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Working in Public: The Making and Maintenance of Open Source Software
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Open source software, in which developers publish code that anyone can use, has long served as a bellwether for other online behavior. In the late 1990s, it provided an optimistic model for public collaboration, but in the last 20 years it’s shifted to solo operators who write and publish code that's consumed by millions.
In Working in Public, Nadia Asparouhova takes an inside look at modern open source software development, its evolution over the last two decades, and its ramifications for an internet reorienting itself around individual creators. Asparouhova, who interviewed hundreds of developers while working to improve their experience at GitHub, argues that modern open source offers us a model through which to understand the challenges faced by online creators. She examines the trajectory of open source projects, including:
- The GitHub platform for hosting and development
- The structures, roles, incentives, and relationships involved in open source projects
- The often-overlooked maintenance required of its creators
- The costs of production that endure through an application’s lifetime.
Open source communities are increasingly centered around the work of individual developers rather than teams. Similarly, if creators, rather than discrete communities, are going to become the epicenter of our online social systems, we need to better understand how they work—and we can do so by studying what happened to open source.
- Print length256 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherStripe Press
- Publication dateAugust 4, 2020
- Dimensions6.25 x 1 x 9.25 inches
- ISBN-100578675862
- ISBN-13978-0578675862
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Stripe Press
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Business & Management
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Economics & History
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Ideas & Innovation
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Science & Technology
From the Publisher
From the introduction
Until recently, information was good, and more information was better. If the free exchange of ideas formed the basis of a flourishing society, then we had a moral imperative to connect more people to one another.
The spirit of openness lasted more than 200 years. We championed the value of literacy and education. We built roads, bridges, and highways that brought together previously isolated communities. We careened toward the new millennium, flushed with the global triumph of Western liberal democracy.
Then we hit a snag. Suddenly, there was too much information. Too many notifications made us want to check them less. Too many social interactions made us want to post online less frequently. Too many emails made us not want to answer. Our online public lives became too much to handle, causing many of us to shrink back into our private spheres.
A must-read in open source software communities
"Working in Public is the fantastic follow-up to Roads and Bridges, and shows how Nadia's scope has widened and thoughts have evolved since the first book. A must-read for anyone interested in open source software communities."
—Mike McQuaid, engineer at GitHub and Homebrew maintainer
The definitive book on the dynamics of online creative communities
"Nadia writes from a unique perspective at the intersection of open source, economics, and poetry. This is the definitive book on the dynamics of online creative communities."
—Nat Friedman, CEO of GitHub
An anthropological dive into the stories of real developers
"In the age of information abundance, we're all maintainers now. Working in Public is an anthropological dive into the stories of real developers, providing us a lens of open source with which to ask new questions. Nadia presents us with a book not focused on just money, licenses, or code but for all of us who make, as creators of all kinds."
—Henry Zhu, open source maintainer, Babel
About the author
Nadia Eghbal is a writer and researcher who explores how the internet enables individual creators. From 2015 to 2019, she focused on the production of open source software, working independently and at GitHub to improve the open source developer experience. She is the author of Roads and Bridges: The Unseen Labor Behind Our Digital Infrastructure, published by the Ford Foundation, where she argued that open source code is a form of public infrastructure that requires maintenance.
About the publisher
Stripe Press publishes ideas for progress in science, technology, and economics. Our collection includes new ideas from emerging and established thinkers and industry leaders, as well as reimagined editions of enduring works. We curate our titles for a global audience of builders and practitioners who are shaping the future of policy and industry.
Stripe Press is based in South San Francisco, with team members across the US and in London. We are a part of the global payments infrastructure company Stripe.
Other titles by Stripe Press:
- High Growth Handbook by Elad Gil
- The Dream Machine by M. Mitchell Waldrop
- Stubborn Attachments by Tyler Cowen
- The Revolt of the Public by Martin Gurri
- An Elegant Puzzle by Will Larson
- Get Together by Bailey Richardson, Kevin Huynh, and Kai Elmer Sotto
- The Making of Prince of Persia by Jordan Mechner
Editorial Reviews
Review
—Nat Friedman, CEO of GitHub
"Nadia is one of today's most nuanced thinkers about the depth and potential of online communities, and this book could not have come at a better time as the ways we relate to each other has become sharply more mediated by the internet. It dives deep into the heart of how some of the most complex and productive online communities open source projects have grown along with the internet they helped create, with lessons for many others far beyond software."
