SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

-I
Instructor: SUDHA GOEL
Course: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
[EV10003]

1
 Contents
• Importance
• Integrated solid waste management - principles
• SW generation and MSW generation
• Municipal solid waste management - activities
• Sources of MSW
• Generation rates, composition and factors affecting
them
• Treatment processes
– Thermal processes
– Composting
– Anaerobic digestion
• E-waste management
• Closing the loop 2

Goel, 2017
 SOLID and HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Solid waste: any waste material that is neither in liquid
nor gaseous state
– However, containerized liquid and gaseous wastes are
included in the term solid waste

Solid Waste
Municipal solid Ash from thermal
waste (MSW) power plants

Agricultural Industrial and

waste mining waste
Hazardous waste
reactive, ignitable, corrosive,
toxic,
radioactive, infective
3
 Importance of solid waste management
Hazards of open dumping of waste
• Air pollution
– Released into air due to scattering by wind, volatilization
– Potential for explosions due to methane buildup
• Water pollution: surface water (SW) and ground water (GW)
– Clogging of natural and engineered drainage systems
– Short-term and long-term contamination of non-renewable
resources
• Soil pollution
– Sequestering of contaminants in soil leads to soil toxicity and
decreased soil productivity
• Health hazard
– Release of pathogens in any environmental media
– Attracts growth of flies, rodents, and other pest species
• Contributed to spread of plague in Surat in 1994
– Attracts stray animals and contributes to bad traffic conditions
and higher accident potential
• Aesthetic nuisance, loss of civic health and pride, low property values
Integrated Solid Waste Management

Integrated
Solid Waste
Management

5
 Generation of Solid waste

6
TTV
 Principles of ISWM

• Waste Management Hierarchy

• The four Rs
• Green design
– Life cycle assessment
– Extended Product life
– Material selection and durability
– Process management
– Distribution
• Policy and standardization
7
Waste Management Hierarchy

8
The 4 Rs - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover
• Reduce
– Reduce amount of material required to deliver one unit product
without sacrificing utility or quality
• Examples: refills vs. new containers (food packaging); spray
painting vs. brush or roller painting of surfaces; rechargeable
batteries vs. disposable batteries; paper cartons vs. plastic tubes
(for toiletries)
– Increasing lifetime of product
• Plastic vs. cheap wood furniture; synthetic fabrics vs. natural
fabrics
– Eliminate or reduce need for product
• Electronic vs. print media; gas pipelines vs. cylinders
Use of disposables is often necessary for quality and convenience, but
results in enormous increase in resource consumption and waste
generation
• Reuse
– Use of plastic, metal, glass containers for storage in homes
– Use of paper in India for serving food (not healthy, but its reuse!
Traditional leaf dishes are better and healthy disposables)
9
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover
• Recycle
– Components are separated and reprocessed into new
products
– Plastics, paper, steel and aluminum cans, glass bottles, yard
waste (composting)
• Recover
– Where refuse is unsegregated and desired materials are
separated at a central facility

10
 Source Reduction – Green design
• Extended product life
– As development increases, durability or lifetime of product
decreases
– Consumer goods are the best examples: computers, clothing,
electrical and electronic appliances, motor vehicles, ………
– Few disincentives for extending product life
• Resource and energy consumption is reduced
• Overall env’ impacts are reduced
• Short-term company profits may be reduced as volumes of
sales drop……and that’s where the problem is!
– Electrical and electronic goods are best examples of this
– Disposable pens, batteries, cartridges …..where refills
can be made and marketed but company profit margins
are at stake!
• Material life extension
– Recyclable materials usage to be encouraged
– At the end of product life, materials can be extracted and
recycled
– Best examples: paper and plastics; reuse of these materials in
product design
11
Masters and Ela, 2012
 Source Reduction – Green design
• Material selection
– Substitution of a material based not always on cost criteria but
environmental (human health and ecological) impacts
– Examples:
• use of alloys and plastics instead of metals
• lead in solder has been eliminated
• plastic pipes instead of CI, biodegradable plastics and
packaging material
• Communication: fiber-optic cables instead of copper
cables – wireless is next level of improvement
• Reduce/ replace use of toxic materials like Hg
(thermometers, tubelights), lead (solder, batteries, petrol)
that are likely to enter waste streams

