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CONTENTS
Chapter 1 UK tax system

Chapter 2 Income tax computation

Chapter 3 Property & Investment income

Chapter 4 Employment income

Chapter 5 Income from self-employment

Chapter 6 Capital allowances

Chapter 7 Basis period

Chapter 8 Trading losses

Chapter 9 Partnership

Chapter 10 Pension & National Insurance Contribution

Chapter 11 Capital gain tax

Chapter 12 Inheritance tax

Chapter 13 Corporation tax and Groups aspects for companies

Chapter 14 Value added tax (VAT)

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CHAPTER 1
UK TAX SYSTEM
1 PURPOSE OF TAXATION
1.1 ECONOMIC FACTORS
• Spending by the government and the system of taxation impacts on the economy of a country.
• Taxation policies have been used to influence economic factors such as employment levels, inflation and
imports/exports
• Taxation policies are also used to direct economic behaviours of individuals and businesses. For example they
encourage individual saving habits (Individual Savings Accounts), and giving to charity (Gift Aid Scheme).
• Further they may discourage motoring (fuel duties), smoking & alcohol (duties and taxes) and environmental
pollution (landfill tax).
• As government objectives change, taxation policies may be altered accordingly.
1.2 SOCIAL JUSTICE
The taxation system accumulates and redistributes wealth within a country.
2 STRUCTURE OF THE UK TAX SYSTEM
The structure of the UK tax system can be shown as follows:
Structure Role and responsibility
Chan cellor o f th e The Chancellor has the overall responsibility for the UK tax system and one of his roles
Exchequer includes producing the Budget each year.

Treasury The Treasury is the ministry responsible under the Chancellor for the imposition and
collection of taxation.

Commissioners The Treasury appoint permanent civil servants, the Commissioners for HMRC.
Their duties include:
– Administering the UK tax system
– Implementing tax law.

HMRC HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) is a single body that controls and administers all areas
of UK tax law.
The structure of HM Revenue and Customs can be shown as follows:
➢ District offices
The Commissioners appoint Officers of HMRC to carry out the day to day work of managing
the tax system. Their roles include:
• Issuing tax returns
• Examining tax returns and accounts
• Calculating tax liabilities under the self assessment tax systems and PAYE.
➢ Accounts and payments offices
Accounts and payments offices deal with the collection and payment of tax.

3 PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION
Different taxes have different social effects.
Progressive taxation: As income rises the proportion of taxation raised also rises, for example UK income tax
Regressive taxation: As income raises the proportion of taxation paid falls, for example, tax on cigarettes is the same
regardless of the level of income of the purchaser, so as income rises it represents a lower proportion of income.
Proportional taxation: As income rises the proportion of tax remains constant.
Ad Valorem principle: A tax calculated as a percentage of the value of the item, for example Value Added Tax

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4 TYPES OF TAXES
• Income Tax Payable by individuals on most income
• National Insurance Contributions Payable by individuals who are employed or self-employed and
businesses in relation to their employees
• Capital Gains Tax Payable by individuals on the disposal of capital assets
• Inheritance Tax Payable by individuals on lifetime and death transfers of assets
• Corporation Tax Payable by companies on income and chargeable gains
• Value Added Tax (VAT) Payable by the final consumer on purchases of most goods and services

5 DIRECT AND INDIRECT TAXATION

➢ Direct taxation
Taxes are paid directly to the Government, based on income and profit. e.g. Income tax, Corporation tax, Capital gains
tax, Inheritance tax.
➢ Indirect taxation
Taxes are collected via an intermediary who passes them on to the government for example: VAT where the
consumer pays VAT to a supplier, who then pays to the government
6 SOURCES OF TAX LAW
➢ Tax legislation / statutes
Adherence is mandatory because these are laws. It is updated every year by the annual Finance Act.
The Government may issue Statutory Instruments which are detailed notes on an area of tax legislation.
➢ Case law
This refers to decisions made in tax cases. The rulings in the courts are binding and so provide guidance on the
interpretation of tax legislation.
➢ HMRC guidance
This is issued due to the complexity of the legislation
• Statements of practice – sets out how HMRC intend to apply the law
• Extra statutory concessions – sets out circumstances in which HMRC will not apply the strict letter of the law.
• Internal guidance manuals – HMRC’s own manuals, produced for their staff which provide guidance on
interpretation of law and also available to the public
• Press releases/Briefs – provide details of a specific tax issue, for example, used to communicate the
information stated in the annual budget
• HMRC website, leaflets and booklets – provide explanations of various tax issues in non-technical language
7 MONEY LAUNDERING REGULATIONS
Money Laundering is the term used for offences including benefiting from or concealing the proceeds of a crime.
An individual is engaged in money laundering if they:
a) conceal, disguise, transfer or remove criminal property from the UK
b) enter into or become concerned in an arrangement that they know or suspect involves the acquisition of criminal
property on behalf of another person
c) acquire or have possession of criminal property.
All businesses within regulated sectors must appoint a money laundering reporting officer (MLRO) within the firm.
The MLRO will decide whether a transaction should be reported to the Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA).
Where a report is made the client should not be informed as this may amount to ‘tipping off’, which is an offence.
A report to SOCA does not remove the requirement to disclose the information to HMRC.

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8 DISHONEST CONDUCT OF TAX AGENTS
There is a civil penalty of upto £50,000 for dishonest conduct of tax agent. If penalty exceeds £50,000 then HMRC may
publish details of the penalized tax agent. HMRC may check the working papers of a dishonest agent with the
agreement of tax tribunal.
9 THE INTERACTION OF THE UK TAX SYSTEM AND OVERSEAS TAX SYSTEMS
9.1 OTHER COUNTRIES
The UK has entered into Double Tax Treaties with various countries. These contain rules which prevent income and
gains being taxed twice, but may include a non-discrimination provision preventing a non-resident individual from
being treated less favourably than a resident individual. Where there is no double tax treaty the UK system will allow
relief for double tax.
9.2 THE EUROPEAN UNION
The aim of the EU is to remove barriers and distortions due to different economic and political policies imposed in
different member states.
EU members do not have to align their tax systems, members can agree to jointly enact specific laws known as
Directives.
The most important example is VAT, as EU members have aligned their policies according to EU legislation but the
members do not need to align the rate.
Cases have been brought before the European Court of Justice regarding the discrimination of non-residents, some of
which have led to a change in UK tax law.
10 TAX AVOIDANCE AND TAX EVASION
TAX EVASION
Any action taken to evade taxes by illegal means, for example
a) suppressing information - failing to declare taxable income to HMRC
b) providing false information - claiming expenses that have not occurred
Tax evasion carries a risk of fines and/or imprisonment
TAX AVOIDANCE
Any legal method of reducing your tax burden, for example taking advantage of an Individual Savings Account or
making best use of available allowances, exemptions and reliefs..
The term is also used to describe tax schemes that utilise loopholes in the tax legislation.
HMRC have introduced new disclosure obligations regarding tax avoidance schemes.
11 PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL GUIDANCE
Accountants often act for taxpayers in dealings with HMRC.
Their duties and responsibilities should be towards both clients and HMRC
THE ACCOUNTANT MUST UPHOLD STANDARDS OF THE ACCA THAT IS
• To adopt an ethical approach to work, employers and clients
• Acknowledge the professional duty to society as a whole
• Maintain an objective outlook
• Provided professional high standards of service, conduct and performance at all times.
ACCA “CODE OF ETHICS AND CONDUCT”
The ACCA “Code of Ethics and Conduct” sets out five fundamental principles which members should adhere to:
• Integrity
• Objectivity
• Professional competence and due care
• Confidentiality
• Professional behavior

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CHAPTER 2
Income Tax Computation
INCOME TAX is paid by a taxable person on his taxable income in a tax year.
Taxable income: Income from all sources except exempt income, minus reliefs & personal allowance.
Tax Year: income tax is calculated for tax year which runs from 6th April to 5th April. 6th April 20 to 5th April 21.
Individual: All individuals including children are called taxable person and pay income tax Non UK Residents Pay UK
Income tax on their UK Income only while UK residents Pay UK income tax on their worldwide income.
1 UK RESIDENT PERSON:
STEP 1: Automatic Overseas Resident:
A person will automatically be treated as overseas resident (not resident in UK) if he is present in UK for:
(i) Maximum 15 days in a tax year.
(ii) Maximum 45 days in a tax year, and who has not been UK resident in previous three tax years.
(iii) Maximum 90 days in a tax year, and who works full-time overseas.
Remember:
STEP 2: Automatic UK resident person: • If a person meets both step 1 &step 2
(i) A person who is in the UK for 183 days or more during a tax year. then step 1 will be preferred and he
(ii) A person whose only home is in the UK. will be considered non UK resident.
(iii) A person who carries out full time work in the UK. • Individual is in the UK if he is in UK at
midnight.
STEP 3: Sufficient ties test:
If a person is not treated UK resident as per automatic tests, then his status will be based on no of ties with the UK
and no of days they stay in the UK during a tax year.
UK Ties:
• Having close family (a spouse/civil partner or minor child) in the UK. (family)
• Having a house in the UK which is made use of during the tax year. (accommodation)
• Doing substantive work in the UK where 40 days or more is regarded as substantive. (work)
• Being in the UK for more than 90 days during either of the two previous tax years. (Days in UK)
• Spending more time in the UK than in any other country in the tax year. (Country)
Days in UK Not UK Resident in any of the previous UK Resident in any of the previous
three tax years three tax years
Upto 15 Automatically non resident Automatically non resident
16 to 45 Automatically non resident Resident if ≥4 UK ties
46 to 90 Resident if ≥4 UK ties Resident if ≥3 UK ties
91 to 120 Resident if ≥3 UK ties Resident if ≥2 UK ties
121 to 182 Resident if ≥2 UK ties Resident if ≥1 UK ties

2 TYPES OF INCOME
Exempt Income:
• Interest from national savings and investments certificates • Income received from individual saving account (ISA)
• Gaming winning, Batting, lottery and premium bonds winnings • State benefits paid in the event of accident, sickness or
• Scholarship paid to taxpayer is exempt while scholarship paid disability.
to taxpayer’s family member is taxable. • Interest on repayment of tax
Employment income: Income earned by an employee from his employment. e.g salary, bonus & Benefits.
Trading income: Profit generated by a self-employed individual from his trade or profession.
Property income: Income received from land and building situated in UK.
Pension income: Income received after retirement.
Dividend Income:
Saving income:

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Individual Saving account
ISA can be opened by individual aged ≥18 (16 for cash ISA) and resident in UK.
Income received is exempt from income tax and gain on disposal of investment is exempt from CGT.
➢ Types of Investment:
a) Cash and cash like equity Products: b) Stocks and Shares:
➢ Subscription limits: For the tax year 2020-21 a person can invest up to £20,000 in ISA. The £20,000 limit is
completely flexible, so a person can invest £20,000 in a cash ISA, or they can invest £20,000 in a stocks and shares
ISA, or in any combination of the two – for example £10,000 in a cash ISA and £10,000 in a stocks and shares ISA.
➢ Additional Allowance: ISA limit of £20,000 will be extended by ISA deposit amount of deceased person.
3 INCOME TAX PERFORMA
Mr. A Income Tax computation 2020/21
Non-Saving In. SAVING INC DIVIDENDS INC
Trading income XX
Employment income XX
Property income XX
Interest income XX
Dividend income XX
Total Income XX XX XX
Less: Reliefs (See Note 1) (1) (2) (3)
Net Income XX XX XX
Less: Personal Allowance (See Note 2) (1) (2) (3)
Taxable Income XX XX XX
Calculation of income tax liability: (See Note 3)
Other Income X Tax rate of other income XX
Saving income X tax rate of saving income XX Remember:
Dividend income X tax rate of dividend income XX All incomes are included
Tax Liability XX GROSS in the pro-forma.
Less: Tax Deducted At Source
PAYE (XX)
Income Tax Payable XX
NOTE 1: Reliefs against Total Income:
Trading losses (covered in next chapters)
Qualifying interest payment: interest paid on qualifying loan is qualifying interest.
Qualifying Loan: Loan is qualifying if taken for following purposes:
• To purchase plant or machinery used in business, by a partner • To purchase plant or machinery by an
• To invest in partnership by a partner. employee for use in job.
• To purchase shares in close trading company. (company • To purchase shares in an employee-controlled
controlled by ≤ 5 shareholders) trading company by a full time employee.
NOTE 2: Personal Allowance:
Tax free income of a person is called personal allowance. It is deducted from income in the following order: (i) other
income (ii) saving income (iii) dividend income. Any surplus personal allowance will be wasted.
Personal Allowance £12,500
Adjusted net Income £100,000
Adjusted net income (ANI):
Total Net income XX
Less: Gross Gift aid donation (100/80) (XX)
Less: Gross Personal Pension Contribution (100/80) (XX)
Adjusted net income (ANI): XX
• If ANI ≤100,000 personal allowance is 12,500.
• If ANI ≥125,000 personal allowance is Nil.
• If ANI is between 100,000 and 125,000 personal allowance would be reduced by £1 for every £2 which is above
£100,000

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TransferablSe amount of personal allowance or Marriage Allowance:
• If both spouses are basic rate tax payer, then they can transfer personal allowance 1,250 to each other called
marriage allowance.
• The spouse/civil partner receiving the transfer do not have an increased personal allowance. Instead, they are
entitled to a tax reducer of £1,250 × 20% = £250. If income tax liability is less than £250 than it cannot create
repayment.
NOTE 3: Calculation of Income Tax Liability:
Effective Amount Other In Saving In Dividend In
Starting Band Rate: £1 ------------ £5,000 £5,000 20% 0% 7.5%
Basic Rate Band: £5,001 ------------ £37,500 £32,500 20% 20% 7.5%
Higher Rate Band: £37,501 ------------ £150,000 £112,500 40% 40% 32.5%
Additional Rate Band: £150,000 ------------ Above 45% 45% 38.1%
Note: First £2,000 of the dividend income will always be taxed @ 0% for all taxpayers (Basic, higher, additional)
Special Relaxation on Saving income for Basic and Higher rate tax Payer:
Special relaxation is available on saving income. £1,000 for Basic Rate tax Payer and £500 for Higher Rate tax payer.
These relaxations are applied after utilization of starting rate band.
4 EXTENSION OF BANDS:
Effective amount of Basic rate band (32,500) will be extended by the gross amount of gift aid donations and personal
pension contribution. Gross amount = Net amount X (100/80)
• Relief: Basic rate tax payer 20%, higher rate tax payer 40% and Additional rate taxpayer 45%.
5 DONATIONS
Individual can donate any amount so there is no maximum limit for donations. There are two types of donations:
Donation under payroll deduction scheme:
These will be paid gross and deducted from employment income. We will cover it in employment income.
Donation under gift aid scheme:
Individuals contribute net donation of 80% while remaining 20% will be contributed by HMRC. However basic & higher rate
bands will be extended by gross amount. Gross amount = Net amount X (100/80)
7 Taxation of Spouses Family:
Normally Income received on jointly owned assets will be taxable on both partners on equal basis (50:50). However
election is available for the actual proportion of income to be assessed on each partner by declaration to HMRC.
Children: All children are taxable persons and required to pay income tax if their income is above personal allowance.

