¿Alguna vez te has preguntado si estamos solos en el universo? En nuestro vídeo "La Noche Temática: En Busca de Extraterrestres Reveladores", exploraremos las fascinantes teorías y evidencias que sugieren que los extraterrestres podrían estar más cerca de lo que pensamos. Acompáñanos en un recorrido lleno de misterio y descubrimientos a través de los mejores casos de avistamientos y encuentros cercanos que han dejado a la humanidad atónita. Desde las famosas luces de Phoenix hasta los encuentros en Roswell, cada historia nos lleva a cuestionar la realidad de nuestra existencia.
En este programa especial, entrevistamos a expertos en ufología que comparten su conocimiento sobre los fenómenos aéreos no identificados y los posibles mensajes que podrían enviarnos civilizaciones de otros planetas. Analizaremos documentales impactantes y teorías conspirativas que rodean el tema de los extraterrestres. Además, te enseñaremos cómo investigar por tu cuenta y qué señales de vida extraterrestre deberías tener en cuenta.
Este episodio de "La Noche Temática" no solo es informativo, sino que también te invita a reflexionar sobre el futuro de la humanidad en un universo vasto y desconocido. Prepárate para una noche de revelaciones que cambiarán tu perspectiva. Si te interesa el misterio de lo desconocido, ¡no te lo puedes perder!
**Hashtags**
#Extraterrestres, #NocheTemática, #MisteriosDelUniverso
En este programa especial, entrevistamos a expertos en ufología que comparten su conocimiento sobre los fenómenos aéreos no identificados y los posibles mensajes que podrían enviarnos civilizaciones de otros planetas. Analizaremos documentales impactantes y teorías conspirativas que rodean el tema de los extraterrestres. Además, te enseñaremos cómo investigar por tu cuenta y qué señales de vida extraterrestre deberías tener en cuenta.
Este episodio de "La Noche Temática" no solo es informativo, sino que también te invita a reflexionar sobre el futuro de la humanidad en un universo vasto y desconocido. Prepárate para una noche de revelaciones que cambiarán tu perspectiva. Si te interesa el misterio de lo desconocido, ¡no te lo puedes perder!
**Hashtags**
#Extraterrestres, #NocheTemática, #MisteriosDelUniverso
Categoría
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TVTranscripción
00:00An infernal páramo, an incandescent planet, hostile to life,
00:07although somehow, surprisingly, this is where we started.
00:14How? How did the universe, our planet, how did we come to be?
00:22How did the first sparks of life sprout here?
00:26Are we alone in the cosmos?
00:28Where do all the stars and galaxies come from?
00:32These questions are as old as human curiosity itself.
00:37In this documentary, we will find the answers.
00:44It is a search with unexpected twists.
00:48Imagine meteors coming from outer space,
00:51causing the formation of oceans on Earth.
00:54Descend to a toxic underworld,
00:56in which strange creatures inhabit,
00:58which enclose the keys to the origin of life.
01:01And see the image of the new moon,
01:03300,000 km closer to Earth than today,
01:06emerging omnipotent in the night sky.
01:10This cosmic investigation goes back in time
01:13to the times when the Big Bang itself occurred
01:16and goes through the events that made up our origins,
01:19those of this planet that we consider our home
01:22and perhaps those of life in other parts of the cosmos.
01:25Tonight you will see in search of aliens.
01:28It's like I'm six years old when I say it,
01:30I almost feel ashamed, but I want to know if they are there.
01:35And why do they always look so much like us?
01:38When we look at these aliens and see that they have two eyes,
01:42face, nose and mouth, we understand that they cannot be aliens.
01:45They must have developed on Earth
01:47and share with us the same ancestor.
01:50Otherwise they would not have those faces.
01:52They may not be like us,
01:54but new discoveries encourage the optimism
01:56that there is really alien life abroad.
01:59We are discovering new planets non-stop.
02:02There are many more places than we could imagine
02:05where life can exist.
02:07Consider this.
02:08Just because a planet can house life,
02:10does it mean that it houses it?
02:12Or does that mean that we will find someone as intelligent as you and I?
02:17Intelligent life like ourselves
02:20is just a snap in the history of the whole planet.
02:24Have the aliens advanced so much?
02:27And if so, are they willing to communicate with us?
02:42New York City
03:01Anyone who visits New York City
03:03will see a wide range of different ways of life.
03:13And you don't have to go very far to prove
03:16that our planet is inhabited by a very diverse population of living beings.
03:28And for centuries we have asked ourselves,
03:31how unusual is all this?
03:34And what about the rest of the universe?
03:37Is our little planet, Earth,
03:39the only place where there is action?
03:42Are we special?
03:44I find it hard to believe that we are the only beings in the universe.
03:48Without a doubt we are not alone.
03:50This is not the only universe, you know what I mean?
03:53There are hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe.
03:57There are billions, trillions of universes.
04:00Look, the size of the universe is inconceivable.
04:03It is ridiculous to think that we are here alone.
04:09Many people are willing, or even want to believe,
04:12that we are not completely alone.
04:14And that is the philosophy that prevails
04:16in lots of popular movies and television series.
04:19These are the voyages of the spacecraft Enterprise.
04:25It is an attractive fantasy.
04:28Star Trek.
04:30The War of the Galaxies.
04:35Men in Black.