Note: Five toxic heavy metals with no beneficial value as nutrients -

As, Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb
12
Masters and Ela, 2012
 Source Reduction Masters and Ela, 2012

 Reduce material usage

 Improved car batteries contain less lead and are more efficient
 Li-ion batteries currently used in mobile phones are set to replace
Pb-acid batteries
 Barrier to replacement is the higher cost of Li-ion batteries
 Household batteries contain less or no Hg
 Phased out in the USA in 1996
 Table 9.7 (slide 15) shows reduction in glass, plastic usage
 Process management
 Improved efficiency, heat recovery, make a process cost-effective
and environmentally less expensive
 Efficient distribution
 Transportation and packaging options can be improved
 Pipelines are better than shipping by road, rail or water
 Reduced packaging requirements

13
 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

14

GM (1998) Table 9.7, Masters and Ela, 2012

 Masters and Ela, 2012

Source Reduction

 Policy options
 Life cycle assessment to choose the best option
 If environmentally-friendly products are given tax discounts to
make them more attractive
 Manufacturer’s buy back policies are beneficial in terms of
recycling or remanufacturing of consumer items
 Printer cartridges, mobile phones, electronic appliances, car
batteries, ……..
 Labeling
 Consumers will often opt for more expensive but more
environmentally friendly options
 Labeling has to be standardized and consistent

15
16
 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

17
Masters and Ela, 2012
 Waste disposal options in different countries
• population density
• land area available

18

Masters (1998) Table 9.3, Masters and Ela, 2012

 Trends in MSW treatment
• The current goal is ‘Zero-waste to landfills’
• Some European countries have achieved <1% waste
to landfills
• Treatment options include: composting,
vermicomposting, biogas plants or anaerobic
digestion and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) production

19
Waste disposal – landfills (US)

USEPA,
2018
20

USEPA 2005
Bufoni, 2017, The change from aerobic to anaerobic landfilling and
increase of correspondent emissions and expenses in Modelling trends in21
solid and hazardous waste management, Springer-Nature
 Landfilling in Europe (2010, 2019)

https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/municipal-waste-landfill-
22

rates-in
 Status of MSW Management in India
(CPCB Annual reports from 2013 to 2019)

23
Baidyabati – MSW Landfill
 Treatment options in India for MSWM

Number of plants (setup and operational) in India with different

treatment processes (CPCB, 2016-2017 annual report).
25
Waste – to – energy (WTE) conversion

WASTE PROCESSING
FOR ENERGY

CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL
PROCESSING PROCESSING

AEROBIC
COMBUSTION COMPOSTING

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
GASIFICATION [BIOFUELS]

PYROLYSIS 26
 Treatment options
Low Moisture High Moisture
Content Content
Low Organic Landfilling Composting
Content
High Organic Incineration/ Biogas or biofuels
Content Combustion

• Minimum organic content (as TOC) for compost as end product should be
12 to 18% by wet weight and moisture content should be 15 to 25% (See
compost quality standards)
• For combustion and biofuel generation, minimum organic content (as
TOC) should be 25 to 50% by dry weight
• For combustion, moisture content should be far less than 50%, minimum
calorific value should be 1790 kcal/kg and minimum plant capacity should
be 300 tons/d (Devi, 2001)
• Biofuel can be generated when solids concentration is >5% which means
moisture content of <95% (TTV, 1993) 27
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Separation (source or later)

Generation • Sorting Recycling
• Storage

Collection

Transfer and Transformation or Recycling

transport processing of waste

Disposal

Activities in red are the purview of a city municipality 28

MSW Generation rates and factors affect these rates

29
Industrial

30

World Bank – IBRD - 1999

Factors affecting MSW generation rates and composition

• Population (total SW gen rate and per capita SW gen rate)

• Income and extent of resource consumption (degree of
development or economic conditions)
• Extent of materials recovery and conservation measures (the 4 Rs)
– Education and public awareness
– Economic incentives
– Legislation
• Location
– Population size (total SW gen rate not per capita)
– Geographic (climate) conditions and infrastructure
development (paved and green areas)
– Socio-political conditions
– Number of persons/dwelling
• Seasonal variations
– Winter vs. summer (North) or monsoon vs. other (Kgp)
– Transient populations at certain locations:
• Tourist or pilgrimage locations: peak vs. low season
• Educational institutions (vacations vs. rest of the year)
31
Waste generation rates and population in India and US
Per capita waste generation rates for different Indian cities
Population versus waste generation