CHAPTER 3
PROPERTY INCOME
1 Premium Received on Grant of Short Lease (lease for a period of ≤50 years)

Premium: lump-sum payment paid by landlord to tenant at the time of grant of lease (right to use the property for a
fix period). Taxable Premium = Total Premium X (51 - Number of complete years of lease)/50
2 Rental income
Cash basis: The cash basis is now the default basis for calculating property income for individuals and partnerships.
However, it is still possible to opt to use the accruals basis, and the accruals basis must be used if property income
receipts exceed £150,000.
In many cases, there will be no difference between the cash basis and the accruals basis. The following are treated the
same under both the cash basis and the accruals basis:
• Security deposits (these are returned to the tenant on the cessation of a letting, less the cost of making good
any damage, so they are therefore initially not treated as income).
• Replacement furniture relief.
• Relief for property income losses.
• Premiums received.

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£
Rent XX
Less: Allowable Expenses (only revenue expenditure)
- Repairs, Redecoration, or replacements (not capital expenses) (XX)
- Interest on loan to acquire or improve property (Not for companies) (XX)
- Insurance, Agents fees, Advertisement, Management expenses (XX)
- Water rates (if paid by landlord) (XX)
- Council tax (if paid by landlord) (XX)
- Bad Debts (actual bad debts not provisions) (XX)
- Other expenses incurred for earning the above rent (XX)
- Replacement furniture & furnishing allowance (XX)
Property Business Profit/Loss XX
• Depreciation is not an allowable expense.
Replacement furniture relief
It is available on replacement cost of furniture and furnishing of residential property which is let out.
The property does not need to be fully furnished for relief to be available. Furnishings include items such as beds,
televisions, fridges and freezers, carpets and floor coverings, curtains, and crockery and cutlery.
There is no relief for the initial cost of furniture and furnishings. There is only relief when assets are replaced.
The amount of relief is reduced by any proceeds from selling the old asset which has been replaced.
Also, relief is not given for any cost which represents an improvement. For example, if a washing machine is replaced
with a washer & dryer, only the cost of an equivalent washing machine qualifies for relief.
3 Property Business Loss

a) If there are more than one properties which are let out then profit or loss of each property will be calculated in
the same way and then profits or losses are aggregated together to find Net property income or loss.
b) If there is Net loss then this loss will be carry forward indefinitely and set off against first available future property
business profit.
4 Rent a Room Relief
• If an individual lets furnished room in his main residence then rental income will be lower of:
1 2
Rent XX Rent XX
Less: allowable deductions (XX) Less: £7,500 (rent a room relief) (XX)
Profit XX Profit XX/Nil
NOTE: Rent received from room shared between spouses, the lower value will be shared between them in 50:50.
5 Property income finance cost
Loan taken for FHL or Non-residential property: Interest expense is 100% deductible from property income.
Loan taken for residential property:
• Interest expense is not deductible from property income instead 20% of interest expense will be deducted from
income tax liability.
6 Furnished Holiday Letting (FHL)
FHL income is calculated on cash basis unless gross rental income exceeds £150,000.
Conditions to qualify as FHL:
• Must be furnished and let commercially to earn profit.
Available for letting to general public for ≥210 days in a tax year.
• Actually let for ≥105 days in a tax year (Excluding long term letting) (≥105 days on average if more than one FHL
acc.)
• Not Available for long term letting. If let on long-term then total of such letting should not exceed 155 days.
NOTE: Letting of more than 31 consecutive days to same person is called long term letting.
Benefits of FHL:
• Capital allowances will be available in respect of furniture & equipment instead furniture replacement allowance.
• FHL profits are considered as relevant earnings for personal pension contributions.
• FHL is business asset for all of the CGT reliefs. (Business asset disposal relief will be available on sale of FHL)
NOTE: Loss of FHL can only be set off against future income of same FHL

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CHAPTER 4
EMPLOYMENT INCOME
1 Determination of Employment
The following factors are considered in order to determine whether a person is employee or not.
• Contract of Service • Equipment: Provided by employer.
• Obligation of Work: • Insurance: Provided by employer.
• Place of work: Decided by employer • Financial risk: Employees have No financial risk.
• Payment: Fix Monthly/ weekly payment. • Control: Employer decides work and time of work.
2 Calculation of Employment Income:
Earnings (salary, bonus, commission) XX
Add: Benefits XX
Less: Allowable deduction (XX)
Employment income XX
Receipt Basis Rule: Earnings are calculated for a tax year (6April—5April) on receipt basis rule.
Receipt basis rule for all employees Receipt basis rule for all Directors
Earning are deemed to be received on Earning are deemed to be received on earlier of:
earlier of: a) Payment date
a) Payment date b) Entitlement date
b) Entitlement date c) When amount is recorded as liability (credited) in company accounts.
d) Later of:
i. Employer Year end date
ii. Determination date.
3 ALLOWABLE DEDUCIONS
• Fee and subscriptions to professional bodies • Contribution to occupational pension scheme.
• Gift aid donations under payroll deduction scheme. • Capital Allowances in respect of equipment which is
• Payment to charity under payroll deduction scheme. being used in employment.
• Qualifying travel expenses: travel expense between home and permanent work place is not deductible. Travel
expense between home to temporary workplace or between permanent workplace to temporary work place is
deductible.
Approved Millage Allowance (AMA): Millage allowance is paid by employer to employee if employee used his own
vehicle. Amount up to AMA is exempt, excess is taxable and less is allowable deduction.
Car/Van 10,000 miles £0.45 per mile
Above 10,000 miles £0.25 per mile
Motor Cycle £0.24 per mile
Cycle £0.20 per mile
Passenger Allowance 5 pence per mile
(For passenger allowance, allowable deduction is not allowed in case of less than 5 pence /mile. If above 5 pence
/mile, there will be taxable benefit in kind on the amount above 5 pence)
4 EXEMPT BENEFITS
• Free or subsidized meals at on-site canteen or restaurant if available to all employees.
• Christmas parties, annual dinner dances, etc for staff are exempt, if employer incurs up to £150 p.a. per head.
• Provision of parking space at or near place of work including reimbursement of cost of such parking place.
• Home workers additional household expenses of up to £6 per week can be paid tax-free without any evidence.
• Reimbursement of expenses by employer when employee is away from home.
– £5/night in UK and £10/night if overseas. If exceeds whole amount is taxable.
• Relocation and removal expenses are exempt up to £8000, excess is taxable.
• Gifts, received, by a reason of his employment, from genuine third parties, provided the cost from any one source doesn't
exceed £250 in a tax year.
• Payment to approved child career is exempt upto £55 for basic, £28 for higher and £25 for additional rate taxpayer.

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• Workplace childcare, sports or recreation facilities. • The provision of a security asset or security service by
• The provision of one mobile phone. reason of employment.
• Employer's contribution to an approved pension scheme. • Welfare counseling service if available to all employees
• Entertainment to employee by reason of his employment, • Premium paid by employer for employee’s Permanent
by a third party, e.g. a ticket at sporting or cultural event. Health Insurance.
• Long service awards in kind (e.g. gold watches) are exempt • Pension advice of upto £150 per employee per tax year
up to £50 for each year of service of 20 years or more. is exempt if available to all employees.
• Work buses, subsidized public bus service, and the • Awards for upto £25 under staff suggestion scheme,
provision of bicycles and cycling safety equipment. which is available to all employees for suggestions
• Trivial benefits which don’t cost more than £50/ employee outside their duties.
provided these benefits are not cash or cash voucher. • The cost of work-related training course.
• Some beneficial loans (see later)
5 BENIFITS TAXABLE ON ALL EMPLOYEES
GENERAL RULE: As a general rule cost of providing Benefits (mean Marginal or Additional cost) is taxable to
employees unless they are specific statutory rules.
Remember that:
• Where a benefit is only available for part of the year; the assessable amount is time apportioned.
• Where an employee contributes towards the benefit, the employee contribution is an allowable deduction
(exception = the provision of private fuel).
5.1 Vouchers: All kinds of vouchers (e.g. cash vouchers, goods vouchers, lunch vouchers) provided to employees
are taxable on the cost to employer. Remember: No taxable benefit will arise
5.2 Living Accommodation: if vouchers are provided for business purpose.
Taxable benefit will be
Annual value X
Plus: Additional Benefit if cost of accommodation is > 75000 X
X
Reduction for unavailability (X)
Contribution by employee for use of house. (X)
Taxable benefit X
Additional Benefit
Duration between Purchase date and provision Date
Less than 6 Years More than 6 years
Purchase Price XX Market Value @ Provision Date XX
Plus: Capital Improvements before 6 April 20 XX Plus: Capital Improvements after provision XX
Less: (Fix Amount 75,000) (75,000) date but before 6 April 20
. XX . Less: (Fix Amount 75,000) (75,000)
Additional Benefit @2.25% XX . XX .
Additional Benefit @2.25% XX
➢ Accommodation Provided is Rented By Employer: ➢ Job Related Accommodation: It is Exempt.
Taxable benefit will be higher of: Accommodation is job related if provided for:
a) Rent actually paid be employer a) Proper performance of the employee’s duties
b) Annual value/Ratable value. b) Better performance of the employee’s duties
No Additional Benefit in this case. c) Security arrangement for threat to employees’ life.
* Directors can claim exemption under first two points.
5.3 Expenses Connected With Living Accommodation:
Expenses such as lighting and heating are taxable on the employee if they are paid by employer. If accommodation is
job related, the taxable limit is 10% of other employment income.
5.4 Beneficial Loans: A beneficial loan is one made to an employee below the official rate of interest of 2.25%.
Taxable benefit will be calculated as follows:
Interest expense as per HMRC X
Interest expense actually paid (X)
Taxable benefit X

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➢ Interest Expense as Per HMRC: Interest as per HMRC is lower of:
1) Average Method: 2) Strict Method/Precise Method
{(Loan outstanding at start of tax year + Loan outstanding Balance of Loan outstanding in months X months X 2.25%
at end of tax year)/2} x 2.25% (official rate %) 12
• Use the method required in exam. If question is silent then use method which gives lower taxable benefit.
• If amount of all loans provided to employee is ≤£10,000 then this will be treated as small loan and is exempt.
• Qualifying loan (see ch. 1) is not taxable.
• Amount of Loan written off is taxable.
5.6 Car Benefit: If car is not pool car then Taxable benefit will be.
Adjusted List price (Note 1) x CO2 emission % X
Less: Non availability (if car is unavailable for ≥30 days) (X)
Less: Employee contribution for private use (X)
Taxable benefit X
Adjusted List Price:
• List Price (market price including taxes but ignoring the bulk discount)
• Plus cost to employer of additional accessories.
• Less any capital contribution by employee
for use but maximum of £5,000.
Appropriate Percentage for Petrol & Diesel Powered Motor Cars:
CO2 Emission Petrol Car Diesel Car (Meet RDE- Diesel Car (Not Meet
2 Standard) RDE-2 Standard)
51g/km ----------- 54g/km 13% 13% 17%
55g/km 14% 14% 18%
Above 55g/km If CO2 emission >55g/km then 1% increase for each complete additional
5 grams of CO2 emission. Maximum percentage is 37%
Appropriate Percentage for Electric Powered Motor Cars:
A 0% percentage applies to electric-powered motor cars with zero CO2 emissions means these are exempt.
Appropriate Percentage for Hybrid Electric Motor Cars: For hybrid-electric motor cars with CO2 emissions between 1
and 50 grams per kilometre, the electric range of a motor car is relevant:
Electric range %
130 miles or more 0%
70 to 129 miles 3%
40 to 69 miles 6%
30 to 39 miles 10%
Less than 30 miles 12%
• If more than 1 car are provided separate taxable benefit will be calculated for each in same way.
• No extra benefit will arise for cost of insurance, repair & maintenance and running cost because it is included in car
benefit
• An additional separate benefit (cost to employer) will arise if chauffeur (driver) is also provided for private use of car.
POOL CARS: No taxable benefit will arise if car provided is a pool car. Car is considered pool car if all the following
conditions are satisfied:
a) It is used by more than one employee. b) Any private use is incidental.
c) It is not normally kept overnight at or near the residence of an employee.
5.7 Fuel Benefit:
If Employer provides fuel for private use of motor car then fuel benefit will be calculated as:
Fuel benefit = £24,500 x CO2% (calculated for car benefit) XX
Less: unavailability (XX)
XX
If employee reimburses the full fuel cost to employer then no fuel benefit will arise however full fuel benefit will arise
if employee reimburses partial fuel cost to employer.
5.8 Van Benefit:
• If van is provided to employee for private use then taxable benefit of £3,490 p.a. will arise. If employer also
provides fuel for the van then additional taxable benefit of £666 p.a. will arise.
• Both Van benefit & fuel benefit be divided equally if van is used by more than 1 employee.
• Both benefits will be reduced if van is not available for whole year.

