COMPUTER SCIENCE NOTES

Binary - Hexadecimal - Decimal

A bit is the smallest unit in computing.
Represented by a 0 or 1.

A group of 8 bits is a byte.

Binary (BASE-2 numbering) stores data through the digits 0 or 1

Denary (decimal) is a numbering system with 10 digits. → 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

It is BASE-10.

Hexadecimal has 16 symbols. → 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

It is BASE-16, often used to represent very big numbers.

1
One switch → one bit (2 ) → 0
→1
2
Two switch → two bit (2 ) → 0
→1
→0
→1

Decimal → Binary
e.g 24

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

1. Put 1 at equivalent or greatest less than.

1 at 16.
2. Subtract greatest less than from given decimal.
24-16 = 8
3. Put 1 at answer or greatest less than.
1 at 8.
 4. Subtract.
8-8 = 0
5. Put 0 at empty bits.

Binary → Decimal
e.g 110101
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

Add the value of each bit.

32 + 16 + 4 + 1 = 53

Decimal / Binary → hexadecimal

e.g 229
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

1. If decimal, switch to binary first.

2. Fill register.
3. Count 4 from the right to left.
[0101] → 5
[1110] → E
229 = 11100101 = E5
BINARY DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL

0000 0 0

0001 1 1

0010 2 2

0011 3 3

0100 4 4

0101 5 5

0110 6 6

0111 7 7

1000 8 8

1001 9 9

1010 10 A

1011 11 B

1100 12 C

1101 13 D

1110 14 E

1111 15 F
Object Oriented Programming

PART 1

Class → Attributes = characteristics

→ Methods = actions

Instantiating an object from a class

= creating an example
Invoking a method
= doing an action
Encapsulation
= hiding attributes of a class and only being able to change them through methods

e.g
Bank class → Attributes: - name
- account number
- balance/amount
→ Methods: - debit
- credit
- transfer
Obj. 1 Obj. 2 Obj. 3
Alex John Sam
8397320 2847328 4782373
$1000 $500 $2000
$800 $700 $2500
$2300
- Debit Alex $200
- Credit Sam $500
- Transfer $200 from Sam to John
- Add interest 10% to Sam’s account. → ERROR - does not exist in methods.

To print →
System.out.println(“Hello”) ;
println → new line
print → same line

Escape Sequence
“\n” → new line
“\t “→ tab
“\\” → \
“\”” → “
e.g
System.out. println(“\\\\”);
\\
System.out. println (“////”):
////

Single line comments → // comment

Multiline comments → /* comment */
PART 2
JAVA VARIABLES
→ Primitive data types:
Integers - int : numbers
Floating point - double : decimals
Characters - char : letters
Boolean - boolean : true/false
→ Objects
String : words/sentences

Declare, initialize
int x = 5 ;
^ opens a memory location of type integer for x
double y + 4.5 ;
char v = ‘c’ ;
boolean computer = true ;
String name = “Dima” ;

Concatenation :
String x = “World”
System.out.print(“Hello” + x) ;
Hello World
PART 3
Division

int/int → int
double/int → double
int/double → double
double/double → double

e.g
3/2 = 1
3.0/2 = 1.5
3/2.0 = 1.5
3.0/2.0 = 1.5

Modulo → %

e.g
5%4 = 1 3%8 = 3
1 0
4⟌5 8⟌3
4 0
=1 =3
Overwriting :

Primitive data type

Declare int x ;
Initialize x=4;
Overwrite x=5;

e.g
int x = 4 ;
4

x=x+1;x=4+1=5
45

x = x*2 ; x = 5*2 = 10
5 10

x = x-4 ; x = 10 - 4 = 6
10 6

System.out.println(“x=” +x) ;
x= 6
int x =
x+ = 1 = x+1 = x++
x* = 2
x- = 4
x/ = 2

final int x = 7 → x is constant, does not change.

● String + number = String
int x = 11
int y = 2
System.out.println(x + y + 1 + x + “c” + x + y + y) ;
addition vs. concatenation
16c1122

int x = 2
int y = 3
System.out.print(“sum= “+x+y) ;
sum= 23
System.out.print(“sum= “+(x+y));
sum= 5
ERRORS IN JAVA

1. Syntax Error → code will not work if this error occurs.

missing ;
system.out.print
string

2. Runtime error
diving by 0 → 1/0

3. Logical error
e.g
F = 10 + m
m=2
F = 30
Answer is false and/or illogical.
PART 4
THE STRING CLASS - lang library

Declare and instantiate an object with new operator.

class object = new class ( class

name name name constructor )

e.g
String Dima = new String (“Computer Science”) ;

Invoke a method

object . method (...) ;

name name
dot parameters
operator

Methods :
String D = new String (“IB Computer”) ;

SOP(D.length( )) ; → number of characters - String

11

SOP(D.toUpperCase( )) ; → everything to upper case - String

IB COMPUTER

SOP(D.toLowerCase( )) ; → everything to lowercase - String

ib computer

INDEX → counters characters starting from 0 (including spaces)

SOP(D.charAt(4)) ; → insert index in parameters, get char at index 4 - char

o

SOP(D.indexOf(‘B”)) → insert char in parameters, get index of char - int

1

SOP(D.indexOf(y)) ; → if letter is not in string, will give -1

-1
SOP(D.charAt(12)) ; → if index does not reach 12, runtime error
Runtime Error

SOP(D.substring(3, 6)) ; → cuts string from 3 (included) until 6 (not included) - String
Com

SOP(D.substring(2)) ; → cuts string from 2 until the end - String

Computer

SOP(D.replace(‘u’, ‘y’)) ; → replaces all u with y - String

IB Compyter

Declare two strings :