6,000 0.7

Per capita waste generation rate, kg/cap-

y = 439.46x + 49.184 0.6
5,000
t o t a l w a s t e g e n e ra te d (t o n s /d )

2
R = 0.9498
0.5
4,000
0.4
3,000

d
0.3
2,000 y = 0.002x + 0.4443
0.2 2
R = 0.0032
1,000
0.1

0 0
0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
population, millions Population, m illions

Data for 23 metros,

ERM India, 1995

Data for 100

32
counties, Worrell
and Vesilind, 2012
 SW Generation rates
(based on limited data for India)
Parameter 1991 2001 2011 2018
Total Population - India 1.03 x 109 1.21 x 109
Urban Population - India 0.286 x 109 0.377 x 109
Urban population as % of total 27.77 31.16
Annual exponential population Total – 1.61 %; Urban - 2.76 %
growth rates (2001-2011 only)
Solid Waste Generation Rates/ 1999- 2004-2005 2013-15 2017
based on CPCB Reports for FY 2000
Total MSW generation -India, 52,125 1,00,000 1,41,064 158468*
MT/d (CPCB, 2000)
Per capita solid waste 0.1822 0.397# 0.376 0.61
generation rate, kg/cap-d
Total MSW generation - 59 30,058 39,031 50,592
cities, MT/d (CPCB) #
Total solid waste generation 4.3 %
growth rate

Do all calculations shown in italics yourself, test and exam problems will be 33

based on that! *estimated

 Estimating generation rates

In what year will half of India’s population live in the cities (urban
centers)? Year 2051 or 2052 based on growth rates in previous
slide
34
35
GNP/cap versus per capita urban SW generation rates for
different countries

GNP versus urban M SW g enerat ion

1.8
1.6
y = 0.1759x 0. 2042
1.4
R 2 = 0.7562
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
100 1000 10000 100000

GNP per capi t a

36

Based on data from 15 Asian countries, IBRD-WB, 1999

 37

Worrell and Vesilind, 2012

Economic levels and seasonal variation in waste collection rates

38
 Generation rates
• Total MSW generation rates are dependent on
– Population size
• C&D and industrial waste contribution increases as
city size increases
– Recycling programs/activities – degree of waste
diversion
– Seasonal variations
• Per capita MSW generation rates are dependent on
– Income levels
– Population density: city-wise and dwelling-wise
(Worrell and Vesilind, 2012)

39
 Problems
• For a town of 1 lakh population and an average per capita generation rate of 0.6
kg/cap-d, determine the total amount of MSW generated on a per day and per year
basis.
• A city generates 2500 tons/day and has a population of 5 million. Determine the
average per capita waste generation rate.
• A residential academic campus has a population of 25,000 people of which 10,000
are students. The students generate waste at the rate of 0.3 kg/cap-d and the
permanent residents generate 0.5 kg/cap-d. Determine the total waste generated
per day during the academic session.
• During vacation time, half the students leave campus, what is the total waste
generation rate/day during the vacation period.
• You can monitor your own municipal solid waste generation rate by weighing the
amount of waste disposed every day.
– Option 1: If you are not segregating waste at source, the waste is termed mixed
waste
– Option 2: If you are segregating at source, the waste can have 3 fractions:
recyclables, biodegradable (kitchen and yard waste) and non-biodegradable
(soil, packaging materials, glass, metals, plastics containers) waste.
40
MSW composition – physical and
chemical characterization of waste

41
As income level
increases,
• % Paper
increases
• % Organic
content
decreases
• % other (inert,
dirt) decreases
• % plastic, metal,
glass increases

42
IBRD-WB, 1999
SW generation rates and composition
• For Asia, per capita SW generation rates range from 0.45
kg/cap-d (Myanmar) to 5.0 kg/cap-d (Hong Kong)

• As population increases, total SW (tons/d) increases

• Income levels
– As per capita GNP increases so does per capita SW
generation rate
– Waste composition also changes significantly
– As income levels increase,
• Paper and paper products form a larger fraction of the
total MSW
• Food fraction (highly biodegradable) and inert fraction
(soil, ash, dust – non-biodegradable) decreases

