INTECH 2201

LECTURE
1
Arrays
PHP Arrays

2
PHP Arrays
▪ An array is a data structure that stores one or more similar
type of values in a single variable.

▪ For an instance, if you want to store 100 numbers, then instead

of defining 100 variables its easy to define an array of 100
length.

3
Declare & Initialize an Array
▪ Creating array through initialization
▫ $arrName = array(‘val1’,’val2’,...);

▪ Creating array through individual elements

▫ $arrName[0] = val1;
▫ $arrName[1] = val2;
▫ ...

4
Accessing Arrays
▪ for loop
▫ for($i=0;i<sizeof($arrName);$i++)
echo $arrName[$i];

▪ foreach loop
▫ foreach($arrName as $temp)
echo $temp;

5
Types of Arrays
▪ There are 3 different kind of arrays and each array value is
accessed using and ID which is called array index.
▫ Numeric/Indexed Arrays
▫ Associative Arrays
▫ Multidimensional Arrays

6
Numeric/Indexed Array
▪ An array with a numeric index. Values are stored and accessed
in linear fashion.

▪ These arrays can store numbers, Strings and any object but
their index will be represented by numbers. By default array
index starts from zero.

7
Numeric/Indexed Array
▪ There are two ways to create numeric/indexed arrays.
▪ The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts
at 0)
■
▪ Or the index can be assigned manually:
■

8
Numeric/Indexed Array
▪ Sample Code
Result

9
Associative Array
▪ An array with Strings as index. This stores element values in
association with key values rather than in a strict linear index
order.

▪ Associative array will have their index as String so that

you can establish a strong association between key and
values.

10
Associative Array
▪ There are two ways to create associative arrays.

▪ Or

11
Associative Array
▪ Sample Code

Result

12
Multi-dimensional Array
▪ An array containing one or more arrays and values are
accessed using multiple indices.

▪ Each element in the main array can also be an array. And each
element in the sub-array can be an array, and so on. Values in
the multi-dimensional array are accessed using multiple index.

13
Multi-dimensional Array
▪ There are two ways to create associative arrays.

▪ Or

14
Multi-dimensional Array
▪ Sample Code

▪ Result

15
Multi-dimensional Array
▪ Sample Code
Result

16
Accessing Multidimensional Array
▪ Using nested loop

▪ Using foreach

17
2
String Manipulation
String Functions

18
String Functions
▪ PHP provides various String functions to access and
manipulate Strings
▪ PHP String functions are part of the PHP core. No installation
is required to use these functions.
▪ Some String functions:
▫ strrev() trim()
▫ strcmp() parse_str()
▫ strlen()
19
strrev()
▪ The strrev() function is predefined function of PHP.
▪ It is used to reverse a string. It is one of the most basic string
operations which are used by programmers and developers.
▪ Syntax: strrev(String);

Result

20
strcmp()
▪ Is a string comparison function in PHP.
▪ It is a built-in function of PHP, which is case sensitive,
means it treats capital and the small case separately.
▪ It is used to compare two strings from each other.
▪ Syntax: strcmp(String1, String2);

Result

21
strlen()
▪ The strlen() function is predefined function of PHP.
▪ It is used to find the length of string or returns the length of a
string including all the whitespaces and special character.
▪ Syntax: strlen(string);

Result

22
trim()
▪ The trim() function is predefined function of PHP.
▪ It is used to strip whitespace from the beginning and end of a
string or both side of a string.
▪ Syntax: strrev(String, charlist);

Result

23
parse_str()
▪ The parse_str() function is predefined function of PHP.
▪ It is used to parse the string into variables.
▪ Syntax: parse_str(String, array);

Result

24
String Functions
▪ These are only some of the useful String manipulation
functions that you can use.

25
3
Date & Time Manipulation
Date & Time Functions

26
Date & Time Functions
▪ PHP date function is an in-built function that simplify working
with date data types.
▪ The PHP date function is used to format a date or time into a
human readable format.
▪ It can be used to display the date of article was published,
record the last updated a data in a database.