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5.9 Use Of Asset:
If employer provides asset (except those which have special rules e.g. car, vans etc.) to employee for use Then Taxable
Amount is the higher of:
a) 20% × market value of the asset when first provided (reduce if not available whole year)
b) Rent paid by employer (if asset is rented by employer)
5.10 Gift Of Asset:
➢ Gifted New Asset to Employee: Taxable benefit will be equal to cost to employer.
➢ Gifted Used/2nd hand Asset to Employee: Market value at time of transfer is taxable.
➢ 1st Asset was Provided For Use Then Subsequently Gifted To Employee: Taxable benefit will be higher of:
1 2
Market value when gifted to employee X Market value of Asset when 1st provided X
Less: benefits already taxed for use of Asset (X)
Less: Price paid by employee (X)
Less: Price paid by employee (X)
Benefit X Benefit X

CHAPTER 5
INCOME FROM SELF EMPLOYMENT
BADGES OF TRADE: These are the factors which indicates that an individual is trading.
• Subject matter of transaction (S). - are the goods of a type normally used for trading?
• Ownership Duration (O). – short period of ownership is more likely to indicate trading.
• Frequency of similar transactions by the same person (F). – frequent transactions indicate trading.
• Improvements and marketing (I). – work performed on goods to make them more marketable indicates trading.
• Circumstances/reason for the sale (R). – forced sale to raise cash indicates not trading.
• Motive (M). – intention to profit may indicate trading
TRADING PROFIT ADJUSTMENTS
Net profit per accounts X
ADD BACK: Disallowed expenses which has been deducted X
LESS: Allowable expenses which has not been deducted (X)
LESS: Non-trading income and gains which has been added in trading profit (X)
Tax adjusted trading profit (TATP) X
➢ Income included but NOT taxable under trading profit:
• Capital Gains, Property Income, Interest Income and Dividend received.
ALLOWED AND DISALLOWED EXPENSES
Capital Expenditure is disallowed and Revenue Expenditure is Subscriptions and Donations
Allowable. • Subscriptions related to trade are allowable
• Initial purchase price and improvement is capital expenditure • Donation to a local charity is allowable and to
and is disallowed. National charity & political parties is disallowed.
• Replacement of an asset with extended capacity is disallowed. • Donations to other parties are allowable only if
• Repair to an asset is revenue expenditure and is allowable – It must be wholly and exclusively for trading
while initial repair to bring an asset in useable condition is purposes.
disallowed. – It must be reasonable in size in relation to the
• Depreciation, amortisation and profit or loss on sale of non- business.
current asset is disallowed. – Charity must be working for educational,
Rental/Lease Expense religious, cultural etc. purpose
• Any rent paid for the purpose of trade is allowable. Legal and Professional Charges
• Lease charge of car emitting ≤110 g/km Co2 is allowable. • Legal and professional charges are allowable if
• If CO2 emission of car exceeds 110g/km then 15% of for trade and not capital.
Rental/leased charges are disallowed. • Cost incurred for new issue of shares is
• Premium received is considered as property income. disallowed.
• Premium paid on grant of short lease is allowable and is • Cost incurred for purchase of new assets is
calculated as follows: disallowed.
51 – n • Legal fee to chase trade debts (receivable) is
X Premium = Answer/n = Allowable Expense allowable
50
N = Number of years of lease • Legal fee to defend ownership of non-current
asset is allowable.

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Entertaining and Gifts • Costs of; obtaining loan finance for trade,
• entertaining is disallowed, unless entertaining employees renewing a short lease (50 years or less) or
• gifts to employees are allowable issuing debt finance, registering patents is
• gifts to customers are only allowable if specifically allowed by statute
– They cost less than £50 per person per year, and Bad Debts/Allowance For Receivables
– Gift is not food, drink, tobacco or vouchers exchangeable for • Bad debts are allowable and Recovery of bad
goods and services debts is taxable income.
– Gift carries a conspicuous advertisement for the business. • Doubtful debts or allowance for receivable
If cost exceeds £50 per year then whole amount of gift is (Closing Value less Opening value = Allowable
disallowed. expense (Ans Positive)/ taxable income(Ans
• Gift of samples of goods for advertisement purpose is Negative)
allowable. • Non-trade bad debts are disallowed. ( E.g. bad
Drawings debt on loan given to employees, customers
• Drawing by the owner in the form of salary, cash or goods, and suppliers.)
Interest on capital are disallowed.
• Excessive salary paid to owner’s family member is disallowed.
Other Expenses
• Qualifying (eligible) interest is disallowed.
• Interest paid on borrowings for trading purposes is allowable. Interest paid on overdue tax is not deductible and
interest received on overpaid tax is not taxable.
• Payment for infringement of Law (e.g. Fines) is disallowed unless car parking fine paid on behalf of an employee.
• Damages are allowable if related to trade and not a fine for breaking the law.
• Provisions for future costs as per IAS are allowable.
• Pre-trading expenditure is allowable if it is incurred in the seven years before a business start to trade and follows
the above rules.
• Salaries accrued at year end , Redundancy, loss of office, Removal expenses and counseling service for redundant
employees is allowable
• Expenditure relating to proprietors car, telephone ------ etc is disallowed.
• Insurance expense and Patent Royalties are allowable.
• Loss due to theft or fraud by employee (not owner or not director) is allowable if not covered by insurance.
• Payment of class 1 (employee) NIC, Class 2 NIC, Class 4 NIC are disallowed.
• Payment of class 1 (employer) NIC, and Class 1A NIC is allowable.
• Employer contribution to pension scheme for employee is allowable.
• Business portion of owner’s private telephone expenses or private residence is allowable.
• Capital allowances are allowable.
• The general rule is that expenditure not wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the trade is not allowable.
Remoteness test (expense has no link with trade) and the duality principle (expense has more than one purpose)
are considered for this purpose.

CHAPTER 6
CAPITAL ALLOWANCES
Capital allowances are available on plant and machinery, calculated for a trader’s period of account and deducted from
trading profit. If Period of account exceeds 18 months then it must be split in two periods of account 1st of 12 moths and
2nd of remaining months. Capital allowances are calculated for each period of account separately.
• Plant and machinery is something with which a trade is carried on except doors, walls, windows, ceiling, floors and
water system, electrical system, gas system.
• Capital allowances are given on original cost and any subsequent capital expenditure. Cost of alterations to the
building needed for installation of plant and computer software cost will also become part of plant & machinery.
• Pre-trading capital purchases (if incurred in the seven years before trade commenced) are treated as acquired on the
first day of trade at its market value on that day.
• Examples of P&M: • computers and software • machinery • cars and lorries • office furniture • movable partitions
• air-conditioning • alterations of buildings needed to install plant and machinery

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SPECIAL RATE POOL:
Following P&M will become part of special rate pool
• Long-life assets: it includes P&M with a total working life of ≥ 25 years or more (from the time the asset is brought
into use for the first time) and annual running cost of ≥£100,000.
• ‘Integral features’ of a building: it includes Electrical & general lighting systems, Cold water systems, Space or water
heating systems, Powered systems of ventilation, cooling or air purification and Lifts and escalators
• Motor cars (both new & second hand) with co2 emissions > 110g/km
• Thermal insulation of building. Remember: cars and P&M in a building which used as a retail shop, hotel
GENERAL POOL OR MAIN POOL or office, showroom, can never be classified as long life asset.
• The cost of most of the plant and machinery purchased by a business becomes part of a pool called main pool on
which capital allowances may be claimed.
• New or second hand Cars having co2 emission between 51g/km ̶ 110g/km are included in main pool.
• Second hand cars with co2 emissions of 50g/km or below
• Addition increases the amount of pool and disposal reduces the amount of pool.
SALE OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
• On disposal of P&M deduct the lower of the sale proceeds and the original cost from the total of; TWDV brought
forward on the pool plus Additions to the pool.
FIRST YEAR ALLOWANCE (FYA)
• FYA of 100% is available in the year of purchase on Purchase of new low emission cars. (50 g/Km co2 or less).
• FYA will never time apportioned.
• No FYA is available in year of cessation of trade.
ANNUAL INVESTMENT ALLOWANCE (AIA)
• It is allowance of £1,000,000 p.a. on new purchased P&M other than cars.
• Value of new purchased P&M which exceeds £1,000,000 p.a. will be transferred to relevant pool.
• £1,000,000 limit is prorated for short and long period of accounts.
• No AIA is available in the year of cessation of trade.
• Taxpayer has the option to claim full or partial AIA or even no AIA if it does not want to. However, any unused AIA
will be wasted.
• It is most beneficial to claim the AIA in the following order:
a) Special rate pool b) General pool
c) Short life assets d) Private use assets
WRITTEN DOWN ALLOWANCE (WDA)
• WDA is available on net value (WDV plus addition less disposal).
• WDA of 18 % on reducing balance method is given each year on “Main Pool" If net value is positive.
• WDA of 6% on reducing balance method is given each year on “Special Rate Pool" net value is positive.
• If net value in special rate pool or main pool is negative, then Balancing charge will arise and deducted from capital
allowance column.
• Full WDA is given in year of purchase and no WDA is given in the year of disposal.
• WDA of 6% or 18% is prorated where a period of account is ≤ 12 months.
• If Net Value in the main pool or special rate pool remains less than £1000 then WDA @ 100% called small pool WDA
(£1000 limit is for 12 month period so it must be prorated for short and long period of accounts)
SHORT-LIFE ASSETS (SLA)
• P&M which individual wishes to sell or scrap within 8 years of the end of period of account in which asset is
purchased are called short-life assets. Every short life asset is kept in separate pool.
• Cars can never be classified as short life asset.
• The election (written notice to HMRC) must be made for short life asset this is called de-pooling.
• AIA and WDA are available on net value as normal.
• Balancing allowance or charge arises on disposal within 8 years after the accounting period of purchase.
• If no disposal takes place within eight years after the accounting period of purchase the remaining balance is
transferred to the general pool immediately.
PRIVATE USE ASSETS
• If owner uses an asset for private purposes, capital allowances are given only on business proportion. Every private
use asset is kept in separate pool.
• On disposal of asset, balancing charge (if profit) or a balancing allowance (if loss) will arise which is then reduced to
business proportion.
• Private use of an asset by an employee has no effect on capital allowances.

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CARS
• Cars emitting ≤ 50 g/km co2 (low emission Cars) are eligible for FYA of 100%.
• Second hand motor cars emitting ≤50 g/km co2 or less are included in main pool.
• Both new and second hand Cars emitting CO2 between 51 g/km to 110 g/km are included in main pool.
• Both new and second hand Cars emitting CO2 over 110 g/km are included in special rate pool.
• If there is private usage of car by proprietor (Not employee) than only business proportion of the capital Allowance
can be claimed.
Cessation of trade
• Not FYA, AIA and WDA is available in last year of trade.
• Add addition and deduct disposals made in last period of account from the relevant pool.
• Calculate balancing allowance (if loss) or balancing charge (if profit) as appropriate.
Balancing Allowance (BA)/Balancing Charge (BC)
Net Value (WDV plus addition less disposal).
Main Pool (MP) and Special Rate Pool (SRP) Private Use Asset and Short Life Asset
NET value Positive NET value Negative NET value Positive NET value Negative
Regular years = WDA (6% /18%) Regular years = BC Regular years = WDA Regular years = BC
Cessation Year = BA Cessation year = BC (6% /18%) Disposal Year = BC
Disposal Year = BA Cessation year = BC
Cessation year = BA
Proforma capital allowances computation:
Main Pool Special Short Life Short Life Private Use Private Use Allowance
Rate Pool asset 1 asset 2 Assets 1 Assets 2
(Business %) (Business %)
£ £ £ £ £ £
WDV b/f X X X X
Purchase of CAR which Qualify for FYA
New Motors Cars CO2 ≤ 50 g/Km X
FYA @ 100% (X) X
Purchase of CAR which Qualify for AIA
Cars CO2 emission 51 – 110 g/km X
Cars CO2 emission of > 110 g/km X
Additions qualify for AIA (£ 200,000)
a) Special Rate Pool Additions X
Less: AIA (X) X X
b) Main Pool Additions X
Less: AIA (Remaining Amount) (X) X X
c) Short Life Assets X
Less: AIA (Remaining Amount) (X) X X
d) Private Use Assets X
Less: AIA (Remaining Amount) (X) X X
Disposals:
Lower of cost and Selling Price (X) (X) (X) (X)
Net Value X X X/(X) X X/(X) X
WDA @ 18% (X) X
WDA @ 6% (X) X
WDA @ 18%/8% (X) (X) X
BU % only
Balancing Allowance/Balancing Charge X/(X) X/(X) X/(X)
BU % only
X X X X X X X
Structures and buildings allowance
A new type of capital allowance has been introduced, known as the structures and buildings allowance (SBA). Relief is
given as an annual straight-line allowance of 3% over a 33⅓ year period (33 years and four months).
The SBA is only available where a building (or structure) has been constructed after 29 October 2018. However, a
question will only be set where construction is on or after 6 April 2020 (1 April 2020 for limited companies).
• Offices, retail and wholesale premises, factories and warehouses can all qualify for the SBA (as can walls, bridges and
tunnels).
• The value of land is excluded, as is any part of a building used as a dwelling house.
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• Expenditure which qualifies as plant and machinery cannot also qualify for the SBA. Similarly, expenditure which
qualifies for the SBA cannot also qualify for the plant and machinery annual investment allowance.
• Where an unused building is purchased from a builder or developer, then the qualifying expenditure will be the price
paid less the value of the land.
• The building (or structure) must be used for a qualifying activity such as a trade or property letting.
• The SBA can only be claimed from when the building (or structure) is brought into qualifying use. This means that the
SBA will be time apportioned for the period when first brought into use, unlike plant and machinery allowances
which are always given in full for the period of purchase.
• A separate SBA is given for each building (or structure) qualifying for relief.
• Relief is also given for the cost of subsequent improvements, or where a building is renovated or converted.
• Disposal: Unlike plant and machinery, there is no balancing charge or balancing allowance when a building (or
structure) that has qualified for the SBA is sold. Instead, the purchaser simply continues to claim the 3% allowance
for the remainder of the 33⅓ year period based on original cost. However, on a disposal, the allowances that have
been claimed are effectively clawed back by adding them to the sales proceeds in order to determine the chargeable
gain or allowable loss arising.
Note: You should assume that for any question involving the purchase (as opposed to a new construction) of a
building, the SBA is not available unless stated otherwise

CHAPTER 7
BASIS PERIOD
Rules for matching tax adjusted profits of business with tax years are called basis period rules.
Identify first tax year of trade from starting date of trade.
1st Year Rule
1st Basis period will be from start of trade to following 5th April.

Closing date of 1st period of account falls in 2nd tax year.

Yes No
2nd Year Rule Check length of 1st period of account
≥ 12 Months < 12 Months
B.P = 2nd Tax Year
B.P will be 12 month back from closing B.P will be next 12 month
date of 1st period of account. from start of trade.

3rd & subsequent

3rd & subsequent B.P will be 12 month back from closing date that falls in relevant tax year.
year Rule

NOTE: Some profits may fall into more than one basis period in the opening years and are known as overlap profits.
An ‘overlap’, relief will be available on cessation, or sometimes, on change of accounting date.

1) Identify the last tax year from cessation date of trade.