43
44
  Paper and plastics have increased
 Food fraction (highly biodegradable) has not changed
significantly
 Inert fraction (soil, ash, dust – non-biodegradable) has decreased
 Quantity of waste generated (Bhide, 1975) ranged from 0.15 to
0.35 kg/cap-d compared to current average levels of 0.6 kg/cap-
d (2020)
45

Kaushal et al., 2012

Composition of MSW and how we
measure it: Analytical methods

 Physical composition
 requires waste segregation
 Moisture content (%)
 Proximate analysis: Total solids (%)
 Volatile solids (% of Total solids)
 Fixed solids (% of Total solids)
 Ultimate analysis (elemental analysis)
 Organic carbon (%)
 Calorific value

46
Composition of MSW: Analytical methods

• a. Moisture Content: Samples of 100 g were taken in triplicate, and dried

to a constant weight in an oven at 105 °C for 24 h, cooled in a desiccator
and the difference in weight recorded (Vesilind et al., 2003). Moisture
content is the percent sample weight lost in drying.
• b. Calorific Value: Calorific value was determined in the laboratory using a
bomb calorimeter which provides the gross calorific value at constant
volume (Vesilind et al., 2003).
• c. Total Solids, Volatile Solids, Fixed Solids: Same methods
recommended for river and lake sediment samples and sludge samples, i.e.,
solid and semi-solid samples from water and wastewater treatment were
used (Method 2540 G, APHA et al., 1998). Total solids are defined as the
solids left in the sample after it has been dried to a constant weight at 103
to 105 degree C. When total solids are ignited in a muffle furnace at 550 ±
50 degree C, the fraction of solids remaining is defined as fixed solids and
the fraction lost during ignition is termed volatile solids.
47
 A hypothetical example of MSW

Take MSW Sample = 100 g (wet weight)

After drying in hot air oven at 105 deg C to constant weight

Sample weight was 60 g (dry weight)
Therefore, moisture content = (40/100)*100 = 40% of wet weight and
Total solids (TS) or dry weight of sample = 60% of wet weight of sample

Total solids (dried sample) are ignited in a muffle furnace at 550 ± 50 degree C.
If sample weight after burning is 10 g that is the weight of Fixed Solids (FS) and
weight lost is weight of Volatile Solids (VS).
TS = VS + FS
Here, VS = (50/60)*100= 83.33% of TS
FS = 16.7% of TS

48
 Bulk sample (25 kg each)
Recyclables
Five samples from 4 vats

Mixed residue
2 kg each

 Moisture content (%)  COD

 Organic carbon (%)  Calorific value
 Total solids (%)
 Volatile solids (% of Total solids)
 Fixed solids (% of Total solids)

Schematic showing sample fractions and parameters analysed

49
Naresh K. Katakam, and Goel S [2009] Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and a proposed
management plan for Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53(3):166-174.
 Textiles
3% Plastic
Polythene bags Glass
1%
8% 0%
Paper Metals
8% 0%

Mixed residue
80%

MSW composition - Kharagpur 2008-2009

Naresh K. Katakam, and Goel S [2009] Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and a
proposed management plan for Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 50

53(3):166-174.
 MSW composition (mixed residue) - Kharagpur

Component Average value One standard

deviation

Moisture content (%) 42.05 10.25

Total solids (% of wet wt.) 58.36 11.57

Volatile solids (% of total solids or dry wt.) 19.63 9.53

Fixed solids (% of total solids or dry wt.) 80.35 9.54

Organic Carbon* (%) 8.92 5.79

COD (mg Oxygen/ mg MSW) 0.16 0.08

Calorific value (kcal/kg) 2391.2 264.6

Numbers are averages of 20 samples: samples were collected for 5 consecutive working
51

days from 4 different bins; * Based on KHPthalate equivalents in the COD test
 Waste characteristics for Indian cities

• C/N ratio = 33.44 (±

0.44)
• Calorific value, kcal/kg =
1530.44 (± 657.6)
• Moisture content, % =
45.71 (± 13.37)
• Average per capita SW
generation rate (2018) =
0.61 (± 0.46) kg/cap-d
• Bulk density values as
MoUD Manual on SWM, 2003
shown in table
Parvez, 2017