04:37All of them show a universe full of lots of smart ways of life.
04:41Show the merchandise if you do not want to lose another head.
04:45Sometimes they are friendly,
04:48and sometimes they are not.
04:52The screenwriters have applied quite interesting behaviors to their aliens,
04:57but often ignore some basic principles of biology.
05:01For example, in the movie Alien,
05:04a human being carries an alien parasite inside his chest,
05:08until he is ready to be born.
05:12Oh my God!
05:14Something that has always bothered biologist Jack Cohen.
05:18In Alien, biology does not matter.
05:22You can not have a creature,
05:25you can not have a human being,
05:29you can not have a living creature bigger than the heart inside the chest,
05:33without knowing that it is there, without your immune system reacting,
05:37and especially if in his life he has seen a human being.
05:40It is biologically impossible.
05:43But it works as a movie,
05:45because you see how the bug comes out of the chest,
05:48and that's what they want.
05:50It is a horror movie.
05:53Open fire!
05:55Another classic image of extraterrestrial horror movies
05:58shows them as giant insects.
06:01So are the aliens in the movie, the gods of space.
06:05Open fire!
06:09But according to the laws of physics,
06:11that kind of anatomy is impossible.
06:16It's like giving a mouse the size of an elephant.
06:19Their small and thin legs could not bear the weight,
06:22and they would break.
06:24They would have to redesign.
06:28It is much easier to make a horror movie with giant ants.
06:36The giant insects of the space brigades,
06:39not being anything scientific, at least they do not look like people.
06:48Most movies, even those with large budgets for special effects,
06:52show aliens who seem to have really evolved on Earth,
06:56because they have faces similar to ours.
07:02Almost all vertebrates we see around us, including humans,
07:06have faces with two eyes, two nostrils and a mouth below.
07:12This configuration comes from a common ancestor
07:15who lived hundreds of millions of years ago.
07:19Those aliens who show us with face, two eyes, nose and mouth,
07:23they can not be aliens.
07:25They have to have developed on Earth.
07:27They have to share with us the same ancestor.
07:30Otherwise, they would not have those faces.
07:35We expect a living being, a dog, a cat, or even a fish, to have a face.
07:40Therefore, when we invent a being for a movie, we put face.
07:44And this is what really allows the people who see it to be moved by it.
07:49But the real aliens can not be like that.
07:57Real aliens? What are we talking about?
08:00The sightings of UFOs and the abductions we see in the headlines?
08:05I think they have traveled to our planet.
08:08Maybe they were here a long time ago, but they were extinguished like dinosaurs.
08:12All the lights we see in the sky are not meteorological balloons.
08:18There are people who think that aliens are among us,
08:22but there is no credible evidence.
08:25There is nothing in any of these stories that can not be explained in a more rational way.
08:31And of course, there are people who are completely crazy.
08:37But it's crazy to think that somewhere, far from our planet,
08:41life has developed?
08:45Many scientists would say that it is not only possible, but also probable.
08:51One of the believers is Frank Drake.
08:55I first believed that there was life beyond the Earth when I was 8 years old,
08:59and for no reason justified,
09:01just because my father told me that there were other planets like Earth in space.
09:05And to my young mind, that meant that there were places where I lived,
09:09with houses, streets, and creatures that looked like me.
09:12Something absolutely wrong, but I believed it.
09:16His childhood dreams encouraged Drake to study the career of radio astronomy,
09:21and soon he began to wonder if somewhere among the stars
09:25could exist aliens who, like us, dominated radio transmission.
09:33Since humans learned to emit radio waves,
09:36we have been throwing them into the cosmos.
09:42From Duke Ellington and I Want Lucy,
09:46to speeches by world political leaders,
09:49thanks to our ingenuity,
09:51they are now traveling through space at the speed of light.
09:56Drake thought that if aliens transmitted radio signals on their part,
10:00we could detect them.
10:03So he devised the first experiment for SETI,
10:06the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
10:12For decades, SETI astronomers have been scouting the stars of the Milky Way
10:17in search of radio signals.
10:20Their goal is the big prize in the game of life search.
10:24Someone in space with whom we can communicate.
10:27We have nothing to do but sit here waiting for someone to call.
10:33And now they are calling.
10:36SETI faces enormous challenges.
10:39It is the first time in a long time that we have seen an asteroid
10:43that is so close to the Earth.
10:47SETI faces enormous challenges.
10:50And one that is quite important is to know the true size of our galaxy.
10:55The Milky Way has hundreds of billions of stars
10:59spinning in a giant spiral of about 100,000 light-years in width.
11:05One million trillion kilometers.
11:10What possibilities are there then to find intelligent aliens
11:14in such an immense territory?
11:18At the beginning of the investigation,
11:20Frank Drake came up with an equation as a guide.
11:24I actually invented the equation for a meeting.
11:27It seemed pretty obvious.
11:29It was a meeting about life in space,
11:31and I asked the following question,
11:33what do we need to know?
11:35And I realized that by multiplying all the factors you get the number N.
11:40Drake's now famous equation contains the different factors
11:44that we need to know to predict N,
11:47the number of intelligent civilizations
11:49detectable in our own galaxy, the Milky Way.
11:53It includes factors like how many stars there are on the planet,
11:56and how frequently life becomes intelligent life,
12:00or how long a technologically advanced civilization can last.
