TUTORIAL FOR CHAPTER 8

PROBLEM 1) The informaiton in four analog signals is to be multiplexed and transmitted over a
telephone channel that has a 400 to 3100 Hz bandpass. Each of the analog baseband signals is
bandlimited to 500 Hz. Design a communication system (block diagram) that will allow the
transmission of these four sources over the telephone channel using frequency division multiplexing
with SSB (Single Sideband) subcarriers. Show the block diagram of the complete system, including
the transmission channel,and reception portions. Include the bandwidths of the signals at the various
points in the system.
Solution: The available bandwidth is
M1(t)

M2(t)

M3(t)

M4(t)

Subcarrier
Modulator f1
Subcarrier
Modulator f1
Subcarrier
Modulator f1
Subcarrier
Modulator f1

S1(t)

S2(t)

Mb(t) Transmitter fe

S3(t)

S(t)
FDM Signal

S4(t)

(a) Transmitter

S1(t)
Bandpass filter f1

M1(t)
Demodulator f1

S2(t)
Bandpass filter f2

S(t)

Main Receiver

M2(t)
Demodulator f2

Mb(t)

FDM
Bandpass filter f3

S3(t)

Demodulator f3

S4(t)
Bandpass filter f4

(b) Receiver

M3(t)

M4(t)
Demodulator f4

f
100 Hz 500 Hz 800 Hz

f1

1300 Hz 1500 Hz

f2

2000 Hz 2200Hz

f3

2700 Hz

f4

PROBLEM 2) Twenty four voice signals are to be multiplexed and transmitted over twisted pair.
What is the bandwidth requires for FDM? Assuming a bandwidth efficiency (ratio od data rate to
transmission bandwidth) of 1 bps/Hz, what is the bandwidth required for TDM using PCM?

Solution: Assuming 4 KHz per voice signal, the required bandwidth for FDM is
.
With PCM, each voice signal requires a data rate of 64 Kbps, for a total data rate of

At 1 bps/Hz, this requires a bandwidth of 1.536 MHz.

PROBLEM 3) Assume that you are to design a TDM carrier, say DS-Y89, to support 30 voice
channels using 6 bit samples and a structure similar to DS-1. Determine the required bit rate.

; 6 bits/sample.

Solution:
Thus 30 voice channels :
1 synchronous bit/channel:
1 synchronous bit/Frame:
Total = 1688 Kbps

PROBLEM 4) Find the number of the following devices that could be accomodated by a T1-type
TDM line if 1% of the T1 line capacity is reserved for synchronization purposes.
a) 300 bps computer terminals.
b) 9600 bps computer output parts.
How would these numbers change if each of the sources were transmitting on an average of
10% of the time and a statistical multiplexer was used?

Solution: We know that the capacity of the T1 line is 1544 Mbps. The available capacity is

a) AC/300=5.095 computer terminals.

b) AC/9600=159 computer output ports.
If the sources were active only 10% of the time, a statistical multiplexer could be used to boost the
number of devices by a factor of about seven or eight in each case. This is a practical limit based on
the performance characteristics of a statistical multiplexer.

PROBLEM 5) Given multiplexing configuration and input data streams. Determine the
multiplexed data stream. Use the Data Link Control on TDM channels.
Solution:
Input 1

Output 1

Input 2

Output 2

Input 3

Output 3

Input 4

Output 4

Input 1...F1 f1 f1 d1 d1 d 1 C1 A1 F1
Input 2...F2 f2 d2 d2 d2 d2 C2 A2 F2

Input data

Input 3...F3 f3 f3 f3 d3 d3 C3 A3 F3

streams.

Input 4...F4 f4 d4 d4 d4 d4 d4 A4 F4
F1 F2 F3 F4 f1 f2 f3 f4 f1 d2 f3 d4 d1 d2 f3 d4 d1 d2 d3 d4 d1 d2 d3 d4
C1 C2 C3 d4 A1 A2 A3 A4 F1 F2 F3 F4 : Multiplexed data stream.

PROBLEM 6) Using the DS-1 format, what id the control sgna data rate for each voice channel?

Solution: There is one control bt per channel per six frames. Each frame lasts 125 sec.

PROBLEM 7) Ten 9600 bps lines are to be multiplexed using TDM. Ignoring overhead bits in the
TDM frame, what is the total capacity required for synchronous TDM? Assuming that we wish to
limit average link utilization of 0,8 , and assuing that each link is busy 50% of the time, what is the
capacity required to statistical TDM?

Solution: Synchronous TDM:

Statistical TDM:

PROBLEM 8) A character-interleaved time, division multiplexer is used to combine the data

streams of a number of 110 bps asynchronous terminals for data transmission over a 2400 bps
digital line. Each terminal sends asynchronous characters consisting of 7 data bits, 1 parity bit, 1
start bit, and 2 stop bits. Assume that one synchronization character is sent every 10 data characters
and, in additioni at least 3% of the line capacity is reserved for pulse stuffing to 3% accomodate
speed variations from the various terminals.
a) Determine the number of bits per character.
b) Determine the number of terminals that can be accomodated by the multiplexer.
c) Sketch a possible framing pattern for the multiplexer.

Solution:
bits/character

a)
b) Available capacity =

bps

If we use 20 terminals sending one character at a time in TDM plus a synchronouzation

character,the total capacity used is:
c) One SYN character, followed by stuff bits.

PROBLEM 9) Draw a block diagram for TDM PCM system that will accommodate for 300 bps,
synchronous, digital inputs and one analog input with a bandwidth of 500 Hz.Assume that the
analog samples will be encoded into 4-bit PCM words.

Solution: The structure is with one analog signal and four digital signals. The 500 Hz analog signal
is converted into a PAM signal at 1 KHz; with 4-bits encoding, this becomes a 4 Kbps PCM digital
bit stream. A simple multiplexing technique is to use a 260 bit frame, with 200 bits for the analog
signal and 15 bits for each digital signa, transmitted at a rate of 5.2 Kbps or 20 frames per second.
Thus the PCM source transmits an (20 frames/sec) x (15 bits/frame)=300 bps.
Analog:
4 bit

From source

1 Khz

1500 Hz

TDM PAM Signal

A10

TDM PAM Signal

4 Kbps

Digital:
From S.2
300 bps

From S.3
300 bps

Pulse
stuffing

5.2 Kbps

Pulse
stuffing

5.2 Kbps

(200 bits x 20)=4000 bps

Scan
operator

From S.4
300 bps

From S.5
300 bps

Pulse
stuffing

5.2 Kbps

Pulse
stuffing

5.2 Kbps

TDM PCM
260 bit/frame