1 calorie = 4.184 joule 52

 Practice problems
1. The average annual growth rate of the urban population is 3% and per-capita waste
generation rate is increasing by 5%. A city had a population in 2001 of 2.0 lakhs and a
per-capita waste generation rate of 400 g/capita-d. Determine the total MSW generated
(in tons/day) in this city in 2011.
Solution: 178.0
2. For the following waste composition, determine moisture and energy content of the
waste.
Solution: Moisture content = 27%; Energy content = 4620 kJ/kg
W a s te % (we t Mo is ture Ene rg y
we ig ht) c o nte nt, % c o nte nt,
kJ/kg

Paper and 15.00 7.00 16300.00

cardboard
Plastics 0.75 2.00 0.00
Metals 0.80 3.00 0.00
(ferrous)
Glass 0.40 2.00 0.00
Sand and 35.00 8.00 0.00
Fine earth
Compostible 37.50 60.00 5800.00
matter 53
Others 10.55 5.00 0.00
T o ta l 100.00
 Practice problems
For the waste data shown in Tables P2-14 and P2-17, determine the moisture
content and energy content of the respective wastes (Worrell and Vesilind,
2012).
1. If moisture content is reported on a wet versus dry weight basis, what
difference would it make?
2. If 10% of yard waste, 50% of paper, 30% of metal and 25% of plastic
waste is recycled, how would it affect the energy content of the waste in
P2-17

54
 Solution
Moisture
Energy After Energy
Component % of wet content,
content, recycling, content,
of waste weight of % of wet
kJ/kg % wet wt. kJ/kg
waste weight
Food 10 70 4652 465.2 10 12.91 600.65
Paper 33 6 16747.2 5526.576 16.5 21.30 3567.83
Cardboard 8 5 16282 1302.56 8 10.33 1681.81
Plastics 5 2 32564 1628.2 3.75 4.84 1576.69
Textile 4 10 17445 697.8 4 5.16 900.97
Rubber 3 2 23260 697.8 3 3.87 900.97
Yard waste 18 60 6512.8 1172.304 16.2 20.92 1362.26
Metals 10 3 697.8 69.78 7 9.04 63.07
Remaining 9 6 6978 628.02 9 11.62 810.87
Total 100 12188.24 77.45 100.00 11465.123

55
• Solid waste generation rate data are available for 10 days for a
community. Determine the type of distribution, its mean,
median, mode, standard deviation, coefficients of variation,
skewness and kurtosis. The data in sequence of days are (in
m3/d): 1.3, 1.8, 10, 20, 7.6, 6.3, 4.4, 3.0, 4.0, 3.3.

• In general, MSW has inadequate moisture for composting.

Optimum moisture content for composting is 45 to 60 %. A
good strategy for treating wastewater and solid waste is to add
wastewater treatment plant sludge to MSW to achieve
optimum moisture content levels (55%). If dry wastewater
treatment plant sludge is produced at the rate of 0.25 kg/cap-
day (dry weight), and MSW is generated at 1.5 kg/cap-day
(40% moisture content), how much moisture should the
sludge have to achieve an optimum level of 55% in the mix.
Solution: 76.42% moisture content of sludge is needed 56
 E-waste Balde et al, 2022

• E-waste is the abbreviated form of electrical and electronic waste;

also called Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
• Obsolete or discarded electrical and electronic items are referred to
as e-waste.

57
 Health and environmental effects

Organic and inorganic pollutants

• Health effects: community and occupational exposures
• Mutagenic, Carcinogenic, Teratogenic
• Endocrine disruptors
• Non-carcinogenic: dermal and eye irritation
• Environmental effects
• Bioaccumulation
• Persistence and recalcitrance
• Explosive
• Pollution of all environmental media: air, water, soil, and food
(biota)

58
 E-waste management

Regulations

Logistics
Economics (collection &
transport)

E-waste Treatment
Health
management & Disposal

Research
Generation and
development 59
Recycling
and
resource
recovery
 Status of E-waste management

• E-waste generation and management is an immediate as well as a long-

term concern as its unregulated accumulation and recycling can lead to
major environmental problems endangering human health (Agnihotri,
2011).
• Growth in the production of electronic products in India ranges from 17 to
21% annually (exponential growth rate)!! Fastest growing industry in
India!!
• World annual production of e-waste is 53.6 million metric tons in 2019
(GEM, 2020); average per capita generation rate of 7.4 kg/cap-year.
• It is the fastest growing waste stream in the world with an annual growth
rate of 4 to 5% (Balde et al., 2015, 2017)
• Rules and regulations
– In 2014, only 61% of countries had regulations which increased to
67% by 2017 and 78% by 2019 (Forti et al., 2020) 60

