Computer Mouse
Computer Mouse
Interactive manipulators are devices by means of which the display cursor is controlled. Mouse
is one of them.
2. Two sources of monochromatic light. Their beams are shifted one towards the other at a
distance equal to half the line width on the work plot.
3. Optical sphere.
4. Reflective optical mirror.
5. Photo-detectors. They are positioned so that each of them can detect the reflected light beam
emitted by the respective light source.
The light sources, work plot, optical sphere, reflective mirror and the photo detectors as a whole
form an incremental photoelectric transducer of linear displacement.
The optical mouse contains two pairs of light sources positioned perpendicularly to each other.
One of them emits monochromatic light with a spectrum determined by the color of the
horizontal lines, and the other one emits with a spectrum determined by the color of the vertical
lines. Light emitting diodes are used as light sources. They throw light on a relatively small spot
on the work plot, which has a diameter approximately equal to the colored line pitch.
The light signal reflected by the plot is focused by means of an optical sphere. Then it is reflected
by an optical mirror and falls exactly on the photo-detectors which are incorporated in matrices.
When the mouse is moved, each matrix element converts the reflected light lines into a
sinusoidal signal which, with the help of a comparator is formed as a rectangular pulse sequence
(Fig. 11). The signals are electrically dephased to one another at 90 degree. The phase difference
between them is determined by the location of the two light sources for the respective group of
lines (green or red).
The direction of motion of the mouse along the respective coordinate on the work plot is
determined by the advance of one of the signals, and the magnitude of displacement is set by
the number of pulses.
Modern Optical Mice
Microsoft and other companies implement optical technology for converting motion. These
mice do not have mechanical parts and do not need a pad.
Fig. 5 Optical mouse – underside view
They work on almost any surface (Fig. 5). This is achieved by improving the optical sensor.
Charge Couple Device (CCD) matrices are technologically included. They are sensors of a
video camera. They specify the displacement, following the surface on which the mouse moves.
A light emitting diode or laser diode is used to illuminate the surface.
Owing to recent optical technologies and their affordable prices, the optical mouse is a good
choice from the variety of models. All optical mice of this type have resolution not less than
400 dpi (dots per inch) and at least one sensor. The general view of the optical mouse is shown
in Fig. 6.
The light emitting diode emits light which illuminates the surface under the mouse. The light is
reflected by small microscopic imperfections on the surface. Lenses collect the reflected light
and focus it on the sensor. The obtained image is a set of black and white spots reflecting the
surface structure. The sensor sequentially takes pictures of the surface with the motion of the
mouse. The pictures which the sensor takes are a lot (about 1500 pictures per second) and they
are sufficient so that two successive pictures to overlap regardless of the speed of the mouse
motion (Fig. 7). The images are sent to the optical navigation processor to be processed.
This is the basic processor for the optical mouse. It analyzes the surface imperfections and the
other features and traces the motion through them. Two images are photographed in succession
when the mouse moves to the right and upwards. Both displays show the same pictures. When
the processor performs the algorithm, it finds the common things in the displays and determines
the movement made. This information is translated into X and Y coordinates and sent to the
computer.
Laser Mouse
Laser mice are optical mice. The only difference is that in laser mice a small infrared laser is
used instead of a light emitting diode. It improves the resolution of the display and magnifies
the mouse sensitivity to the surface by around 20 times.
The current values of XT and YT coordinates are obtained in different ways, depending on how
the rotary motion of the sphere is converted. One of the ways of this conversion is illustrated in
Fig. 9.
The diagram consists of a sphere (1) and two axis perpendicular to each other (2 and 3), and
bearings lying in one plane. At the end of each axis a sensor is fixed (4 and 5), which converts
the rotary motion into a digital code and has a gear ratio with the spherical surface. The operating
principle is based on decomposition of the rotary motion of the ball along two axis perpendicular
to each other (Px and Py).
