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00:00:00The Spartans are, I think, just irresistible.
00:00:09They are one of the most extreme civilisations that ever has walked on this earth.
00:00:14And I've always thought that they deserved the same white heat of attention
00:00:18that's normally reserved for the Romans and the ancient Egyptians.
00:00:22After all, these are people who bathe their babies in wine in order to toughen them up.
00:00:28They throw weakling newborns off the mountains that range around Sparta like a fortress.
00:00:35These are men who scorn luxury.
00:00:38They ban coined money and prostitutes.
00:00:40And they eat the most disgusting national dish, which is called melas zomas,
00:00:45which was basically a black broth made of pig's blood.
00:00:49In the military messes, homosexuality was compulsory between grown boys and older men.
00:00:56It's all pretty hot stuff.
00:00:59But the Spartans aren't just odd.
00:01:01They're really important.
00:01:03Relatively early in Greek history, before even the classical world has begun,
00:01:08they drive through a radical social and political revolution.
00:01:13In effect, all Spartan men are meant to be equal.
00:01:17And they developed really key concepts that we still use today.
00:01:20The importance of self-sacrifice for the common good, the value of duties and of rights.
00:01:28All Spartans aimed to be as perfectly human as it was humanly possible to be.
00:01:34Every single one of our ideas about utopia stems from the Spartan example.
00:01:39The Spartans was the first series that I made for Channel 4 in 2002.
00:01:47And it's just great to see how this civilisation now seems to have really captured the popular imagination.
00:01:52There are brilliant, best-selling books about the Battle of Thermopylae,
00:01:56the famous battle where 301 Spartans stood against the Persians.
00:02:02In the end, it was a suicidal stand, the last man fighting with his bare hands and his teeth.
00:02:08And Zack Schneider's film, The 300, has brought the Spartan story to an international audience of millions.
00:02:15But for a historian, the Spartans pose a problem, because they'd just left so few written records.
00:02:22Unlike the Athenians, they were terrible at their own PR.
00:02:26They didn't build grand architecture that we can then analyse to try to get to know them better.
00:02:32But that makes them all the more intriguing and all the more reason to tell their story afresh.
00:02:38But I've got to confess, I'm particularly attracted to the Spartans because of their women.
00:02:46Spartan girls simply were different.
00:02:49They enjoyed a degree of freedom and equality that was unparalleled anywhere else in the ancient world.
00:02:55Young Spartan girls oiled head to toe in olive oil, would exercise naked in the gymnasia
00:03:01and sing to one another of their beauty.
00:03:04They were allowed to drink wine, they were allowed to ride horses,
00:03:07they were allowed to own land.
00:03:10And then when you got older, if you thought that a younger man would sire a healthier offspring,
00:03:15then you were allowed to take him as your lover.
00:03:18They were fit and they were feisty.
00:03:21While all the males of society were off in their training camps,
00:03:25women dominated the Spartan streets.
00:03:27And they had a real say in the running of their state.
00:03:31You know how people say to you, is there another time you'd like to live in history?
00:03:34And I have to say, I think we're pretty lucky to live when we do now.
00:03:38But I would just love to spend one day as a Spartan girl.
00:03:42So, if you want to witness the heady extremes that human civilisation is capable of,
00:03:49then meet the Spartans.
00:03:51When we think of ancient Christians,
00:04:21in Greece, this is the image that most of us have in mind.
00:04:25The Parthenon in Athens.
00:04:27This is where the blueprint for Western civilisation received its first draft.
00:04:32Philosophy and science, art and architecture, democracy itself have their roots here.
00:04:38And they're all embodied in the serene lines of one of the most famous buildings in the world.
00:04:42But there's more to the story of ancient Greece than Athens.
00:04:48This is another kind of monument to a very different kind of Greek city.
00:04:53It's the burial mound of 300 warriors from Sparta,
00:04:57who in 480 BC made a heroic last stand in the pass at Thermopylae,
00:05:02resisting a massive invasion force from the Persian Empire.
00:05:09Surrounded and outnumbered by about 40 to 1,
00:05:13they put up a spectacular fight before they were hacked to pieces.
00:05:17They're interred here,
00:05:19and honoured by this inscription, which still echoes down the centuries.
00:05:22Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by,
00:05:36that here, obedient to their laws, we lie.
00:05:40Unlike Athens, Sparta can't boast of its philosophers and politicians and artists.
00:05:58It's famous for two things.
00:06:01Its frugality, which is where we get our word Spartan from,
00:06:04and its fighters.
00:06:06In everyday Spartan life, these two were intimately linked.
00:06:10The whole of Spartan society conformed to a strict code
00:06:14of extreme discipline and self-sacrifice.
00:06:18Their aim, to create the perfect state protected by perfect warriors.
00:06:23The pursuit of perfection made Sparta a strange place,
00:06:34where money was outlawed, equality was enforced, and weak children were exterminated.
00:06:54Male homosexuality was compulsory, and women enjoyed a degree of social and sexual freedom
00:07:02that was quite simply unheard of in the ancient world.
00:07:05Its history is one of ruthless militarism,
00:07:19slavery on a massive scale,
00:07:21and a system that can sometimes seem like a premonition of modern-day totalitarian regimes.
00:07:27But Sparta was the first Greek city to define the rights and duties of its citizens,
00:07:38and it can also claim, alongside Athens,
00:07:41to have saved the Western world from enslavement by the Persian Empire.
00:07:46Although Spartan hard-line ideals don't have the charisma of Athenian culture,
00:07:53they've meant as much to Western civilisation as the ideals represented by the Parthenon.
00:07:59So, in a sense, the story of the Spartans is the story of ourselves,
00:08:04and how some of the ideas that have moulded Western civilisation
00:08:08were first tried out in a warrior state on the Greek mainland
00:08:12over two-and-a-half-thousand years ago.
00:08:37The story of the Spartans takes me on a journey
00:08:40through some dramatic history,
00:08:42and there's a setting to match.
00:08:45Over there is the Peloponnese,
00:08:47a huge peninsula,
00:08:49crowned by rugged mountains and scored by deep gorges,
00:08:53that forms the southernmost part of the Greek mainland.
00:08:57The ancient Greeks thought of it as an island,
00:09:00and you can see why.
00:09:01It does have a brooding, closed-in feel,
00:09:05cold-shouldering the outside world.
00:09:07But long before the Spartans of our story arrived on the scene,
00:09:12this part of the world was making history.
00:09:15Many of the Greeks who fought in the Trojan War some 3,000 years ago came from here.
00:09:21Agamemnon, the leader of the Greeks,
00:09:24ruled over Mycenae in the eastern Peloponnese.
00:09:27And to the south, in Sparta,
00:09:29was the palace of Menelaus and his wife Helen.
00:09:32For Helen of Troy, whose beauty caused the Trojan War,
00:09:37was once Helen of Sparta.
00:09:39But at some point around 1100 BC,
00:09:53it all disappeared.
00:09:55No-one knows for sure what happened.
00:09:57Earthquakes, slave revolts, even asteroids have been blamed.
00:10:01But all over the eastern Mediterranean,
00:10:04the world of Helen went under
00:10:05in a cataclysm of fire and destruction.
00:10:10A remnant clung on for a few hundred years,
00:10:13but finally, the Dark Ages came to Greece,
00:10:16and the thread of history snapped.
00:10:28And during those centuries of darkness,
00:10:30out of the north, new people came,
00:10:34seeking more hospitable lands.
00:10:36They brought with them a new Greek dialect,
00:10:39their sheep and goats,
00:10:40and a few simple possessions.
00:10:43They settled all over the Peloponnese,
00:10:46and some found their way to the lands
00:10:48that once belonged to King Menelaus.
00:10:51It was a journey worth making.
00:10:53The people who came here
00:11:13must have thought they'd found a Shangri-La.
00:11:17Down there is the plain of the Eurotas River,
00:11:1950 miles north to south of precious, fertile farmland.
00:11:24And a river runs through it all year round.
00:11:28In land-hungry Greece,
00:11:30where 70% of the land can't be farmed
00:11:33and the rest is squeezed between the mountains and the sea,
00:11:36that's a lot of elbow room.
00:11:37To the west are the spectacular Tajitas Mountains,
00:11:43rising to more than 8,000 feet in places.
00:11:47Patches of snow still linger,
00:11:49while down on the plain,
00:11:50spring is turning into summer.
00:11:53The slopes once teemed with game.
00:11:56Deer, hare and wild boar.
00:11:58Rich pickings for the new arrivals.
00:12:01But what statistics can't convey
00:12:09is the striking quality of this place,
00:12:11a fantastic sense of security.
00:12:14Everywhere you look, on every horizon,
00:12:16you're bounded by hills and mountains.
00:12:19It's not claustrophobic, just safe.
00:12:22You feel that everything you could possibly want is here,
00:12:24if you could just lay claim to it
00:12:26and keep the rest of the world at bay.
00:12:31And so the herdsmen traded in their sheep for olive trees
00:12:35and settled down here.
00:12:37A new Sparta came into being
00:12:39and the new Spartans built this temple, the Menelaion,
00:12:43to honour the legendary king and his wayward wife.
00:12:48In the period of renewal following the Dark Ages,
00:12:51new cities like Sparta appeared all over Greece.
00:12:54They varied in size and power,
00:12:57but had one thing in common.
00:12:58They were all governed by a set
00:13:00of mutually agreed laws and customs.
00:13:05The rules by which people agreed to live varied,
00:13:08but the aim was broadly the same,
00:13:10to create good order and justice
00:13:12and to protect against chaos and lawlessness.