Closing Year Rule 2) Make B.P by using subsequent year rule except last tax year.
3) Last B.P will be addition of all period of accounts whose closing dates fall in last tax year.
Choice of accounting date
➢ Just after 5 April. ➢ Just before 5April
• Maximum time to pay tax. • Less time to pay tax.
• Increased overlap profit. • No overlap profit
• Maximum time for planning • Less time for planning

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CHAPTER 8
TRADING LOSSES
*Remember trading loss can never be overlapped and Current Year means year of loss.
Loss relief against total net income:
a) Trading Losses may be deducted from total net income of Current year but upto CAP limit of Current Year and/or
b) Trading Losses may be deducted from total net income of previous year but upto CAP limit of Previous Year
CAP limit for Current Year: Higher of: CAP limit for Previous Year: Trading Profit Plus Higher of:
• £50,000 • £50,000
• 25% of (Total net income − gross personal pension • 25% of (Total net income − gross personal pension
contribution) contribution)
• Partial deduction is not allowed.
Relief of trading losses against capital gains
a) Trading loss may be deducted from Net Chargeable Gains of current year but after deduction of trading loss from
total net income of current year. And/or
b) Trading loss may be deducted from Net Chargeable Gains of previous year but after deduction of trading loss
from total net income of previous year.
Net chargeable gain = Current year capital gain less current year capital loss less brought forward capital loss
• Partial deduction is not allowed.
Carry forward of trading losses
Trading loss may be carry forward and set-off from first available future trading profits from same trade. Losses may
carry forward for indefinite number of years until all the loss is relieved.
• Partial deduction is not allowed.
• This option is considered after considering all other options because:
– It delays loss relief − time value of money, − uncertainty about future profit
Opening years loss relief
Trading loss in any first Four Tax years of trade may be deducted from total net income of previous 3 tax years on FIFO
basis
• Partial deduction is not allowed.
Terminal loss relief:
Terminal loss may be deducted from trading profit of previous 3 tax years on LIFO basis.
Loss from 6 April (before cessation) till date of cessation. (XX) nil if profit
Loss for period starting 12 month before cessation till coming 5th April (XX) nil if profit
Overlap Profits (XX)
Terminal loss (XX)
Summary of Loss Reliefs:
Opening year Ongoing years Cessation year
Relief against total income √ √ √
Relief against chargeable gains √ √ √
Carry forward of trading losses √ √ x
Opening years loss relief √ x x
Terminal loss relief x x √
Choice between loss reliefs:
a) Quick loss Relief b) maximum tax saving c) personal allowance do not waste
Claim of trading loss:
– Time limit for making a claim for Current year trading loss relief, carry back trading loss relief, early year trading
loss relief, trading loss relief against capital gain is by 2nd 31 January after end of tax year (by 2nd 31 January after
the end of tax year of loss. 31/01/23 for loss in 2020/21).
– Time limit for making a claim for carry forward trading loss and terminal loss is 4 years after end of tax year of loss
(05/04/25 for loss in 2020/21).

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CHAPTER 9
PARTNERSHIP
A partnership is a single trading entity. Each individual partner is effectively treated as trading in his own right and is
assessed on his/her share of the adjusted trading profit of the partnership.
➢ Trading income: Partnership’s tax adjusted profits or loss for an accounting period is computed in the same way
as for a sole trader and Partners’ salaries & interest on capital are not deductible: these are an allocation of profit.
➢ Allocations of trading profit/trading loss: Trading profit/trading loss for the accounting period is divided between
partners according to their profit sharing ratio but after deduction of Partner’s salaries and interest on capital.
➢ A change in the profit sharing agreement: If the profit sharing agreement is changed during a period of account,
the profit must be time apportioned before allocation to partners.
➢ Partnership capital allowances: Capital allowances are deducted as an expense in calculating trading profit. If
assets are used privately, the business proportion is included in the partnership’s capital allowances computation.
➢ Commencement and cessation:
• Rules for commencement and cessation are same as for sole trader. Profit is allocated between the partners for
accounting period; then the assessment rules are applied and each partner is effectively taxed as a sole trader.
• When a partner joins a partnership, he is treated as commencing and when a partner leaves a partnership he is
treated as ceasing. Each partner has his own overlap profit available for relief.
➢ Change in members of partnership: Until there is at least one partner common to business before and after the
change, partnership continues. Commencement or cessation rules apply to individual joining or leaving partnership.
➢ Partnership Losses: Losses are allocated between partners in same way as profits & Loss relief claims available
are same as for sole traders. A partner joining the partnership may claim opening year loss relief, for losses in the
first four years of his membership of partnership. A partner leaving a partnership may claim terminal loss relief.
➢ Partnership investment income: Interest and dividend income is kept separate from trading profit but are shared
among partners according to their profit sharing ratio.
➢ Limited Liability Partnership: If partnership is limited liability partnership then the partners share the trading loss
among themselves up to maximum of capital they have contributed in the partnership.
CASH BASIS FOR SMALL BUSINESSES
Cash basis means profit will be calculated on the basis of cash received and expenses paid in the period of account.
Unincorporated businesses (i.e. sole traders and partnerships) having revenue less or equal to £150,000) can choose
to calculate profits / losses on cash basis rather than the normal accruals basis.
• The cash basis option is not available to companies, and limited liability partnerships (LLPs)
• If annual turnover exceeds £300,000 then business will not be allowed to use this scheme.
➢ Under the cash Basis:
• A business can prepare its accounts to any date in the year on the basis of cash receipts and payments.
• there is no difference between capital and revenue expenditure on plant & machinery for tax purposes:
– Purchases are allowable deductions when paid for, (cost of motor cars & land and buildings is not deductible
and
– Proceeds are treated as taxable cash receipts when an asset is sold.
• A flat rate expense deduction for motor car expenses is claimed instead of capital allowances.
➢ Advantages of cash basis:
• Simpler accounting requirements as there is no need to account for receivables, payables and inventory
• Profit is not accounted for and taxed until it is realised so cash is available to pay the associated tax liability.
➢ Disadvantages of cash basis:
• Losses can only be carried forward to set against future trading profits, whereas under the accruals basis many
more options for loss relief are available.
➢ Flat rate expense deduction option for any unincorporated business
The flat rate expense adjustments replace the calculation of actual cost incurred in the following cases:
Type of expense Flat rate expense adjustment
Motoring expenses Allowable deduction = Approved millage allowance of 45p and 25p as in employment
Private use of part of a Private use adjustment re household goods and services, food and utilities
commercial building = fixed amount based on the number of occupants (will be given in exam question)

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CHAPTER 10
PENSION & NATIONAL INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS
NATIONAL INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS
All types of NIC are payable if an individual is aged 16 or over until he reaches state pension age.
Class 1 NIC
Class 1 employee and class 1 employer NIC are exempt after state pension age however class 1A NIC is still payable by
employer
Cash Employment income of Employee/Cash Earnings Non-Cash Employment Income of
(Wages, salary, overtime pay, Commission, Bonus, tips and gratuities from employee
employer, quoted shares, vouchers, payment of travel between home and (e.g. living accommodation benefit,
work, Approved millage allowance of above45p/mile) car benefit, fuel benefit, beneficial
loan, use of asset, gift of asset etc.)
Class 1 Employee NIC (Paid by Employee) Class 1A NIC (Paid by Employer)
Cash Earnings Rates • It is payable by employer on
£1 – £9,500 per year Nil taxable non-cash benefits @ 13.8%
£9,500 – £50,000 per year 12% • Employer can deduct this NIC from
Above £50,000 per year 2% trading profit.
• Contribution is not allowable deductions for employee. It is paid by 19th July following the
• Contributions are payable by 19th of each month while 22nd of each month end of the tax year. 19 July 2022 for
in case of electronic return. 2020/21.
Class 1 Employer NIC (Paid by Employer)
Cash Earnings Rates
£1 – £8,788/Annum Nil
Above £8,788 13.8%
• Employment Allowance: It is relaxation of £4,000/annum for employer.
NIC payable to HMRC = Total class 1 employer NIC of all employees less £3,000
• The employment allowance is not available if director is sole employee
• Employer can deduct this NIC from trading profit.
Paid by 19th of each month while 22nd of each month for electronic return.
NIC Paid by Self Employed
Class 4 NIC Class 2 NIC
It is calculated on taxable trading profits after deducting brought forward • Payable by self-employed @
trading losses if any follows: £3.05/week if trading profit of tax
Trading Profit Rates year exceeds £6,475.
£1 – £9,500 per year Nil • It is not allowable deduction from
£9,500 – £50,000 per year 9% trading profit.
Above £50,000 per year 2% • It is paid by 31 January after the
• It is not allowable deduction from trading profit. end of tax year. 31/01/22 for
• Payable with income tax under self-assessment system. 2020/21.

PENSION
OCCUPATIONAL PENSION SCHEME (OPC) PERSONAL PENSION SCHEME (PPC):
• Employee Contribution is deducted from his employment • PPC is managed by private institutions. ( eg banks)
income and employer contribution (exempt benefits for • Contribution in PPC is gross up by 100/80 and basic &
employee) is deducted from his trading profit. higher rate bands will be extended by this gross amount
• Contribution made to OPC is gross.
Relief:
Only available if individual is UK resident, aged less than 75 years and member of a registered pension scheme.
Maximum Relief is available on higher of
a) £3,600
b) Relevant earning. (Trading Profit + Employment income + Furnished holiday letting Profit)

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Annual Allowance: Annual limit is only available if a person is a member of a pension scheme in that tax year.
Annual All available
2017/18 (£40,000) (£40,000 – Employee & Employer pension contribution) XX/Nil if negative
2018/19 (£40,000) (£40,000 – Employee & Employer pension contribution) XX/Nil if negative
2019/20 (£40,000) (£40,000 – Employee & Employer pension contribution) XX/Nil if negative
2020/21 • Adjusted Income ≤ £240,000 = A.L £40,000
• Adjusted Income ≥ £312,000 = A.L £4,000
• Adjusted Income £240,000 to £312,000 XX
A.L =£40,000 less (Adjusted income − £240,000)/2
Total Annual Limit Available XXX
Adjusted Income = Total Net Income plus individual occupational pension contribution plus any employer contributions to
either occupational or personal pension schemes
Annual allowance charge: If actual contribution (employee plus employer) exceeds total available annual limit than
excessive contribution will be added in main Performa (other income) by name of annual allowance charge.
Pension Benefit: Received when an individual is aged 55 years or more. Pension can be claimed before this age if the
individual is incapacitated due to ill health.
At eligible age Individual can take tax free lump sum payment 25% of lower of:
a) Amount in fund b) Life time allowance
Remainder 75% amount in the fund will be taxable when withdrawn as other income and taxed at 20%/40%/45%.
Life Time Allowance:
An individual can contribute £1,073,100 during his life time.
Note: If the fund exceeds £1,073,100 and the excess is to be used to fund a larger annuity the tax charge will be 25% of the
excess. Where the taxpayer chooses to take the excess in cash the tax charge will be 55% of the excess.
Benefits of Pension contribution: The following benefits are available if pension is registered with HMRC.
(i) Tax relief
(ii) Employer contribution into pension is exempt benefit for employee.
(iii) On retirement some pension benefit can be obtained as tax free lump-sum payment.

CHAPTER 11
CAPITAL GAIN TAX - INDIVIDUALS
CGT is charged on gains arising on chargeable disposals of chargeable assets by chargeable persons.
1 Chargeable Disposal
An asset is regarded as disposed, if its ownership changes. E.g. Sale of whole or part of an asset, Gift of an asset, Loss
or total destruction of an asset.
Date of disposal:
Event Date of disposal
Normal Date of contract or agreement for disposal of asset.
Conditional contract Date when all the conditions are satisfied and contract become legally binding.
Death transfer or No CGT implication
transfer to charity
Disposal Proceeds:
Sold at Arm’s length: Actual Selling Price will become disposal proceeds.
Not Sold at Arm’s Length: Market Value will become disposal proceeds.
Transaction between Spouse: Disposal proceeds will be equal to cost, so no gain/no loss transaction.
Chargeable Assets:
All assets are chargeable unless specifically exempt. E.g. land & building, goodwill, short lease, long lease, unquoted
shares, quoted shares, unit trusts, some chattels.
Exempt assets include:
• Motor vehicles (including vintage cars) • Works of art given for national use
• National Savings & Investment certificates • Gilt edged securities
• Cash, Debtors and trading inventory • Qualifying Corporate Bonds
• Decorations awarded for bravery • Company loan notes
• Damages for personal injury • Some Chattels
• Shares in VCT • Investments held in an NISA
• Endowment policy proceeds • Prizes and betting winning
• Foreign currency for private use

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Chargeable Person:
An individual who is resident in the UK is liable to pay UK CGT on his worldwide gains and non-resident person in UK
will not pay CGT in UK (not even on his UK assets)
Pro Forma to Calculate Capital Gain/Loss on Individual Assets
Disposal proceeds X
Less: Incidental cost of disposal (X)
Net proceeds X
Less: Purchase price (X)
Less: Incidental cost for purchase (X)
Less: Capital improvements (X)
Capital Gain / (Capital loss) X/(X)
Purchase Price: Normally actual purchase price or market value in case the asset is received as a gift or probate value
for inherited assets.)
Incidental costs: Fee & commission of agent, legal fee, advertising cost, auctioneers fee, agency fee
2 Pro Forma to Calculate Capital Gain Tax (CGT)
Capital Gain on disposal of asset X
Less: Capital loss on disposal of asset (X)
Net Capital Gains in tax year X
Less: Capital losses brought forward (X)
Net Capital Gains X
Less Annual exemption (12,300)
Taxable Gains X
➢ Annual exemption: Every individual has an exempt amount for each tax year for 2020/21 it is £12,300. Annual
exemption is deducted from capital gains of residential property first.
➢ Rates of CGT: Calculate unused basic rate band from income tax.
Falling in basic rate band In excess of basic rate band
Normal rates 10% 20%
Residential property rates 18% 28%
➢ Payment of CGT: CGT is due in one amount with income tax under self-assessment on 31 January following the
tax year (2020/21 by 31 January 2022)
3 Capital Losses
Capital losses are deducted from capital gains of the same tax year; the unrelieved capital losses may be carried forward
and deducted from future capital gains but up to the level that the annual exemption of future years do not waste.
4 Capital Gains: Special Rules
4.1 Chattels: A chattel is a tangible moveable asset.
Non-Wasting Chattels: ➢ Wasting Chattels:
Chattels with remaining life of >50 years are called Non- Chattels with remaining life of ≤50 years are called
wasting chattels. E.g. Antiques, jewellery and paintings. wasting chattels. These are exempt from CGT. E.g.
chargeable gain or capital loss is calculated as follows: racehorses, boats, plant & machinery and greyhounds.
Cost Proceeds Treatment Plant & Machinery: There is an exception for P & M on
≤ £6,000 ≤ £6,000 Exempt which capital allowances have been claimed.
≤ £6,000 > £6,000 Normal calculation but the • If asset is sold at a gain then we apply £6,000 rule.
gain is restricted to • If asset is sold at loss it will be ignored for CGT
5/3 [Gross proceeds - 6,000] purpose.
> £6,000 ≤ £6,000 Allowable loss but Deemed
Proceeds = £6,000
> £6,000 > £6,000 Normal calculation
➢ Other Wasting Assets not Chattels: It includes those wasting assets that are not tangible and/or not moveable.
The allowable cost of these assets is deemed to be reduced over the life of asset on straight line basis.
Disposal Proceed X
Remaining life at disposal
Less: Allowable cost = Cost X (X)
Total useful life
Chargeable Gain/Loss X

