In Java, all non-static methods are based on the runtime type of the underlying object rather than the type of the reference that points to that object. Therefore, it doesn't matter which type you use in the declaration of the object, the behavior will be the same.
Prerequisite: Inheritance
How to Refer to a Subclass Object
There are two approaches to referring to a subclass object. Both have some advantages/disadvantages over the other. The declaration effect is seen on methods that are visible at compile time.
- First approach (Referencing using Superclass reference): A reference variable of a superclass can be used to refer to any subclass object derived from that superclass. If the methods are present in SuperClass but overridden by SubClass, it will be the overridden method that will be executed.
- Second approach (Referencing using subclass reference): A subclass reference can be used to refer to its object.
Example:
// Java program to illustrate
// referring to a subclass
// base class
class Bicycle
{
// the Bicycle class has two fields
public int gear;
public int speed;
// the Bicycle class has one constructor
public Bicycle(int gear, int speed)
{
this.gear = gear;
this.speed = speed;
}
// the Bicycle class has three methods
public void applyBrake(int decrement)
{
speed -= decrement;
}
public void speedUp(int increment)
{
speed += increment;
}
// toString() method to print info of Bicycle
public String toString()
{
return("No of gears are "+gear
+"\n"
+ "speed of bicycle is "+speed);
}
}
// derived class
class MountainBike extends Bicycle
{
// the MountainBike subclass adds one more field
public int seatHeight;
// the MountainBike subclass has one constructor
public MountainBike(int gear,int speed,
int startHeight)
{
// invoking base-class(Bicycle) constructor
super(gear, speed);
seatHeight = startHeight;
}
// the MountainBike subclass adds one more method
public void setHeight(int newValue)
{
seatHeight = newValue;
}
// overriding toString() method
// of Bicycle to print more info
@Override
public String toString()
{
return (super.toString()+
"\nseat height is "+seatHeight);
}
}
// driver class
public class Geeks
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// using superclass reference
// first approach
Bicycle mb2 = new MountainBike(4, 200, 20);
// using subclass reference( )
// second approach
MountainBike mb1 = new MountainBike(3, 100, 25);
System.out.println("seat height of first bicycle is "
+ mb1.seatHeight);
// In case of overridden methods
// always subclass
// method will be executed
System.out.println(mb1.toString());
System.out.println(mb2.toString());
/* The following statement is invalid because Bicycle
does not define a seatHeight.
// System.out.println("seat height of second bicycle is "
+ mb2.seatHeight); */
/* The following statement is invalid because Bicycle
does not define setHeight() method.
mb2.setHeight(21);*/
}
}
Output
seat height of first bicycle is 25 No of gears are 3 speed of bicycle is 100 seat height is 25 No of gears are 4 speed of bicycle is 200 seat height is 20
Explanation: The object of MountainBike class is created which is referred by using subclass reference ‘mb1’. Using this reference we will have access both parts(methods and variables) of the object defined by the superclass or subclass. See below image for clear understanding.
MountainBike mb1 = new MountainBike(3, 100, 25);
Now we again create object of MountainBike class but this time it is referred by using superclass Bicycle reference ‘mb2’. Using this reference we will have access only to those parts(methods and variables) of the object defined by the superclass.
Bicycle mb2 = new MountainBike(4, 200, 20);
Since the reference ‘mb1’ have access to field ‘seatHeight’, so we print this on console
System.out.println("seat height of first bicycle is " + mb1.seatHeight);
If there are methods present in super class, but overridden by subclass, and if object of subclass is created, then whatever reference we use(either subclass or superclass), it will always be the overridden method in subclass that will be executed. So below two statements will call toString() method of MountainBike class.
System.out.println(mb1.toString());
System.out.println(mb2.toString());
Since the reference made by ‘mb2’ is of type Bicycle , so we will get compile time error in below statement
System.out.println("seat height of second bicycle is " + mb2.seatHeight);
Again the reference made by ‘mb2’ is of type Bicycle , so we will get compile time error in below statement
mb2.setHeight(21);
Use of Type Casting
In above example, we have seen that by using reference ‘mb2’ of type Bicycle, we are unable to call subclass specific methods or access subclass fields. This problem can be solved using type casting in java. For example, we can declare another reference say ‘mb3’ of type MountainBike and assign it to ‘mb2’ using typecasting.
// declaring MountainBike reference
MountainBike mb3;
// assigning mb3 to mb2 using typecasting.
mb3 = (MountainBike)mb2;
So, now the following statements are valid.
System.out.println("seat height of second bicycle is " + mb3.seatHeight);
mb3.setHeight(21);
When to Go for First Approach (Referencing using Superclass Reference)
If we don't know exact runtime type of an object, then we should use this approach. For example, consider an ArrayList containing different objects at different indices. Now when we try to get elements of arraylist using ArrayList.get(int index) method then we must use Object reference, as in this case, we don't know exact runtime type of an object.
Example:
// Java program to illustrate referring to a subclass
// using superclass reference variable
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Geeks
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ArrayList al = new ArrayList(2);
// adding String object to al
al.add(new String("GeeksForGeeks"));
// adding Integer object to al
al.add(new Integer(5));
// getting all elements using Object reference
for (Object object : al)
{
System.out.println(object);
}
}
}
Output
GeeksForGeeks 5
Explanation: Here, in the above code, an ArrayList is created and two objects of different types are added, then prints all the elements. The ArrayList is not using generics and the elements are treated as Object reference, which allows anytype to be stored.
- Advantage: We can use superclass reference to hold any subclass object derived from it.
- Disadvantage: By using superclass reference, we will have access only to those parts(methods and variables) of the object defined by the superclass. For example, we can not access seatHeight variable or call setHeight(int newValue) method using Bicycle reference in above first example. This is because they are defined in subclass not in the superclass.
When to Go for Second Approach (Referencing using Subclass Reference)
If we know the exact runtime type of an object, then this approach is better. Using this approach, we can also call a particular object specific methods.
Example:
// Java program to illustrate referring to a subclass
// using subclass reference variable
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Geeks
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ArrayList al = new ArrayList(2);
// adding String objects to al
al.add(new String("GeeksForGeeks"));
al.add(new String("for java archives"));
// getting elements using String reference
String str1 = (String)al.get(0);
String str2 = (String)al.get(1);
System.out.println(str1);
System.out.println(str2);
// using String class specific method
System.out.println(str1.length());
System.out.println(str2.substring(4,8));
}
}
Output
GeeksForGeeks for java archives 13 java
Explanation: Here in the above example, an ArrayList is created and two String objects are added. Now, the code gets these String values from the list and stores them in str1 and str2 and then priniting both the strings.
- Advantage: By using subclass reference, we will have access to both parts(methods and variables) of the object defined by the superclass or subclass. For example, we can call setHeight(int newValue) method or speedUp(int increment) method using MountainBike reference in above first example.
- Disadvantage: We can use subclass reference to hold only for that particular subclass objects only.