. Currently there are a lot of similar projects in the fields of finance, banking, cloud services, e-commerce, gaming, and more. Still, there are also some unique projects that are completely different from others. They stand out against the others in terms of the main idea. Some of such unusual projects that carried out ICOs in 2018 are described below.

Pigzbe: cryptocurrency and wallet for children

About the project: Pigzbe is the first cryptocurrency and a wallet meant for children aged 6 and up. The wallet is partly physical and partly digital, it is powered by native tokens. Pigzbe is a friendly and tangible financial assistant meant to teach children the principles of modern money as well as it is a modern and safe system that harnesses children’s natural drive to learn through self-correcting, practical experimentation. The goal of the project is to provide modern financial education to children and families all around the world

Website: pigzbe.com

ICO dates: September 5 — October 31, 2018

Raised sum: 7 200 000 USD

CoinJanitor: a project meant to buy out dead coins

About the project: CoinJanitor is a cleaning crypto project meant for buying failed projects and dead coins. It is based on paying its users for burning their delisted or worthless tokens. The project provides connection of dead coin communities in one single place. Via buying out dead coins the project is able to unlock value trapped in them to make it flow back into the cryptocurrency market. The goal of the project is to make cryptocurrency market healthier for everyone.

Website: coinjanitor.io

ICO dates: May 1 — May 31, 2018

Raised sum: 2 500 000 USD

GlitzKoin: diamond trading platform

About the project: GlitzKoin integrates blockchain technology into the diamond industry supply chain providing a global trade diamond platform. The goal of the project is to improve the cost of transportation, lack of visibility and inefficiencies with paper-based processes. The platform provides blockchain-based tracking for certified diamonds, a record of attributes, origin and history of each diamond, theft prevention and diamonds tracking. GlitzKoin decentralized marketplace will allow facilitating trustless transactions and ancillary services like shipping and insurance.

Website: glitzkoin.com

ICO dates: March 16 — June 25, 2018

Raised sum: 18 000 000 USD

ELAMACHAIN: emotional AI platform

About the project: ELAMACHAIN is a hyperledger fabric-based emotional AI platform. The platform provides unique user experience by optimizing to user’s cognitive needs and emotional preferences. Blockchain and AI technologies are utilized to meet the needs of individuals and businesses in connection with existing ecosystem. ELA ecosystem utilizes a chatbot, an emotion intelligence-based conversation tool to form friendly relationship with users and obtain various information. Based on the data obtained from the users it increases AI aptitude to user’s emotional preference and provides different missions to users.

Website: elamachain.io

ICO dates: August 6, 2017 — October 1, 2018

Raised sum: N/A

SKYFchain: platform for cargo robotics industry

About the project: SKYFchain is a blockchain-based platform for cargo robotics industry. It is the first business-to-robotics platform based on blockchain technology. The project offers the first industrial grade heavy cargo drones. The project will provide unmanned cargo robots able to be used in the air, on the ground and at the sea. Such robots can dramatically reduce cost of logistics and increase efficiency for both industrial users and end customers worldwide. The platform will contain critical information for each stage of lifecycle of a cargo robot.

Website: skyfchain.io

ICO dates: March 10 — August 15, 2018

Raised sum: 6 200 000 USD

🔍 You may also like:

• Biggest ICOs of 2018 in Terms of Raised Funds
• Best ICOs of 2018 in Terms of ROI

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The worldwide retail e-commerce market is rapidly growing. According to statista.com, it is expected to grow from $2,3 trillion in 2017 to $4,9 trillion in 2021. Blockchain technology brings extended opportunities for the e-commerce industry, providing increased safety, complete transparency, trusted reviews, and more. Blockchain-based e-commerce projects offer better solutions solving a number of challenges typical for traditional e-commerce companies. Some of the most popular startups implementing blockchain for e-commerce business are given below.

Storiqa

Storiqa is a blockchain-based marketplace with a wide range of functions for effective sales all over the world. It allows selling and buying goods with cryptocurrencies and without financial boundaries. All transactions on the platform are secured with the use of smart contracts. The platform provides safe purchase system, open 24/7 statistics and trusted reviews. Its native token is meant for internal payments and is the only measure of payment for fees and marketplace services. The goal of the project is to provide online e-commerce businesses with advantages of blockchain technology.

Website: storiqa.com

ECoinmerce

ECoinmerce is a blockchain-based social e-commerce platform. All digital assets on the platform, including online stores, product pages, videos, reviews and so on, are 100% owned by the users who created them. The platform allows to significantly reduce transaction fees for retailers, so that consumers can benefit from much better prices. It also provides rewards for users and influencers motivating them to make product reviews. ECoinmerce allows selling and buying products with both fiat and cryptocurrencies.

