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Computer Mouse

The document discusses different types of computer mice, including optical mice, laser mice, and trackballs. It describes how optical mice work by using light sources and sensors to detect movement across surfaces. Modern optical mice can work on any surface using improved optical sensors, while laser mice use lasers instead of LEDs for higher resolution. Trackballs operate on the same principle as optical mice but convert rotational motion of a ball into cursor movement.

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Somiha Tasnim
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
401 views9 pages

Computer Mouse

The document discusses different types of computer mice, including optical mice, laser mice, and trackballs. It describes how optical mice work by using light sources and sensors to detect movement across surfaces. Modern optical mice can work on any surface using improved optical sensors, while laser mice use lasers instead of LEDs for higher resolution. Trackballs operate on the same principle as optical mice but convert rotational motion of a ball into cursor movement.

Uploaded by

Somiha Tasnim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer mouse

Interactive manipulators are devices by means of which the display cursor is controlled. Mouse
is one of them.

Figure 1: Computer mouse


A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls a cursor in
a GUI (graphical user interface) and can move and select text, icons, files, and folders in a
computer.
For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a flat surface (e.g., mouse pad or desk) in front
of it. The picture is an example of a desktop computer mouse with two buttons and a wheel.

What are the uses of a mouse?


A list of computer mouse functions is given below
1. Move the mouse cursor - The primary function is to move the mouse pointer on the
screen.
2. Open or execute a program - Once you've moved the pointer to an icon, folder, or other
object clicking or double clicking that object opens the document or
executes the program.
3. Select - A mouse also allows to select text or a file or highlight and select multiple files
at once.
4. Drag-and-drop - Once something is selected, it can also be moved using the drag-and-
drop method.
5. Hover - Moving the mouse cursor over objects with hover information can help discover
the function of each object on the screen. For example, hover the mouse over the "hover"
link to see an example.
6. Scroll - When working with a long document, or viewing a long web page, we need
to scroll up or down. To scroll, we use the mouse wheel, or click and drag the scroll bar.
7. Perform other functions - Many desktop mice also have buttons that can be
programmed to perform any function. For example, many mice have two side buttons
on the thumb portion of the mouse the button closest to the palm can be programmed to
go back on web pages.
How has the mouse increased computer usability?
By using a computer mouse, we don't have to memorize commands, such as those utilized in a
text-based command line environment like MS-DOS. For example, in MS-DOS we would need
to know the cd command and dir command and type the commands on the keyboard to open a
directory (folder) and view its files. Whereas a Windows user only has to double-click to open
a folder and see its contents.
Types of computer mice
Below is a listing of all the types of computer mice and pointing devices used with a computer.
Today, for a desktop computer the most common type of mouse is an optical mouse that
connects to the USB port and known as a USB mouse. For laptop computers, the most common
type of mouse is the touchpad. Others are:
 Cordless (Wireless)
 Foot mouse
 IntelliMouse (Wheel mouse)
 Joystick
 Mechanical
 Optical
 Touchpad (Glidepoint)
 Trackball
 TrackPoint
Computer mouse ports
Today, most computer mice connect to a computer using a USB port. Below is a list of ports and
wireless connections a mouse is capable of using.
 Bluetooth
 Infrared
 PS/2 Port
 Serial Port
 USB
Optical Mouse
Interactive manipulators of this type are optical transducers of linear displacement. The
transducer consists of two parts: a box (mouse) and a pad (Fig. 2).

Figure2: Optical mouse

The mouse is a movable detector in which an optical-electronic transducer is placed. It slides


on a mirror surface on which a raster grid in two colors is plotted. The colors are necessary for
the recognition of the displacement and direction.

Figure 3: Construction of the optical mouse


The optical system of the interactive manipulator (Fig. 3) incorporates the following elements:
1. Work plot: This is a metal surface on which two kinds of lines are drawn–horizontal and
vertical (Fig.4).

Figure 4: Work plot of an optical mouse


The horizontal lines are colored in red while the vertical ones – in green. The red lines reflect
the red light and absorb the green light, and the green ones reflect the green light and absorb the
red one. The pitch between the lines is constant and it is a metal reflection or something else
with sufficient contrast. To produce symmetric signals in the output circuit, it is necessary the
line width to be approximately equal to the pitch (interval) between them.