String S = “IB Computer” ;
String F = “ib computer” ;
SOP(D.equals(S)) ; → determines whether two strings are equal
boolean t = D.equals(S2) → if strings are equal it will give true, if not it will give false
true
SOP(D.equals(F)) ;
boolean = D.equals(F) ;
false
SOP(D.equalsIgnoreCase(F)) ; → ignores the upper/lower cases
boolean = D.equalsIgnoreCase(F) ;
true

SECOND OCCURRENCES:
Find the second occurrence of the letter a.
String S = “Tamaya” ;
int x = S.indexOf(‘a’) ;
String S = S.substring(x+1) ;
int y = S.indexOf(‘a’) ;
System.out.println(“The index of the second occurrence of the letter a is “ + (x+y+1)) ;
PART 5
THE SCANNER CLASS - util library

To use :
Import Scanner → import java.util.Scanner

Declare and instantiate a class

Scanner T = new Scanner (System.in) ;

System.in → allows user to insert information

String x = T.nextLine( ) ; → inserting a word/sentence

int y = T.nextInt( ) ; → interesting an integer

double p = T.nextDouble( ) ; → inserting a double

To print the integer of a double → Casting

double x = 3
System.out.println((int)x);
PART 6
MATH CLASS
NO NEED TO IMPORT OR INSTANTIATE

Math → lang library

Math.random( ) ; → gives a random number [0,1[

Math.random( )*100 ; → [0,100[
Math.abs(#) ; → gives absolute value of the #
Math.sqrt(#) ; → gives the square root of that number
Math.sin(double) ; → gives the sine of the angle(double)
Math.cos(double) ; → gives the cosine of the angle(double)
Math.tan(double) ; → gives the tangent of the angle(double)
Math.max(double a, double b) ; → gives the greater number between a and b
Math.min(double a, double b) ; → gives the lesser number between a and b
Math.pow(double n, exponent) ; → gives n to the power of the exponent

TRIGONOMETRY WITH MATH CLASS

Angle in radians → degrees

double x =

e.g
To get random #s from specific intervals
1 to 6
(int)(Math.random( )*6+1) → [1,7[
● Casting to give an integer exclusively
● Parenthesis or else answer will always = 1
PART 7
RANDOM CLASS

import java.util.Random

Instantiate →

Random r = new Random( );

Methods:
r.nextDouble( ) ; → [0, 1[
r.nextInt( ) ; → [-∞, +∞] limited by 32 bits
r.nextInt(#) ; → [0, # - 1]

DECIMAL FORMAT CLASS

Import java.text.DecimalFormat

Instantiate:
DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat (“0.##”) ;

(“000”) → digits before decimal point

leading zeros
(“0.##”) → digits after decimal point
no leading zero

ROUNDING to specified amount of decimal places.

Input type → double

Return type → String

Method:
fmt.format(double) ; → rounds decimal place to instantiated parameter

WRAPPER CLASS
NO IMPORT OR INSTANTIATE

Methods:
Integer.parseInt(String) ; → String to integer
Integer.toString(integer) ; → Integer to string
Double.parseDouble(String) ; → String to double
Double.toString(double) ; → Double to string

To return format method as a double/int:

SOP(Double.parseDouble(fmt.format(f))+1) ;

AUTOBOXING ⇒ The automatic conversion of primitive data type into its

corresponding wrapper class

UNBOXING ⇒ The automatic conversion of wrapper type into its corresponding

primitive type.
PART 8
LOOPS AND CONDITIONALS

Conditionals: A conditional statement or selection statement lets us choose which statement

will be executed next

→ if statement
→ if-else statement

if (condition)
statement1 ;
else
statement2 ;

For multiple statements → use braces { }

The condition → boolean

If true → statement1
If false → statement2
All conditionals and loops are based on conditional expressions called Boolean
expressions

Equality operators
== → equal to
!= → not equal to

Relational operators
> → greater than
< → less than
>= → greater than or equal to
<= → less than or equal to

Logical operators
! → not, not false is true, not true is false
&& → and, only true if BOTH are true
|| → or, true if one of the statements is true

int a = 5 ;
int b = 6 ;
int c = 7 ;
boolean k = ! (a==7) ; a==7 is false but ! means not false so k=true
boolean z = (a>=4) && (b<=8) ; a>=4 is true and b<=8 is true so z=true
boolean d = (c>5) || (a==4) ; c>5 is true, a==4 is false, so d=true

String comparison
.equals
.equalsIgnoreCase
LOOPS
Execute programs over and over again
Based on a boolean expression which determines how many times the statement is executed

→ while statement
→ for statement

while (condition)
statement ;

while → loop
condition → boolean
statement → executed as long as condition is true

Syntax of an if statement
if (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) ;
statement ;

initialization → initial value

condition → boolean
increment/decrement → the change in initialization after every loop
e.g a++ or a--
Step 1: Start at initialization
Step 2: Apply condition, if true, proceed to statement
Step 3: After statement, go to increment/decrement and apply to initialization
Step 4: Apply condition to new value and repeat
Step 5: If false or until false, exit loop

Embedded for statements

Step 1: Start at initialization

Step 2: Apply condition, if true, proceed to second if statement
Step 3: Start at initialization
Step 4: Apply condition, if true, proceed to statement
Step 5: After statement, apply increment/decrement
Step 6: Apply condition to new value and repeat
Step 7: When false, return to initial if statement
Step 8: Repeat from step 1
 To make solving loops easier, use table :
(Examples from ex 1 in Group Work worksheet)

String Initialization int Condition Output

Word i i < Word.length( )/2

“Computer Science” 0 true C

1 true o

2 true m

3 true p

4 true u

5 true t

6 true e

7 true r

8 false EXIT
How to split digits? Print only positive digits.
Unboxing only in true or false.