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4.2 Part Disposal if there is a part disposal of an asset then gain or loss on that asset can be calculated as follows.
Disposal Proceed X A= market value of part disposed off
Less: Allowable cost [ Cost x A/A+B ] (X) B= market value of remaining part
X
4.3 Asset Damaged
No Insurance Proceed Insurance Proceed Received
No Disposal Not Used to Restore the Asset: USED TO RESTORE ASSET WITHIN 12 MONTHS
Treat as Part Disposal. Part disposal unless Taxpayer can elect to defer the gain.
Disposal Proceed X If defer there is no part disposal and deduct insurance
Allowable cost: proceed from the cost of restored asset.
Original cost X A . (X) Cost of restored asset ( original + restore cost) X
A+B . Less: Insurance Proceed (X)
Gain/ Loss X . Revised base cost (X)
A= insurance proceed
B= M.V of damaged asset
4.4 Asset Lost or Destroyed
No Insurance Proceed Insurance Proceed Received
Disposal Proceed Nil No Replacement Replacement of Asset within 12 Months
Allowable cost (X) of Asset Full Reinvestment: No gain/no Loss Partial Reinvestment:
Capital Loss ...X…. Insurance Proceed X Some gain is chargeable
Normal CGT Less: Allowable cost (X) immediately which is lower of:
calculation. Capital Gain X a) Total gain
Roll-Over Relief (X) b) Proceed not reinvested
Nil
Base Cost of New Asset. Gain Deffered will be = total gain
Cost of new Asset X less gain chargeable immediately
Gain Roll Over (X)
Base cost of new asset ...X…
5 DISPOSAL OF SHARES (individuals)
5.1 Valuation rule for shares
➢ Unquoted shares: Market value will be given in exam.
➢ Quoted shares: (Highest quoted price + Lowest quoted price)/2
Matching Rules on Sale of Shares (Individuals)
Shares sold will be matched in the following order:
a) Shares purchased on the same day
b) Shares purchased on the following 30 days of sale
c) Shares from Share Pool
Share Pool: Contains all shares purchased before date of disposal and consist of two columns; 1st of Number of
shares and 2nd of Cost of shares.
5.2 RIGHT SHARES: The right shares are added in previous shareholding as normal acquisition in the share pool
5.3 BONUS SHARES: Treated in the same way as right shares except that the Bonus Shares do not have cost.
5.4 REORGANISATION AND TAKEOVER
REORGANISATION: Exchange of existing shares in a company for other shares of another class in the same company.
TAKE-OVER: When a company acquires shares in another CO. either in exchange for shares, cash or mixture of both.
➢ Consideration in Shares only ➢ Consideration in cash and shares
• No CGT at the time of takeover or reorganisation. It is treated as part disposal and gain or loss is calculated is
• Cost of original shares becomes cost of new shares follows:
• Where the shareholder receives more than one Disposal Proceed (cash) X
type of shares in exchange for the original shares, Less: Allowable cost
then cost of original shares is allocated to the new Cost of original shares X Cash Received (X)
shares by reference to the market value of new Cash Received + M.V of new shares .
shares. X

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6 CGT Reliefs for Individuals
6.1 Private Residence Relief (PR relief): It applies when an individual disposes off his only or main private
residence or dwelling house which he owned. If an individual has more than one residence, he can nominate one
residence as his principal residence by notifying HMRC in written. Married Couple/Civil Partners are entitled to only
one residence between them for the purpose of Private Residence exemption.
➢ Calculating the Relief: If a person lives in PR during the whole period of ownership the whole gain is exempt.
Where there has been a period of absence from PR the procedure is as follows.
Capital gain on disposal X
Period of occupation
Less: PR Relief = Gain X (X)
Period of ownership
Chargeable gain after relief X
➢ Periods of occupation: Period of occupation includes periods of both Actual occupation and Deemed occupation
Deemed occupation: Periods of deemed occupations are:
a) Last 09 months of ownership b) Up to 3 years of absence for any reason
c) Any period spent working abroad d) Up to 4 years of absence while working in the UK.
• Points b, c and d will only apply if at some time both before & after period of absence there is a period of actual
occupation by the owner. Reoccupying is not necessary for point c and d if prevented by terms of his employment.
➢ SBusiness use: Where part of a residence is used for business purposes throughout period of ownership, relief is
not available on gain related to that part. However last 18 months still applies to that part unless the business
part was at some time used as main residence.
➢ Letting relief: Letting relief is available to cover any gain not covered by PR if Owner is absent (not covered by
deemed occupation rules) and Part of the property is rented out, the remaining part being occupied by the
taxpayer. Letting relief is the lower of:
a) PR relief given b) £40,000
c) Gain related to letting period {Total gain x (letting period/ownership period)}
However, letting relief is now only available where a property is let out and the property owner is in shared
occupancy with the tenant. This means that there is no longer any relief where the whole property is let out.
6.2 Business asset disposal relief: Relief covers the first £1 Million of qualifying gains that an individual makes
during their lifetime. This gain qualifying is taxed at a lower capital gains tax rate of 10% regardless of a person’s
taxable income. Relief must be claimed by 2nd 31th January after the end of tax year of disposal. For 2020/21 by 31
January 2023.
➢ Qualifying Business Disposals:
• Disposal of the whole or part of a business (which can operate independently) runs as an unincorporated business
(both sole trader & partnership.)
• Disposal of assets of sole trader or partnership trading business within 3 years from cessation.
• Disposal of shares if:
– Shares are in individual’s personal trading company and he is also an employee (full time or part time) of CO.
(CO. in which individual owns ≥5% of ordinary shares & ≥5% voting right is called personal trading company.)
➢ Qualifying Ownership Period: The assets must have been owned for two years prior to the date of disposal
➢ Further points
• Relief is not available on gains arising from disposal of individual assets or assets held for investment purpose.
• The annual exemption and any capital losses should however be deducted from gains that do not qualify for
Business asset disposal relief as they are taxed at a higher capital tax gains rate (28% and/or 20%)
• Easy way is to keep the gains, qualifying for Business asset disposal's relief and not qualifying in separate column.
Investor Relief: Capital gain on disposal of unquoted shares will be taxed @ 10% if:
a) Shares are subscribed (newly issued shares) on/after 17 march 2016.
b) Owned for 3 years after 6 April 2016.
c) the investor must not be an employee or a director of the company whilst owning the shares
Investor relief is available on capital gains of 10 million in whole life.

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6.3 Roll-Over Relief:
Roll-over relief means postponed or deferred gain. The gain is not taxed immediately but is postponed until the
individual makes a disposal of the replacement asset.
• This relief is available if a qualifying business asset is sold and another qualifying business asset is purchased
within the qualifying time period.
• Base cost of new asset is calculated by deducting the gain on old asset against the cost of new/ reinvested asset.
• An individual must claim the relief within 4 years from the end of the tax year of later of:
a) When the disposal is made or
b) Replacement asset is acquired
➢ Qualifying Business Asset:
Rollover relief is available on assets which are used in business. Qualifying assets include Land and buildings, Fixed
plant & machinery (unmovable) and Goodwill.
➢ Qualifying Time Period: New asset must be purchased within 1 year before and 3 years after disposal of old asset.
➢ Partial Reinvestment of Proceeds:
If there is full reinvestment of net sale proceeds roll-over relief is available on full gain. If there is partial
reinvestment of net proceeds then part of the gain is taxable at the time of disposal.
Gain Chargeable at the time of disposal is lower of:
a) Amount of proceed not reinvested. b) Full gain
➢ Non-business use Full rollover relief is only available if asset being disposed was used entirely for business during
whole period of ownership. If there is private use of asset rollover relief is only available on business portion.
➢ Reinvestment in depreciating assets “An asset with an expected life of ≤60 years (e.g. Fixed plant & machinery) is
called depreciating asset.” If replacement asset is a depreciating asset then gain deferred is not deducted from
cost of new asset (no calculation of base cost) Instead gain is postponed and will be taxable on earlier of:
(i) disposal of new asset (ii) Date the new asset ceases to be used in trade (iii) 10 years after new asset was acquired
➢ Tax planning
• Unused annual exemption of current year & b/f capital losses is also available then do not claim roll over relief.
• If individual wants to retain some amount of cash out of disposal proceeds before reinvestment then it should be
equal to the b/f capital loss plus annual exemption.
• If on disposal of whole of business, individual decide to reinvest the disposal proceeds then rollover relief and
Business asset disposal relief both will be available. However individual has to claim 1st rollover & then Business
asset disposal relief.
6.4 RELIEF FOR THE GIFT OF BUSINESS ASSETS
A gift relief is only available on gift of qualifying business assets gifted by an individual. Donor (person making the
gift) is treated as making a disposal at market value and donee (person receiving the gift) is treated as if he had
acquired a gift at market value. When gift relief is claimed, the donor has no gain. The gain is deducted from the
donee’s cost (market value) In order to claim gift relief Donee must be Uk resident. This can be illustrated as follows:
DONOR DONEE
Gift
Proceed MV Cost MV
Less: Cost (X) Less: gain deferred (X)
Gain X X
Less: Gain held over (X)
Nil
➢ Availability of the relief:
Claim must be made by both donor & donee and must be made 4 years from the end of the tax year in which the
disposal occurred. For a gift made in 2020/21 the claim must be made by 5 April 2025.
NOTE: Gift relief is optional, if not claimed the donor has a capital gain so he can utilize his annual exemption,
Business asset disposal relief, and may have to pay tax @ 0%, 10% or 20%.

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➢ Qualifying assets:
Gift relief may be claimed on the gift of the following assets:
• Assets used in the trade of Donor (Sole trader or partner in partnership) or Donor’s personal trading company
• Unquoted shares and securities of any trading company.
• Quoted shares or securities of the individual donor’s personal trading company. (CO. in which individual owns
≥5% of ordinary shares & ≥5% voting right is called personal trading company.)
➢ Sale at undervalue: (Gift relief is also available for sales made below market value and above cost.)
Proceeds received above original cost are chargeable to CGT immediately and remaining gain can be deferred.
➢ Gift of Shares:
Unquoted shares of any CO. Quoted shares
Personal trading company Not Personal Trading Company

Chargeable business assets No Gift relief is Available

Gift relief = Gain X
Chargeable assets
• Chargeable assets (CA): Any asset, if sold would give rise to capital gain or loss is called chargeable asset.
• Chargeable business assets (CBA): Any chargeable asset that is used by business in his trade is called chargeable
business asset. Shares, securities and other assets held as investments are not chargeable business assets.
Payments on account for disposals of residential property
A payment on account must now be made within 30 days where capital gains tax is payable in respect of a disposal of
residential property. A return must be submitted to HMRC at the same time.
The calculation of the payment on account takes into account the annual exempt amount, any capital losses incurred
in the same tax year prior to the disposal of the residential property, plus any brought forward capital losses. Any
other chargeable gains and capital losses incurred subsequent to the disposal of the residential property are ignored.
It is necessary to make an estimate as to how much of the taxpayer’s basic rate tax band will be available for the tax
year.
The residential property gain is still included in the taxpayer’s self-assessment capital gains tax computation following
the end of the tax year, with the payment on account being deducted from the total capital gains tax liability. Any
additional tax is payable on 31 January following the tax year. If a repayment is due, then this will be claimed when
the self-assessment tax return for the tax year is submitted.
A payment on account of capital gains tax has nothing to do with the normal self-assessment payments on account
due on 31 January in the tax year, and 31 July following the tax year.
Note: The calculation of payments on account where there is more than one residential property disposal during a tax
year is not examinable at TX-UK.
CHAPTER 12
INHERITANCE TAX
1 INTRODUCTION:
IHT is charged on transfer of value of chargeable property by a chargeable person.
➢ Chargeable property: Every asset to which the individual is beneficially entitled is called chargeable asset.
➢ Chargeable person: An individual who is domiciled in UK will liable to IHT on transfer of their worldwide assets
and individual who is not domiciled in UK will liable to IHT on transfer of their UK assets only.
➢ Transfer of value: It is calculated by applying diminution in value rule also called loss to donor as follows:
Value of estate before transfer X
Value of estate after transfer (X) Remember:
Diminution in value/ transfer of value X • Gratuitous disposition means gift
TYPES OF IHT:
a) Life time IHT on life time gifts b) Death IHT on life time gifts c) Death IHT on Death estate

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2 LIFE TIME IHT:
POTENTIALLY EXEMPT TRANSFER (PET) CHARGEABLE LIFETIME TRANSFER
• Transfer between individuals and to • It includes transfers to trust.
disabled trust
Transfer of value XX Transfer of value XX
Less: Reliefs (X) Less: Reliefs (XX)
Less: Exemptions (X) Less: Exemptions (XX)
Chargeable Amount = GCA X 1) Chargeable Amount XX

2) Calculate unused Nil Rate Band (NRB)

NRB (tax year of gift) X (XX)
Less: GCA of CLT’s in previous 7 years from gift date (X)
Taxable Amount XX
3) Calculate IHT @ 25% if paid by donor and @20% if paid by donee. XX
4) Calculate Gross Chargeable Amount as:
• If donor paid IHT Gross chargeable Amount = chargeable
amount + IHT
XX
• If donee paid IHT Gross chargeable Amount = chargeable
amount
EXEMPTIONS
➢ Gifts between spouses: ➢ Small gifts exemption:
Any transfers of value between spouses are exempt. Transfer of assets having value ≤£250/recipient per tax year
However if the spouse receiving the gift is non-UK are exempt if exceeds then whole amount is taxable
domiciled a limit of £325,000 is applied and any excess ➢ Gifts on marriage:
amount is chargeable to IHT. • £5,000 by parent.
➢ The annual exemption (AE):
• £2,500 if from a remoter ancestor or grandparents.
• A.E of £3,000 is available for lifetime transfers and
• £2,500 if from a party to marriage or civil partnership.
available on both PET and CLT in chronological order.
• £1,000 if from any other person.
• Unused A.E can be carry forward for one year only. But
➢ Normal expenditure out of income
A.E of current year must be used first & then any b/f A.E.
A transfer of value is exempt if:
• It is beneficial to make CLT before PET.
• Made for normal expenditure out of income and
➢ Gift to charities
• Does not affect the donor’s standard of living.