2. Two sources of monochromatic light. Their beams are shifted one towards the other at a
distance equal to half the line width on the work plot.
3. Optical sphere.
4. Reflective optical mirror.
5. Photo-detectors. They are positioned so that each of them can detect the reflected light beam
emitted by the respective light source.
The light sources, work plot, optical sphere, reflective mirror and the photo detectors as a whole
form an incremental photoelectric transducer of linear displacement.
The optical mouse contains two pairs of light sources positioned perpendicularly to each other.
One of them emits monochromatic light with a spectrum determined by the color of the
horizontal lines, and the other one emits with a spectrum determined by the color of the vertical
lines. Light emitting diodes are used as light sources. They throw light on a relatively small spot
on the work plot, which has a diameter approximately equal to the colored line pitch.
The light signal reflected by the plot is focused by means of an optical sphere. Then it is reflected
by an optical mirror and falls exactly on the photo-detectors which are incorporated in matrices.
When the mouse is moved, each matrix element converts the reflected light lines into a
sinusoidal signal which, with the help of a comparator is formed as a rectangular pulse sequence
(Fig. 11). The signals are electrically dephased to one another at 90 degree. The phase difference
between them is determined by the location of the two light sources for the respective group of
lines (green or red).
The direction of motion of the mouse along the respective coordinate on the work plot is
determined by the advance of one of the signals, and the magnitude of displacement is set by
the number of pulses.
Modern Optical Mice
Microsoft and other companies implement optical technology for converting motion. These
mice do not have mechanical parts and do not need a pad.
Fig. 5 Optical mouse – underside view
They work on almost any surface (Fig. 5). This is achieved by improving the optical sensor.
Charge Couple Device (CCD) matrices are technologically included. They are sensors of a
video camera. They specify the displacement, following the surface on which the mouse moves.
A light emitting diode or laser diode is used to illuminate the surface.

Owing to recent optical technologies and their affordable prices, the optical mouse is a good
choice from the variety of models. All optical mice of this type have resolution not less than
400 dpi (dots per inch) and at least one sensor. The general view of the optical mouse is shown
in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. Components of the optical mouse

The light emitting diode emits light which illuminates the surface under the mouse. The light is
reflected by small microscopic imperfections on the surface. Lenses collect the reflected light
and focus it on the sensor. The obtained image is a set of black and white spots reflecting the
surface structure. The sensor sequentially takes pictures of the surface with the motion of the
mouse. The pictures which the sensor takes are a lot (about 1500 pictures per second) and they
are sufficient so that two successive pictures to overlap regardless of the speed of the mouse
motion (Fig. 7). The images are sent to the optical navigation processor to be processed.

Fig. 7. Pictures from the mouse sensor at t = 0 ms and t =67 ms

This is the basic processor for the optical mouse. It analyzes the surface imperfections and the
other features and traces the motion through them. Two images are photographed in succession
when the mouse moves to the right and upwards. Both displays show the same pictures. When
the processor performs the algorithm, it finds the common things in the displays and determines
the movement made. This information is translated into X and Y coordinates and sent to the
computer.

Laser Mouse
Laser mice are optical mice. The only difference is that in laser mice a small infrared laser is
used instead of a light emitting diode. It improves the resolution of the display and magnifies
the mouse sensitivity to the surface by around 20 times.

Optico-mechanical Mouse and a Trackball


The operation of these interactive manipulators is based on the same principle. The difference
between them is in their construction.
The operating principle is explained by rolling a ball in a plane. Let the sphere is located at the
origin of a chosen coordinate field and due to the effect of a certain force, it starts rolling (Fig.
8). The described trajectory of motion at each moment of time is determined by the current
coordinates XT and YT. If the motion is rectilinear, their ratio is expressed by the tangent of the
angle which the trajectory has with the x-axis:

Fig. 8. Operating principle of trackball

The current values of XT and YT coordinates are obtained in different ways, depending on how
the rotary motion of the sphere is converted. One of the ways of this conversion is illustrated in
Fig. 9.
The diagram consists of a sphere (1) and two axis perpendicular to each other (2 and 3), and
bearings lying in one plane. At the end of each axis a sensor is fixed (4 and 5), which converts
the rotary motion into a digital code and has a gear ratio with the spherical surface. The operating
principle is based on decomposition of the rotary motion of the ball along two axis perpendicular
to each other (Px and Py).
Theoretically each of the axes is in contact with the spherical surface only at one point (A or
B). When the ball rotates along the ordinate axis, rotary motion is transferred to the mechanical
axis Py, whose velocity depends on the gear ratio. The other axis Px from the kinematic node
slips at the point of contact A and remains static. The opposite case of rotation of Px axis, when
the sphere moves along the x-axis is similar. When the ball rotates in direction different from 0
degree or 90 degree towards the oriented coordinate system, the motion decomposes along two
axes Px and Py. Each axis gets such rotation which is determined by the sphere motion in the
coordinate field.
Fig 9. Conversion of the rotary motion of the sphere

The trackball (Fig. 10) is a kinematic system in which the sphere is rotated by the user’s hand.
In the optical-mechanical mouse the sphere is a small ball which moves when the manipulator
is moved.

Fig. 10. Trackball


The sensors used are of angle-code type. In practice they are photo- raster transducers (PRT).
Each of them generates two clock cycle sequences, electrically dephased one towards the other
at 90 degree (Fig. 11). The 1 signal can lag behind or outrun 2, which depends on the direction
of sphere rotation.
Direction of rotation

Fig. 11. Signals generated by the sensors


The photo-raster transducer is a device which comprises a raster grid and optoelectronic couple
(Fig. 12).