00:13:20Today in Sparta,
00:13:22archaeologists are still piecing together
00:13:24the story of the people who first came here
00:13:26some 3,000 years ago
00:13:28and built an ideal city,
00:13:31a utopia.
00:13:32It's not an easy task
00:13:34because they left few clues behind them
00:13:37and much of what they did leave
00:13:38was buried or destroyed
00:13:40when the modern-day city was built.
00:13:42But whenever there's a building programme,
00:13:45precious new pieces of the puzzle are revealed.
00:13:48Every find is precious
00:13:52because the Spartans didn't leave us much
00:13:55in the way of stuff.
00:13:57Unlike the Athenians,
00:13:58they were famous for not building,
00:14:00for not making things
00:14:02and for not writing about themselves.
00:14:09So of all the cities and civilisations
00:14:11in the ancient world,
00:14:12the Spartans remain the most intriguing
00:14:14and mysterious.
00:14:20Take, for example,
00:14:22Sparta's kings.
00:14:24Since time immemorial,
00:14:25Sparta had not one
00:14:27but two kings at the same time.
00:14:30Two royal houses,
00:14:31twice the potential for the rows
00:14:33that all monarchies are prone to.
00:14:35The Spartans explained this unique arrangement
00:14:38by claiming that their kings
00:14:39were direct descendants
00:14:41of the great-great-grandsons of Heracles.
00:14:43the strongman of Greek myth.
00:14:47According to legend,
00:14:48it was this pair of twins
00:14:49who wrested control of the Peloponnese
00:14:51from the descendants of Agamemnon.
00:14:56The stories that people tell about themselves
00:14:58are always revealing.
00:15:00And this tale of a land grab
00:15:02by a pair of aggressive usurpers,
00:15:04themselves descended
00:15:05from the most macho man in mythology,
00:15:08sent out a worrying message to the neighbours.
00:15:10And it wasn't long before the Spartans
00:15:14started throwing their weight around,
00:15:17seizing control of the whole of the Eurotas Valley,
00:15:20enslaving non-Spartans,
00:15:22or categorising them as perioikoi,
00:15:24meaning those who live around.
00:15:27The perioikoi became a disenfranchised cast
00:15:33of craftsmen and traders,
00:15:36Sparta's economic muscle.
00:15:38But sorting out their immediate neighbours
00:15:41was just the start
00:15:42of Sparta's aggressive expansionism.
00:15:45Despite the generous acres
00:15:47of the Eurotas Valley,
00:15:49Sparta, like the rest of Greece,
00:15:51was always hungry for more farmland.
00:15:53Other cities dealt with this
00:15:55by founding colonies,
00:15:58satellite settlements
00:15:59that would eventually spread
00:16:00as far west as the Straits of Gibraltar
00:16:02and as far east as the Crimea in the Black Sea.
00:16:07The Spartans came up
00:16:08with their own take on colonisation.
00:16:10They turned their eyes west
00:16:12and began to wonder
00:16:13what opportunities there were
00:16:15beyond the mountains.
00:16:16It was there that they would go
00:16:18to satisfy their land hunger.
00:16:20It was there that Shangri-La
00:16:21would reveal its darker side
00:16:23because it was there
00:16:25that a slave nation would be created
00:16:27to serve the Spartan master race.
00:16:30The journey through the gorges
00:16:55of the Tajitas Mountains
00:16:56is as spectacular now
00:16:58as it must have been some 2,800 years ago
00:17:01when the armies of Sparta
00:17:03headed west in search of conquest.
00:17:07Several days' hard march
00:17:08through the mountains
00:17:09would bring them
00:17:10to the territory of the Mycenaeans.
00:17:12The Spartans weren't just coming
00:17:14for their land.
00:17:15They wanted their freedom too.
00:17:18They intended to turn
00:17:20the Mycenaeans en masse into helots.
00:17:22The word translates as captives
00:17:24but means, more bluntly, slaves.
00:17:27Slavery in ancient Greece
00:17:28was an accepted fact of life
00:17:30but slaves were supposed to be foreigners,
00:17:33barbarians who spoke no Greek
00:17:35and so were obviously suited
00:17:37by nature to servitude.
00:17:40The enslavement of fellow Greeks
00:17:42and on a massive scale
00:17:44was something else again
00:17:46and the crushing of Mycenae
00:17:48would set Sparta apart
00:17:49from the rest of Greece.
00:17:51It also shaped the kind of place
00:17:53Sparta became.
00:17:54Wary of unrest,
00:17:56paranoid about revolt.
00:17:59Enslaving the Mycenaeans
00:18:00was no easy task.
00:18:02It took two full-scale wars
00:18:03each lasting 20 years or more.
00:18:06We know something about the Second War
00:18:08because we have an eyewitness
00:18:09to the events.
00:18:10One of the first identifiable eyewitnesses
00:18:13known to history.
00:18:14He was called Tertius,
00:18:16a Spartan soldier
00:18:17and, just as importantly,
00:18:20a poet.
00:18:32It is a fine thing
00:18:33for a brave man to die
00:18:35when he has fallen
00:18:36among the front ranks
00:18:37while fighting for his homeland.
00:18:40Let us fight with spirit
00:18:41for this land
00:18:42and let us die for our children,
00:18:44no longer sparing our lives.
00:18:47Come on, you young men.
00:18:49Make the spirit in your heart
00:18:50strong and valiant
00:18:52and do not be in love with life
00:18:54when you are a fighting man.
00:19:01Tertius was a war poet,
00:19:03but hardly of the Wilfred Owen school.
00:19:06I doubt he had any concept
00:19:07of the pity of war.
00:19:09His verses were more like battle cries,
00:19:11barked out
00:19:12with the directness
00:19:13of a sergeant major,
00:19:14putting backbone
00:19:15into the shirkers
00:19:16and faint hearts.
00:19:17Look,
00:19:18if you want this land,
00:19:20you are going to have to fight for it.
00:19:21This is the kind of fighter
00:19:34that Tertius addresses
00:19:35in his poems.
00:19:37He was called a hoplite,
00:19:38an infantryman armed
00:19:40with an eight-foot spear
00:19:41and round shield.
00:19:42By the end of the 7th century,
00:19:44practically all Greek cities
00:19:46had their own contingents
00:19:47of hoplites.
00:19:48These weren't full-time
00:19:49professional soldiers.
00:19:51They were farmers
00:19:51who swapped ploughs
00:19:53for spears
00:19:54in defence of their communities.
00:19:56By standing side by side
00:19:57with their neighbours,
00:19:59these militiamen
00:19:59demonstrated not just
00:20:00their courage,
00:20:02but their status
00:20:02as citizens.
00:20:04This is Olympia,
00:20:17home of the famous games.
00:20:19It was also the unofficial shrine
00:20:21of the hoplite fighter,
00:20:23for this was where you'd come
00:20:24to dedicate your arms
00:20:25to the gods
00:20:26in thanks for victory.
00:20:28That's the hoplon,
00:20:35or round shield,
00:20:37the cardinal item of equipment
00:20:38for a hoplite,
00:20:39probably where he got his name.
00:20:41You'd have held it
00:20:42by thrusting your left arm
00:20:43through that central armband
00:20:45and then grasping onto
00:20:46a leather thong at the rim.
00:20:48It was made of wood and metal
00:20:50and would have weighed
00:20:50around 20 pounds,
00:20:52which is a hell of a weight
00:20:53if you think of carrying that
00:20:54for a day's fighting.
00:20:55But to let your arm fall
00:20:57and the shield drop
00:20:59was the ultimate disgrace.
00:21:09Hoplite fighting
00:21:09was a team effort.
00:21:11Half your shield was for you,
00:21:13the other half
00:21:13for the man to your left.
00:21:16The hoplites would form
00:21:17into densely packed ranks
00:21:18called a phalanx,
00:21:20seven or eight deep
00:21:22and perhaps 50 shields across.
00:21:26Coordination and discipline
00:21:27were important,
00:21:28but most important of all
00:21:29was trust.
00:21:31If your neighbour broke and ran,
00:21:33you'd be left exposed
00:21:34to the spear points of the enemy.
00:21:36Hit us!
00:21:43When two phalanxes met,
00:21:45the tendency was for each line
00:21:47to shift to the right.
00:21:49Your natural instinct
00:21:50was always to tuck yourself
00:21:51as far as possible
00:21:52behind your neighbour's shield.
00:21:53At that moment,
00:21:55the discipline of the phalanx
00:21:57threatened to collapse.
00:21:58To be effective,
00:21:59you just had to grit your teeth
00:22:01and stand your ground.
00:22:03Tertius had some typically
00:22:04helpful advice.
00:22:07Those who dare to stand fast
00:22:09at one another's side
00:22:10and to advance towards
00:22:11the front ranks
00:22:12in hand-to-hand conflict,
00:22:14they die in smaller numbers
00:22:15and they keep the troops
00:22:17behind safe.
00:22:17There wasn't much in the way
00:22:42of tactics
00:22:42once the shield walls
00:22:44came together.
00:22:44the battlefields
00:22:46all but disappeared
00:22:47in a dust cloud
00:22:48as the two opposing masses
00:22:50of bronze and muscle
00:22:51heaved against each other.
00:22:54The rear ranks provided
00:22:56the traction,
00:22:57pushing forward
00:22:58like rugby players
00:22:59in a scrum.
00:23:00It was in the front three ranks
00:23:11within range
00:23:12of the enemy's spear points
00:23:13that things got deadly.
00:23:15It was there
00:23:32that you'd have come
00:23:33face to face
00:23:33with this,
00:23:34a gorgon
00:23:35emblazoned
00:23:36on your enemy's shields.