12:05And if you put all the factors in that equation,
12:08you get the most reliable scientific values,
12:11N is equal to 10,000 detectable civilizations in our galaxy.
12:1710,000 intelligent civilizations,
12:20only in the Milky Way.
12:25That's Frank Drake's theory, but it's far from being conclusive.
12:29If you put different values in the equation,
12:32then it's easy to get different results.
12:35Anything from 100,000 million civilizations,
12:38all the way down to one, ours.
12:41For a long time,
12:43the values of most of these factors were unknown.
12:46Drake's equation was made up of a series of mysteries
12:49that left the equation unsolvable.
12:52But in recent years,
12:54our knowledge of the origins of the cosmos
12:57has increased ostensibly,
12:59and we're on track to solve at least some of these mysteries.
13:02Take just one factor from Drake's equation,
13:05the percentage of stars,
13:07the percentage of other suns,
13:09that have planets orbiting them.
13:12If alien life is similar to ours in some way,
13:15it needs a firm ground to call home.
13:18So we're interested in knowing how many planets there are in space.
13:23Depending on the interlocutor,
13:25our sun has eight,
13:27sometimes nine planets orbiting it,
13:29including Earth.
13:32Until recently,
13:34we hadn't been able to see any planets outside our solar system.
13:38Not a single one.
13:40The problem is that the planets in deep space
13:43become practically invisible
13:45due to the blinding light of their suns.
13:49That's the biggest challenge
13:51for the small group of scientists trying to locate them.
13:55Paul Butler and Jeff Marcy
13:57started their search in the 1980s
13:59with little more than their own enthusiasm.
14:04We started with practically no money at all.
14:07The first proposal I made to get a scholarship
14:10to fund our planetary search
14:12was $930 for the whole year.
14:16When Jeff and I started our planetary search
14:19in the fall of 1986
14:21at the University of San Francisco,
14:23we were...
14:24To say we were unknown was to say little.
14:27We were under-unknown.
14:30These young astronomers were developing an experimental technique
14:34that they believed could help them locate planets,
14:37placing the focus of attention on the stars they orbit.
14:41As a planet orbits a star,
14:43the planet exerts a gravitational force on it
14:46making the star wobble.
14:48You can deduce that a star has a planet
14:51or more than one planet
14:53by its movement, which should be stable,
14:55but it wobbles due to the gravitational force
14:57that the planet exerts on it.
15:00The vibration of the star,
15:02caused by the gravitational force of the planets orbiting it,
15:05is so subtle that Marcy and Butler can't see it directly,
15:08so they use a special technique.
15:11It's hard to detect the movement directly,
15:14so we decided to use the Doppler effect.
15:18As a star approaches us,
15:20the light waves get more compact,
15:23which means that its color becomes more blue.
15:28And then as the star moves away,
15:30the light wave lengths expand,
15:33an effect that our eyes interpret as a redder color.
15:41Even using the Doppler effect,
15:43the only planets whose existence we can infer
15:46would be those with a huge mass.
15:52Marcy and Butler believed that they had the best method
15:55to locate large planets
15:57and they hoped to be the first to succeed in that enterprise,
16:00when the unthinkable happened.
16:03A group of Swiss astronomers won them over.
16:08The first planet outside our solar system
16:11had been discovered, but by other people.
16:15Most astronomers were skeptical.
16:19Although the planet was huge, like Jupiter,
16:21Swiss researchers claimed that its star, 51 Pegasi,
16:24would orbit in just 4 days.
16:28This seemed impossible.
16:31The Earth takes 365 days to orbit the Sun,
16:34and Jupiter takes 12 years.
16:39Marcy and Butler were convinced that there had to be a mistake.
16:44Every year someone claims to have discovered
16:46the first extrasolar planet,
16:48and the only thing that all those claims have in common
16:50is that they are wrong.
16:52Luckily, Paul Butler and I had a date with the telescope
16:55the following week, and we thought,
16:57we'll go, we'll take data from that star, 51 Pegasi,
17:00and we'll prove that it doesn't really have a planet at all.
17:07When we analyzed all the data, we were stunned,
17:10because they were right,
17:12and there was really a planet similar to Jupiter
17:14orbiting in 4 days,
17:16and because this was the first true planet
17:18that had been discovered.
17:20Furthermore, it was much more strange
17:22than any of the theories that had been developed
17:24to date.
17:28Marcy and Butler had spent years
17:30looking for huge planets like Jupiter,
17:32away from its stars,
17:34with long and slow orbits.
17:38Now that they knew that the big planets
17:40could complete an orbit in a matter of days,
17:42they began to wonder
17:44if they had missed something.
17:48The evidence of the existence of new planets
17:50could be buried among their old data,
17:52and to find them,
17:54they needed hundreds of hours of computer work.
17:57And we only had two small computers,
17:59so we ran around desperately
18:01trying to borrow computers
18:03from our colleagues,
18:05and in some cases,
18:07we even tried to bribe them
18:09or steal them
18:11to be able to analyze all that amount of data.
18:15They worked tirelessly,
18:17without a break,
18:19for weeks,
18:21collecting data for eight years.
18:23I was little in my office
18:2524 hours a day
18:27for about six months,
18:29collecting data.
18:31Some nights, we barely slept,
18:33making sure that all the computers
18:35would be stopped
18:37while we could discover planets with them.