– Only 17.4% of global e-waste is formally collected and recycled (GEM,

2020)
 Global E-waste generation rates

61

C.P. Baldé, E. D’Angelo, V. Luda O. Deubzer, and R. Kuehr (2022), Global Transboundary E-waste Flows Monitor - 2022,
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), Bonn, Germany.
 E-waste in India

• India is the 5th largest producer of e-waste in the world;

• In 2019, e-waste generation in India was 3230 kt (32.3 lakh metric tons)
which amounts to 2.4 kg/cap-y.
• Of this e-waste, only 30 kt is formally documented as collected and
recycled (less than 1% is recycled by the formal sector).
• Difficult to manage e-waste – no database or inventory of e-waste
generated in India

62
 E-waste generation in India

E-waste generated,
1,20,000

metric tons/y
98000 92000
67000
55000
36000 32000
25000

• According to an Assocham report (2018), 18.5 lakh metric tons/y

of e-waste is generated every year
• 28% of the total e-waste generated in the country comes from 8
big cities
• 15% of the e-waste is from households, 70% from government 63
institutions and industries
• 99% of the e-waste is recycled by the informal sector (GEM, 2020)
 E-waste regulations in India
• E- Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 in effect since
1st May, 2012.
• Revised E- Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 in effect since 1st
October 2016 for more effective implementation of the rules and
better definition of producers in Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR).
• The E-Waste Management Rules 2016 have been amended vide
notification G.S.R. 261(E), dated March 22, 2018.
• Capacity in 2021 is approximately 1/3rd of the required capacity.

As of Number of authorized Total capacity, lakh metric

dismantlers/recyclers tons/y
8 Oct 2018 178 4.5
27 June 2019 312 7.82
6 Dec 2021 468 13.86
64
 International agreements: Basel Convention

 Basel Convention (Basel Convention on the Control of

Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their
Disposal)
 Objective was to reduce movement (import and export) of hazardous
waste between nations, mainly from developed to developing
countries
 Costs of treating HW are high and developed (OECD) countries
find it easy to export wastes to countries that are less developed
 Ratified on May 5, 1992; 191 countries are party to it (9 June 2023)
 Only Haiti, and the United States have signed but not ratified it
 Basel Action Network (BAN) Amendment: In 1995, complete
prohibition of trade of e-waste from developed to developing countries
was sought by delegates from developing countries and others
– First signatory to Basel Convention was China and receives 70% of
the e-waste exported by developed countries (ILO, 2012)!!; Most of
65
the trade is illegal
 Transboundary movement of E-waste

66

Balde et al., 2022

 E-waste management tools

• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)

• Government Policy
– Take-back
– Exchange
– Discounts
– Taxes or fines
– Authorized dismantling and recycling centres
(http://greene.gov.in/collectioncenters/)
• Collection centres or deposit boxes
• Sanshodhan – a commercial E-waste exchange (EWX) business
with the Telangana Govt.
– Web portal for exchange of e-waste with monetary incentives
67
– https://www.e-wasteexchange.com/
 Steps involved in E-waste management

68

Dutta and Goel, 2017

Recycling of Rare Earth Elements (REE) from E-waste

69

Machacek et al., 2015 in Dumlao-Tan MI and Halog A (2017) Moving towards a circular economy in solid waste management: concept and practices,
Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Capital Books, Delhi and Springer, Germany.
 References
• Goel, S. (2008). Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in India: A
Critical Review. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, NEERI,
50(4), 319–328.
• Masters, G., & Ela, W. (2012). Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Science. NJ, US: Prentice Hall.
• Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., & Vigil, S. (1993). Integrated Solid Waste
Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues. Singapore:
McGraw Hill International Ed. Civil Eng Series Singapore. (TTV)
• Deblina Dutta and Goel, S. [2017] Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Generation and
Management in Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Capital
Books, Delhi and Springer, Germany.
• Goel, S. [2017] Solid and hazardous waste management: An Introduction in
Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Capital Books, Delhi
and Springer, Germany.
• IBRD-World Bank (1999) What a waste: Solid waste management in Asia.
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