00:23:38This was the goddess
00:23:39whose gaze
00:23:40had the power
00:23:41to turn men to stone
00:23:42and in the sweaty,
00:23:44stabbing frenzy
00:23:45of the battle,
00:23:46ending up inches
00:23:47from her
00:23:47must have been
00:23:48a literally
00:23:48petrifying experience.
00:23:54Ultimately,
00:23:55Sparta would surpass
00:23:56all other Greek cities
00:23:57in the art
00:23:58of this particular
00:23:59kind of fighting.
00:24:00But first,
00:24:01they had to beat
00:24:02and enslave
00:24:02their neighbours,
00:24:04the Mycenaeans.
00:24:05This was finally achieved
00:24:07around the year
00:24:07650 BC.
00:24:09For the next
00:24:10300 years,
00:24:11the Mycenaeans
00:24:12would be forced
00:24:13to slave
00:24:14in the fields
00:24:14of their Spartan masters,
00:24:16like asses
00:24:17worn out
00:24:18by heavy burdens,
00:24:19according to Tertius.
00:24:33But now that Mycenae
00:24:35had been won,
00:24:36the critical question
00:24:37for the Spartans
00:24:38became,
00:24:39then,
00:24:39and for centuries
00:24:40to come,
00:24:41how do we keep it?
00:24:43Elsewhere in Greece,
00:24:44cities were being
00:24:45torn apart
00:24:45by civil war
00:24:46between rich and poor.
00:24:48With the spoils
00:24:49of Mycenae up for grabs,
00:24:51the chances of that
00:24:51happening in Sparta
00:24:52were greatly increased.
00:24:55To keep their paradise safe,
00:24:58the Spartans chose
00:24:59to act
00:24:59in a totally radical way.
00:25:02From now on,
00:25:03utopia was their aim.
00:25:05They would dedicate themselves
00:25:07to the creation
00:25:07of a perfect society
00:25:09and it would be modelled
00:25:10on the hoplite phalanx,
00:25:13disciplined,
00:25:14collective
00:25:15and unselfish.
00:25:17There was going to be
00:25:19a revolution
00:25:19in Shangri-La.
00:25:20Every revolution
00:25:35needs its great leader
00:25:37and this is Sparta's,
00:25:38Lycurgus,
00:25:39the wolf worker.
00:25:41I can't put my hand
00:25:42on my heart
00:25:42and say that he existed,
00:25:44but the Spartans
00:25:44believed in him.
00:25:46For them,
00:25:47he was a miracle worker,
00:25:48someone who created
00:25:49heaven on earth
00:25:50following the advice
00:25:51of the gods themselves.
00:25:53Whether it was him
00:25:54or a bunch of people
00:25:55or a whole generation,
00:25:57who knows,
00:25:58but someone here
00:25:59embarked on a social experiment
00:26:00that would create
00:26:02one of the most
00:26:02extreme civilisations
00:26:04in the ancient world.
00:26:05The revolution
00:26:17that transformed Sparta
00:26:18took place
00:26:19around 650 BC
00:26:21when Sparta's neighbours,
00:26:23the Mycenaeans,
00:26:24were finally defeated
00:26:25and enslaved.
00:26:27In order to keep
00:26:28the helots quiet
00:26:29and, as importantly,
00:26:31to stop themselves
00:26:32falling out
00:26:33over the spoils of war,
00:26:34the Spartans
00:26:35set out
00:26:36to become
00:26:37the most formidable,
00:26:38disciplined
00:26:38and professional
00:26:39hoplite warriors
00:26:40that Greece
00:26:41had ever seen.
00:26:44The whole of Spartan society
00:26:46became, in effect,
00:26:47a military training camp.
00:26:52Spartan men
00:26:53would neither fish
00:26:54nor farm,
00:26:55manufacture nor trade.
00:26:57They would simply fight.
00:26:59And if they weren't fighting,
00:27:01they were training.
00:27:02And if they weren't training,
00:27:03they were hanging out
00:27:04with their fellow fighters.
00:27:06The family unit
00:27:07counted for very little.
00:27:09What mattered
00:27:10was bonding
00:27:10with their male peers,
00:27:12bolstering the solidarity
00:27:13of the phalanx.
00:27:15It was a programme
00:27:16that they pursued
00:27:17with typical
00:27:18single-mindedness.
00:27:23Being born Spartan
00:27:25was not enough.
00:27:26All male Spartans
00:27:28had to earn
00:27:28their citizenship
00:27:29through long years
00:27:30of competitive struggle
00:27:32and the survival
00:27:33of one of the most
00:27:34gruelling training systems
00:27:35ever invented.
00:27:39The first test
00:27:40came early.
00:27:41This ravine,
00:27:48a few miles out
00:27:49of Sparta,
00:27:50was known
00:27:50as the apotheti,
00:27:52or deposits.
00:27:54It was also called
00:27:55the place of rejection
00:27:56because it was down there
00:27:58that a newly-born child
00:27:59would be thrown
00:27:59if he didn't match up
00:28:01to Spartan standards
00:28:02of physical perfection.
00:28:06Infanticide was common
00:28:07throughout ancient Greece.
00:28:08Unwanted babies,
00:28:10usually girls,
00:28:11were left on a hillside.
00:28:13Sometimes they'd be placed
00:28:14in a basket
00:28:15or protective pot
00:28:16so that there was
00:28:17at least a chance
00:28:18of someone
00:28:19or something
00:28:20coming along
00:28:21and taking the child in.
00:28:24In Sparta,
00:28:25as ever,
00:28:26things were very different.
00:28:28Boys rather than girls
00:28:29were the usual victims
00:28:30and it wasn't the parents
00:28:31but the city elders
00:28:33who decided
00:28:33whether they lived
00:28:34or died.
00:28:35There was absolutely
00:28:36no possibility
00:28:37of a broody vixen
00:28:38or kindly shepherd
00:28:40rescuing the newborn child
00:28:41once they'd been
00:28:42tossed down there.
00:28:44The city elders' decision
00:28:45was final
00:28:46and absolute.
00:29:00Surviving the apotheti
00:29:01was just the start
00:29:03for the boys.
00:29:04At the age of seven
00:29:05they were taken
00:29:06from their families
00:29:07and placed
00:29:08in a training system
00:29:09called the agogi.
00:29:11It means literally
00:29:12rearing
00:29:13and the children
00:29:14were treated
00:29:15little better
00:29:15than animals.
00:29:16For Spartan boys
00:29:29this was a classroom
00:29:30the wild foothills
00:29:31of Mount Degetus
00:29:32where they'd have spent
00:29:33much of their time.
00:29:35They were organised
00:29:36into buai
00:29:37the Spartan word
00:29:38for a herd of cattle
00:29:39and all the child
00:29:40was put in charge
00:29:41of them
00:29:41responsible for their
00:29:43discipline and punishment
00:29:44and he was known
00:29:45as a boy herd.
00:29:47Emphasis was on surviving
00:29:48coping on the minimum.
00:29:50Each child was given
00:29:51just one cloak
00:29:52to last them all year round
00:29:53which seems fine
00:29:55on an afternoon like this
00:29:56but in winter here
00:29:57it drops to minus six.
00:30:00Food supplies were short
00:30:01and they were encouraged
00:30:02to steal
00:30:03to supplement their rations.
00:30:04If they were caught
00:30:05they were flogged
00:30:06not for the act of stealing
00:30:08but simply for not
00:30:09getting away with it.
00:30:11It was as much
00:30:12a trial by ordeal
00:30:13as it was an education.
00:30:21The mountains also
00:30:22provided the backdrop
00:30:23for one of Sparta's
00:30:25most controversial
00:30:26and disputed institutions
00:30:28the Cryptaea
00:30:30or Secret Service Brigade
00:30:32membership of which
00:30:33was reserved for the boys
00:30:35who'd shown particular promise.
00:30:42The really hard cases
00:30:43were singled out
00:30:44given a knife
00:30:45and turned loose
00:30:46into the wilds.
00:30:48By day they'd lie low
00:30:49but at night
00:30:50they'd infiltrate the valleys
00:30:51hunting down
00:30:52and murdering
00:30:54any helots
00:30:54that they caught.
00:30:55exactly how the Cryptaea
00:30:57operated
00:30:58and the kind of
00:30:59hit rate it had
00:31:00has always been a mystery
00:31:01but the mere rumour
00:31:03of bloodthirsty
00:31:04adolescent death squads
00:31:06roaming the countryside
00:31:07was enough
00:31:08to institute
00:31:08a reign of terror
00:31:10the perfect tactic
00:31:11to keep a slave population
00:31:13quiet and obedient.
00:31:18Though Sparta
00:31:18encouraged
00:31:19the collective spirit
00:31:20it placed as high a value
00:31:22on individual achievement.
00:31:23the boys
00:31:25were tested
00:31:26constantly
00:31:27against each other
00:31:28and against
00:31:29their own limitations.
00:31:35This is the site
00:31:36of the sanctuary
00:31:37of Artemis Orphea
00:31:38and it was here
00:31:39that the competitive nature
00:31:41of Spartan society
00:31:42had its most extreme
00:31:44form of expression.
00:31:45Assuming you'd survived
00:31:47the first five years
00:31:48of the Agogi system
00:31:49aged 12
00:31:50you were brought here
00:31:51for a brutal
00:31:51rite of passage.
00:31:52The altar up there
00:31:55was piled high
00:31:56with cheeses.
00:31:57Your challenge
00:31:58was simple
00:31:58to steal
00:31:59as many cheeses
00:32:00as possible.