18:39But the marathon was worth it.
18:45A month and a half after the discovery
18:47of the planet orbiting 51 Pegasi,
18:49we found two hidden planets
18:51among our data,
18:53in our computers.
18:55The planet orbiting 47 Ursae Majoris,
18:57spectacular,
18:59and the planet orbiting 70 Virginis.
19:01Finally, planets were being discovered,
19:03but they were huge masses of gas
19:05orbiting near their stars
19:07and often making very elliptical orbits.
19:11With scorching or unstable climates,
19:13they were not friendly to life
19:15and to other planets similar to Earth.
19:19Any planet like Earth
19:21that approached a planet like Jupiter
19:23would be thrown out of the system,
19:25or maybe the planet Jupiter
19:27would hit the planet Earth,
19:29making all traces of life
19:31of the planet Earth disappear
19:33in any system where it occurred.
19:37Which makes us ask the following question.
19:39Is our solar system,
19:41with its harmoniously delineated orbits,
19:43like the grooves of a vinyl disc,
19:45a kind of rare bug in the universe,
19:47or are there other systems like ours?
19:53In addition to having circular orbits
19:55and perfectly delineated,
19:57our solar system provides
19:59a special refuge to Earth
20:01thanks to the presence and position of Jupiter.
20:03Jupiter's enormous gravitational force
20:05changes the course of asteroids
20:07and comets,
20:09throwing them out of the solar system.
20:11Without this protection,
20:13those cosmic missiles would often
20:15crash into Earth
20:17and destroy life
20:19as we know it.
20:23So if Mars and Butler want to find
20:25planets like Earth,
20:27they first have to find Jupiter like ours.
20:31Our holy grail is to find
20:33a sun-like star
20:35that has a Jupiter
20:37at a distance similar
20:39to that of our Sun.
20:41That Jupiter would protect
20:43any Earth in its system.
20:45And of course, the real holy grail
20:47is to find a system
20:49that not only has a Jupiter
20:51similar to ours,
20:54but also has a Sun.
20:56After almost 20 years of research,
20:58things are getting better.
21:05We're finding new planets
21:07constantly, non-stop.
21:09Every week or two weeks
21:11we find a new planet.
21:13Look at that. It's beautiful.
21:15Let's see how it's corrected.
21:17It's a planet.
21:19We have about 700 stars
21:21and the most incredible thing
21:23for us is that many of them
21:25have signs that indicate
21:27the existence of planets.
21:29Let's go to the next star.
21:31Go ahead.
21:33Do you have it located?
21:35I'm on it.
21:37The team is following
21:39the trail of several stars
21:41that seem to have Jupiter
21:43right where they are interested,
21:45far from their host stars
21:47and in perfect position
21:49to be Jupiter's hosts.
21:51Although we don't tell anyone,
21:53it's possible that at any given moment
21:55we have half a dozen Jupiter's
21:57that look like our own Jupiter.
22:01If their expectations are confirmed,
22:03it's very possible that there are
22:05not only some solar systems
22:07similar to ours.
22:09There may be many.
22:1190% of the stars don't seem
22:13to have Jupiter in their orbit.
22:15They are stars that could easily
22:17have Jupiter in an orbit like Earth's.
22:19Of the 700 stars we're studying,
22:21I would dare to say that at least
22:23half have rocky planets
22:25the size of Earth
22:27revolving around it.
22:31Just a decade ago,
22:33astronomers were not sure
22:35that there were planets
22:37beyond our solar system.
22:39Today we have a much clearer
22:41picture of our galaxy.
22:43Jeff Marcy considers that
22:45out of the hundreds of billions
22:47of stars on the Milky Way,
22:49around 5% have small rocky planets
22:51that could have life.
22:55If this is true,
22:57this means that there could be
22:5910 billion planets like Earth.
23:03But before you start packing your luggage
23:05to visit an alien neighbor,
23:07ask yourself the following question.
23:09Just because a planet can have life
23:11does it mean that it will?
23:13It's a crucial factor
23:15in Drake's equation.
23:17The percentage of planets
23:19that have life.
23:23In a planet where life doesn't exist,
23:25like it did in our incipient Earth,
23:27how does life come about?
23:31Is the spark of life a rarity
23:33or something common?
23:3725 years ago,
23:39most scientists,
23:41who studied life,
23:43did so in terms of inherently
23:45improbable reactions
23:47that would have to occur
23:49as a result of the abundance of time.
23:51Andy Knoll is a paleontologist
23:53who studies fossils
23:55in search of clues
23:57to know how the first life
23:59on Earth developed.
24:01More than 600 million years ago,
24:03all forms of life on Earth
24:05were tiny,
24:07unicellular creatures
24:09that are still found
24:11in most of their work
24:13with microscopes
24:15or in chemical laboratories.
24:17The big surprise is that
24:19wherever you look for signs
24:21of prehistoric life,
24:23you find them.
24:25Our planet is about
24:274,500 million years old.
24:29We have evidence found
24:31in the oldest sedimentary rocks
24:33that we know of
24:35that indicate that about
24:374,500 million years ago
24:39life on Earth
24:41began.
24:43Scientists have not determined
24:45exactly how the first spark
24:47of life occurred,
24:49but since it seems to have occurred
24:51soon, it is possible
24:53that it is not so complicated.
