ACCENTS Transactions on Image Processing and Computer Vision

ISSN (online): 2455-4707

Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

Design and Implementation of Frequency Modulated Transmission and

Reception of Speech Signal and FPGA Based Enhancement

Moumita Acharya 1* and Rumpa Biswas 2

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, C.V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha1
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Techno India, Salt Lake, Kolkata2

Abstract Now communication has evolved into telegraphy,

telephony, radio, microwave, satellite, mobile, optical
Communication system may be the fastest growing and computer communications. Earlier electrical
technologies in our culture today. One of the communication was analog in nature[4]. The earliest
ramifications of that growth is a dramatic increase analog communication system namely line-
in the number of professions – where an telegraphy originated in 1840[3]. In recent years
understanding of these technologies is essential for communication has become more widespread with
success – and a proportionate increase in the the use of satellites and fibre optics[2]. But analog
number and types of students taking courses to communication system is now gradually replaced by
learn about them. Developments in communication digital communication system for the main
technology have increased its application in allied advantages of reducing noise effect in channel and
fields of electronics, including computers and the encryption scheme is easier in digital
industrial control. Regardless of a student’s communication system than in analog
ultimate area of specialization, knowledge of communication system. In 1937, pulse code
communications concepts and applications is no modulation which provided a means for converting
longer optional, it is essential to understand today’s analog signals to digital signals for digital coding of
multidisciplinary applications. This paper provides speech signals, was invented [7]. This paper presents
a basic methodology of designing Transmission and a basic knowledge on a simple communication
Reception parts of a speech signal using different system through which a voice or speech signal will
electronic equipment’s which can be easily be transmitted and received and finally enhanced by a
understandable. Then we have applied here a filtering technique which is used to remove a certain
speech enhancement filtering technique using range of unwanted frequencies. The transmission and
FPGA and finally it is played via headphone. reception process is done by Frequency Modulation
technique for which we have used separate analog
Keywords circuits. After reception we have inputted the audio
signal to a FPGA board named Virtex ML506 and
System Generator, AC’97 CODEC, FIR Filter, JTAG Co- there it is digitally filtered. Finally we have heard the
sim, Simulink. audio by connecting the headphone to the Line-out
jack of Virtex board. We have simulated the
1. Introduction proposed filtering design both in simulink and Xilinx
System Generator and finally implemented onto the
Communication simply means the process of sending specified FPGA board.
messages or information from one place to another.
In the past, communication was done using signs, There are so any related works on this. D.K.Sharma,
fire, drum beats, runners and even carrier pigeons A.Mishra and Rajiv Saxena has been described a
[19]. In modern times, these crude ways of brief overview over different analog and digital
communication have been replaced by electrical modulation techniques through extensive literature
communication in which electrical signals are used survey in a tabular manner enabling to analyze and
for communication[1]. establish the superiority at a glance of a specific
modulation technique for a particular application in
an International Journal Paper[23]. Murat Tanyel,
Kathrine Nguru implemented a virtual tool kit for
*Author for correspondence communication system and also presents some
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 ACCENTS Transactions on Image Processing and Computer Vision
ISSN (online): 2455-4707
Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

examples of the virtual instruments (VIs) developed has been used to filter the input data. The design is
in their paper. Shahnam Mirzaei, Anup Hosangadi, coded through VHDL (hardware descriptive
Ryan Kastner presented a method for implementing language). To verify the designed outputs simulation,
high speed Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters compilation and synthesis have been done [21] [25].
using just registered adders and hardwired shifts.
They extensively used a modified common 2. Background Theory
subexpression elimination algorithm to reduce the
number of adders. They targeted their optimizations Analog communication is that type of
to Xilinx Virtex II devices where their compared communication in which the message or
their implementations with those produced by Xilinx informational signal to be transmitted is analog in
CoregenTM using Distributed Arithmetic [24]. nature. This means that in analog communication the
Apurva Singh Chauhan and Vipul Soni have modulating signal is analog such as speech, video
designed a FIR filter using FPGA using IP-Core. The shooting etc [5].
filter is set to 16-bit signed data processing. IP Corse

Figure 1: Analog Communication System

Presently all AM, FM radio transmission are i. FM receivers are more immune to noise.
examples of analog communication [8]. ii. It is possible to reduce noise still further by
increasing the frequency-deviation.
Table 1: Performance analysis of analog iii. Standard frequency allocations provide a guard
modulation scheme band between commercial FM stations.
iv. FM broadcasts operate in the upper VHF and
UHF frequency ranges at which there happens
less noise than in the MF and HF ranges.
v. The amplitude of FM wave is constant, thus
independent of modulation depth that governs
the transmitted power. This permits the low level
modulation in FM transmitter and use of class C
amplifiers in all stages following the modulator.