00:32:02In front of the altar
00:32:02there was a line
00:32:03of older boys
00:32:04each armed with a whip
00:32:06their instruction
00:32:07to defend the altar
00:32:09showing neither mercy
00:32:10nor restraint.
00:32:13Indoctrinated
00:32:13with the tenets
00:32:14of endurance
00:32:14and perseverance
00:32:15and desperate
00:32:17to excel
00:32:17in a public display
00:32:19the 12-year-old boys
00:32:20braved the gauntlet
00:32:21again and again
00:32:23and again.
00:32:24Meeting the whips
00:32:25face on
00:32:26they sustained
00:32:27the most horrific injuries
00:32:28and some
00:32:29we're told
00:32:30were beaten to death.
00:32:37It's easy to find yourself
00:32:38reeling back
00:32:39at the sheer brutality
00:32:40of a system
00:32:41that seems as alien
00:32:42and violent
00:32:43as these clay masks
00:32:44found at the sanctuary
00:32:45of Artemis Orthea.
00:32:48And it's not just
00:32:48modern audiences
00:32:49that find the Spartans
00:32:50shocking.
00:32:52The philosopher
00:32:52Aristotle argued
00:32:53that they turned
00:32:54their children
00:32:55into animals
00:32:56while other Greeks
00:32:57pictured them
00:32:58as bees
00:32:58swarming around
00:32:59a hive
00:33:00creatures stripped
00:33:01of their individuality.
00:33:03It's been a popular
00:33:04conception of Sparta
00:33:06through the centuries
00:33:06but one that misses
00:33:08an important point.
00:33:10Being a part
00:33:11of any mass activity
00:33:12can be fantastically
00:33:13liberating.
00:33:14If you've ever been
00:33:15in a Mexican wave
00:33:16in a football ground
00:33:17or sung in a choir
00:33:18or taken part
00:33:19in a protest march
00:33:20you'll know
00:33:21that being part
00:33:22of a crowd
00:33:23doesn't diminish you
00:33:24it makes you stronger
00:33:25your reach is greater
00:33:27your sense of self
00:33:28is magnified.
00:33:29And that was
00:33:30the fundamental attraction
00:33:31of the Spartan system
00:33:33the possibility
00:33:34of transcending
00:33:35your limitations
00:33:36as an individual
00:33:37and becoming part
00:33:38of something bigger
00:33:39and better.
00:33:43from the age
00:33:48of 12 onwards
00:33:49the boys' training
00:33:50became
00:33:51if possible
00:33:52even more exacting.
00:33:56Reading and writing
00:33:58we're told
00:33:58were taught
00:33:59no more than
00:34:00was necessary
00:34:01but music
00:34:02and dancing
00:34:03were regarded
00:34:04as essential.
00:34:04The battlefields
00:34:16on which
00:34:16hoplites clashed
00:34:17were once
00:34:18memorably described
00:34:19as the dancing
00:34:20floors of war
00:34:21and a phalanx
00:34:22that was able
00:34:23to move together
00:34:23in a coordinated way
00:34:25made for a formidable
00:34:26dancing partner.
00:34:27So the Spartans
00:34:37spent many hours
00:34:38perfecting
00:34:39what was known
00:34:39as war music
00:34:41a rhythmic drill
00:34:42in which changes
00:34:43in direction
00:34:44and pace
00:34:44were communicated
00:34:45musically.
00:34:46the Spartans
00:34:56earned the reputation
00:34:57for being
00:34:58the most musical
00:34:59and the most
00:35:00warlike
00:35:01of people.
00:35:06At the age of 20
00:35:08with their training
00:35:09nearing completion
00:35:10Spartan males
00:35:11faced their most
00:35:12crucial test.
00:35:14Election to one
00:35:15the common messes
00:35:16or dining clubs
00:35:17where they'd be
00:35:18expected to spend
00:35:18most of their time
00:35:19when they weren't
00:35:20training or fighting.
00:35:23But entry to these
00:35:24exclusive gentlemen's clubs
00:35:26was not guaranteed.
00:35:39Election to the common mess
00:35:40was by the vote
00:35:41of existing members.
00:35:42If you fail to measure up
00:35:44you could be blackballed
00:35:45and then that was that.
00:35:47You were a failed Spartan
00:35:48publicly humiliated
00:35:50excluded from the society
00:35:52into which you'd been born.
00:35:54It must have been
00:35:55a living hell.
00:35:56If on the other hand
00:35:57you were elected
00:35:58you were given
00:35:59a big fat portion
00:36:00of land by the state
00:36:01and a quota of
00:36:02helot slaves
00:36:03to support you
00:36:04and your family.
00:36:05You are now
00:36:06one of the homioi
00:36:07the equals
00:36:08the warrior elite
00:36:09at the top
00:36:10of Sparta's hierarchy.
00:36:12The common messes
00:36:15which lay a mile or so
00:36:16out of the centre
00:36:17of Sparta
00:36:18were an essential part
00:36:19of the city's
00:36:20social engineering
00:36:21intended to keep
00:36:23discord and civil strife
00:36:24at bay.
00:36:26Old and young
00:36:27mixed here
00:36:27easing generational
00:36:29conflicts
00:36:29a constant source
00:36:30of friction
00:36:31elsewhere in Greece.
00:36:34More importantly
00:36:35rich and poor
00:36:36met on an equal footing
00:36:37the differences
00:36:38between them
00:36:39hidden by a rigorously
00:36:40enforced code
00:36:41of conspicuous
00:36:42non-consumption.
00:36:45In egalitarian Sparta
00:36:46the rule was
00:36:47even if you have got it
00:36:49don't flaunt it
00:36:50and it was applied
00:36:51to everything
00:36:51from houses
00:36:52to clothes
00:36:53even to food.
00:36:57Elsewhere in Greece
00:36:58rich men would lay
00:36:59on a couple of prostitutes
00:37:00crack open
00:37:01some amphora of wine
00:37:02and invite their mates
00:37:04round to feast
00:37:04on lark's tongues
00:37:05and honey roasted tuna.
00:37:07In Sparta
00:37:09there was no time
00:37:10for fine dining.
00:37:12In the common messes
00:37:13the dish of the day
00:37:14every day
00:37:15was a concoction
00:37:16made of boiled
00:37:17pig's blood
00:37:18and vinegar
00:37:19known as
00:37:20melas zomas
00:37:21black soup.
00:37:23An old joke goes
00:37:24there's a man
00:37:25from Sybaris
00:37:26in southern Italy
00:37:27the town infamous
00:37:28for its luxury
00:37:29and gluttony
00:37:29who was told
00:37:30the recipe
00:37:31for black soup.
00:37:32Ah, he said
00:37:33now I understand
00:37:34why the Spartans
00:37:35are so willing
00:37:36to die.
00:37:37Spartan frugality
00:37:39may have shocked
00:37:40their contemporaries
00:37:41but to a modern audience
00:37:42their diet
00:37:43leaving aside
00:37:44the black soup
00:37:45sounds nutritious
00:37:46and healthy.
00:37:51Judging from the
00:37:52contented expression
00:37:53on the face
00:37:53of this Spartan diner
00:37:55Lycurgus' system
00:37:56paid off.
00:37:58Well nourished
00:37:59and free from the need
00:38:00to make a living
00:38:01or keep up
00:38:02with the neighbours
00:38:02this is someone
00:38:04who despite the demands
00:38:05of Spartan society
00:38:06knew the good life.
00:38:09It's also the face
00:38:10of an entirely new kind
00:38:12of human being
00:38:13a citizen.
00:38:16Spartan society
00:38:17was one of the first
00:38:18to introduce
00:38:18a form of social contract
00:38:20where the duties
00:38:21of an individual
00:38:22were balanced
00:38:23by certain privileges
00:38:24and rights.
00:38:25It's a profound concept
00:38:27and one that was
00:38:28current in Sparta
00:38:29a hundred years or so
00:38:30before any other
00:38:31Greek city
00:38:31was even beginning
00:38:32to think along
00:38:33similar lines.
00:38:40But utopias
00:38:41need protecting
00:38:42and in the year
00:38:43480 BC
00:38:44disturbing news
00:38:46reached Sparta.
00:38:48The Persian Empire
00:38:49was on the move.
00:38:51A huge invasion force
00:38:53was heading west
00:38:54by land and sea.
00:38:56The time had come
00:38:57to see whether
00:38:57Sparta's celebrated
00:38:59warriors would live up
00:39:00to their fearsome reputation
00:39:02and save the Greek world
00:39:04from destruction.
00:39:12Archaeology came
00:39:23relatively late
00:39:24to Sparta.
00:39:26It wasn't until 1906
00:39:27that a British team
00:39:28began the first
00:39:29systematic digs.
00:39:42In 1925
00:39:44there was a major find
00:39:46a striking
00:39:47life-sized bust
00:39:49of a Spartan warrior
00:39:50dating from
00:39:51the 5th century BC.
00:39:53These lantern slides
00:39:54record the moment
00:39:55of discovery.
00:40:03When the bust
00:40:04was inched
00:40:05out of the earth
00:40:06and it became clear
00:40:07he was a magnificent
00:40:08warrior
00:40:08one of the Greek
00:40:09workmen said
00:40:10without a moment's
00:40:11hesitation
00:40:12this is Leonidas.
00:40:18Leonidas
00:40:19was Sparta's
00:40:20superhero.
00:40:21The king
00:40:22who with 300
00:40:22warriors
00:40:23made a doomed
00:40:24last stand
00:40:25against the might
00:40:25of Persia
00:40:26in the pass
00:40:27at Thermopylae.