24:55Most people think that
24:57whether we understand
24:59or not what is the chemical process
25:01that generates life,
25:03it is a chemical process
25:05that is quite likely,
25:07and therefore life does not need
25:09thousands of millions of years
25:11to emerge on a planet.
25:13It could emerge in thousands of years
25:15or a million years.
25:17Many scientists think
25:19that if it is not capable
25:21of emerging in a million years,
25:23it probably can never do it.
25:25So what do you need
25:27for everything to start?
25:29Here on Earth,
25:31the chemistry of life depends
25:33on the presence of carbon.
25:35Carbon is one of the most
25:37versatile elements.
25:39Each atom of carbon
25:41can join one,
25:43two, three,
25:45or four different atoms.
25:47It can even join
25:49other groups of carbon atoms,
25:51creating long chains or rings.
25:53If we add a few more elements,
25:55we already have amino acids,
25:57the ingredients of proteins,
25:59the foundations of life
26:01as we know it.
26:05Carbon is a very useful element
26:07to occupy the center
26:09of the chemical process
26:11that generates life.
26:13There is a lot of this element
26:15in the universe.
26:17It is generated very easily
26:19in the stars.
26:21It produces very complicated
26:23components that intermix
26:25and have the possibility
26:27of changing their respective properties.
26:29And I dare to say
26:31that almost all
26:33forms of life
26:35based on the matter
26:37with which we find ourselves
26:39have carbon as a basic element.
26:41If carbon helps
26:43life to be generated,
26:45then there could be a lot of life
26:47in space.
26:49Carbon is one of the most
26:51common elements in the universe.
26:53And besides carbon,
26:55what else does life need?
26:57Lots of oxygen in the air?
26:5972 degrees?
27:01We tend to think that life
27:03must occur in a place
27:05that is comfortable for us.
27:07But is that really true?
27:09In recent years,
27:11we have found life
27:13practically everywhere on Earth
27:15and not just in obvious places.
27:17Microbes develop
27:19among the rocks,
27:21in the driest and hottest deserts.
27:23Life unfolds
27:25comfortably in the dark
27:27depths of the ocean,
27:29heated by the deep sea currents.
27:31And now,
27:33life is sprouting
27:35in the coldest and most
27:37unbearable conditions imaginable.
27:39For example,
27:41in the ice caps of
27:43Antarctica and Greenland.
27:45So now that we have found life
27:47not only surviving,
27:49but developing practically
27:51everywhere on Earth,
27:53there are places
27:55that we find
27:57uncomfortable.
27:59If life is frequent,
28:01we should be able
28:03to find signs of it
28:05beyond our little planet.
28:07Unfortunately,
28:09the evidence has been elusive.
28:11It seems as if
28:13a fundamental ingredient is missing.
28:17The most important thing
28:19for life to occur
28:21is liquid water.
28:23It is essential for life
28:25to occur in our solar system.
28:27There is plenty of energy,
28:29plenty of carbon,
28:31and other elements
28:33on all the planets
28:35of our solar system.
28:37The unusual thing is that
28:39as far as we know,
28:41only liquid water exists
28:43on Earth.
28:45Liquid water is crucial
28:47because it is an ideal solvent.
28:49It is the only way
28:51for life to do its job.
28:55For years,
28:57it has been thought
28:59that the Earth,
29:01with its oceans of liquid water,
29:03was a rarity,
29:05and perhaps the only place
29:07in the solar system
29:09where life had developed.
29:11Then we began to look
29:13more closely at our neighbors.
29:15In recent years,
29:17NASA satellites have sent us
29:19images of Mars
29:21that show clear signs
29:23of an aquatic past.
29:27Orbiting Mars,
29:29we can see ancient rivers
29:31that are now dry,
29:33canyons that seem to have
29:35hosted lakes inside,
29:37even something that looks like
29:39the soil of an ancient ocean
29:41in the northern hemisphere.
29:43We see unmistakable signs
29:45of life on Mars.
29:47And now we have even more
29:49information about the NASA
29:51twin rovers that have traveled
29:53the red planet,
29:55taking photographs and
29:57surveying the stones
29:59to learn about their chemical composition.
30:03The photos reveal the existence
30:05of evident sedimentary layers
30:07in the Martian stones,
30:09and the chemical analyses
30:11indicate that these have had
30:13a significant impact on life.
30:15Today, it is possible
30:17that Mars is too cold
30:19to host life,
30:21but if there was a time
30:23when it had water,
30:25it is possible that there
30:27was also life,
30:29and now there is hope
30:31that life can develop
30:33even on planets
30:35farther from the solar system.
30:37Mars is the number one
30:39candidate for life
30:41on Jupiter.
30:45A little smaller than our Moon,
30:47Europe is covered in ice.
30:49But there are cracks on its surface,
30:51signs such as ice sheets
30:53floating over a deep ocean
30:55of liquid water.
30:57What could be melting the ice
30:59is the internal friction
31:01created by the gravity of Jupiter
31:03and its other moons.
31:05The ocean of Europe
31:07has suddenly begun to be considered
31:09a potential home for life.
31:13There are more places
31:15where life can exist
31:17and develop than we imagined.
31:19Before, it was thought
31:21that a planet capable
31:23of hosting life
31:25should be like Earth,
31:27a little closer to the sun
31:29would be too hot
31:31and a little farther
31:33too cold.