Due Date of Payment of IHT

For life time tax on CLTs, the due date depends upon date of the gift:
Date of CLT Due Date of tax payment
6 April --------------- 30 September 30 April just after the end of the tax year of the transfer
1 October -------------- 5 April Six months after the end of the month of the transfer
3 DEATH IHT ON LIFE TIME GIFTS:
1) B/F Gross Chargeable amount XX Taper Relief:
2) Unused NRB Years between Transfer & death Reduction
NRB (Death Tax Year) XX in IHT
Less: GCA of CLT’s in previous 7 years from gift date (XX) 3 years or less 0%
Less: GCA of PET’s More than 3 but less than 4 20%
(from 7years before death till gift date) (XX) More than 4 but less than 5 40%
Unused NRB (XX) More than 5 but less than 6 60%
Taxable Amount XXX More than 6 but less than 7 80%
3) Calculate IHT on remaining amount@ 40%. XX
4) Deduct Taper Relief from IHT liability. (X)
5) Deduct Tax paid in lifetime. (X)
6) Remaining amount is IHT Payable. XX
Note: Death IHT on lifetime gifts is always paid by recipient of gift, (trustees of trust if CLT and Donee if PET)

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4 Death Estate Computation
Proforma Death Estate Computation
Freehold Property less any Repayment mortgage XX
Leasehold property XX
Unincorporated business XX
Shares plus Next dividend if quoted ex-dividend XX
Securities plus Next interest if quoted ex-interest XX
Personal chattels and Motor cars XX
Insurance policy proceeds, Cash at bank and on deposit, ISAs, All Receivables XX
Less: Allowable deductions:
Funeral expenses, legally enforceable debts, Outstanding taxes (e.g. income tax, CGT, NICs) (XX)
Less: Exempt legacies (e.g. to spouse or civil partner, charity, political party) (XX)
Gross chargeable estate XX
Less: Death unused NRB (Note 1)
Nil Rate Band (Tax year of death) XX
Less: GCA of PET & CLT in previous 7 years from death date (XX) (XX)
IHT payable (IHT @ 40%) XX
• Cost of administrating the estate by executor is not an allowable expense as it is incurred after the death.
(Note 1) Residence nil rate band
It is an additional £175,000 NRB only available on death of an individual. It is available if death estate of a deceased
person includes main residence which is inherited by direct descendants (children and grandchildren).
Value of residence is calculated after deduction of repayment mortgage or interest only mortgage. However if value
of residence is below £175,000 then residence nil rate band is reduced to value of residence. E.g. value of residence is
£80,000 residence nil rate band will be £80,000 as well.
Any other type of property, such as a property which has been let out, does not qualify for the residence nil rate band.
Due Dates of Payment of Death IHT:
IHT arising on death is payable by the Personal Representatives (PRs) and suffered by residual legatee. The time limit
for this is 6 months from the end of the month in which death occurred.
5 Transfer of Unused Nil Rate Band
If any partner in the spouse dies with unused nil rate band then the other partner may claim to increase his/her nil
rate band by the amount of unused nil rate band of deceased partner.

CHAPTER 13
CORPORATION TAX
Companies resident in the UK pay corporation tax on worldwide income and gains.
UK Resident Company:
a) If it is incorporated in UK OR b) Not Incorporated in UK but centrally managed and controlled from UK.
Centrally controlled and managed means meetings of board if directors.
Period of Account and Chargeable accounting period:
Period of Account:
Duration for which company prepares it accounts. It is generally 12 months long, but can be longer or shorter.
Chargeable Accounting Period:
Period according to which corporation tax is paid. It can be ≤12 months but never >12 months
• When accounting period start? • When accounting period end? It ends on earlier of:
– When a company starts to trade – 12 months after its start
– When the previous accounting – The end of the company's periods of account
period ends. – The company's ceasing to be resident in the UK
– When a co. ceases to trade, or when its profits being liable to corporation tax are ceased

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Qualifying Charitable Donations: Donations are made gross by companies and deducted from main proforma.
Exceptions: Donation allowable from trading profit and donation to political party are not deducted as QCD in proforma.
If donations exceed total profit then unrelieved donations are wasted except 75% group relief is claimed (see later).
Calculation of Corporation Tax Liability:
➢ Financial Years (FY):
X LTD; Corporation Tax Computation For P/E ended XX/XX/XX
The tax rates to be used for corporation tax are set for
£
Trading Profits XX Financial Years (FY). Financial starts on 1st April and ends
Interest Income XX on 31 march.
Income From Foreign Sources XX
FY 2020 = 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021
Rental Income XX
Chargeable Gains (profit on disposal of assets) XX
Total profit XX
Less: Qualifying Charitable Donations (XX)
Total Taxable Profit (TTP) XX
Corporation tax Liability = Taxable Total Profits X 19%
Long Periods of Accounts:
• If period of account >12 month, it will split into two Acc. periods, 1st of 12 months and 2nd of remaining months.
• The following rule applies in the allocation of profits and charges between the two chargeable accounting periods:
Income / Charges Method Of Allocation
Trading Profit (before capital allowances) Time apportioned
Capital allowances and balancing charges Calculated for each period
Rental Income Accruals Basis
Interest Receivable Accruals Basis
Chargeable Gains Allocated to accounting period
Charges On Income Deducted in period in which paid
Franked Investment Income Allocated to accounting period.
Interest Income:
• Interest received or paid is dealt with on accruals basis.
• Loan Relationship Rule: Interest payable on loan taken for trade is deducted from trading profit while Interest on a
loan taken for any other purpose will be deducted from interest income.
• Interest received from HMRC is taxable and interest paid to HMRC is allowable trading expense.
Dividend Income:
• Dividend received from any company is totally exempt
• Dividend received from non-associated companies is considered to determine payment date of corporation tax.
Property Income:
• Property income is calculated on accrual basis for chargeable accounting period.
• Interest expense on a loan to buy a rental property is deductible from interest income not property income
• There is no rent a room relief for companies.
Property loss must be deducted from total profits before QCD of current period and any remaining loss will be
deducted from future total profits before QCD.
Trading Profit:
Calculation Of Taxable Trading Profit
For the year ended xx/xx/xx • Private use by owner and
Profit From Financial Accounts XX employee both allowable
Add: Disallowable Expenses XX • Dividend payable by company
Taxable Income (not included in the profit figure) XX is not an allowable trading
Less: Allowable Expenses (XX) expense.
Disallowable Income (included but not taxable under trading profit) (XX)
Taxable Trading Profit XX

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CAPITAL ALLOWANCES:
• No private use asset column (Because private by owner is allowed.)
• If POA is >12 months there will be two CAP and capital allowances will be calculated separately for each CAP.
• Only one AIA is available to Group of CO’s however, AIA can be shared between group CO.s in any way.
Trading Losses
Carry forward relief: Set Off Trading Loss Against Total Profit:
Carry forward relief: • Deduct trading loss from total profits before QCD of the
Carry forward and deducted from 1st available total current year and only then deduct remaining loss from
profit of future years. total profits before QCD of previous 12 months.
Additionally, a carried forward trading loss or property • No CAP Limit
business loss can now be group relieved. A carried Terminal Loss Relief:
forward trading loss or property business loss can only be If trading loss arises in last 12 months of trade then this
surrendered as group relief to the extent it cannot be set loss can be set off against the total profit of previous three
off against the surrendering company’s own total profits. years on LIFO basis. Partial claim is not allowed.
Foreign Income:
Any foreign income must be included in TTP. Foreign income is gross up by foreign tax suffered.
Any foreign income must be included in TTP. Foreign income is gross up by foreign tax suffered.
Chargeable Gains:
Indexation allowance: Indexation allowance gives a company some allowance for the effect of inflation in calculating
a gain. It is given from the date of expenditure to the date of disposal. IA cannot create nor increase a capital loss.
Indexation Allowance = Cost X Indexation Factor
Indexation Factor = (RPI of Later Date – RPI of Previous date)
RPI of previous date
• When an asset is purchased prior to December 2017 and subsequently sold, then the indexation allowance will be
given from the month of acquisition up to December 2017.
• When an asset is purchased from January 2018 onwards and subsequently sold, then no indexation allowance will
be available.
Calculation of gains and losses for companies Calculating net chargeable gains of a company
Disposal proceeds (or market value) X Capital gains arising on disposals in CAP X
Less incidental costs of disposal (X)
Less: Allowable losses arising on disposals in CAP (X)
Net proceeds X
Less allowable costs (X) Less: b/f capital losses (X)
Un-indexed gain X
Less indexation allowance (X) Net chargeable gains X
Chargeable gain X
DISPOSAL OF SHARES AND SECURITIES : ROLLOVER RELIEF :
All rules are same as individuals except Rollover relief is the only capital gains
Matching Rule: relief available to companies. It allows the
a) Shares acquired on same day deferral of the indexed gains arising on
b) Shares acquired on previous 9 days the disposal of qualifying business assets.
c) Shares in share pool.
All rules for rollover relief are same as
On disposal or acquisition of shares indexation allowance is added in cost.
individuals except that the qualifying
Bonus Issues:
assets for companies are:
• Bonus shares are added in share pool with no increase in cost.
• Land and buildings used in business
• Not index the cost of original shares to the date of bonus
• Fixed plant and machinery (unmovable)
Rights Issues
Goodwill is not a qualifying asset for
• It increases the number of shares and cost of share pool.
rollover relief for CO.
• Pool is indexed to the date of the rights issue.
Capital losses:
Capital losses are relieved against Current year capital gains, then Capital gains of future CAPs
PATENT ROYALTIES:
• Patent royalties are received gross from another company and net of basic rate tax from individuals.
• They are chargeable on an accrual basis, under trading profits calculation, if patents are held for trading purposes

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and are treated under the category of Other Income, if held for non-trading purposes.
• Patent royalties paid are treated as trading expense deductible (if related to trade).
• Patent royalties are paid net to an individual and gross to another company.
GROUP ASPECTS

Associated/Connected company
Companies are associated with each other if:
● One controls the other or ● Both are under control of a same person/company
Control means holding >50% of: ‘’share capital or voting rights, or distributable profits or net assets on winding up”
Tax Implications:
If CO. becomes connected CO. during the accounting period it will be treated as connected CO. for whole of the
accounting period. Overseas CO’s are included but Dormant CO’s are excluded. Dividend received from associated
CO’s is not included in FII. Upper & lower limits are divided by number of associated CO’s. Only one AIA is available to
a group of companies and group members can allocate it in any way across the group.
75% Loss Relief Group:
75% Loss Relief Group is formed when at-least 75% main holding at every level and effective holding of at-least 75%.
• Group can be formed without ultimate parent company and one company can be part of more than one group.
• Overseas Companies can become part of this group but relief is only available to UK resident companies unless
overseas company is EEA and loss can’t be utilized in any other way.
Tax Implications:
Surrendering company can transfer current year: Surrendering company can transfer brought
– Trading losses (no need to claim against its own profit first) forward:
– Unused QCD. – trading losses
– Unused Property business loss. – Non trading interest expense
– property losses
• Only corresponding period losses are eligible for relief.
Surrendering CO:
(CO. that surrenders its loss) may surrender as much of loss as it wants to (partial claim is allowed) & it is not necessary
to relieve loss against its own income & gains 1st
Claimant CO:
(CO. to which loss is surrendered) can offsets loss against Taxable Total Profits of its corresponding Accounting Period
but after offsetting its own b/f trading loss.
• Claimant CO. may make payments to surrendering CO. for group relief. Any payment up to the amount of loss
surrendered is ignored for corporation tax purposes.
• Losses which arise before joining the group or after leaving the group are not eligible for group relief.
• Group relief restriction applies where there has been a change of ownership of a company, A Ltd. A Ltd’s pre-
acquisition losses carried forward cannot be surrendered to companies in its new group for a period of five years
from the date of the change in ownership. This restriction operates in one direction only, i.e new group
companies can transfer losses to new entrant in the group.
75% Capital gains Group
75% Capital gain Group is formed when at-least 75% main holding at every level and effective holding of at-least 50%.
• Group cannot be formed without ultimate parent CO. and one CO. cannot be part of more than one group.
• Overseas Companies can become part of this group but relief is only available to UK resident companies.
Tax Implications:
• Group CO.s can transfer assets between themselves at no gain / no loss & deemed to take place at indexed cost.
• Group companies can transfer only Current year capital gains or capital losses to other group members. While b/f
capital loss is not allowed to transfer. Election must be made in 2 years from end of accounting period of disposal
• Rollover relief is available on a group wide basis Where:
– one company sells qualifying asset, and
– Another company buys a qualifying asset within the rollover relief qualifying time period.
Gain can be rolled over against purchased asset of other CO.