Website: ecoinmerce.io

Eligma

Eligma is an AI-driven and blockchain-based platform for e-commerce offering a number of innovative solutions for the industry. The platform provides decentralized sales and loyalty infrastructure, crypto payment gateway, mobile app, POS crypto payments and other shopping solutions. Eligma introduces a unified shopping account allowing the users to complete purchases in multiple online stores at once. With the use of AI the platform can process millions of data points from numerous online stores to compare product specifications and features in order to select the most corresponding products at user request.

Website: eligma.com

Buying.com

Buying.com is a decentralized e-commerce platform that allows online stores and consumers to buy goods directly from manufacturers, wholesalers and distributors. The platform implements blockchain technology providing new business models, new ways of distribution, more efficient logistics and operations and much more. The goal of the project is to provide a more vertically integrated and efficient solution to improve the economics of e-commerce.

TANZŌ

TANZŌ is a blockchain-based social e-commerce platform for handmade goods providing protection to crafters and guaranteeing craftsmanship to the buyers. The platform uses a combination of blockchain, geolocation and timestamp functionality to verify the identity and authenticity of new crafters. The implemented smart contract system is responsible for registering crafters and their products upon meeting the predefined conditions. TANZŌ is also going provide trusted product and crafter ratings and reviews.

Website: tanzo.io

👉 You may also like:

• Blockchain use cases: e-commerce
• ICOs by category: VR blockchain game projects
• ICOs by category: blockchain-based IoT projects

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⏳ What happened with the market in the last 7 days?

- BTC dominance: 52,6% (↓0,1%)

- 24h Vol: $16,6 billion (↓7,3%)

- Market Cap: $118,9 billion (↓0,1%)

🔝Top 5 coins:

#1 Bitcoin: $3576,32 (↓0,4%)

#2 XRP: $0,32 (~no change)

#3 Ethereum: $116,8 (↓1,7%)

#4 Bitcoin Cash: $122,01 (↓4,2%)

#5 EOS: $2,32 (↑1,3%)

🔝Top 5 tokens:

#1 Tether: $1,01 (stable coin)

#2 Binance Coin: $6,5 (↑13%)

#3 USD Coin: $1,01 (stable coin)

#4 Maker: $433,07 (↑1,4%)

#5 TrueUSD: $1,01 (stable coin)

📈 Gainers:

#1 Apollo Currency: $0,003120 (↑294%)

#2 TenX: $0,432363 (↑170%)

#3 OAX: $0,207117 (↑150%)

📉 Losers:

#1 Ormeus Coin: $0,019519 (↓65%)

#2 Quantis Network: $0,061481 (↓53%)

#3 LRM Coin: $0,489153 (↓52%)

👆TOP News

📍 Ethereum Constantinople hard fork has been postponed to late February. Read more

📍 The Stock Exchange of Thailand is going to apply for a digital asset operating license. Read more

📍 Bittrex has announced to launch a new digital asset trading platform in Asia. Read more

📍 Huobi exchange has relaunched as a fully licensed platform in Japan. Read more

📍 New cryptocurrency governing regulations have come into effect in Malaysia. Read more

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Introduction to DAG

In computer science and mathematics a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a finite directed graph with no cycles. In other words, it’s a graph where everything flows in the same direction.

• Directed: It implies that the links between all the nodes have the same direction.
• Acyclic: It means that cycles are not possible, so that transactions cannot loop back on themselves after linking to other transactions.
• Graph: The term graph stands for topological sorting, where the nodes are connected to each other with edges in a certain order.

DAG components:

• A node with no parents
• Nodes with no children
• Nodes, where data is stored
• Directed edges, where links go only one way

DAG features:

• Data structure is similar to tree-like file directory structure
• Cannot be cyclical
• Can go only in one direction
• The same node can never be encountered for the second time
• Edges can be connected to more than one edge

DAG vs blockchain

DAG is a relatively new technology that appeared as an alternative to the blockchain architecture. It is more technologically advanced comparing to the blockchain, though it’s also not free from drawbacks. In general, DAG is much like blockchain as it is composed of a network of nodes confirming transactions. The main difference between DAG and blockchain is in data structure. DAG doesn’t need blocks. Instead of holding data in blocks, it provides a kind of chain, where transactions are linked from one to another and identified by their hashes. Besides, unlike the blockchain, DAG does not need miners to confirm each transaction, as within DAG the nodes themselves become miners and only transactions for the two closest nodes are to be verified. Therefore, the process of transaction confirmation is much more lightweight and transaction fees are reduced to zero.