31:35And now we exclaim,
31:37we are in the solar system,
31:39where we thought
31:41there could never be life there.
31:43So the probabilities
31:45that there is life
31:47on other planets in space
31:49have increased enormously.
31:51Even though we have not found
31:53life on other planets
31:55in the solar system
31:57or beyond it,
31:59we are getting more and more optimistic
32:01about the possibility
32:03of life in other places.
32:05Would it be basically
32:07the kind of life
32:09we had here
32:11about 3 billion years ago?
32:13Microorganisms mixing
32:15with elements
32:17no bigger and more interesting
32:19than bacteria?
32:21Or would it be the complex
32:23animal and plant life
32:25we find in our oceans
32:27with all its shapes and sizes?
32:29Or that in which
32:31SETI trusts,
32:33it is the intelligent life
32:35that builds cities,
32:37computers and radio transmitters?
32:41Now we know
32:43that we get to this
32:45through evolution.
32:47Does that mean
32:49that evolution would work
32:51in the same way
32:53in any place where life arose?
32:55Frank Drake thinks so.
32:57When there is life,
32:59evolution starts.
33:01It is very opportunistic.
33:03It finds ways to survive.
33:05It finds ways to survive
33:07the changes of the environment.
33:09And in the process
33:11it becomes more intelligent
33:13and in the long run
33:15it ends up being something like us,
33:17exploiting technology
33:19to live in even more inhospitable environments.
33:21Drake's optimism
33:23is evident in the estimates
33:25he has included in his own equation.
33:27He believes that wherever life arises,
33:29it will evolve towards an intelligent life
33:3110% of the time.
33:33Therefore,
33:35it is not mandatory,
33:37but it is quite frequent.
33:39It is difficult to know
33:41to what extent intelligence
33:43can be probable or frequent
33:45when in the history of the Earth
33:47it has appeared so recently.
33:49We could summarize it like this.
33:51Early life.
33:53But the life with which
33:55we are familiarized,
33:57is the result of a relatively
33:59recent process on our planet.
34:01An intelligent life.
34:03People like ourselves.
34:05Technologically competent humans.
34:07It is just a snap
34:09in the total history
34:11of the planet.
34:15After about 3 billion years
34:17of microscopic life exclusively,
34:19the Earth finally became
34:21home to authentic plants and animals.
34:27And 500 or 600 million years later,
34:29we appeared.
34:35One of the essential mechanisms
34:37for the realization of all these changes
34:39is the DNA.
34:41The long chain of molecules
34:43that imprints the identity
34:45of every living being.
34:49Every time a cell divides,
34:51its DNA copies itself.
34:53And in that copy,
34:55it makes mistakes.
34:57Sometimes those mistakes
34:59produce a plant or an animal
35:01more perfect than its progenitors.
35:05Is that kind of mistake
35:07what has allowed the tree of life
35:09to branch in so many directions,
35:11creating the great diversity
35:13that we see on our planet?
35:19So, if there is life on other planets,
35:21does it have to have DNA?
35:25Would aliens have DNA?
35:27Well, I would be surprised
35:29to find out that aliens
35:31have DNA as a hereditary agent
35:33because DNA is a useful molecule.
35:35It can be duplicated,
35:37getting the effect of mirrors.
35:39It is a very useful skill
35:41that also has other chemical elements.
35:43And I would be surprised
35:45if aliens had the same DNA as us.
35:47To go from microbes
35:49to complex animals and intelligent life,
35:51you may not need DNA.
35:55But there is an ingredient
35:57that could be absolutely crucial
35:59for the evolution of intelligence.
36:01And it is possibly
36:03the most scarce of all,
36:05time.
36:09Some scientists claim
36:11that the key to our evolution
36:13was the long and relatively
36:15peaceful history of the Earth.
36:17Among them is the paleontologist
36:19Peter Ward.
36:21In a large galaxy like ours,
36:23with hundreds of billions of stars,
36:25it is most likely
36:27that the Earth is repeated
36:29in many places and many times.
36:31Why not?
36:33Well, I think the question is
36:35how much time do we have?
36:37For instance, on this planet
36:39intelligent organisms appeared
36:41after 500 million years of animal life.
36:43So you've got a long period of time.
36:45Now, that doesn't mean
36:47that in other places
36:49you don't need that much time.
36:51You can't go from a bacterium
36:53to intelligence in a million years,
36:55maybe not even in 10 million years,
36:57and possibly not even in 100 million years.
36:59How many planets
37:01could have enjoyed
37:03such long periods of time?
37:05Not many, I suspect.
37:07During the 500 million years
37:09in which intelligence developed,
37:11plant and animal life on Earth
37:13could have gone back to the beginning,
37:15unicellular organisms,
37:17as a result of a catastrophic event.
37:25At least a couple of times
37:27we were pretty close.
37:29This crater,
37:31with a diameter of about 1.5 km,
37:33was produced by a meteor
37:35that crashed on Earth
37:37about 50,000 years ago.
37:39Violent as that event was,
37:41it was nothing compared
37:43to previous catastrophes.
37:45Dinosaurs dominated the Earth
37:47for about 150 million years.
37:49They had the necessary size
37:51to enforce their law.
37:53There didn't seem to be anything
37:55capable of stopping them.