00:40:29There isn't
00:40:30any hard evidence
00:40:31for that identification
00:40:32although he is
00:40:33from the right period
00:40:34but I think
00:40:35we can forgive
00:40:35the wishful thinking.
00:40:37After all
00:40:38everyone wants
00:40:39a legend
00:40:39to have a face.
00:40:40these days
00:40:50the warrior
00:40:50presides over
00:40:51the museum
00:40:52in Sparta.
00:40:53They still call
00:40:54him Leonidas
00:40:55but the name
00:40:56is safely
00:40:56in quote marks.
00:40:58But whoever
00:40:59he was
00:40:59he remains
00:41:00an impressive
00:41:01piece of work.
00:41:02that enigmatic
00:41:09smile
00:41:10is typical
00:41:11of sculpture
00:41:11of the period
00:41:12and it gives him
00:41:13a Mona Lisa
00:41:14like quality.
00:41:19His eyes
00:41:20are blank now
00:41:21but in their day
00:41:22it had been inlaid
00:41:23with rock crystal
00:41:24and seashells
00:41:25and would have glittered
00:41:26out of the stone.
00:41:28His torso
00:41:29is fantastically
00:41:30fit and toned.
00:41:32His hair
00:41:33is very elaborately
00:41:33dressed
00:41:34and his upper lip
00:41:35is clean shaven.
00:41:37It was one of
00:41:38like Kyrgyz's
00:41:38more fussy reforms
00:41:40that Spartan men
00:41:41should not have
00:41:42moustaches.
00:41:44So if you want
00:41:45a picture
00:41:45of the ultimate
00:41:47Spartan
00:41:47here he is.
00:41:53We know very little
00:41:55of the real
00:41:55Leonidas.
00:41:56He was a member
00:41:57of the Agidai
00:41:58one of the two
00:41:59aristocratic families
00:42:00that supplied
00:42:01Sparta
00:42:02with her kings.
00:42:03He'd been on the throne
00:42:04for ten years
00:42:05when the Persian
00:42:06juggernaut
00:42:07began to roll west.
00:42:17Persia was the
00:42:19regional superpower
00:42:20of the eastern
00:42:21Mediterranean.
00:42:23A vast empire
00:42:24stretching from
00:42:25present day Afghanistan
00:42:26to the Aegean Sea.
00:42:28The Greeks
00:42:29were an insignificant
00:42:30but increasingly
00:42:31troublesome presence
00:42:32on the western
00:42:32limits of their empire
00:42:33inciting rebellion
00:42:35among the king's
00:42:36Greek subjects
00:42:37in the cities
00:42:37of Asia Minor.
00:42:39It was the Persian
00:42:40king Darius
00:42:41who made the first move.
00:42:43He sent punitive forces
00:42:44to land at Marathon
00:42:46only to see them
00:42:47routed by Athens
00:42:49and her allies.
00:42:50The king died
00:42:51before he could
00:42:52avenge the insult
00:42:53and it was left
00:42:54to his son Xerxes
00:42:55to sort out
00:42:57the troublesome
00:42:57Greeks
00:42:58once and for all.
00:43:02The Persians
00:43:03set out by land
00:43:04and sea
00:43:04early in the year
00:43:05480.
00:43:07The army was so vast
00:43:08that according
00:43:09to the Greek
00:43:09historian Herodotus
00:43:10it drank
00:43:11whole rivers dry.
00:43:14Herodotus
00:43:14also reckons
00:43:15the combined
00:43:16Persian forces
00:43:17at more than
00:43:18one and a half million.
00:43:20A more sober estimate
00:43:21would put the ceiling
00:43:22at 300,000.
00:43:24Big enough
00:43:25to crush
00:43:26the minnow-like
00:43:26cities of Greece.
00:43:28When the Spartans
00:43:29learned a Persian invasion
00:43:30was on its way
00:43:31they sent for advice
00:43:32to the oracle
00:43:33at Delphi.
00:43:34Oracles were thought
00:43:35of as messages
00:43:36from the gods
00:43:37delivered through
00:43:37the mouth
00:43:38of a possessed priestess.
00:43:40The Spartans
00:43:41were deeply pious
00:43:42and they treated
00:43:43oracles
00:43:43as though
00:43:44they were
00:43:44military orders.
00:43:46On this occasion
00:43:47the orders
00:43:48made for sobering reading.
00:43:52Hear your fate
00:43:53O dwellers
00:43:54in Sparta
00:43:55of the wide spaces.
00:43:57Either your
00:43:58famed great town
00:43:59must be sent
00:44:00by Perseus' sons
00:44:02or the whole land
00:44:04must mourn
00:44:04the death
00:44:05of the king
00:44:05of the house
00:44:06of Heracles.
00:44:09Beneath the flowery language
00:44:11a simple choice
00:44:12was on offer.
00:44:13Capitulate
00:44:14or fight
00:44:15to the death.
00:44:17The Spartans
00:44:17being Spartans
00:44:18chose the latter
00:44:19and put themselves
00:44:20at the head
00:44:21of the resistance
00:44:21to the invasion.
00:44:22As the Persian army
00:44:27swung south
00:44:28towards the Greek heartland
00:44:29a Greek force
00:44:30under the command
00:44:31of King Leonidas
00:44:33headed north
00:44:34to stop their advance
00:44:35at Thermopylae
00:44:36the gates of fire.
00:44:46In 480
00:44:47Thermopylae
00:44:48was a natural bottleneck.
00:44:50Now the sea
00:44:51has receded
00:44:51miles
00:44:52in that direction
00:44:53but then
00:44:54the road south
00:44:55was squeezed
00:44:55between the shoreline
00:44:57and these mountains.
00:44:59It was here
00:44:59that between
00:45:007,000 and 8,000
00:45:01hoplites came
00:45:02from all over Greece.
00:45:04The first thing
00:45:05they did
00:45:05was to rebuild
00:45:06a wall
00:45:06that crossed
00:45:07the most narrow
00:45:07point of the pass.
00:45:09Hunkering down
00:45:10behind it
00:45:10they aimed
00:45:11to stop
00:45:12the Persian advance
00:45:13in its tracks.
00:45:14The Greeks
00:45:15were hopelessly
00:45:16outnumbered
00:45:16but they did
00:45:17have geography
00:45:18on their side.
00:45:19If they could
00:45:20just slow down
00:45:21the Persians
00:45:22it would allow
00:45:22others to organise
00:45:23more formidable
00:45:24defences on land
00:45:26and sea.
00:45:29But for Leonidas
00:45:30and for the 300
00:45:31Spartan warriors
00:45:32who'd accompanied him
00:45:33Thermopylae was more
00:45:35than a strategic
00:45:36strong point.
00:45:37It was the place
00:45:38where they intended
00:45:39to show the world
00:45:40what it meant
00:45:41to be a Spartan.
00:45:43As a whole
00:45:47the Greeks
00:45:47made a great deal
00:45:48of noise
00:45:49about the nobility
00:45:49of dying
00:45:50for your country
00:45:51but for the Spartans
00:45:52it was far more
00:45:53than just a platitude.
00:45:55In battle
00:45:56they were ordered
00:45:57to seek out
00:45:58a kalos thanatos
00:46:00a beautiful death.
00:46:02It encompassed
00:46:03everything
00:46:03that the poet
00:46:04Tertius spoke of
00:46:05advancing calmly
00:46:07to meet your enemy
00:46:08never fleeing the battlefield
00:46:09and embracing death
00:46:12like a lover.
00:46:13In fact
00:46:13on campaign
00:46:14the Spartans
00:46:15would make offerings
00:46:15to Eros
00:46:16the god of love.
00:46:18The beautiful death
00:46:19was a sacrifice
00:46:20in the true sense
00:46:21of the word
00:46:22turning something mortal
00:46:23into something sacred.
00:46:25The men
00:46:26that Leonidas
00:46:27chose to do
00:46:28the job for him
00:46:28here
00:46:29were all married
00:46:30older
00:46:31and with sons.
00:46:32He knew none of them
00:46:33would be coming back.
00:46:35The Spartans
00:46:36who fought at Thermopylae
00:46:37were a 300 strong
00:46:38kamikaze squad.
00:46:44For three days
00:46:45the Greeks
00:46:46held off
00:46:46the Persian advance
00:46:47sheltering behind
00:46:48their wall
00:46:49and then counter-attacking
00:46:50in hoplite formation.
00:46:53Three times
00:46:54they were beaten back.
00:47:00Xerxes had almost
00:47:01given up
00:47:01and then he was told
00:47:03about a secret path
00:47:04that went through
00:47:05the mountains
00:47:06and came out
00:47:07behind the Greek wall.
00:47:12When Leonidas
00:47:13discovered the Persians
00:47:15were on their way
00:47:15he knew the game
00:47:17was up.
00:47:18Before long
00:47:18the Greeks
00:47:19would be surrounded.
00:47:24While there was still
00:47:25time for them to escape
00:47:26Leonidas dismissed
00:47:28most of the Greek allies
00:47:29setting the stage
00:47:30for one of history's
00:47:32most celebrated
00:47:33last stands.
00:47:34On the final morning
00:47:43the Spartans
00:47:44followed their normal
00:47:45pre-battle rituals.
00:47:47They stripped naked
00:47:48and exercised.
00:47:49They oiled their bodies
00:47:51and combed
00:47:51each other's long hair.
00:47:53They wrote their names
00:47:54out on little sticks
00:47:55and fastened them
00:47:56to their arms
00:47:57dog tags
00:47:58so their bodies
00:47:59could be identified later.
00:48:01Persian spies
00:48:02observing these strange
00:48:04activities
00:48:04reported them back
00:48:05to Xerxes
00:48:06who found them laughable.