DAG advantages:

• Higher throughput. Blockless nature of DAG provides quick transactions. In DAG validation is parallelized which leads to higher throughput.
• Infinite scalability as increase of the network size leads to increase in transaction speed.
• Lower transaction fees as there are no miner fees.
• Better solution for micro transactions due to fee structure.
• Increased decentralization as there is no influence of large mining pools over the network.

And the main DAG disadvantage comparing to blockchain is that it needs a lot of traffic to start operating.

Examples of implementation

✔ IOTA — an open-source distributed ledger meant to power the future of the IoT with feeless microtransactions and data integrity for machines. IOTA uses its own data structure called Tangle and based on DAG instead of blockchain. It allows multiple transactions to be verified simultaneously. This is simpler and more flexible than the classic blockchain technique of bundling transactions into blocks that can only be validated in a rigid, linear way, one block at a time. IOTA’s DAG data structure allows for the network’s easy scalability. Everyone is participating in reaching a consensus and, therefore, the more people are using IOTA, the faster the network becomes.

✔ Byteball — a platform for payments and smart contracts, allowing for private transactions and a messaging system. It utilizes DAG instead of blockchain or blocks. Transactions do not have to connect in a straight chain, they are linked to multiple previous transactions and form a DAG structure.

✔ COTI — the world’s first DAG protocol optimized for creating decentralized payment networks and stable coins. The core component of COTI’s infrastructure is a proprietary consensus algorithm based on machine learning called Trustchain. The Trustchain lies on a multi-DAG data structure which drives up scalability, processing over tens of thousands of transactions per second. The goal of the project is to revolutionize crypto adoption by becoming the base layer upon which future decentralized solutions will be built.

✔ Fantom — the world’s first DAG-based smart contract platform solving the issue of scalability and confirmation time of the existing blockchain technology.

✔ Perlin — the first practical, trustless and decentralized cloud computing marketplace that leverages underutilized compute power in everyday smart devices to make supercomputing economically viable and accessible globally. Perlin’s compute layer is bootstrapped on top of it’s DAG-based ledger unlocking a plethora of underutilized compute resources from everyday devices.

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Over 2500 companies completed an ICO in 2018, about 1000 of them managed to raise funds, and the total amount of collected funds reached around $11,6 billion.* Though just a few of these campaigns have turned out to be successful for the participants and have brought return on investment. This review covers the most successful of these ICOs in terms of ROI.

*According to ICObench report.

1️⃣ Consentium (CSM)

Consentium is a blockchain-based platform for communities. The platform includes a multi-currency wallet, community monetization functionality, a multi-featured chat app. Consentium empowers content creators to connect with other users by building groups and monetizing their group followers. The chat allows users to communicate with each other, create groups, join channels, send photos, files audio messages and crypto transfers.

Website: consentium.net

ICO dates: April 15 — April 30, 2018

Raised funds: 42 000 000 USD

ICO price: 0,25 USD

Current price: 4,91 USD

ROI: ~1860%

2️⃣ Zilliqa (ZIL)

Zilliqa is a scalable and secure blockchain platform for hosting decentralized applications. The forefront of Zilliqa solution is based on sharding technology, allowing to divide the netowkr into smaller shards that are able to process transactions simultaneously and provide scalability to thousands of transactions per second. Special features of the project include high transaction speed (up to several thousand TPS), practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant (pBFT) consensus algorithm and new smart contract language.

Website: zilliqa.com

ICO dates: December 27, 2017 — January 4, 2018

Raised funds: 22 000 000 USD

ICO price: 0,0038 USD

Current price: 0,0226 USD

ROI: ~495%

3️⃣ Holo (HOT)

Holochain a decentralized hosting ecosystem. It is meant for building a truly peer-to-peer Internet, owned and run by users where they can control their data, decide who to interact with and get rewarded for sharing computer’s processing power and storage. Holochain apps are massively scalable, fast, energy efficient and low-cost. The goal of the project is to enable people to interact with each other by mutual-consent to a shared set of rules without relyingon any authority. Holochain can be used for social networking, supply chains, rating systems; collective intelligence, collaboration, etc.

Website: holo.host

ICO dates: March 29 — April 28, 2018

Raised funds: 20 400 000 USD

ICO price: ~0,00015 USD

Current price: 0,0006 USD

ROI: 300%

4️⃣ Digitex (DGTX)

Digitex is a commission free futures exchange with its own cryptocurrency. The exchange offers real time, on-chain futures trading with zero trading fees and non-custodial account balances. DGTX token is an essential part of the platform as all account balances are denominated in DGTX and all profits and losses on the platform are made in DGTX tokens. Digitex exchange combines the advantages of centralized and decentralized systems. Traders benefit from the speed and reliability of real time trading on a centralized order matching engine. Account balances are kept in an independent smart contract.