—Devon Zuegel, director of product, communities at GitHub
"In the age of information abundance, we're all maintainers now. Working in Public is an anthropological dive into the stories of real developers, providing us a lens of open source with which to ask new questions. Nadia presents us with a book not focused on just money, licenses, or code but for all of us who make, as creators of all kinds."
—Henry Zhu, open source maintainer, Babel
"Working in Public is the fantastic follow-up to Roads and Bridges, and shows how Nadia's scope has widened and thoughts have evolved since the first book. A must-read for anyone interested in open source software communities."
—Mike McQuaid, engineer at GitHub and Homebrew maintainer
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Stripe Press
- Publication date : August 4, 2020
- Language : English
- Print length : 256 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0578675862
- ISBN-13 : 978-0578675862
- Item Weight : 2.31 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.25 x 1 x 9.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #271,662 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #67 in Computing Industry History
- #90 in Software Development (Books)
- #220 in Computers & Technology Industry
- Customer Reviews:
About the authors

Nadia Asparouhova is a writer and researcher who explores how the internet enables individual creators. From 2015 to 2019, she focused on the production of open source software, working independently and at GitHub to improve the open source developer experience. She is the author of Roads and Bridges: The Unseen Labor Behind Our Digital Infrastructure, published by the Ford Foundation, where she argued that open source code is a form of public infrastructure that requires maintenance.

Nadia Asparouhova is a writer and researcher. Her work has been supported by Emergent Ventures, Schmidt Futures, Ford Foundation, Ethereum Foundation, Protocol Labs, and Cosmos Institute. Her writing has appeared in Wired, The New Atlantis, The Point, Tablet Magazine, and Asterisk. She is the author of Antimemetics: Why Some Ideas Resist Spreading (Dark Forest Collective) and Working in Public: The Making and Maintenance of Open Source Software (Stripe Press).
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Top reviews from the United States
- 5 out of 5 stars
Poetic and funny
Reviewed in the United States on August 11, 2020"Running a successful open source project is just Good Will Hunting in reverse, where you start out as a respected genius and end up being a janitor who gets into fights." - Byrne Hobart from The Diff on "Working in Public".
The book gives a nuanced overview of the many communities and economics of open source, from the idealistic communities of 30 years ago that we usually think about to the modern GitHub era.
"Working in Public" offers a unique lens into the economics and communities of online creatives, tracking open source's evolution from fringe idealism to becoming a ubiquitous utility - while creating trillions in economic value along the way (relatively little of which went to creators).
As work on a project gets less and less fun over time, the book offers creative solutions for incentive problems, ranging from creator monetization features from Twitch, to patronage, to a peer-sourced community, to not maintaining projects to get your attention back - all part of a buffet of emerging options for an economic model stuck in the past that looks like Esports a la 2011.
The book is also witty and funny (my favorite analogy for maintenance was a neighbor who comes and knocks on your doors with requests for how you should put up your Christmas lights), and has a high bar for craft throughout - everything is impeccably well designed, including the cover texture, page weight, and lie flat binding. The same level of craft and precision went into every detail about what was in and out of scope for the book, necessary given how demanding extractive contributors can be (and surely will be about this book!).
Creators first. This book lives that message, from its physical form to its message. Great book!
24 people found this helpfulSending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
Beautiful work I've been waiting years to see, and I'm thrilled it's here!
Reviewed in the United States on August 13, 2020Nadia distills years of the open source movement, overlapping with the growth of social media, into readily understandable terms and highlights not only successes, but failures. In doing so, she makes a path forward achievable for both those wanting to help produce, and who want to consume, these kinds of abundant services without a tragedy of the commons kind of outcome. Well founded insights are wrapped into some thoughtful hypothesis of the road's forward and where they might lead. If you're interested in OSS, how it works, and where it's (likely) going - this is a must-read.
5 people found this helpfulSending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 4 out of 5 stars
Essential Reading for Open Source Leaders and Managers
Reviewed in the United States on September 17, 2022A great primer on various methods of contributing to and funding open source. It is refreshing to learn many of us struggle with the very same things and consider the successes from various projects.
Sending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
Excellent Overview of Open Source Software
Reviewed in the United States on August 16, 2020The author has written an excellent account of open source software as it is developed on today. Even though the author is not a developer herself, she seems to have a better grasp of the topic than many developers among the open source contributors and consumers. While no definitive answers are provided in this book on burning questions such as how best to make open source “sustainable”, this book does a magnificent job of framing the pertinent issues and pointing towards the critical few variables that will need to be solved for. More importantly, this book discusses the important relationships around software projects - between maintainers and core non-code contributors, between project members and consumers, between maintainers and their platforms and tools. Given how important open source has become to the software industry, this book is a must read for everyone in either open source communities or in the commercial software development profession.
