JAVA INTRODUCTION

Instructor: DieuNT1

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Table of contents
◊ Introduction to Java

◊ First Java Program

◊ Basic Java Syntax

◊ Java Data Types

◊ Java Operators

◊ Variables and Constant

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 Section 1

Introduction to Java

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Introduction to Java
§ History:
P In 1991: OAK

P A programming language that was introduced by Sun

Microsystems in 1995, later acquired by Oracle
Corporation.
• Originally for intelligent consumer-electronic devices
• Then used for creating Web pages with dynamic content

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Introduction to Java (2)
§ Now also used for:
P Develop large-scale enterprise applications
P Enhance WWW server functionality
P Provide applications for consumer[tiêu dùng] devices (cell
phones, cloud, etc.)
§ Object-oriented programming
§ Java Tutorial Online at
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html

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Main Features of JAVA
§ The Java programming language is a high-level language
that can be characterized by all of the following buzzwords:
P Simple
P Object oriented
P Distributed
P Multithreaded
P Dynamic
P Architecture neutral
P Portable
P High performance
P Robust
P Secure

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Java Platform

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Java terminology
§ Java Development Kit(JDK)
P A complete java development kit that includes JRE (Java Runtime
Environment), compilers and various tools like JavaDoc, Java
debugger etc.
P In order to create, compile and run Java program you would need
JDK installed on your computer.

§ Java Runtime Environment(JRE)

P JRE is a part of JDK
P When you have JRE installed on your system, you can run a java
program however you won’t be able to compile it.
P JRE includes JVM, browser plugins and applets support. When you
only need to run a java program on your computer, you would only
need JRE.

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Java terminology
§ Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

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Basics of a Typical Java Environment
Program is created in an editor and
Phase 1 Editor Disk stored on disk in a file ending with
.java.

Compiler creates bytecodes and stores

Phase 2 Compiler Disk them on disk in a file ending with .class.

Primary
Memory
Phase 3 Class Loader Class loader reads .class files
containing bytecodes from disk
and puts those bytecodes in
memory.

Disk
. ..
. .
.

Primary
Memory
Phase 4 Bytecode Verifier Bytecode verifier confirms that all
bytecodes are valid and do not
violate[vi phạm] Java’s security
restrictions[giới hạn].

. ..
. .
.

Primary
Memory Interpreter reads bytecodes and
Phase 5 Interpreter translates them into a language that
the computer can understand,
possibly storing data values as the
program executes.

. ..
. .
.

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JVM Architecture

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JVM Architecture
§ Class Loader: The class loader reads the .class file and save the byte
code in the method area.
§ Method Area: There is only one method area in a JVM which is shared
among all the classes. This holds the class level information of each
.class file.
§ Heap: Heap is a part of JVM memory where objects are allocated. JVM
creates a Class object for each .class file.
§ Stack: Stack is a also a part of JVM memory but unlike Heap, it is used
for storing temporary variables.
§ PC Registers: This keeps the track of which instruction[câu lệnh] has been
executed and which one is going to be executed. Since instructions are
executed by threads, each thread has a separate PC register.

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JVM Architecture
§ Native Method stack: A native method can access the runtime data
areas of the virtual machine.
§ Native Method interface: It enables java code to call or be called by
native applications. Native applications are programs that are specific to
the hardware and OS of a system.
§ Garbage collection: A class instance is explicitly created by the java
code and after use it is automatically destroyed by garbage collection for
memory management.

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JVM
§ Difference JDK, JRE & JVM?
P JRE: JRE is the environment within which the java virtual machine
runs. JRE contains Java virtual Machine(JVM), class libraries, and
other files excluding development tools such as compiler and
debugger.
P JVM: JVM runs the program by using class, libraries and files
provided by JRE.
P JDK: JDK is a superset of JRE, it contains everything that JRE has
along with development tools such as compiler, debugger etc.

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 Section 2

First Java Program

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First Sample: Printing a Line of Text

//This is a simple program called First.java

public class First {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("My first program in Java ");
}
}

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First Sample: Analyzing the Java Program
§ In which:
P The symbol // stands for commented line.
P The line class First declares a new class called First.
P public static void main(String[] args)
This is the main method from where the program begins its
execution.
P System.out.println("My first program in Java
");
This line displays the string My first program in java on the
screen.