00:48:08It was said
00:48:08it looked as though
00:48:09they were getting ready
00:48:09for a party.
00:48:11In fact
00:48:12they were making themselves
00:48:13greater,
00:48:19more noble,
00:48:20more terrible.
00:48:32Herodotus,
00:49:02describes the final act.
00:49:05In the morning
00:49:06Xerxes poured a libation
00:49:08to the rising sun
00:49:09and then ordered
00:49:10the advance.
00:49:15The Greeks
00:49:16under Leonidas
00:49:17knowing that the fight
00:49:18would be their last
00:49:19pressed forward
00:49:20into the widest part
00:49:21of the pass.
00:49:22They fought with reckless desperation,
00:49:48with swords
00:49:49if they had them
00:49:50and if not,
00:49:51with their hands
00:49:51and teeth
00:49:52until the Persians
00:49:53coming in from the front
00:49:54and closing in from behind
00:49:55overwhelmed them.
00:50:13Militarily speaking,
00:50:14Thermopylae was insignificant.
00:50:16The Persian advance
00:50:17delayed for less than a week
00:50:19was soon rolling south again.
00:50:21Shortly afterwards
00:50:22another battle took place
00:50:24here in the Bay of Salamis
00:50:26where a Greek fleet
00:50:27led by Athens
00:50:28destroyed the Persian ships.
00:50:30It was a scrappy
00:50:32hit and miss affair
00:50:32but Salamis finished
00:50:34what Thermopylae had started
00:50:36and the following year
00:50:37the Persians
00:50:38were finally driven
00:50:39out of Greece.
00:50:40in the aftermath
00:50:42in the aftermath of victory
00:50:42it was the doomed heroism
00:50:44of Thermopylae
00:50:45that captured the imagination
00:50:46of the Greeks.
00:50:48Thermopylae was a stage
00:50:49upon which the Spartans
00:50:50played out the role
00:50:51they'd spent their lives
00:50:52preparing for.
00:50:54They'd shown the world
00:50:55the kind of place
00:50:56Sparta was
00:50:57and the kind of men
00:50:58it produced.
00:51:00They'd fulfilled
00:51:00the ideals of their city
00:51:02and justified the claims
00:51:03of their utopia.
00:51:04and by doing that
00:51:06according to Herodotus
00:51:08they had
00:51:09laid up for the Spartans
00:51:10a treasure of fame
00:51:12in which no other city
00:51:14could share.
00:51:26For Sparta and Athens
00:51:27the experience
00:51:28of the Persian invasion
00:51:29had been very different.
00:51:31hundreds of miles
00:51:35from the front line
00:51:36in the idyllic
00:51:37countryside of Laconia
00:51:38the Spartan homeland
00:51:40had been untouched
00:51:41by the war.
00:51:43Whereas Athens
00:51:44itself had been invaded
00:51:45and its Acropolis
00:51:47destroyed
00:51:47here in Sparta
00:51:49in the rugged
00:51:50enclosed peninsula
00:51:51of the Peloponnese
00:51:52the war had seemed
00:51:54a distant affair.
00:51:57With peace restored
00:51:58the Spartans
00:51:59quickly returned
00:52:00to their usual routines
00:52:01the pursuit of physical
00:52:03and military perfection.
00:52:07This society
00:52:08was disciplined
00:52:09obedient
00:52:10and above all
00:52:11willing to sacrifice
00:52:12the needs of the family
00:52:13and of the individual
00:52:14for the good of the state
00:52:16if necessary
00:52:18to die for the cause.
00:52:21The cause was simple
00:52:23protection of the utopia
00:52:25the Spartans
00:52:26thought they'd created.
00:52:27to do that
00:52:29they needed to produce
00:52:30more of their famed
00:52:32hoplite warriors
00:52:33but beyond that
00:52:34the Spartans
00:52:35had few other ambitions
00:52:36all they wanted
00:52:37was to maintain
00:52:39the status quo.
00:52:40But in post-war Athens
00:52:45things were changing fast.
00:52:47The trauma
00:52:48of occupation
00:52:49followed by
00:52:49the euphoria
00:52:50of victory
00:52:51was transforming
00:52:52the city.
00:52:53Before the war
00:52:54the foundations
00:52:55of democracy
00:52:55had been laid
00:52:56but it was democracy
00:52:57in name only.
00:52:59In reality
00:52:59it was men
00:53:00with money
00:53:01who had the say.
00:53:02Now
00:53:03a massive power shift
00:53:05was taking place.
00:53:06Welcome to the cradle
00:53:26of democracy
00:53:27an Athenian trierine.
00:53:32Powered by nearly
00:53:33200 oarsmen
00:53:34it was seaborne
00:53:36battering rams
00:53:36like this
00:53:37that had annihilated
00:53:38the Persian fleet
00:53:40at Salamis.
00:53:42At the hour
00:53:43of crisis
00:53:44for Greece
00:53:44it was the poor
00:53:46of Athens
00:53:46who'd squeezed down
00:53:48onto these cramped
00:53:49rowing benches
00:53:50and sent the triremes
00:53:51smashing into the hulls
00:53:53of their enemies.
00:53:53these were the
00:54:11have-nots
00:54:11of the city
00:54:12the bottom
00:54:13of the political
00:54:13pecking order
00:54:14but after Salamis
00:54:16all that changed
00:54:18the oarsmen
00:54:19who'd endured
00:54:20the sweat
00:54:20and the stench
00:54:22and the terror
00:54:22of being down here
00:54:23had won
00:54:24a historic victory
00:54:26and now they wanted
00:54:27to have their say.
00:54:29Athenian democracy
00:54:30was galvanised.
00:54:37The champion
00:54:38of the Athenian oarsmen
00:54:40was Pericles.
00:54:42He was a wealthy aristocrat
00:54:43exactly the sort
00:54:45who'd run
00:54:45the so-called democracy
00:54:47in Athens
00:54:47for generations.
00:54:48he was also
00:54:51shrewd enough
00:54:51to sense
00:54:52that things
00:54:52had changed
00:54:53and ambitious
00:54:54enough
00:54:54to put himself
00:54:56at the head
00:54:56of that change.
00:54:59Pericles could see
00:54:59that in order
00:55:00to secure power
00:55:01he needed to
00:55:02distance himself
00:55:03from the nobles
00:55:04play to the gallery
00:55:05ingratiate himself
00:55:06with the people.
00:55:08He was a formidable
00:55:09orator
00:55:09and his powers
00:55:11of argument
00:55:11and speech
00:55:12won them over.
00:55:14But it wasn't
00:55:15just what Pericles
00:55:16said that impressed
00:55:17the citizens of Athens.
00:55:19He designed
00:55:20a mass civic
00:55:21building programme
00:55:22that in effect
00:55:23would be a job
00:55:24creation scheme
00:55:25for the city's poor.
00:55:27All kinds of enterprises
00:55:29and demands
00:55:30will be created
00:55:31which will provide
00:55:32inspiration
00:55:33for every art
00:55:34find employment
00:55:35for every hand
00:55:36and transform
00:55:38the whole people
00:55:38into wage earners
00:55:40so that the city
00:55:41will decorate
00:55:42and maintain herself
00:55:43at the same time.
00:55:46True to his word
00:55:47Pericles
00:55:47opened the coffers
00:55:49of Athens
00:55:49to pay for public festivals
00:55:51and grandiose monuments
00:55:52like the Parthenon
00:55:53but most significantly
00:55:55of all
00:55:56he introduced
00:55:56state salaries
00:55:57for juries
00:55:58and war service.
00:56:00Now the oarsmen
00:56:01could trade in
00:56:02their rowing benches
00:56:03for seats of power
00:56:04in the city.
00:56:05For the first time
00:56:06in Athens
00:56:07democracy
00:56:07was really coming
00:56:08to mean government
00:56:09by the people.
00:56:10and this is where
00:56:15its voice
00:56:15could be heard
00:56:16the Athenian Agora
00:56:18if the Acropolis
00:56:20was the soul
00:56:20of Athens
00:56:21then the Agora
00:56:22was its beating heart.
00:56:24It was here
00:56:25that the day-to-day
00:56:26life of Athens
00:56:27took place.
00:56:31Artisans
00:56:31and lawyers
00:56:32shopkeepers
00:56:33and philosophers
00:56:34men from all walks
00:56:36of life
00:56:36rubbed shoulders here
00:56:37creating the buzz
00:56:39and bustle
00:56:39of the most
00:56:40democratic city
00:56:41in Greece.
00:56:43Official posts
00:56:44were open
00:56:45to everyone
00:56:46irrespective
00:56:47of their wealth
00:56:47and status
00:56:48and you were
00:56:49expected
00:56:50to pull your weight
00:56:51and participate.
00:56:53On days
00:56:53when speeches
00:56:54and debates
00:56:54were heard
00:56:55all the exits
00:56:56to the Agora
00:56:57were closed
00:56:57apart from the one
00:56:59that led up
00:56:59to the Pnyx
00:57:00where the Athenian
00:57:01assembly sat.
00:57:03Slaves
00:57:03with ropes
00:57:04dipped in red paint
00:57:05were chivvy citizens
00:57:07up the slope
00:57:07marking out
00:57:08for a fine
00:57:09any who dragged
00:57:10their feet
00:57:10or tried to slip away.
00:57:12In Athens
00:57:13democracy
00:57:14was enforced
00:57:15as rigorously
00:57:15as military discipline
00:57:17was in Sparta.