10 people found this helpfulSending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
fun to read w/ lots of clever analogies to help the reader
Reviewed in the United States on October 30, 2020I'm a finance person working w/ some SaaS co.s and I needed some coaching up re: open source, Git versus GitHub etc. A big help! Just one example, pages 56 - 65 explain how to think about a project's user growth rates - versus contributor growth rates - via a matrix of clever analogies (federations vs. clubs vs. toys vs. stadiums). Also I enjoyed learning about some of the individual creators and personalities (some a bit wacky) behind the structure of the industry.
Sending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 3 out of 5 stars
Not bad but could be much better
Reviewed in the United States on May 18, 2021The book has it's moments and sometimes good insights, but the author writes too much about social media in general, than about open source projects. The last chapter is very disappointing,
2 people found this helpfulSending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
Really clear and in depth coverage of open source as it exists today
Reviewed in the United States on September 30, 2020I really got a lot out of this book, learned some things I really hadn't thought about in spite of having been a user and sometimes contributor and maintainer of open source software for many years. The ideas and concepts are exceptionally clear and supported with examples and footnotes for more reading. I managed to read it as a before bed book, something most technical topics do not manage!
Sending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
A profoundly well written and researched book on Open Source Software Development
Reviewed in the United States on November 15, 2020Nadia Eghbal has done the open source community a profound service in writing this book. It is marvelous. The book covers both the social, economic and unseen costs of developing open source software. It gives the reader an appreciation for the subtleties of the process, and articulates the impact of the approach upon both the contributor and consumer of open source code projects.
The cited references add weight by example and provide a wealth of insight. Highly recommended.
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Top reviews from other countries
Ibrahim Cesar5 out of 5 starsGrande leitura
Reviewed in Brazil on October 20, 2020Um livro profundo, que engaja desde o início, sempre trazendo insights e comentários interessantes sobre a comunidade do open source e suas implicações para o mundo moderno que cada vez mais depende dessa infra-estrutura.
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tanmay pai5 out of 5 starsIncredibly insightful!
Reviewed in India on August 27, 2020Fascinating read on the history, present, and near future of open source software development. The author does a great job elucidating the phenomenon to a casual reader. She also touches on wider implications for social media and content creation.
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Amazon Customer5 out of 5 starsOpened my eyes to the challenges and potentials of open-source and content creation.
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on July 3, 2022Very engaging read. Great experience on Kindle app (iPad).
As a relatively new developer keen to get involved in open-source, this book has provided an excellent grounding in ‘why’ people write open-source products, how they avoid becoming overwhelmed by user requests/issues, and a few potential mechanisms for earning a modest livelihood along the way.
I particularly liked the author’s comparisons to news outlets and social media influencers as alternative examples of ‘content creators’. I had never really considered open-source developers to be content creators, but in retrospect this makes a lot of sense. We’re seeing an increase in ‘influencer culture’ in the tech space - now I understand why.
Definitely worth reading this book! I thoroughly enjoyed it.
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Sergio5 out of 5 starsMuy top. Un must para todas aquellas personas que se dediquen al OSS o tengan interés en ello
Reviewed in Spain on April 21, 2024Te plantea los problemas actuales del mundo del OSS, las preocupaciones y problemas que sufren los maintainers, las necesidades que cada tipo de proyecto OSS puede llegar a tener.
Veo opiniones negativas alegando que no profundiza en la historia del OSS, o que si te dedicas al OSS no vas a aprender nada de este libro. Totalmente erróneo.
Si de verdad te dedicas al mundo del OSS, en proyectos de los que dependes cientos o miles de usuarios, sabrás bien lo dificil que es ser maintainer, como lidiar con esos cientos y cientos de comentarios, notificaciones etc.
Este libro te hace no sentirte solo y a demás, te ayuda a gestionar esa frustración y a elaborar una estrategia para mantener tu comunidad alrededor de tu(s) proyectos.
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Vincent Crepin5 out of 5 starsExtremely Well documented
Reviewed in Canada on January 12, 2021This is very detailed book on a complex subject. I suspect the author spent NUMEROUS hours researching the different topics covered in the book. As a bonus her writing skills are superior. Very easy to read.
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