This technique is mostly used in FM Radio, FM

Broadcasting, Magnetic Tape storage etc.

2.1 Transducer
The input quantity for most instrumentation system is
a ―non-electrical quantity‖. In order to use electrical
methods & techniques for measurement,
manipulation or control, the non-electrical quantity is
We here use the frequency modulation scheme converted into an electrical signal by a device called
because it has certain advantages: a ―transducer (mostly referred to as Electric
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 ACCENTS Transactions on Image Processing and Computer Vision
ISSN (online): 2455-4707
Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

Transducer)‖ [6]. The transducer may be thought of Where fc is the carrier's base frequency and Ac is the
consisting of two important and closely related parts. carrier's amplitude. The modulator combines the
These two parts are: Sensing element which carrier with the baseband data signal to get the
responds to a physical phenomenon or a change in a transmitted signal,
physical phenomenon and Transduction Element
which transforms the output of a sensing element to
an electrical output[9]. Here we have used a carbon
microphone.

2.2 FM Transmitter
In this equation, is the Instantaneous frequency of
the oscillator and is the Frequency Deviation,
which represents the maximum shift away from fc in
one direction, assuming xm(t) is limited to the range
±1[13].

Figure 2: FM Transmission block

Here first of all a voice signal is inserted into the

system using a microphone. This micro phone which
acts as a Transducer, converts the voice signal into
electrical signal [22]. This electrical signal is then
applied to FM transmitter where the signal is
frequency modulated with a carrier frequency. This
modulated signal is then transmitted to the medium
through a transmitting antenna [11][14]. Figure 3: Schematic Diagrams of Carrier,
Baseband & Frequency Modulated signals
2.2.1 Frequency Modulator
Frequency Modulation FM) is that type of angle FM signals may be put into two different categories
modulation in which the instantaneous frequency is as under [12].
varied in linearly with a message or baseband signal i. The Direct method or Parameter variation
about an un modulated carrier frequency [10]. This method
means that the instantaneous value of the angular ii. The Indirect method or the Armstrong
frequency will be equal to the carrier frequency plus method.
a time-varying component proportional to the
baseband signal. Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890– 2.3 FM Receiver
1954) was an American electrical engineer and
inventor who invented frequency modulation (FM)
radio[15].

Suppose the baseband data signal (the message) to be

transmitted is-

and is restricted in amplitude to be-

Figure 4: FM Reception block
and the sinusoidal carrier is-

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 ACCENTS Transactions on Image Processing and Computer Vision
ISSN (online): 2455-4707
Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

Here the modulated signal is firstly received through ii. The original baseband signal is recovered
the receiving antenna from the medium and then from this AM signal with the help of the
applied to the FM receiver where the signal linear diode detector or envelope detector.
frequency demodulated. Then the original electrical
signal is inverse transduced by the output transducer FM demodulators are of following types:
like amplifier box or mike etc. which converts the i. Slope Detector
electrical signal into sound or it can be further  Single-tuned detector circuit or simple
processed. slope detector
 Stagger-tuned detector circuit or
2.3.1 FM Demodulator balanced slope detector.
The FM demodulator perform the extraction of ii. Phase Difference Detectors
modulating signal in two steps as follows:  Foster-Seeley detector
i. It converts the FM signal into a  Ratio detector
corresponding amplitude modulated signal  PLL-FM demodulator
with the help of frequency dependent
circuits like L-C circuits. These circuits are 2.4. AC’97 CODEC
generally known as Frequency
Discriminators [1][16].

Figure 5: Block Diagram of AC’97 CODEC

The Audio Codec ‗97 (AC ‗97) Architecture and 2.5. Digital Finite Impulse Response Filter
Digital Interface (AC-link) specifically is designed
for implementing audio and modem I/O functionality
in mainstream PC systems. As we are using here on
board stereo AC97 audio codec so we have to create
HDL wrapper which includes common board support
packages (.ngc,ILA and ICON), and Instantiates the
AC97 controller, DCM, and System Generator audio
design.HDL wrapper Interfaces SysGen design to
External Components and is generated from SysGen
.mdl model.