Fig. 12. Photo-raster transducer

The raster grid is a transparent disk on which dark spots with fill factor К=0,5 are applied along
the radius. When the sphere rotates, the dark spots cross the light stream produced by the light
emitting diode and as a result of this, the photo-detector generates a clock cycle sequence of
pulses.
To determine the direction of rotation when designing PRT, it is necessary to use two optron
couples, positioned as shown in Fig. 13.

Fig. 13. Positioning of optron couples in PRT.

In the principle of converting rotary motion into a digital code, besides optron couples and raster
grid, a circuit for output pulses formation is used (Fig. 14). It consists of an amplifier of the
signal generated by the photo-detector and a pulse former which converts the sinusoidal
sequence into rectangular pulses needed for further digital processing. The number of output
pulses is proportional to the magnitude of the angle of rotation, and the lead of one of the
sequences towards the other and vice versa is determined by the direction of rotation.

Fig. 14. Circuit for output pulse formation


ev‡qv‡gwW‡Kj BwÄwbqvwis wefvM Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
h‡kvi weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq Jashore University of Science & Technology
h‡kvi-7408, evsjv‡`k| Jashore -7408, Bangladesh.
‡Uwj‡dvb:+042151081 Phone: +042151081Ex-306
d¨vKª :88-0421-61199 Fax : 88-0421-61199
I‡qemvBU:www.Just.edu.bd Website: www.Just.edu.bd
Lecture-04 & 05 February 2, 2020
When using PRT for the sensors (Fig. 9), during each sphere rotation the current coordinates (X, Y) are
generated, expressed as a set number of pulses and the direction which correspond to the sphere
displacement in the chosen coordinate field (Fig. 8).
The mouse and trackball can be presented in a block diagram as it is shown in Fig. 15. Each of them has
two or three buttons which have their own functions during operation.

Fig. 15. Structural model of interactive manipulator of ‘mouse’ type

To form coordinates (X, Y) a graph diagram, shown in Fig. 16 is used. The graph nodes represent the
discrete states of the two clock cycle sequences (Fig.11). The transition from one state into another is
expressed with an arc which defines the direction of rotation.

Fig. 15. Graph-diagram for determining the direction of mouse displacement


On the basis of the graph, Table 1 was made. An address is formed using the old and new state of each
sensor. It gives the respective increase or decrease in the current coordinate by one as well as the lack of
displacement.
BINARY ADDRESS
old state new state CONSTANT COMMENT
00 00 0
00 01 -1
00 10 +1
00 11 0 forbidden state
01 00 +1
01 01 0
01 10 0 forbidden state

In case of any query or suggestion please contact with Md. Anas Ali, Lecturer, BME, JUST (Email:[email protected]) 8
ev‡qv‡gwW‡Kj BwÄwbqvwis wefvM Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
h‡kvi weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq Jashore University of Science & Technology
h‡kvi-7408, evsjv‡`k| Jashore -7408, Bangladesh.
‡Uwj‡dvb:+042151081 Phone: +042151081Ex-306
d¨vKª :88-0421-61199 Fax : 88-0421-61199
I‡qemvBU:www.Just.edu.bd Website: www.Just.edu.bd
Lecture-04 & 05 February 2, 2020
01 11 -1
10 00 -1
10 01 0 forbidden state
10 10 0
10 11 +1
11 00 0 forbidden state
11 01 +1
11 10 -1
11 11 0

Table 1. Determining the direction of mouse displacement

Interactive manipulators of this type are controlled by a chip-computer. It serves the buttons, cyclically
reads the state of signals of photo-raster transducers, forms relative coordinates and generates RS-232
output signal. The transfer protocol by RS-232 (Fig. 16) is three-byte for Microsoft Mouse driver and five-
byte for PC Mouse. There is transfer when a button is pressed, released or moved.
Each protocol starts with the state of buttons and then relative coordinates follow. To serve the interruption
by the interactive means, the personal computer employs a resident driver which receives the information
and controls the display cursor.
Microsoft Mouse
Byte b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
1 1 L R Y7 Y6 X7 X6
2 0 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
3 0 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
7information bits are used.

PC Mouse
Byte b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
1 1 0 0 0 0 L M R
2 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
3 Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
4 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
5 Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
Bytes 2 and 3 contain information about the previous displacement
Fig. 16. Transfer protocol.

Buttons L, M and R show the state of the left, middle and right button of the mouse, respectively. If the bit
is 1 – the button is pressed, if it is 0 – it is released. The X and Y coordinates are in an additional code.

Modern mice use also a USB port for communication with the computer.

In case of any query or suggestion please contact with Md. Anas Ali, Lecturer, BME, JUST (Email:[email protected]) 9

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