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Compiling and executing

The java compiler creates a file called 'First.class' that contains the byte
codes

To actually run the program, a java interpreter called java is required to execute the
code.

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Passing Command Line Arguments
public class CommLineArg {
public static void main(String[] pargs) {
System.out.
println("These are the arguments passed to the
main method.");
System.out.println(pargs[0]);
System.out.println(pargs[1]);
System.out.println(pargs[2]);
}
}

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Passing Command Line Arguments

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 Section 3

Basic Java Syntax

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Code Comment
/*
* Multi line
*/

// Single line

/**
* Special comment for Javadocs
*/

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Name Styles
§ In Java, names are case-insensitive, may contains
letter, number, the dollar sign "$", or the underscore
character "_".
§ Some convention name styles:
P Class names: CustomerInfo
P Variable, function names: basicAnnualSalary
P Constants name: MAXIMUM_NUM_OF_PARTICIPANTS

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Name Styles: Naming best practice
§ Name should be meaningful
§ Avoid very sort name, except for temporary "throwaway" variables: a, i, j
§ Avoid confuse name: TransferAction class and DoTransferAction
class, so which one will really performs the action?
§ Class name should be a noun, use whole words, avoid acronyms and
abbreviations: Student
§ Variable name should begin with a noun: numberOfFiles
§ Variable names should not start with underscore ('_') or dollar sign ('$')
characters, even though both are allowed.
§ Distinguish singular - plural: Student - Students
§ Method name should begin with verb: countNumberOfFiles()
§ As clear as possible: annualSalary instead of salary
§ Avoid mixed-language, ex Vietnamese + English + Japanese.

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Java Keywords
abstract continue for new switch
assert*** default goto* package synchronized
boolean do if private this
break double implements protected throw
byte else import public throws
case enum**** instanceof return transient
catch extends int short try
char final interface static void
class finally long strictfp** volatile
const* float native super while
*
not used
**
added in 1.2
***
added in 1.4
****
added in 5.0
!"#$, %&'($, and )#'' might seem like keywords, but they are actually literals; you cannot use them as identifiers in your programs.

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Standard Java Output
§ System.out is standard out in Java
§ System.err is error out in Java
§ Ex:
public class Output {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("Print, no new line!");
System.out.println("Print, add platforms new line at
end.");
System.out.flush();
System.err.println("Standard error output");
}
}

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Standard Java Input
§ System.in is standard input in Java
§ The following program reads characters from the
keyboard then print out to the screen.
public class Echo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws
IOException{
int ch;
System.out.println("Enter some text: ");
while ((ch = System.in.read()) != '\n') {
System.out.print((char) ch);
}
}
}
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Escape characters
§ Escape characters is backslash ( \ )

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Basic Data Types

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Basic Data Types
§ byte: The !"#$ data type is an 8-bit signed two's
complement integer. It has a minimum value of -128 and a
maximum value of 127 (inclusive).
§ short: The %&'(# data type is a 16-bit signed two's
complement integer. It has a minimum value of -32,768 and
a maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive)
§ int: The )*# data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement
integer. It has a minimum value of -2,147,483,648 and a
maximum value of 2,147,483,647 (inclusive).
§ long: The +'*, data type is a 64-bit signed two's
complement integer. It has a minimum value of -
9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and a maximum value of
9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive)