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CHAPTER 14
VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT)
INTRODUCTION:
• VAT is an indirect tax which is borne by final consumer and VAT non-registered business.
• VAT is collected by VAT registered business and paid to HMRC.
• Output VAT: VAT received on sales. Only VAT registered business can charge output VAT. It is calculated on sales
after maximum prompt payment discount if availed by customers.
• Input VAT: VAT paid on purchases is called input VAT. Everybody pays input vat whether registered for vat or not.
1 Types of supply.
Taxable Sales Exempt Sales
Zero Rated (VAT @ %) Low Rated (VAT @ 5%) Standard Rated (VAT @ 20%)
Non luxury food (except in Fuel for domestic On most goods and Services Financial service,
business e.g restaurants), Books, purpose, energy saving supplied Insurance, Postal
newspaper, Sewerage and water materials service, education,
services, Children's clothes and health, sports and land
footwear, Medicine, Exports (Not buildings)
outside the EU. Transport (not
taxis), gift to charity
➢ Basic Computation
OUT PUT VAT (VAT Charged to customers on sales) XX
INPUT VAT (VAT paid an purchases) (XX)
Net VAT Payable / (Recoverable) XX/(XX)
➢ Tax Point: Tax point or time of supply determines when output VAT will be due.
• The basic tax point is the date goods are made available to the customer or service completed.
• If an invoice is issued or payment received before the basic tax point, then this becomes the actual tax point.
• If an invoice is issued within 14 days of the basic tax point, the invoice date will become the actual tax point.
Exception:
Goods supplied on sale or return are treated as supplied on the earlier of adoption by the customer or
12 months after dispatch.
Continuous supplies of services paid for periodically normally have tax points on the earlier of the receipt of each
payment and the issue of each VAT invoice, unless one invoice covering several payments is issued in advance for
up to a year. The tax point is then the earlier of each due date or date of actual payment. However, for connected
businesses the tax point will be created periodically, in most cases based on 12 month periods.
➢ VAT Periods: VAT period (also known as Tax Period) is the period covered by a VAT return. It is usually three
months (quarterly returns). VAT return must be submitted and VAT must be paid within one month after the
period. A registered person can elect for monthly VAT returns if his input tax regularly exceeds his output tax.
2 REGISTRATION

2.1 Compulsory Registration (Historical Test)

• Taxable supplies (VAT exclusive) in last 12 months (or since business commenced if shorter) exceed £85,000.
• HMRC must be informed within 30 days after the end of the month in which taxable supplies exceed £85,000 by
completing form VAT1 or using HMRC’s online services.
• The trader will be registered for VAT from next day of 30 days notification period.
• VAT registration is not required if taxable supplies in the following 12 months will not exceed £83,000.
2.2 Compulsory Registration (Future Test)
• Taxable supplies in next 30 days expected to exceed £85,000.
• Notify HMRC – before end of 30 day period.
• Registration effective from – start of 30 day period.

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2.3 Voluntary Registration
• A person making taxable supplies may apply for VAT registration on voluntary basis by writing an application to
HMRC even if taxable supplies are below £85,000.
• It will be considered VAT registered from date of application.
• It is beneficial if beneficial is making zero-rated supplies or supplies to VAT registered customer.
Advantages Disadvantages
• Avoids penalties for late registration. • Must follow VAT administration rules
• Can recover input VAT • Administrative Burden
• Can disguise the small size of business • Makes product prices more expensive (vat inclusive prices)
2.4 VAT Group registration: Companies under common control may apply for group registration. Group appoints
a representative member who calculates all input VAT and output VAT for the group.
Advantages of group registration:
• No VAT implication on intra-group transactions between members of VAT group.
• Group members will file single VAT return on group basis which will save administration costs.
• An application to create, terminate, add or remove a CO. from a VAT group may be made at any time and there is no
compulsion to include every member into VAT group.
Disadvantages of group registration:
• All VAT group members are jointly and severely responsible for group VAT liability.
• Administrative difficulties for making single VAT return.
2.5 Output VAT: Normally based on price charged by supplier. Must deduct maximum discount, except for Early
Settlement or Cash discount, as it would only be deducted if availed by the Customer.
• Output VAT at Replacement Cost:
– Goods for own use (Drawings)
– Gifts of inventory or non-current assets.
• No output VAT on:
– goods to the same person which cost the trader £50 or less in a 12-month period
– Business samples, regardless of the number of same samples given to the recipient
– Gifts of services, whether to employees or customers, are not taxable supplies.
2.5 Recovery of Input VAT:
Input VAT is recoverable by taxable persons on goods and services which are supplied to them for business purposes.
A VAT invoice is needed to support the claim.
➢ Recovery of Pre-Registration Input VAT on Goods: It will be recoverable if Goods were acquired in previous 4
years from date of registration for business purpose and are still on hand upon the date of registration.
➢ Recovery of Pre-Registration Input VAT on Services: It will be recoverable if Services were acquired in previous 6
months from date of registration for business purpose.
➢ Recovery of Normal Input VAT:
• Capital vs revenue expenditure: There is no distinction between capital and revenue expenditure for VAT. Output
VAT and input VAT is calculated as normal if these expenditures are incurred for trade.
• Business entertaining: Input VAT on entertainment expenses incurred for employees and overseas customers is
recoverable. However Input VAT on entertainment expenses incurred for suppliers and UK customers is irrecoverable.
• Private Use: input VAT cannot be claimed for goods or services that are not used for business purpose except for the
treatment of cars which is given below.
• Motor cars: Input VAT upon purchase of car is irrecoverable unless there is 100% business use (Pool Car)
in which case 100% recovery available. In case of leased car 50% of input VAT is recoverable where the car has
some private use.
Note that if input VAT cannot be recovered on the purchase of a motor car, no output VAT will be due on its
disposal.
• Motor Expenses: Input VAT upon fuel cost and repair & maintenance incurred for employees is recoverable even if
there is private use of car by employee. If employee reimburses full fuel cost, then output VAT will be payable upon
reimbursed expenses. However If employee reimburses partial fuel cost then output VAT will be payable but as per
HMRC scale charge. Note that VAT is not charged on the insurance and road fund licence
• Business and non-business expenses: Input VAT on business expenses is recoverable. VAT on non- business items
passed through the business accounts is irrecoverable.

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• Relief for Bad Debts: Input VAT on bad debts is recoverable if:
a) ≥6 months elapsed from due date of payment and
b) Amount written off as bad debts in the seller's books.
Relief is obtained by adding the VAT element of the impaired debt to the input tax claimed.
Claims for relief for impaired debts must be made within four years and six months of the payment being due.
Important Note: For propose of Income Tax, Capital Gain Tax, Corporation Tax, If VAT is recoverable than the cost
must be VAT exclusive (e.g. Plant & machinery cost for capital allowances) and If the VAT is irrecoverable than the
cost must be VAT inclusive (e.g. Car with private use for capital allowances).
3 Transfer of business as a going concern:
➢ Conditions:
• The business is transferred as a going concern.
• There is no significant break in the trading.
• The same type of trade is carried on after the transfer.
• The new owner is or is liable to be registered for VAT, immediately after the transfer.
Note that all these conditions must be met.
➢ Tax Implication:
If all conditions are satisfied, then the sale/transfer will not be treated as a taxable supply
• No output tax will be charged on assets transferred by seller, and No input tax is recoverable by the purchaser.
➢ Transfer of registration:
On the sale of a business it is normally compulsory to deregister. However, instead of doing so, both the transferor
and the transferee may make a joint election, for the transferor’s registration to be transferred to the transferee.
Where this is done, the transferee assumes all rights and obligations in respect of the registration, including the
liability to pay any outstanding VAT. Therefore, this may not be a good commercial decision.
4 Deregistration
Compulsory Deregistration: Deregistration is compulsory if: Consequences of Deregistration:
• Business is ceased or Output VAT must be accounted for
• Business is Sold or on replacement cost of inventory and
• Taxable sales are ceased capital assets on hand at date of
Individual should inform HMRC within 30 days and individual would be deregistration.
considered as VAT deregistered right from date of cessation or sale. If it has less than £1000 it will be
waived off.
Voluntary Deregistration:
If individual identifies that his taxable supplies will not exceed £81,000 in the
following 12 month then individual can apply for VAT deregistration on
voluntary basis by writing an application to HMRC. Individual will be
considered VAT deregistered from date of application.
5 SPECIAL SCHEMES
5.1 Cash Accounting Scheme:
VAT is accounted for on the basis of cash receipts and payments, rather than on the basis of invoices issued and
received (therefore automatic relief for bad debts).
Conditions to be satisfied to join the scheme:
• Taxable turnover (exclusive of VAT) not exceeding £1,350,000 per annum.
• VAT returns must be up-to-date and no convictions for VAT offences or penalties in past.
• If taxable turnover exceeds £1,600,000 trader will have to exit the scheme.
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Businesses selling on credit do not have to pay • Input tax cannot be claimed until the invoice is paid.
output VAT to HMRC until they receive it from This delays recovery of input VAT.
customers. • Not suitable for businesses with a lot of cash sales or
• This gives automatic relief for impaired debts. zero-rated supplies which would simply suffer a delay
in the recovery of input VAT.

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5.2 ANNUAL ACCOUNTING SCHEME
A single VAT return for a 12 month period (Normally accounting period of the business) is filed within two months
from end of the period.
VAT is paid in nine equal installments each will be 10% of previous year’s VAT liability and one balancing payment.
Installments are payable at the end of month 4 to 12 of accounting period. Balancing payment (or repayment) is made
when the return is filed.
Conditions to join the scheme are same as cash accounting scheme.
Advantage: Only one VAT return each year so less occasions for VAT penalty and Cash flows can be managed in a better
manner.
Disadvantage: Have to ensure that supplies does not exceed turnover limit and Timings of VAT payments may create
problem for business.
5.3 FLAT RATE SCHEME
VAT = Sale (VAT inclusive) X Flat rate 16.5%
• This scheme is available to small businesses. Under this scheme VAT liability is calculated by simply applying a flat
rate percentage (16.5%) to total turnover including zero rate & exempt supplies.
• No input VAT is recoverable with the exception of non-current assets having cost more than £2,000.
Conditions to join the scheme:
• Taxable turnover (exclusive of VAT) not exceeding £150,000 per annum.
• VAT returns must be up-to-date and no convictions for VAT offences or penalties in past.
• If the taxable turnover exceeds £230,000 the trader will have to exit the scheme.
6 IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ACQUISITIONS, DESPATCHES (EU rules apply in 2020/21 for exam purpose only)

Trading with Non-European Countries: Trading with European Countries:

➢ EXPORTS (sales to countries outside the EU.) ➢ Exports (Dispatches) (Sales to countries in the EU.)
• Supply will treated as zero rated • The supply will be treated as zero rated if purchaser is
➢ IMPORTS (Purchases from countries outside the EU.) registered for VAT and standard rate if the purchaser is
• These are taxed at Standard Rate or Zero Rate as it not VAT registered.
would have been taxed as UK supplies. ➢ Imports (Acquisitions) (Purchases from countries in EU)
• Supply of services from non-European countries is • These are taxed at Standard Rate or Zero Rate as it
treated as above. BUT input VAT is not paid to HMRC at would have been taxed as UK supplies.
point of entry into the UK (Not goods), the UK customer
will account for UK VAT when the service is performed.

7 ADMINISTRATION OF VAT

VAT return and payment procedures

Normal VAT accounting
• VAT return periods are normally three months long, but traders who regularly receive repayments, can opt to have
monthly return periods to receive their repayments earlier.
• VAT returns show total output VAT and total input VAT for the period.
• All businesses must file their VAT return and pay VAT electronically.
• The deadline for filing and payment online is One month and seven days after the end of the quarter.
VAT refunds
• VAT refunds are normally made within 21 days.
• Where it is discovered that VAT has been overpaid in the past, the time limit for claiming a refund is four years from
the date by which the return for the accounting period was due
VAT Surcharge:
If a taxable person submits a late VAT return, or submits a return on time but makes late payment of VAT due,
then the HMRC may issue a 'surcharge Notice' which would specify the 'surcharge period' - which lasts for next 12
months and no penalty arise. If within 'surcharge period' the taxable person concerned makes a further default, a

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default surcharge is also levied which is calculated as 'a percentage' of tax paid late.
Default in the surcharge period Surcharge as a % of outstanding VAT @ due date
1st default 2%
2nd default 5%
3rd default 10%
4lh or more default 15%
Note: Surcharges at 2% and 5% rates are not normally demanded unless the amount due would be at least £400 BUT
for surcharges calculated using the 10% or 15% rates there is a minimum amount £30 payable.
Surcharge period can only be eliminated if individual has 4 consecutive VAT returns on time.
VAT Records:
The business should retain all record for 6 years. Record should include record of all outputs, inputs, invoices, vat
account and any supporting documents for claim of recovery of input VAT.
Normal VAT invoices: VAT invoice should be issued within 30 days of the date of taxable supply.
• A VAT invoice must be issued when a standard rated supply is made to a VAT registered business.
• No invoice is required if the supply is exempt, zero-rated or to a non--VAT registered customer
• No invoice is required for payments of up to £25 including VAT which are for telephone calls, or car park fees, or
made through cash operated machines. In such cases, input tax can be claimed without a VAT invoice.
VAT invoice must include following detail:
a) The supplier's name, address and registration number
b) The date of issue, the tax point and an invoice number
c) The name and address of the customer
d) A description of the goods or services supplied, giving for each description the quantity, the unit price, the rate of
VAT and the VAT exclusive amount
e) The rate of any cash discount
f) The total invoice price excluding VAT (with separate totals for zero-rated and exempt supplies)
g) Each VAT rate applicable and the total amount of VAT
If an invoice is issued, and a change in price then alters the VAT due, a credit note or debit note to adjust the VAT must
be issued. The invoice can be sent electronically provided the customer agrees.
Less Detailed VAT invoices
A less detailed VAT invoice may be issued by a taxable person where the invoice is for a total including VAT of up to
£250. Such an invoice must show:
a) The supplier's name, address and registration number
b) The date of the supply
c) A description of the goods or services supplied
d) The rate of VAT chargeable
e) The total amount chargeable including VAT
Zero-rated and exempt supplies must not be included in less detailed invoices.
PENALTIES AND INTEREST
➢ Failure To Notify HMRC About Registration:
If a person who is exempted from registration, fails to notify liability for registration or change in nature of supplies
there will be a standard penalty based on a percentage of the VAT lost during the period from when the notification
should have been made until it is actually made. Actual penalty payable is linked to the taxpayer’s behaviour.
• No penalty if reasonable excuse for failure to notify
• 30% unpaid tax if non-deliberate failure to notify
• 70% unpaid tax if deliberate failure to notify
• 100% unpaid tax if deliberate failure to notify with concealment.
Note: Penalty will be reduced where a taxpayer make a disclosure, especially when this is unprompted by HMRC.