00:57:22But it wasn't
00:57:23just Athenian
00:57:23political life
00:57:24that had been
00:57:25revolutionised
00:57:26after the defeat
00:57:26of Persia.
00:57:28Everything
00:57:28from commerce
00:57:29to culture
00:57:29was infused
00:57:30with energy
00:57:31and new thinking.
00:57:34Although the Greek
00:57:35alliance had emerged
00:57:36victorious from the war
00:57:37Persia remained
00:57:38a constant threat.
00:57:40The cities of Greece
00:57:41needed a leader
00:57:42to carry on the fight
00:57:43against the enemy
00:57:44from the east.
00:57:46Sparta had no desire
00:57:47to take on the job
00:57:48so while it turned
00:57:49its attentions inward
00:57:50Athens
00:57:51this confident
00:57:52outgoing democracy
00:57:54took the helm
00:57:55and set its course
00:57:56in a different direction.
00:58:00Unlike Sparta
00:58:01happily landlocked
00:58:03in the Peloponnese
00:58:03Athens had always
00:58:05been half in love
00:58:06with the sea.
00:58:07With the defeat
00:58:08of the Persians
00:58:08that love affair
00:58:09was formalised
00:58:10when the city
00:58:11was physically linked
00:58:12to the port of Piraeus
00:58:14by defensive walls.
00:58:16The walls meant
00:58:16that Athens
00:58:17was now officially
00:58:18a sea power
00:58:19with all that implied
00:58:20in terms of trade
00:58:22the movement of people
00:58:23in and out
00:58:23and the potential
00:58:25for empire building.
00:58:30The Athenians
00:58:32devoured their own city
00:58:33to build their walls
00:58:34scavenging raw material
00:58:36from public monuments
00:58:37even using headstones
00:58:39from graveyards.
00:58:41The result
00:58:41was 12 miles
00:58:43of imposing fortifications
00:58:45erected in record time.
00:58:47As a statement of intent
00:58:49it certainly packed a punch.
00:58:51A defensive shield
00:58:52designed to keep
00:58:53the wealth of Athens in
00:58:54and unwanted busybodies
00:58:56from neighbouring states
00:58:57out.
00:59:02Athens became the policeman
00:59:03of the eastern Mediterranean.
00:59:06Its allies were expected
00:59:07to tow the line
00:59:08and foot the bill
00:59:10and if anyone objected
00:59:11they'd soon find
00:59:13an Athenian fleet
00:59:14in their harbour.
00:59:16It was trireme diplomacy.
00:59:17This shift
00:59:22in the balance of power
00:59:23could hardly
00:59:23have been missed
00:59:24by Sparta.
00:59:25The burgeoning Athenian fleet
00:59:27was evidence enough
00:59:28but when Sparta
00:59:29discovered that Athens
00:59:30had been building walls
00:59:31there was even more
00:59:32cause for concern.
00:59:36The Spartans
00:59:37disliked walls
00:59:37because walls
00:59:38defined cities
00:59:39and cities
00:59:40if you weren't careful
00:59:42encouraged other things
00:59:43like democracy.
00:59:44and if there was
00:59:46one thing Sparta
00:59:47distrusted more
00:59:48than walls
00:59:48it was democracy.
00:59:51Sparta famously
00:59:52had no walls.
00:59:55It was said
00:59:56its walls
00:59:57were its young men
00:59:58and its borders
00:59:59the tips
01:00:00of their spears.
01:00:02For the Spartans
01:00:03it wasn't
01:00:04laws
01:00:05or walls
01:00:05or magnificent
01:00:06public buildings
01:00:07that made a city.
01:00:08It was their own
01:00:09ideals.
01:00:11In essence
01:00:11Sparta was a city
01:00:12of the head
01:00:13and the heart
01:00:14and it existed
01:00:15in its purest form
01:00:16in the disciplined
01:00:17march of a hoplite
01:00:18phalanx
01:00:19on their way
01:00:20to war.
01:00:32Athens and Sparta
01:00:34represented two
01:00:35radically different
01:00:36ways of being.
01:00:38Choosing between them
01:00:39would seem to present
01:00:39no difficulties.
01:00:41Sparta was militaristic
01:00:43and xenophobic
01:00:44Athens was dynamic
01:00:46and open to the world.
01:00:48But of course
01:00:49things are never
01:00:49that simple.
01:00:51Athens could be
01:00:52imperialist
01:00:53arrogant
01:00:53and aggressive
01:00:54and its democracy
01:00:55excluded women
01:00:57foreigners
01:00:57and slaves.
01:00:59But for the Greeks
01:01:00their main problem
01:01:01with Athenian politics
01:01:02was its volatility
01:01:04and the threat
01:01:05that posed
01:01:05to their cherished
01:01:06value of eunomia
01:01:08or good order.
01:01:10Pindar,
01:01:11the 5th century poet
01:01:12called eunomia
01:01:14the secure foundation
01:01:15stone of cities
01:01:16and the Greeks
01:01:17knew from bitter experience
01:01:19what happened
01:01:20when this foundation
01:01:21was threatened.
01:01:25Civil war
01:01:26between the haves
01:01:27and the have-nots.
01:01:29Fields left unharvested.
01:01:31Blood in the streets.
01:01:35The Spartan system
01:01:37on the other hand
01:01:37with its peculiar blend
01:01:39of equality
01:01:40and elitism
01:01:41held many attractions
01:01:42for the Greeks.
01:01:43Its emphasis
01:01:44on the common good
01:01:45duty and cohesion
01:01:47seemed to guarantee
01:01:48good order.
01:01:55But for the other Greeks
01:01:57good order in Sparta
01:01:58was compromised
01:01:59by its extraordinary
01:02:01attitude
01:02:02to sexual politics.
01:02:04Because when it came
01:02:05to women
01:02:06conservative Sparta
01:02:07was positively radical.
01:02:13If you were a woman
01:02:14life in 5th century Athens
01:02:16can't have been much fun.
01:02:20The city may have been
01:02:21at the cutting edge
01:02:22of all that was good
01:02:23in art, architecture
01:02:24and democracy
01:02:25but these were intended
01:02:26for the consumption
01:02:27of men.
01:02:29Female achievement
01:02:29consisted primarily
01:02:30of playing the part
01:02:31of dutiful, shadowy wife.
01:02:34In fact,
01:02:35in most of ancient Greece
01:02:36women were expected
01:02:37to be neither seen
01:02:38nor heard.
01:02:40The historian Xenophon
01:02:41recommended that
01:02:42they stay indoors
01:02:43and for the orator
01:02:44Pericles
01:02:45it was shameful
01:02:46if they were even
01:02:47mentioned in public.
01:02:50Athenian women
01:02:51led a very sheltered existence.
01:02:53Apart from training
01:02:54for domestic duties
01:02:55they were given
01:02:56as little education
01:02:57as possible.
01:02:59In a society
01:03:00where women
01:03:01had no say
01:03:02education must have
01:03:03seemed at best pointless
01:03:04and at worst
01:03:06dangerous.
01:03:08As one comic poet
01:03:09put it
01:03:10Teach women letters
01:03:12a serious mistake
01:03:13like giving extra venom
01:03:15to a terrifying snake.
01:03:18An Athenian girl
01:03:20could be married off
01:03:21as young as 12
01:03:22to a man chosen for her.
01:03:24She'd be taken away
01:03:25from her family
01:03:26and would disappear
01:03:27into her husband's house.
01:03:31A woman's role
01:03:32was to manage the family
01:03:33and do the chores
01:03:34grind corn
01:03:36wash
01:03:36or bake bread.
01:03:39Rich women
01:03:40who had slaves
01:03:41to take care
01:03:41of the drudgery
01:03:42would spin and sew.
01:03:46There would be
01:03:47the occasional sortie outside
01:03:48to attend to domestic matters
01:03:50or go to a religious ceremony
01:03:52but basically
01:03:53life was confined
01:03:54within four walls.
01:03:59In Sparta
01:03:59by contrast
01:04:00women were everywhere.
01:04:02Imagine airlifting
01:04:03all the men
01:04:04between the ages
01:04:04of 7 and 60
01:04:05out of the street
01:04:06and you get a feeling
01:04:07of what it must have been like.
01:04:09For a start
01:04:10there were more girls
01:04:10than boys
01:04:11because they weren't victims
01:04:12of a state programme
01:04:14of infanticide.
01:04:15And if men
01:04:16weren't away
01:04:16fighting or training
01:04:17they were relaxing
01:04:18with their male colleagues
01:04:20in the common messes.
01:04:21Women would have dominated
01:04:23the day-to-day life
01:04:24of the city.
01:04:29The simple visibility
01:04:31of Spartan women
01:04:32made them objects
01:04:33of fear
01:04:34and fascination
01:04:35to non-Spartan men.
01:04:39Homer called Sparta
01:04:41Caligoneca
01:04:42the land
01:04:43of beautiful women.
01:04:44The beauty
01:04:45of Helen of Troy
01:04:46originally Helen of Sparta
01:04:48was legendary.
01:04:53Of course
01:04:53not every Spartan woman
01:04:55who looked at herself
01:04:56in a mirror like this
01:04:57could have lived up
01:04:57to her standards.
01:04:58But they were
01:04:59uniquely fit.
01:05:02Spartan girls
01:05:03had an upbringing
01:05:03unparalleled
01:05:04anywhere else in Greece.
01:05:09For starters
01:05:10they were fed
01:05:11the same rations
01:05:12as boys
01:05:12and allowed
01:05:13to drink wine.
01:05:15The state
01:05:16taught them
01:05:16how to sing
01:05:17and dance
01:05:18to wrestle
01:05:18to throw the javelin
01:05:20and discus.