38:01But 65 million years ago,
38:03an asteroid about 10 km in diameter
38:05headed for Earth.
38:15As a result of the collision
38:17of epic proportions
38:19and the propagation of volcanic eruptions,
38:21two thirds of the living species
38:23were erased from the planet.
38:27The big guys had nothing to do.
38:33Among the survivors
38:35were the small mammals,
38:37and with the dinosaurs conveniently
38:39out of the picture,
38:41they developed.
38:45Over the aeons,
38:47their descendants evolved
38:49into an infinite number
38:51of different animals,
38:53including primates and us.
38:55That's how we started.
38:57But what if we went back in time?
38:59What if that asteroid
39:01had followed a slightly different course,
39:03completely dodging the Earth?
39:05The small mammals
39:07may never have had their chance,
39:09and the dinosaurs
39:11may still be in charge today,
39:13and they may be part of the show.
39:15Thank you, thank you very much.
39:23Somehow, we owe our existence
39:25to chance,
39:27and some argue
39:29that this makes the evolution
39:31of intelligence much less likely.
39:37Our brain evolved
39:39through many phases.
39:41The small rodents,
39:43the first primates,
39:45and finally,
39:47we derived from the monkeys.
39:51It worked for us,
39:53but is it the only way
39:55towards intelligence?
39:57Would an alien species
39:59have to go through the same phases?
40:03It's impossible to know for sure,
40:05but on our planet,
40:07many animals have a remarkable brain
40:09including some
40:11that are far away from us,
40:13in the evolutionary tree.
40:15Among them are
40:17cephalopods like
40:19the octopus,
40:21the squid,
40:23and the gibbous.
40:27Cephalopods or molluscs
40:29are related to the clams
40:31and oysters,
40:33but they don't look like them at all.
40:35And in evolutionary terms,
40:37they have evolved in a very different way.
40:39Roger Hanlon
40:41has been studying the behavior
40:43of these animals for 30 years.
40:45Behavior that is
40:47his main defense
40:49against being devoured.
40:51These animals are
40:53a delicious protein snack
40:55in the ocean,
40:57and when they are caught
40:59they have no defense,
41:01so they need a good primary defense,
41:03camouflage,
41:05In the laboratory,
41:07Hanlon and his team
41:09study the way cephalopods,
41:11like this gibbous,
41:13control and change the skin.
41:15It's taking the visual information
41:17and sending it to the skin on the back.
41:19It's wonderful.
41:21Look at this perfect white square.
41:23To see how they apply
41:25this skill in their natural environment,
41:27Hanlon follows them closely
41:29with his underwater camera.
41:31His biggest challenge
41:33is to identify them.
41:35The octopus and the gibbous
41:37have an incredible ability
41:39to disappear completely in the background.
41:45We all think of the chameleon
41:47as the king of color change,
41:49but that's not true.
41:51A cephalopod can show
41:53many more patterns,
41:55and it can do it instantaneously.
41:59An octopus can camouflage
42:01and the chameleons are literally
42:03unable to see it.
42:05So wherever they go,
42:07they are metamorphosed
42:09in something very similar to the environment.
42:15For example,
42:17here is a stone
42:19completely covered with algae.
42:21There appears to be nothing there
42:23except the fish that pass by.
42:25Okay, so take a look here
42:27and just watch what's going on.
42:31There it is.
42:35Isn't that amazing?
42:37This animal was completely
42:39hidden in the stone
42:41and suddenly it was there.
42:47This formidable camouflage,
42:49capable of changing the drawing
42:51and the three-dimensional texture,
42:53is executed by a skin
42:55different from any other animal.
42:57It's an amazing skin
42:59because it has up to 20 million
43:01pigmented chromatophores,
43:03and to control 20 million of anything,
43:05you need a lot of processing power.
43:09We call it a computer.
43:11Animals have brains.
43:13These animals have an extraordinarily
43:15large and complicated brain
43:17that makes their system work.
43:19For Hallon, the brain
43:21and the sophisticated behavior
43:23of these animals indicate
43:25that there is more than one way
43:27to develop a brain.
43:29Even an invertebrate
43:31related to an ant or a snail
43:33can develop an incredibly
43:35complicated brain.
43:37This is one of the true
43:39wonders of nature.
43:41It's hard to explain why,
43:43but it's very common.
43:45And what does this mean
43:47in relation to the universe
43:49and other intelligent life?
43:51The building blocks are potentially
43:53there and complexity will arise.
43:55I personally presuppose
43:57a lot of diversity
43:59and a multitude of complicated structures.
44:01It may not look like us physically,
44:03but my opinion is that
44:05there is life in space.
44:09But that there is intelligent life
44:11does not necessarily mean
44:13that we can communicate with it
44:15through the depths of space.
44:17For that, you need technology.
44:19As intelligent as an octopus
44:21or a dolphin,
44:23neither a radio transmitter
44:25nor a spacecraft will build us.
44:29When paleontologist Peter Worre
44:31examines the antecedents of the Earth,
44:33the chances that there are
44:35technological aliens
44:37do not seem very promising.
44:39Today, there may be
44:4130 million species on the planet.
44:43If we look at the fossils,
44:45in the past there were
44:47hundreds of millions of species
44:49and only one of them
44:51was able to use technology.
44:53It has happened once
44:55in hundreds of millions of probabilities
44:57on planet Earth.