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 ACCENTS Transactions on Image Processing and Computer Vision
ISSN (online): 2455-4707
Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

the input signal. It is used here to remove the

Figure 6: Block Diagram of Digital FIR Filter unwanted range of frequencies [18]. Digital FIR filter
Digital FIR filter enhances the signal by performing performance can enhanced by varying filter order and
mathematical operation on the signal [24][25]. The cut off frequency. There are several tests performed
equation of Nth order digital FIR Filter is written as to choose filter order and cut off frequency for better
under- stereo sound effect [17].

y[n] = Σ h[k] x[n-k]……….(2) So the total block diagram becomes like the
In equation 2, N is filter order, y(n) is the filtered following figure –
signal h(n) is the coefficient of a sample and x(n-k) is

Figure 7: System block diagram

Here the speech signal is inputted to the transmitting by software based filtering technique and finally get
block through an input transducer. After FM outputted by an output transducer.
modulation it transmitted through an antenna. We
have used wires for antenna purpose. After receiving 3. Proposed Architecture Scheme
the signal it is FM demodulated and again inputted to
the FPGA Virtex board where it is digitally enhanced 3.1. FM Transmitter Circuit

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 ACCENTS Transactions on Image Processing and Computer Vision
ISSN (online): 2455-4707
Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

Figure 8: Transmitter circuit diagram

3.2. FM Receiver Circuit

Figure 9: Receiver circuit diagram

Here we have used an IC named CXA1619BM which = 3V, ID= 5.8mA), Built-in FM/Am Select Switch,
is a bipolar mono-lithic one-chip FM-AM radio IC large output of AF Amplifier etc.
designed for radio-cassette tape recorders and 3.3. System Generator Block of Digital FIR
headphone tape recorders and has small number of Filter
peripheral components, low current consumption(Vcc

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 ACCENTS Transactions on Image Processing and Computer Vision
ISSN (online): 2455-4707
Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

Figure 10: System Generator Model of Digital FIR Filter

4. Software Implementation
We here used Xilinx System Generator Software
which allows device-specific hardware designs to be
constructed directly in a flexible high-level system
modelling environment. In a System Generator
design, signals are not just bits. They can be signed
and unsigned fixed-point numbers and changes to the
design automatically translate into appropriate
changes in signal types. Blocks are not just stand-ins
for hardware. They respond to their surroundings,
automatically adjusting the results they produce and
the hardware they become. The simulation results are
bit and cycle-accurate.
Figure11: Typical Design Flow for System
Generator Software

5. Hardware Implementation
5.1. JTAG Co-simulation Block

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ISSN (online): 2455-4707
Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

Figure 12: Hardware/Software Co-simulation

System Generator provides several methods to several tests to verify the functionality of the system
transform the models built using Simulink into in hardware. HW/SW Co-simulation supports FPGAs
hardware. One of these methods is called from Xilinx on boards that support JTAG or Ethernet
Hardware/Software co-simulation. connectivity.
Hardware/Software co-simulation enables building a
hardware version of the model and using the exile 5.2. Virtex ML506 FPGA Board
simulation environment of Simulink we can perform

Figure 13: Xilinx Virtex ML506 board

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 ACCENTS Transactions on Image Processing and Computer Vision
ISSN (online): 2455-4707
Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

The XtremeDSP™ development platform—

Virtex®-5 ML506 FPGA edition is a feature-rich
DSP general purpose evaluation and development
platform. Though economically priced, the ML506
offers users the ability to create DSP based and high
speed serial designs utilizing the Virtex-5 FPGA
DSP48E slices and RocketIO™ GTP transceivers. A
variety of on-board memories and industry standard
connectivity interfaces add to the ML506‘s ability to
serve as a versatile development platform for
embedded applications. But the basic cause of
choosing this board is it has on-board AC‘97
CODEC which is very much essential for our speech
signal processing [20]. Figure 16: Output Spectrum of Hardware In Loop
JTAG Co-Simulation
6. Results And Performance Analysis Here we can see that the sound coming from the
receiver sounds a bit noisy. Clear sound is not
coming. So we apply the filtering technique and get
the cleared and sharp output of that voice signal.

7. Conclusion And Future Work

In our design we used a simple analog
communication system. But there is some drawbacks.
So now Digital Communication System is widely
used. The reasons behind choosing digital are:
Figure 14: Input signal spectrum from FM
Receiver 1) The digital communication system is
simpler & cheaper compared to analog
communication system because of the
advances made in the IC technologies.
Though the digital communication system
comprises more equipment‘s than analog.
But we have to fabricate all the components
used in analog. So it is very time consuming
& costly. But the components used for
digital are available in the market.