01:05:21And they were encouraged
01:05:22to be every bit
01:05:24as competitive
01:05:24as the boys.
01:05:30Girls and boys
01:05:31would exercise naked
01:05:32but there was nothing
01:05:34immodest about it.
01:05:37Nudity was the norm
01:05:38because it was thought
01:05:39to banish prudery
01:05:40and encourage fitness.
01:05:43It paid off.
01:05:45Physically
01:05:46they were outstanding.
01:05:49There's a great scene
01:05:51in the comedy
01:05:51Lysistrata
01:05:52by the Athenian playwright
01:05:54Aristophanes.
01:05:55A group of Athenian women
01:05:56crowd round a Spartan woman
01:05:58called Lampito.
01:05:59What a gorgeous creature
01:06:01they say
01:06:02what healthy skin
01:06:03what firmness
01:06:04of physique
01:06:05and one of them adds
01:06:06I've never seen
01:06:07a pair of breasts
01:06:08like that
01:06:08to which Lampito
01:06:10proudly responds
01:06:11I go to the gym
01:06:13I make my buttocks hard.
01:06:20When you see
01:06:21these lead
01:06:21votive offerings
01:06:22of dancers
01:06:23here in the Spartan Museum
01:06:24you can understand
01:06:26why Spartan women
01:06:27were the subjects
01:06:28of such lurid speculation
01:06:30amongst Athenian men.
01:06:33One of the most
01:06:35important virtues
01:06:35for Athenian women
01:06:36was sophrosine
01:06:38wise restraint.
01:06:40Well there's not much
01:06:41of that in evidence
01:06:42here in these
01:06:43uninhibited dancers.
01:06:45Even after thousands
01:06:46of years
01:06:46you can sense the energy
01:06:47and almost smell the sweat.
01:06:49Spartan dances
01:06:55were famous
01:06:56for their vitality.
01:06:58In one particularly
01:06:58athletic version
01:06:59women had to jump up
01:07:01and drum their buttocks
01:07:02with their heels
01:07:03as many times as possible.
01:07:16It's incredibly difficult
01:07:17but most importantly
01:07:19for the ancients
01:07:20it revealed
01:07:21a large amount
01:07:21of naked thigh
01:07:23which is probably
01:07:24where Spartan girls
01:07:25earned their nickname
01:07:26thigh flashers.
01:07:46As part of their
01:07:47state education
01:07:47the thigh flashers
01:07:49would come down here
01:07:50to the banks
01:07:50of the Eurotas
01:07:51in what one poet
01:07:52described as
01:07:53the Nicta di Ambrosias
01:07:55the Ambrosial Night.
01:08:00The poet goes on
01:08:01to evoke scenes
01:08:02of ritual ecstatic
01:08:03dances and choral contests.
01:08:06The girls singing
01:08:07to each other
01:08:07of limb loosening desire
01:08:09tossing their long hair
01:08:10being ridden like horses
01:08:12and exhausted by love.
01:08:14women and men in Sparta
01:08:15were used to living separate lives.
01:08:17It's no surprise that Sparta
01:08:19was one of the few ancient cities
01:08:20that had the reputation
01:08:22for encouraging girl-on-girl sex.
01:08:24women and men in Sparta
01:08:38women and men in Sparta
01:08:40were used to living separate lives.
01:08:42at the age of seven
01:08:45boys would be sent away
01:08:47to the Agogi
01:08:48the tough
01:08:49uncompromising
01:08:51Spartan system
01:08:52where they'd be schooled
01:08:53in the art
01:08:54of war.
01:08:56Male bonding
01:08:57wasn't just encouraged
01:08:58it was compulsory.
01:09:01At the age of 12
01:09:02a boy was paired
01:09:03with an older man
01:09:04usually one of the unmarried warriors
01:09:06aged between 20 and 30.
01:09:09This man would have looked after
01:09:13the boy's material needs
01:09:14and was responsible
01:09:15for his care and conduct.
01:09:19He was a surrogate mother
01:09:20and father
01:09:22as well as a teacher
01:09:23and mentor.
01:09:25But he was also a lover
01:09:27for institutionalized pederasty
01:09:30was a part and parcel
01:09:31of life for the Spartan warriors.
01:09:39These intimate relationships
01:09:40seemed to have had
01:09:42lasting psychological
01:09:43and emotional effects
01:09:44on the men.
01:09:46When the time came
01:09:47for them to get married
01:09:48it must have been
01:09:49a difficult adjustment
01:09:50to make
01:09:51but the pragmatic Spartans
01:09:53came up
01:09:54with an unusual way
01:09:55to help them
01:09:56through their wedding night.
01:09:59The Spartans practiced
01:10:00a custom
01:10:01called marriage by capture.
01:10:03On her wedding night
01:10:04a bride would have
01:10:05her head shaved
01:10:06like a small boy
01:10:07in the Agogi.
01:10:08She'd be dressed
01:10:09in a man's cloak
01:10:10and sandals
01:10:11and left alone
01:10:12in a dark room.
01:10:14Meanwhile
01:10:14her husband would
01:10:15quietly leave
01:10:16the common mess
01:10:17come to her
01:10:18lay her down
01:10:19on a straw pallet
01:10:20have sex with her
01:10:21and then slip back
01:10:22to sleep with his comrades
01:10:24as usual.
01:10:25This wasn't just
01:10:26a quaint wedding night ritual
01:10:28it could carry on
01:10:29for months
01:10:29or even years.
01:10:37There's much debate
01:10:39about the significance
01:10:40of this bizarre ritual
01:10:41but it seems obvious
01:10:43that it was a piece
01:10:44of sexual theatre
01:10:45designed to acclimatise men
01:10:47to the presence of women
01:10:48when up until then
01:10:50their only experience
01:10:51of sex
01:10:52had been with other men.
01:10:58And yet
01:10:59however hard
01:10:59the Spartans
01:11:00tried to make marriage
01:11:01more palatable
01:11:02to their young men
01:11:03persuading them
01:11:04to do their duty
01:11:05could be problematic.
01:11:09According to one story
01:11:10which is probably
01:11:11exaggerated
01:11:11but too good
01:11:12not to repeat
01:11:13Spartan women
01:11:14would beat men
01:11:15about the head
01:11:16and then drag them
01:11:17around an altar
01:11:18to get them to commit.
01:11:20There's another
01:11:20more credible account
01:11:21that goes a bit like this.
01:11:25Unmarried men
01:11:25were stripped naked
01:11:26and forced to march
01:11:28around the marketplace
01:11:29in the middle of winter
01:11:30singing a humiliating song
01:11:32about how their punishment
01:11:33was just and fair
01:11:35because they'd flouted
01:11:36the laws.
01:11:38Sparta was no place
01:11:39for a confirmed bachelor.
01:11:46The treatment meted out
01:11:47to these men
01:11:48may seem extreme
01:11:49but its severity
01:11:51stemmed from a very real need
01:11:53to produce the next generation
01:11:55of warriors.
01:11:57The obsession
01:11:58with competition
01:11:59and physical fitness
01:12:00for girls
01:12:00reflected the same anxiety.
01:12:03women were well fed
01:12:06and well treated
01:12:07because healthy women
01:12:09were more likely
01:12:10to produce healthy babies.
01:12:13This is probably
01:12:14a fragment of a sculpture
01:12:15of Aletheia
01:12:16the goddess of childbirth.
01:12:19What's certain
01:12:20is that she's in labour.
01:12:22There are spirits
01:12:22either side of her
01:12:23clutching her belly
01:12:24helping her get through
01:12:26those terrible pains.
01:12:28Spartan women
01:12:29would have paid this image
01:12:29a lot of respect
01:12:30because of the constant
01:12:32pressure on them
01:12:33to keep producing
01:12:34sturdy male children.
01:12:36It was a huge priority
01:12:38for the Spartans
01:12:39to keep the numbers
01:12:40of their warrior elite high.
01:12:42There were never
01:12:42that many of them
01:12:43at most 10,000
01:12:45a number which steadily
01:12:46declined
01:12:47throughout the 5th century.
01:12:49One reason
01:12:49was that Spartan girls
01:12:50didn't get married
01:12:51until they were 18
01:12:52and boys until they were
01:12:5428 or 29
01:12:55incredibly late
01:12:56by Greek standards.
01:12:57But Spartan women
01:13:01weren't just baby makers.
01:13:04At a time
01:13:05when Greek women
01:13:05were expected
01:13:06to be invisible
01:13:07they had power
01:13:09and responsibility
01:13:10in their own right.
01:13:12In fact
01:13:12they were so cocksure
01:13:14they dared
01:13:15to take on the men
01:13:16in politics
01:13:16on the streets
01:13:18and even
01:13:19in that most
01:13:20sacred bastion
01:13:21the sporting arena.
01:13:27They were so cocksure
01:13:28and they were so
01:13:29they were so cocksure
01:13:30and they were so
01:13:31they were so cocksure
01:13:32and they were so cocksure
01:13:33and they were so cocksure
01:13:34and they were so cocksure
01:13:35and they were so cocksure
01:13:36and they were so cocksure
01:13:37and they were so cocksure
01:13:38and they were so cocksure
01:13:39and they were so cocksure
01:13:40and they were so cocksure
01:13:41and they were so cocksure
01:13:42and they were so cocksure
01:13:43and they were so cocksure
01:13:44and they were so cocksure
01:13:45and they were so cocksure
01:13:46and they were so cocksure
01:13:47and they were so cocksure
01:13:48and they were so cocksure
01:13:49and they were so cocksure
01:13:50and they were so cocksure
01:13:51and they were so cocksure
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