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Basic Data Types (2)
§ float: The -+'.# data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE
754 floating point. Its range of values is from 3.4E-45 to
3.4E38
§ double: The /'0!+$ data type is a double-precision 64-bit
IEEE 754 floating point. Its range of values is from 1.7E-324
to 1.7976931348623157E308
§ boolean: The !''+$.* data type has only two possible
values: #(0$ and -.+%$. Use this data type for simple flags
that track true/false conditions. This data type represents
one bit of information, but its "size" isn't something that's
precisely defined.
§ char: The 1&.( data type is a single 16-bit Unicode
character. It has a minimum value of 23044442 (or 0) and a
maximum value of 230----2 (or 65,535 inclusive).
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Basic Data Types (3)
§ Default Values
P It's not always necessary to assign a value when a field is declared
P Fields that are declared but not initialized will be set to a reasonable
default by the compiler
P Generally speaking, this default will be zero or null, depending on
the data type. However, is generally considered bad programming
style.
Data Type Default Value (for fields)
byte 0
short 0
int 0
long 0L
float 0.0f
double 0.0d
char '\u0000'
String (or any object) null
boolean false
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 Section 4

Operators

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Operators
§ Simple Assignment Operator
= Simple assignment operator
§ Arithmetic Operators
+ Additive operator
- Subtraction operator
* Multiplication operator
/ Division operator
% Remainder operator
§ Unary Operators
+ Unary plus operator; indicates positive value
- Unary minus operator; negates an expression
++ Increment operator; increments a value by 1
-- Decrement operator; decrements a value by 1
! Logical compliment operator; inverts the value of a boolean
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Operators
public class ArithmeticOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

double number1 = 12.5, number2 = 3.5, result;

// Using addition operator

result = number1 + number2;
System.out.println("number1 + number2 = " + result);

// Using subtraction operator

result = number1 - number2;
System.out.println("number1 - number2 = " + result);

// Using multiplication operator

result = number1 * number2;
System.out.println("number1 * number2 = " + result); Output:
number1 + number2 = 16.0
// Using division operator
result = number1 / number2; number1 - number2 = 9.0
System.out.println("number1 / number2 = " + result); number1 * number2 = 43.75

// Using remainder operator number1 / number2 = 3.5714285714285716

result = number1 % number2; number1 % number2 = 2.0
System.out.println("number1 % number2 = " + result);
}
}
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Operators
public class UnaryOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

double number = 5.2;

boolean flag = false;

System.out.println("+number = " + +number);

// number is equal to 5.2 here.

System.out.println("-number = " + -number);

// number is equal to 5.2 here.

// ++number is equivalent to number = number + 1

System.out.println("number = " + ++number); Output:
// number is equal to 6.2 here.
+number = 5.2

// -- number is equivalent to number = number - 1 -number = -5.2

System.out.println("number = " + --number); number = 6.2
// number is equal to 5.2 here. number = 5.2

System.out.println("!flag = " + !flag);

!flag = true
// flag is still false.
}
}

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Operators
§ Equality and Relational Operators
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
§ Conditional Operators
&& Conditional-AND
|| Conditional-OR
?: Ternary (shorthand for if-then-else statement)
§ Type Comparison Operator
instanceof Compares an object to a specified type
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Operators
public class RelationalOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int number1 = 5, number2 = 6;

if (number1 > number2) {

System.out.println("number1 is greater than number2.");
} else {
System.out.println("number2 is greater than number1.");
}
} number2 is greater than number1.
}

public class InstanceofOperator {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String test = "FPT";
boolean result;

result = test instanceof String;

System.out.println(result);
}
}
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Operators
public class ConditionalOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int februaryDays = 29;

String result;

result = (februaryDays == 28) ? "Not a leap year" :

"Leap year";
System.out.println(result);
}
}

Leap year

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Operators
§ Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
~ Unary bitwise complement (đảo bít)
<< Signed left shift
>> Signed right shift
>>>Unsigned right shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR (triệt tiêu = XOR)
| Bitwise inclusive OR

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Operators
public class LogicalOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int number1 = 1, number2 = 2, number3 = 9;

boolean result;

// At least one expression needs to be true for result to be true

result = (number1 > number2) || (number3 > number1);
// result will be true because (number1 > number2) is true
System.out.println(result);

// All expression must be true from result to be true

result = (number1 > number2) && (number3 > number1);
// result will be false because (number3 > number1) is false
System.out.println(result);
}
}

true false

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Operators
public class BitwiseOperatorDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {

int num1 = 11; /* 11 = 00001011 */

int num2 = 22; /* 22 = 00010110 */
int result = 0;

result = num1 & num2;

System.out.println("num1 & num2: " + result);

result = num1 | num2;

System.out.println("num1 | num2: " + result);

result = num1 ^ num2; // generates 1 if they are not equal, else it returns 0.
System.out.println("num1 ^ num2: " + result);

result = ~num1;// changes the bit from 0 to 1 and 1 to 0.