Theoretically each of the axes is in contact with the spherical surface only at one point (A or
B). When the ball rotates along the ordinate axis, rotary motion is transferred to the mechanical
axis Py, whose velocity depends on the gear ratio. The other axis Px from the kinematic node
slips at the point of contact A and remains static. The opposite case of rotation of Px axis, when
the sphere moves along the x-axis is similar. When the ball rotates in direction different from 0
degree or 90 degree towards the oriented coordinate system, the motion decomposes along two
axes Px and Py. Each axis gets such rotation which is determined by the sphere motion in the
coordinate field.
Fig 9. Conversion of the rotary motion of the sphere
The trackball (Fig. 10) is a kinematic system in which the sphere is rotated by the user’s hand.
In the optical-mechanical mouse the sphere is a small ball which moves when the manipulator
is moved.
The raster grid is a transparent disk on which dark spots with fill factor К=0,5 are applied along
the radius. When the sphere rotates, the dark spots cross the light stream produced by the light
emitting diode and as a result of this, the photo-detector generates a clock cycle sequence of
pulses.
To determine the direction of rotation when designing PRT, it is necessary to use two optron
couples, positioned as shown in Fig. 13.
In the principle of converting rotary motion into a digital code, besides optron couples and raster
grid, a circuit for output pulses formation is used (Fig. 14). It consists of an amplifier of the
signal generated by the photo-detector and a pulse former which converts the sinusoidal
sequence into rectangular pulses needed for further digital processing. The number of output
pulses is proportional to the magnitude of the angle of rotation, and the lead of one of the
sequences towards the other and vice versa is determined by the direction of rotation.
To form coordinates (X, Y) a graph diagram, shown in Fig. 16 is used. The graph nodes represent the
discrete states of the two clock cycle sequences (Fig.11). The transition from one state into another is
expressed with an arc which defines the direction of rotation.
In case of any query or suggestion please contact with Md. Anas Ali, Lecturer, BME, JUST (Email:[email protected]) 8
ev‡qv‡gwW‡Kj BwÄwbqvwis wefvM Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
h‡kvi weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq Jashore University of Science & Technology
h‡kvi-7408, evsjv‡`k| Jashore -7408, Bangladesh.
‡Uwj‡dvb:+042151081 Phone: +042151081Ex-306
d¨vKª :88-0421-61199 Fax : 88-0421-61199
I‡qemvBU:www.Just.edu.bd Website: www.Just.edu.bd
Lecture-04 & 05 February 2, 2020
01 11 -1
10 00 -1
10 01 0 forbidden state
10 10 0
10 11 +1
11 00 0 forbidden state
11 01 +1
11 10 -1
11 11 0
Interactive manipulators of this type are controlled by a chip-computer. It serves the buttons, cyclically
reads the state of signals of photo-raster transducers, forms relative coordinates and generates RS-232
output signal. The transfer protocol by RS-232 (Fig. 16) is three-byte for Microsoft Mouse driver and five-
byte for PC Mouse. There is transfer when a button is pressed, released or moved.
Each protocol starts with the state of buttons and then relative coordinates follow. To serve the interruption
by the interactive means, the personal computer employs a resident driver which receives the information
and controls the display cursor.
Microsoft Mouse
Byte b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
1 1 L R Y7 Y6 X7 X6
2 0 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
3 0 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
7information bits are used.
PC Mouse
Byte b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
1 1 0 0 0 0 L M R
2 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
3 Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
4 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
5 Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
Bytes 2 and 3 contain information about the previous displacement
Fig. 16. Transfer protocol.
Buttons L, M and R show the state of the left, middle and right button of the mouse, respectively. If the bit
is 1 – the button is pressed, if it is 0 – it is released. The X and Y coordinates are in an additional code.
Modern mice use also a USB port for communication with the computer.
In case of any query or suggestion please contact with Md. Anas Ali, Lecturer, BME, JUST (Email:[email protected]) 9