Website: digitexfutures.com

ICO dates: January 15 — February 15, 2018

Raised funds: 5 200 000 USD

ICO price: 0,01 USD

Current price: 0,04 USD

ROI: ~ 300%

5️⃣ QuarkChain (QKC)

QuarkChain is a flexible, scalable and user-oriented blockchain infrastructure implementing sharding technology. QuarkChain ecosystem consists of two layers of blockchains — elastic sharding blockchains as the first layer, and a root blockchain confirming blocks from the shard as the second layer. It allows for cross-shard transactions, market driven collaborative mining, horizontal scalability and simple account management.

Website: quarkchain.io

ICO dates: June 2 — June 3, 2018

Raised funds: 20 000 000 USD

ICO price: ~0,02 USD

Current price: 0,038 USD

ROI: 90%

🔍 You may also like: Biggest ICOs of 2018 in Terms of Raised Funds

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Blockchain is a cutting-edge technology that can be implemented in a variety of industries and make our life better in many ways. Our Blockchain Use Cases heading is meant to study the ways blockchain can be applied and overview the projects implementing it in different fields.

The worldwide e-commerce market keeps on growing. According to statista.com, the market size for retail e-commerce sales is expected to grow from $2,3 trillion in 2017 to $4,9 trillion in 2021. Nevertheless, e-commerce still faces a number of challenges such as:

• Strong competition requiring for smarter business models and technologies for the companies to survive.
• Need for middlemen increasing the costs and complicating the whole process.
• Low level of consumer personal data and financial details protection.
• Complex process consisting of a number of different supply chain stages.

Blockchain technology can help to solve these and other challenges and become the driving force behind e-commerce in the near future providing higher level of security, reliability and decentralization opportunities. Now let’s study the ways e-commerce can benefit from implementing blockchain technolodgy.

Increased security and complete transparency

One of the key advantages of blockchain technology is its ability to establish trust between the parties significantly decreasing possibility of disputes between them. Buyers are protected due to usage of smart contracts which transfer money to a seller only when an order reaches its destination. Thus, blockchain increases buyers’ confidence and makes online shopping more attractive. Besides, the users’ personal data is securely protected with the use of blockchain. Besides, blockchain brings transparency in transactions as each transaction is recorded in a shared ledger and cannot be changed by anybody providing security, visibility and traceability.

Enhanced operational efficiency

Blockchain technology and smart contracts can significantly facilitate supply chain execution and tracking in e-commerce, allowing regulating logistics and payment processing and providing easy integration with various management systems. These innovations enable to make inventory control automatically so that an online store never runs out of products at the same time ensuring that excess inventory is not accumulated. Moreover, blockchain provides faster transactions, simplifying payment process and eliminating the need for intermediaries.

Cost effectiveness

Blockchain brings alternative payment methods with the use of cryptocurrencies providing a number of advantages over traditional fiat currencies, such as fast and cheap transactions with no extra fees. Blockchain is a better solution for payment processing as it can balance speed, privacy and integrity as well as eliminate financial boundaries. Implementation of multicurrency wallets with both, crypto and fiat support can help buyers and sellers to interact easily and perform cross-border payments in a convenient way with lower fees for transferring crypto payments comparing to fiat transfers.

Smart and fair reviews

In today’s e-commerce world there are a lot of counterfeit reviews about products and services so that users can’t really trust most reviews. Blockchain can change the situation bringing transparency and honesty to online reviews. Blockchain-based e-commerce platforms can motivate users to write true feedback about obtained products and services for loyalty rewards. Besides, blockchain can control that shoppers leave reviews only after receiving the ordered good, decreasing the possibility of fake reviews.

Advanced promotion opportunities

Blockchain provides advanced opportunities for smart cooperation between sellers and influencers providing direct interaction between them and enhanced automated loyalty rewards. Customer loyalty reward programs can be completely automated within a blockchain since all records are stored in the blockchain it is easy to create smart contracts offering discounts or issuing reward points to customers as they surpass certain spending thresholds.

Blockchain-based e-commerce startups

There are some startups that have already begun to employ blockchain to build the robust business solutions for e-commerce. Some of them are:

✔ Storiqa — a blockchain-based marketplace that allows selling and buying goods with cryptocurrencies and without financial boundaries. Implementation of smart contracts provides safe purchase system, open 24/7 statistics and trusted reviews.

✔ ECoinmerce — a social e-commerce platform based on blockchain technology. All digital assets on the platform including online stores, product pages, videos, reviews and so on, are 100% ownedby the users who created them.

✔ Eligma — an AI-driven and blockchain-based platform for e-commerce offering a number of innovative solutions for the industry. The platform provides decentralized sales and loyalty infrastructure, crypto payment gateway, mobile app and POS crypto payments and other shopping solutions.

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