Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
Second year

Fluid Kinematics

Flow measurements

Eng. Nourhan Hisham

By applying Bernoulli between equation between point “1” and “2”(vena contracta)
2 2
P1 V1
+ +h =
P2 V2
+ +0 v 2th. = 2 gh
g 2 g g 2 g
The velocity is considered theoretical since we ignored losses term in the Bernoulli eqn.
Lecture Review
Modifications:
 Due to losses
(v actual < v th )
 Different flow cross section
( A actual < A orifice )

• 𝒗𝟐𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒗 𝒗𝟐𝒕𝒉 = 𝑪𝒗 𝟐𝒈𝒉

𝐶𝑣 : velocity correction factor

= 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈𝒉
• 𝑨𝟐 = 𝑪 𝒄 𝑨𝒐
𝐶𝑐 : contraction correction factor
𝐶𝑑 : discharge correction factor
Lecture Review
Coefficient determination (Trajectory method)
From mechanics equations:
S=V0t+0.5 at2
For horizontal direction,
• a=0 since air currents are
neglected thus velocity is
const.
X=V0*t = Vact.*t
For vertical direction,
• initial vertical velocity is zero since
the flow is horizontal at the vena 𝒙
contracta 𝒗𝟐𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒗 𝒗𝟐𝒕𝒉 =
• acceleration is due to gravity “g, 𝟐𝒚ൗ
𝒈
𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝒚=
𝟐
 Fluid Kinematics
Sheet 8
Flow Measurments
Problem 1:
A tank 1.8 m high, standing on the ground, is kept full of water.
There is an orifice in its vertical side at a depth “h” meter below the
surface. Find the value of “h” in order that the jet may strike the
ground at a maximum distance from the tank.

𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒕 𝒚=
𝟐
Problem 2:
Determine the equation for trajectory of a jet discharging
horizontally from a small orifice with head of 16 ft and velocity
coefficient of 0.96. Neglect air resistance.
𝒙
𝒈𝒕𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒗 𝒗𝟐𝒕𝒉 =
𝒙 = 𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒕 𝒚= 𝟐𝒚ൗ
𝟐 𝒈
Problem 4:
An orifice of area 0.03 ft2 in a vertical plate has a head of 3.6 ft of
oil, sp gr 0.91. It discharges 1418 lb of oil in 79.3 sec. Trajectory
measurements yield X=7.38 ft, Y=4.025 ft. Determine Cv, Cc and
Cd, and the diameter of the jet at the vena contracta.
Lecture Review
Restricted Flow Meters
Lecture Review
Orifice Meter
By applying Bernoulli between “1” and “2”

𝟐𝒈(∆𝑷ൗ𝜸)
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝒐
𝑫
𝟏 − (𝑫𝒐 )𝟒
𝒑

𝝆
𝟐𝒈𝑹( 𝝆𝒎 − 𝟏)
𝒇
= 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝒐
𝑫
𝟏 − (𝑫𝒐 )𝟒
𝒑
Problem 6:
Calculate the flow rate of water through an orifice meter with an
area ratio of 4 given Cd is 0.62, the pipe area is 900 mm2 and the
difference in pressure is 586 Pa.

𝟐𝒈(∆𝑷ൗ𝜸)
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝒐
𝑫
𝟏 − (𝑫𝒐 )𝟒
𝒑

𝟐𝒈(∆𝑷ൗ𝜸)
= 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝒐
𝑨
𝟏 − (𝑨𝒐 )𝟐
𝒑
Problem 7:
What size of orifice would give a pressure difference of 0.3m water
gauge for the flow of petroleum product of specific gravity 0.9 at
0.05m3/sec. in a 150 mm diameter pipe? Cd= 0.62

𝟐𝒈(∆𝑷ൗ𝜸)
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝒐
𝑫
𝟏 − (𝑫𝒐 )𝟒
𝒑
Problem 8:
A water flows through an orifice of 10 mm diameter situated in a 50
mm pipe. What will be the flow rate if the differential manometer
reading is 10 cmHg. μwater= 1 mN s/m2

𝝆
𝟐𝒈𝑹( 𝝆𝒎 − 𝟏)
𝒇
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝒐
𝑫
𝟏 − (𝑫𝒐 )𝟒
𝒑
Problem 8:
A water flows through an orifice of 10 mm diameter situated in a 50
mm pipe. What will be the flow rate if the differential manometer
reading is 10 cmHg. μwater= 1 mN s/m2
To get off this dilemma, we need to use Trial & Error
1- Assume Cd
2- Calculate Q then Vo
3- Calculate Re.
4- Get Cd from chart and compare it with previous Cd

Note that μ water= 1cP =10-2 gm/cm.s= 10-3 kg/m.s= 10-3 Ns/m2
Lecture Review
Venturi Meter
By applying Bernoulli between “1” and “2”

𝟐𝒈[ ∆𝑷ൗ𝜸 − 𝒁𝟐 ]
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝟐
𝑫
𝟏 − (𝑫𝟐 )𝟒
𝟏

𝝆
𝟐𝒈𝑹( 𝝆𝒎 − 𝟏)
𝒇
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝟐
𝑫
𝟏 − ( 𝟐 )𝟒
𝑫𝟏
Problem 9:
A venturi meter of 15 cm inlet diameter and 10 cm throat is laid horizontally
in a pipe to measure the flow of oil of 0.9 specific gravity. The reading of a
mercury manometer is 20 cm. Calculate the discharge in lit/min?

𝝆
𝟐𝒈𝑹( 𝝆𝒎 − 𝟏)
𝒇
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑨𝟐
𝑫
𝟏 − ( 𝟐 )𝟒
𝑫𝟏