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Errors in a VAT return: De-minimis level is the greater of: £10,000 and 1% × turnover (maximum limit £50,000)
Error Disclosure Correction Penalty Interest charged
< De-minimis Voluntarily entering Errors in next VAT return Possible No
> De-minimis By application Voluntarily by application Possible @ 2.75%
Discovered by control visit Apply @ 2.75%
➢ Interest on Unpaid VAT: Interest @ 2.75% is charged on VAT paid after due date & runs from due date till payment
date
➢ Penalties for Errors in VAT Return: Amount of the penalty for error is based on the Potential Lost Revenue (PLR)
to HMRC as a result of the error. The maximum amount of the penalty for error depends on the type of error:

Maximum Penalty: Minimum Penalties: Unprompted disclosure is one made at a time

Types of error Maximum penalty payable when HMRC has not discovered, or is not about to discover error.
(% of PLR) Types of error Unprompted (% of PLR) Prompted (% of PLR)
Careless 30% Careless 0% 15%
Deliberate not 70% Deliberate not 20% 35%
concealed concealed
Deliberate and 100% Deliberate and 30% 50%
concealed concealed

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CHAPTER 15
SELF ASSESSMENT FOR INDIVIDUALS
1 NOTIFICATION OF LIABILITY TO INCOME TAX AND CGT
Individuals who are chargeable to income tax or CGT shall receive a notice to file a return from HMRC. An individual
who does not received a notice to file a return are required to give notice of chargeability to an Officer of the Revenue
and Customs within six months from the end of the tax year i.e. by 5 October 2021 for 2020/21. However, notification
is not necessary if there is no actual tax liability.
Electronic Return Non-Electronic Return
Later of: Later of:
(a) 31 January after end of tax year (a) 31 October after end of tax year
(b) 3 months after the issue of notice to file a return (b) 3 months after the issue of notice to file a return
NOTE: In case of electronic return income tax liability is NOTE: In case of paper return HMRC will calculate income
calculated automatically through online process. tax liability on taxpayer’s behalf if return is submitted by
the 31 October deadline which is called self-assessment.
2 AMMENDMENTS IN TAX RETURN:
A return may be amended by HMRC to correct any obvious error or omission within 9 months after the day on which
the return was actually filed.
The taxpayer may amend his return (including the tax calculation) within 2nd 31 January after the end of tax year.
E.g. 31 January 2023 for 2020/21.
3 DETERMINATIONS OF TAX DUE IF NO RETURN IS FILED:
if tax return is not submitted by due filings date even If notice has received from HMRC. An officer of HMRC may
make a determination of the amounts liable to income tax and CGT tax and there is no appeal against it. Such a
determination can be made within 3 years of filling date and can be replaced with actual self-assessment.
4 PAYMENT OF INCOME TAX AND CAPITAL GAINS TAX
Normal due Date: the due date to pay tax liabilities (income tax, class 4 NIC and CGT) are 31 January after the end of
the tax year. E.g 31 January 2022 for 2020/21.
Payment on Account: Payment on account is required if income tax payable in previous year.
DATE PAYMENT
31 January in the tax year and 31 July after the tax year 1st payment on account 2nd payment on account
31 January after the tax year Final Balancing payment
Payment on Account = Relevant Amount X 50%
Relevant Amount = Previous year Income Tax payable + Previous year Class 4 NIC
Final Balancing Amount: Current year Income Tax payable + Current year Class 4 NIC + Current year CGT - Both
Payment on Accounts.
POA is not required:
• If relevant amount of previous year is less than £1000 or
• Tax deducted at source of previous year is ≥80% of previous year income tax liability or
• Expected income tax liability of current year is nil.
5 PENALTIES ON LATE BALANCING PAYMENT OF TAX
PAID Penalty
More than 30 days but Within 6 months after the due date 5%
More than 6 months but not more than 12 months after the due date 10%
More than 12 months after the due date 15%

INTEREST ON LATE PAID TAX:

Interest is chargeable on late payment @2.75% of both payments on account and balancing payments. Interest runs
from due date till actual date of payment. (Interest Rate will be given in exam)

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REPAYMENT INTEREST:
Interest may be paid by HMRC @ 0.5% p.a on any overpayment of tax:
(i) It runs from due date of tax or the date HMRC actually received the tax till
(ii) The date of repayment.
6 KEEPING OF RECORDS:
All records must be retained until 5 years after the 31 January following the tax year where taxpayer is in business
(eg. a sole trader or partner or letting property).
For all other taxpayers (e.g. employees) records must be retained until later of:
a) 1 year after the 31 January following tax year.
b) Date of completion of compliance check
c) The date on which start of compliance check becomes impossible.
Maximum penalty to each failure to keep &retain records is £3,000 per tax year.
7 CLAIMS:
All claims and elections must be made in a tax return. Time limit for making a claim for Current year trading loss relief,
carry back trading loss relief, early year trading loss relief and rent a room relief is by 31 January which is
approximately 22 months after end of tax year. For all other claims time limit is 4 years after end of tax year.
8 TAX EVASION and TAX AVOIDANCE:
Tax evasion is illegal and Tax avoidance is legal way to reduce tax liability
9 DISCOVERY ASSESSMENTS:
If an officer of HMRC discovers an error an assessment may be raised to recover the tax lost. The normal time limit for
discovery assessment is 4 years after the end of the tax year, but it may be extended to 6 years in case of careless
error and 20 years where tax is lost due to deliberate understatement.
Discovery assessment may be appealed against.
10 PENALTIES FOR ERRORS:
Maximum Penalty: Minimum Penalties: Unprompted disclosure is one made at a time
Types of error Penalty (% of PLR) when HMRC has not discovered, or is not about to discover error.
Careless 30% Types of error Unprompted Prompted
Deliberate not concealed 70% Careless 0% 15%
Deliberate & concealed 100% Deliberate not concealed 20% 35%
Deliberate and concealed 30% 50%
11 PENALTIES FOR LATE NOTIFICATION:
There is a common penalty regime for submission of incorrect returns (of any tax) late notifications of chargeability of
tax or register for tax, including income tax, NICs, CGT, corporation tax and VAT. Penalties may be reduced if a
taxpayer makes unprompted or prompted disclosure.
Maximum Penalty Minimum Penalties:
Types of error (% of PLR) Unprompted (% of PLR) Prompted (% of PLR)
Careless 30% 0% 10% or 20%
Deliberate not concealed 70% 20% 35%
Deliberate and concealed 100% 30% 50%
Note: Unprompted disclosure is one made at a time when HMRC has not discovered, or is not about to discover error.
12 PENALTIES FOR LATE FILING OF TAX RETURN
➢ Tax return Late upto 3 Months: Penalty is £ 100
➢ Tax return Late by more than 3 Months but upto 6: £100 + (£ 10 per day between 3 months to 6 months)
➢ Tax return late by more than 6 months but upto 12 months: Penalty is greater of: 5% of Tax Liability and £300
➢ Tax return late by more than 12 months
Type of conduct Careless Deliberate not concealed Deliberate and Concealed
PENALTY Greater of: Greater of: Greater of:
• 5% of Tax Liability • 70% of Tax Liability • 100% of Tax Liability
• £300 • £300 • £300

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13 Compliance check enquiries
➢ Starting compliance check enquiry:
HMRC have the right to enquire into the completeness and accuracy of any self-assessment tax return under their
compliance check powers. HMRC do not have to state a reason for the enquiry and an enquiry can be made even if
HMRC calculated the taxpayer’s tax liability.
• HMRC must give written notice before commencing an enquiry.
• The written notice must be issued within 12 months of the date the return is filed with HMRC.
Compliance check can be started as a result of any of the following.
• A suspicion that income is undeclared
• Deductions being incorrectly claimed
• Other information in HMRC’s possession
• Being part of a random review process.
➢ During the compliance check enquiry:
HMRC can demand taxpayer to produce Documents, Accounts or any other information required.
The information requested by HMRC should be limited to that connected with the return.
An appeal can be made against the request.
➢ Completion of compliance check enquiry:
The enquiry ends when HMRC gives written notice that it has been completed. The notice will state the outcome of
the enquiry. The closure notice must include either:
• Confirmation that no amendments are required
• HMRC’s amendments to the self­assessment.
The taxpayer has 30 days to appeal against any amendments by HMRC. The appeal must be in writing.
14 Disputes and appeals
Disputes between taxpayers and HMRC can be dealt with by an HMRC internal review or by a Tribunal hearing.
➢ Internal reviews
For direct taxes, appeals must first be made to HMRC, which will assign a ‘caseworker’.
For indirect taxes, appeals must be sent directly to the Tax Tribunal, although the taxpayer can continue to
correspond with his caseworker where, for example, there is new information.
At this stage the taxpayer may be offered, or may ask for, an ‘internal review’, which will be made by an objective
HMRC review officer not previously connected with the case. This is a less costly and more effective way to resolve
disputes informally, without the need for Tribunal hearing. An appeal to Tax Tribunal cannot be made until any review
has ended.
The taxpayer must either accept the review offer, or notify an appeal to the Tax Tribunal within 30 days of being
offered the review; otherwise the appeal will be treated as settled.
HMRC must usually carry out the review within 45 days, or any longer time as agreed with the taxpayer.
The review officer may decide to uphold, vary or withdraw decisions.
After the review conclusion is notified, the taxpayer has 30 days to appeal to the Tax Tribunal.
➢ Tribunal hearings:
If there is no internal review, or the taxpayer is unhappy with the result of an internal review, the case may be
heard by the Tax Tribunal. The person wishing to make an appeal (the appellant) must send a notice of appeal to the
Tax Tribunal. The Tax Tribunal must then give notice of the appeal to the respondent (normally HMRC).
The Tax Tribunal is made up of two ‘tiers’:
a) A First Tier Tribunal
b) An Upper Tribunal
The case will be allocated to one of four case ‘tracks’:
(a) Complex cases, which the Tribunal considers will require lengthy or complex evidence or a lengthy hearing, or
involve a complex or important principle or issue, or involves a large amount of money.
Such cases will usually be heard by the Upper Tribunal

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(b) Standard cases, heard by the First Tier Tribunal, which have detailed case management and are subject to a more
formal procedure than basic cases
(c) Basic cases, also heard by the First Tier Tribunal, which will usually be disposed of after a hearing, with minimal
exchange of documents before the hearing
(d) Paper cases, dealt with by the First Tier Tribunal, which applies to straightforward matters such as fixed filing
penalties and will usually be dealt with in writing, without a hearing
A decision of the First Tier Tribunal may be appealed to the Upper Tribunal.
Decisions of the Upper Tribunal are binding on the Tribunals and any affected public authorities. A decision of the
Upper Tribunal may be appealed to the Court of Appeal.

SELF ASSESSMENT FOR COMPANIES

1 Notification of chargeability:
A company falling within the scope of corporation tax for the first time must notify HMRC within 3 months of start of
the accounting period. Failure to notify chargeability to tax within 12 months of the end of the accounting period will
lead to a standard penalty based on a percentage of the tax unpaid 12 months after end of the accounting period.
3 Corporation tax return:
➢ Notification of chargeability: CO. receives a notice of chargeability to corporation tax after end of Acc. Period and
must notify HMRC within 12months from end of accounting period if does not receive a notice.
➢ Return: Company’s tax return is filed electronically and must include self-assessment of tax with their accounts.
The return is due for filling on/or before the later of:
• 12 months after the end of the period to which return relates
• 3 months after the date on which the notice to file the return is received
Failure to submit the return on time will result in penalty as follows:
Return late by Penalty (1st & 2nd consecutive failure) Penalty (3nd & consecutive failure)
Upto 3 months £100 £500
More than 3 upto 6 months £200 £1000
More than 6 upto 12 months £200 + 10% of tax £1000 + 10% of tax
More than 12 months £200 + 20% of tax £1000 + 20% of tax
2 Payment of tax:
Normal: corporation tax is payable 9 months and one day after the end of each accounting period.
Quarterly Installments: If augmented profit of company exceed corporation threshold of £1500,000.
➢ Augmented Profit: Taxable total Profit + Dividend from non-Associated companies
➢ corporation threshold of £1500,000:
£1500,000 X Months (if short POA)
Reduction of Corporation threshold of £1500,000=
No of Associated co. 12
• Short POA: If POA is less than 12 months corporation tax Threshold (i.e £1,500,000) will be reduced.
• Company Acquired During Accounting Period: If a company Acquires ≥51% in any accounting period. Such a
company would not affect CT threshold limit in that accounting period in which it’s acquired, rather it would
from the next accounting period in which acquired.
• Company Sold During Accounting Period: If a company becomes non-associated during any accounting
period it would still be included in connected companies and will effect CT threshold limit in the accounting
period in which its been sold. But it won’t from next accounting period.
➢ Installments Date: In four quarterly installments from start of accounting period:
1. By 14th of 7th month 3 Months tax (Corporation tax X 3/CAP months)
2. By 14th of 10th month 3 Months tax (Corporation tax X 3/CAP months)
3. By 14th of 13th month 3 Months tax (Corporation tax X 3/CAP months)
4. By 14th of 16th month Remaining corporation tax
➢ Exceptions:
a) Quarterly payments are not required if current profits ≤£10 million and company was not large in previous year.
b) Quarterly payments are not required if company is large in current year but corporation tax is ≤£10,000

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4 Claims:
If a company believes it has made an error in a return, an error or mistake claim may be made within four years from
the end of the accounting period. Other claims must be made within four years of the end of the accounting period
unless a different time limit specified.
5 Records:
Companies must keep records until the latest of:
• Six years from the end of accounting period
• Date any enquiries are completed
• Date after which enquiries may not be commenced
Failure to keep records can lead to a penalty or up to £3,000 for each accounting period.
6 Determinations and Discovery assessments:
If a return is not delivered by the filing date, HMRC may issue a determination of the tax payable within 3 years of the
filing date. There is no appeal against it.
Discovery assessment: HMRC can raise an assessment within 4 years from the end of the accounting period; this is
extended to 6 years if there is a careless error or 20 years if there is a deliberate error or failure to notify chargeability
to tax.
7 Appeals and Disputes
The company can appeal against amendments to the corporation tax return. The appeal must be normally be made
within 30 days of the amendment and must state the grounds for appeal. The appeals procedure is as per VAT.
8 Penalties for incorrect returns
• No penalty where a taxpayer simply makes a mistake
• 30% unpaid tax where a tax payer fails to take reasonable care.
• 70% unpaid tax if error is deliberate.
• 100% unpaid tax if deliberate failure with concealment.
Note: Penalty will be reduced where a taxpayer make a disclosure, especially when this is unprompted by HMRC.

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Mr. Aziz
Ur Rehman is an ACCA and well-known educationalist having more than
11 years of teaching experience in subjects of F3, F6, F7, P3 & P6 of ACCA
along with subjects of Business Strategy, Business analysis & Advanced Taxation of
ICAEW.

Apart from the aforesaid, Mr. Aziz-Ur-Rehman is also involved in preparation of books,
notes and other helping material for different subjects of professional qualifications.

He invites feedback from students, visitors and teachers to help make this publication
and others even better.

Please feel free to contact at:

[email protected]

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