Figure 15: Output signal spectrum Digital Filter 2) The speech, video & other data may be
block merged & transmitted over a common
channel using multiplexing very easily.
3) Using data encryption, only permitted
receivers may be allowed to detect the
transmitted data. Only digital
communication system supports this. This
property is of its most importance in military
applications.
4) Since the transmitted signal is digital; the
channel encoding is used so the noise does
not accumulate from repeater to repeater in
long distance communication. As
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ISSN (online): 2455-4707
Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

the signal is digital a large amount of noise [9] A. K. Sawhney, ―A Course in Electrical and
interference may be tolerated. Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation,
5) Error detection & correction capability is 8th edition, Dhanpat Rai & Co.(P) Ltd,2001.
higher in digital because though the binary [10] Leon W. Couch, ―Digital and Analog
communication System‖, 6th edition.
digits gets corrupted by noise but by proper [11] Taub & Scilling, ―Principles of Communication
error detection & correction methods we can Systems‖, TMH Publishing Company limited,
recover the original bits as well as possible. 1986.
This is done by encoder & decoder. Last of [12] Lathi, Bhagwandas P. Modern digital and analog
all digital communication system is adaptive communication systems. Oxford University
to other branches of data processing. Press, Inc., 1990.
[13] M. Scwartz, W. R. Bennet, and S.Stenin,
So we will apply here a digital transmission system in ―Communication Systems and Techniques―, Mc-
future and also some other FPGA based enhancement Graw Hill, New York, 1995.
[14] E.D. Sunde, ―Communication Systems
techniques like time-stretching, reverberation, echo, Engineering Technology‖, Wiley, New York.
equalization etc. We hope that the report will provide [15] R.W. Lucky and J. Salz and E.J. Weldon,
the basic knowledge of designing a simple ―Principles of Data Communication‖, New York.
communication system to the interested people and [16] http://documents.mx/documents/analog-
welcome any suggestions towards the improvement communication-prabhakar-kapula.html
of this project. [17] Khalil, Rafid Ahmed. "Adaptive Filter
Application in Echo Cancellation System and
Implementation using FPGA." Electrical
Acknowledgment Engineering Department, Engineering College,
University of Mosul 16.
We are very grateful to our college for providing us [18] Wang Sen; Tang Bin; Zhu Jim, "Distributed
the facilities to complete the work. Arithmetic for FIR Filter Design on FPGA,"
Communications, Circuits and Systems, 2007.
References ICCCAS 2007. International Conference on, vol.,
no., pp.620-623, 11-13 July 2007.
[19] Micea, Mihai V., et al. "Implementing
[1] Sanjay Sharma,‖Communication Systems‖, 4th
professional audio effects with DSPs." (2001):
edition, S.K. Kataria & Sons, 2009.
55-60.
[2] B.P. Lathi, ―An Introduction to Random Signals
[20] Xilinx Inc., UG437, ML505/ML506/ML507
and Communication Theory‖, 1968.
Evaluation Platform, User Guide.
[3] S. Haykin,― Communication Systems‘,3rd
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edition, Newyork: Wiley, 1994.
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[4] Schwartz, M., Bennett, W. R., & Stein, S.
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[24] Mirzaei, Shahnam, Anup Hosangadi, and Ryan
[6] Behforouz A Forouzan, ―Data Communications
Kastner. "FPGA implementation of high speed
and Networking‖, 4th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
FIR filters using add and shift method."
Publishing Company Limited,2006.
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[7] D.Chattopadhyay & P.C. Rakshit, ―Electronics
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[25] Chauhan, Apurva Singh, and Vipul Soni. "Design
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2005.

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 ACCENTS Transactions on Image Processing and Computer Vision
ISSN (online): 2455-4707
Volume-1 Issue-1 November-2015

Moumita Acharya is working as a Rumpa Biswas had been completed

Faculty of ETC Dept. VLSI unit in her M.Tech in E.C.E.- Microelectronics
C.V. Raman College of Engineering; and VLSI Design from Techno India,
Bhubaneswar; Odisha. She had been Saltlake, Kolkata under West Bengal
completed her M.Tech in E.C.E. University of Technology. Prior to she
Microelectronics and VLSI Design obtained her Bachelor Degree in
from West Bengal University of Electronics and communication
Technology, Kolkata. Prior to she Engineering from Saroj Mohan Instiute
obtained her Bachelor Degree in Electronics and of Technology under the same University on 2010.
communication engineering from the same University on
2005. She has 9 years of teaching experience.
Email: [email protected]

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