System.out.println("~num1: " + result);

result = num1 << 2;

System.out.println("num1 << 2: " + result);
result = num1 >> 2; num1 & num2: 2
System.out.println("num1 >> 2: " + result); num1 | num2: 31
num1 ^ num2: 29
} ~num1: -12
} num1 << 2: 44
num1 >> 2: 2

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Operator Precedence
Operators Precedence
postfix expr++ expr--
unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !
multiplicative */%
additive +-
shift << >> >>>
relational < > <= >= instanceof
equality == !=
bitwise AND &
bitwise exclusive
^
OR
bitwise inclusive OR |
logical AND &&
logical OR ||
ternary ?:
assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=
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Type Casting
§ In type casting, a data type is converted into another data
type.
§ Automatic Type Promotion in Expressions
§ Example:
public class AutomaticTypePromotion {
public static void main(String[] argv) {
byte a = 40;
byte b = 50;
byte c = 100;
int d = a * b / c;
b = b * 2; // Error! Cannot assign an int to a byte!
System.out.println("Value d: " + d);
}
}

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Type Casting
§ Type casting in Expressions
Casting is used for explicit type conversion. It loses
information above the magnitude of the value being
converted
§ Example:
float f = 34.89675f;
d = (int) (f + 10);

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Type Casting
§ Widening[an toàn/mở rộng]conversions:
char->int
byte->short->int->long->float->double
§ Here are the Type Promotion Rules
P All byte and short values are promoted to int type.
P If one operand is long, the whole expression is
promoted to long.
P If one operand is float then the whole expression is
promoted to float.
P If one operand is double then the whole expression is
promoted to double.

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 Section 5

Variable and Constant

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Variables and constants
§ Variable:
§ Three components of a variable declaration are:
P Data type
P Name
P Initial value to be assigned (optional)

§ Syntax
datatype identifier [=value][, identifier[=value]...];

§ Example:
int foo = 42;
double d1 = 3.14, d2 = 2 * 3.14;
boolean isFun = true;

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Variables and constants
§ Constants:
P It makes code more readable
P It saves work when you make a change
P You avoid risky[rủi ro] errors
P In the case of string text

§ Syntax
static final datatype CONSTNAME = value;
§ Example:
static final int MAX_SECONDS = 25;
static final float PI = 3.14f;

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Variables and constants
§ Example:
public class DynVar {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
double len = 5.0, wide = 7.0;
double num = Math.sqrt(len * len + wide * wide);
System.out.println("Value of num after dynamic
initialization is " + num);
}
}

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Scope and Lifetime of Variables
§ Variables can be declared inside a block.
P The block begins with an opening curly brace and ends
with a closing curly brace.
P A block defines a scope.
P A new scope is created every time a new block is
created.
§ Scope specifies what objects are visible to other parts of
the program.
§ It also determines the life of an object.

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Scope and Lifetime of Variables
§ Example:
public class ScopeVar {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
int num = 10;
if (num == 10) {
// num is available in inner scope
int num1 = num * num;
System.out.println("Value of num and num1 are " + num + " "
+ num1);
}
// num1 = 10; ERROR ! num1 is not known
System.out.println("Value of num is " + num);
}
}

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SUMMARY
◊ Introduction to Java

◊ First Java Program

◊ Basic Java Syntax

◊ Java Data Types

◊ Java Operators

◊ Variables and Constant

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Learning Approach
Noting down the
key concepts in
the class
Completion of the Analyze all the
project on time inclusive
of individual and group examples / code
activities snippets provided

Strongly suggested
for a better learning
Study and and understanding Study and
understand all of this course: understand the
the artifacts self study topics

Completion of the self Completion and

review questions in the submission of all the
lab guide assignments, on time

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Thank you

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