27
Date Function
▪ Syntax
▫ date(format, timestamp)

▪ A timestamp is a sequence of characters, denoting the date

and/or time at which a certain event occurred.

28
Formatting options in date() function

Argument Description

d Represents day of the month; two digits with leading zeros

(01 or 31).
D Represents day of the week in the text as an abbreviation
(Mon to Sun).
m Represents month in numbers with leading zeros (01 or 12).

M Represents month in text, abbreviated (Jan to Dec).

y Represents year in two digits (08 or 14).

Y Represents year in four digits (2008 or 2014).

29
Formatting options in date() function cont..

30
Time Function
▪ Syntax
▫ time()

▪ The time() function is used to get the current time as a Unix

timestamp (the number of seconds since the beginning of the
Unix epoch: January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT).

31
Formatting options in time() function
Argument Description

h Represents hour in 12-hour format with leading zeros (01 to

12).
H Represents hour in 24-hour format with leading zeros (00 to
23).
i Represents minutes with leading zeros (00 to 59).

s Represents seconds with leading zeros (00 to 59).

a Represents lowercase antemeridian and post meridian (am

or pm).
A Represents uppercase antemeridian and post meridian (AM
or PM).

32
Formatting options in time() function cont..

33
4
User-defined functions
Functions

34
Function
▪ PHP has a large number of built-in functions such as
mathematical, string, date, array functions etc.

▪ It is also possible to define a function as per specific

requirement. Such function is called user-defined function.

35
Function
▪ A function is a reusable block of statements that performs a
specific task.

▪ This block is defined with function keyword and is given a

name that starts with an alphabet or underscore.

▪ This function may be called from anywhere within the

program any number of times.
36
Function
▪ Syntax

Sample

37
User-defined function example
▪ No parameter/argument

Result

38
User-defined function example
▪ With parameter/argument
parameter

Result

} argument

39
User-defined function example
▪ With parameters/arguments

Result

40
5
PHP Include & Require
Files

41
PHP include and require files
▪ The include() and require() statement allow you to include the
code contained in a PHP file within another PHP file.

▪ Including a file produces the same result as copying the script

from the file specified and pasted into the location where it is
called.

42
PHP include and require files
▪ The include and require statements are identical, except
upon failure:
▫ require will produce a fatal error
(E_COMPILE_ERROR) and stop the script
▫ include will only produce a warning (E_WARNING)
and the script will continue

43
PHP include and require files
▪ Syntax

44
include()
▪ Assume we have a standard footer file called "footer.php",
that looks like this:

▪ To include the footer file in a page, use the include statement:

45
include() – example 2
▪ Assume we have a standard menu file
called "menu.php":

▪ All pages in the Web site should use

this menu file. Here is how it can be
done (we are using a <div> element so
that the menu easily can be styled with
CSS later):

46
include() – example 3
▪ Assume we have a file called "vars.php", with some variables
defined:

▪ Then, if we include the "vars.php" file, the variables can be

used in the calling file:

47
require()
▪ The require statement is also used to include a file into the
PHP code.
▪ However, there is one big difference between
include and require; when a file is included with
the include statement and PHP cannot find it, the script will
continue to execute:

48
require()
▪ If we do the same example using the require statement, the
echo statement will not be executed because the script
execution dies after the require statement returned a fatal
error:

49
References
▪ W3Schools (2022). PHP Tutorial.
https://www.w3schools.com/php/default.asp
▪ w3resource (2020, February 26). PHP Tutorials for beginners.
https://www.w3resource.com/php/php-home.php
▪ Tutorials Point (2006). PHP Tutorial.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/index.htm
▪ GeeksforGeeks (2021). PHP Tutorial.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/php-tutorials/

50
End
Any questions?
Email me at [email protected]

51