5 Layers of Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Model
The TCP/IP model, which defines the protocols and standards used in network communication, has four layers instead of the OSI model’s seven. To enable data transmission across networks, these layers cooperate. The TCP/IP model’s layers are briefly explained below 👇
Application Layer — Human Interaction
The Application Layer is where applications and users interact with the network. It includes protocols like HTTP for browsing the web, SMTP for sending emails, and FTP for sharing files. This layer enables different programs and services to communicate over the network.
Transport Layer — Transmission Protocols
The Transport Layer enables communication between devices. It establishes connections between them and makes sure data is delivered reliably and efficiently. The main protocol in this layer is TCP, which ensures data is sent accurately and in the right order.
Network Layer — Physical Path
The Network Layer is responsible for addressing, routing, and logical organization of data packets for transmission across different networks. It uses IP addresses to uniquely identify devices on the network and determines the most optimal path for data to reach its intended destination. This layer handles tasks such as packet fragmentation and reassembly to accommodate different network sizes and technologies.
Data Link Layer — Format of Data
The Data Link Layer provides reliable and error-free data transfer between directly connected devices on the same network. It takes the data from the Network Layer and organizes it into manageable units called frames. This layer also handles tasks such as error detection and correction, flow control, and medium access control. It ensures that the data is efficiently and accurately transmitted over the physical link.
Physical Layer — Transmits Raw Bit
The Physical Layer is responsible for the actual transmission of data over the network. It deals with the physical aspects of communication, including the hardware components such as cables, connectors, and network interface cards. This layer ensures that the signals representing the data can be accurately transmitted and received between devices.
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The TCP/IP is older than the OSI model and was created by the US Department of Defence (DoD) for use in ARPANET in the 1970s
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Read about the OSI model 👇