44:59It is an astronomically small number.
45:07Here on Earth,
45:09we are the only species
45:11that has mastered technology.
45:13Being as infrequent as it is here,
45:15should we really expect
45:17that technology
45:19will be able to find hope
45:21among the aliens?
45:23Many would say no.
45:25But scientists at SETI
45:27continue to find hope.
45:31We can take a look at this one.
45:33Searching for alien signals
45:35night after night
45:37can undermine anyone's patience,
45:39unless, of course,
45:41you find one.
45:43Most nights,
45:45at SETI,
45:47we were able to observe
45:49a signal that was so strong
45:51and authentic,
45:53that it seemed
45:55that its long search
45:57had paid off.
45:59We were observing
46:01with another telescope
46:03when we received a signal
46:05that began to surpass
46:07all the evidence we used
46:09to determine
46:11whether it was really
46:13an extraterrestrial signal
46:15or a common feeling,
46:17Jill removed the antenna
46:19from where the signal
46:21seemed to come from.
46:23If the signal continued,
46:25it would simply be a transmission
46:27lost from Earth.
46:29But when they moved the antenna,
46:31the signal disappeared.
46:33And when it pointed back
46:35to the star,
46:37the signal returned.
46:39Euphoric,
46:41the SETI team repeated the test.
46:43Interesting,
46:45because the signal
46:47could really come
46:49from deep space.
46:51The euphoria came
46:53immediately to the SETI headquarters
46:55in Mountain View, California.
46:57I was in Mountain View,
46:59where we observed the signals
47:01in remote monitors.
47:03So after about six hours
47:05of repeated tests,
47:07it goes without saying
47:09that the signal
47:11in our blood pressure
47:13began to shoot.
47:15I was super excited
47:17because exactly what I was looking for
47:19was happening
47:21in front of my eyes.
47:23The star disappeared
47:25at dawn.
47:27The next night would be definitive.
47:29If the signal came back,
47:31maybe SETI
47:33had finally made contact.
47:35I couldn't sit down.
47:37I was walking from one side to the other.
47:39People were flying around
47:41the computers.
47:43Nobody went home.
47:45In a sense,
47:47it could have been
47:49a historic moment.
47:51The historic moment
47:53did not survive that night.
47:55Most of the time,
47:57SETI used a second telescope
47:59located in Georgia
48:01to detect false alarms.
48:03Unfortunately,
48:05the support antenna
48:07took longer than usual
48:09to discover the truth.
48:11The signal came
48:13from a distant research satellite.
48:15The champagne
48:17remained in the bottles.
48:23Despite the disappointment,
48:25SETI has never lost hope.
48:27Its scientists
48:29are still convinced
48:31that our universe
48:33is capable of producing
48:35different signals.
48:37I truly believe
48:39there are signals out there.
48:41I also fully believe
48:43that our instruments,
48:45powerful as they may be,
48:47have only just started
48:49the search.
48:51The number of stars
48:53we have observed,
48:55the number of radio frequencies
48:57is tiny compared
48:59to the total inventory
49:01of combinations of stars
49:03that we could have
49:05succeeded so soon.
49:09Humans have been sending
49:11radio waves into space
49:13for most of the last century.
49:15Compared to the history
49:17of our galaxy of about
49:1910 billion years,
49:21it's a tiny blip.
49:23And we've been hearing
49:25radio signals from distant
49:27civilizations for only 40 years.
49:29If the aliens are on the other side
49:31of the galaxy,
49:33any signal they send
49:35would take tens of thousands
49:37of years to get to Earth.
49:39It's as if the aliens
49:41were throwing a dart
49:43and trying to get to a tiny place
49:45in that enormous territory
49:47of time and space.
49:51Let's face it.
49:53The probability
49:55of capturing that signal
49:57is not very good.
49:59For me,
50:01it's the most interesting question.
50:03Are we alone?
50:05What's our place in the universe?
50:07How do we fit in?
50:09Are we ordinary?
50:11Are we absolutely exceptional?
50:13Or are we in the middle?
50:15Exploring our own world
50:17and the universe beyond
50:19has been a box full of surprises.
50:21Only several hundred years ago,
50:23we assumed that everything
50:25that has to do with us
50:27was unique and special.
50:29Now we know
50:31that there are many stars
50:33in space,
50:35many of them like our sun.
50:37We are discovering
50:39other solar systems with planets.
50:41And the chemistry of life,
50:43fragmented in the stars,
50:45abounds in the universe.
50:47If those common chemical elements
50:49have produced the spark of life
50:51somewhere else,
50:53who knows how that life will evolve?
50:55What path will it follow?
50:57And will we ever meet again?
51:01It's like I'm six years old
51:03when I say this.
51:05I almost feel embarrassed,
51:07but I want to know if they're there.
51:09All my scientific preparation,
51:11my mathematical studies,
51:13and my ability as a researcher
51:15are useless.
51:17I have the feeling
51:19that this is a very deep question
51:21for us as a species
51:23and we have to discover
51:25what it means to us.
51:29Are we alone?
51:31Are we unique?
51:33Are we common?
51:35We still don't know.
51:37Although maybe
51:39one day we will know.
51:41And the answer, whatever it is,
51:43will change the concept
51:45we have of ourselves
51:47and the place we occupy in the universe.
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